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1254:. Attackers can use creative ways to gain access to real accounts. A common scam is for attackers to send fake electronic invoices to individuals showing that they recently purchased music, apps, or others, and instructing them to click on a link if the purchases were not authorized. A more strategic type of phishing is spear-phishing which leverages personal or organization-specific details to make the attacker appear like a trusted source. Spear-phishing attacks target specific individuals, rather than the broad net cast by phishing attempts.
999:, direct-access attacks, or other forms of cyber attacks, eavesdropping attacks are unlikely to negatively affect the performance of networks or devices, making them difficult to notice. In fact, "the attacker does not need to have any ongoing connection to the software at all. The attacker can insert the software onto a compromised device, perhaps by direct insertion or perhaps by a virus or other malware, and then come back some time later to retrieve any data that is found or trigger the software to send the data at some determined time."
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Incident response planning allows an organization to establish a series of best practices to stop an intrusion before it causes damage. Typical incident response plans contain a set of written instructions that outline the organization's response to a cyberattack. Without a documented plan in place, an organization may not successfully detect an intrusion or compromise and stakeholders may not understand their roles, processes and procedures during an escalation, slowing the organization's response and resolution.
3529:, he believes that the "industry only responds when you threaten regulation. If the industry doesn't respond (to the threat), you have to follow through." On the other hand, executives from the private sector agree that improvements are necessary, but think that government intervention would affect their ability to innovate efficiently. Daniel R. McCarthy analyzed this public-private partnership in cybersecurity and reflected on the role of cybersecurity in the broader constitution of political order.
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1513:
discovered 30% of cybersecurity incidents involved internal actors within a company. Research shows information security culture needs to be improved continuously. In "Information
Security Culture from Analysis to Change", authors commented, "It's a never-ending process, a cycle of evaluation and change or maintenance." To manage the information security culture, five steps should be taken: pre-evaluation, strategic planning, operative planning, implementation, and post-evaluation.
3686:(CCIRC) is responsible for mitigating and responding to threats to Canada's critical infrastructure and cyber systems. It provides support to mitigate cyber threats, technical support to respond & recover from targeted cyber attacks, and provides online tools for members of Canada's critical infrastructure sectors. It posts regular cybersecurity bulletins & operates an online reporting tool where individuals and organizations can report a cyber incident.
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containing sensitive data and attachments to the wrong recipient, the inability to recognize misleading URLs and to identify fake websites and dangerous email attachments. A common mistake that users make is saving their user id/password in their browsers to make it easier to log in to banking sites. This is a gift to attackers who have obtained access to a machine by some means. The risk may be mitigated by the use of two-factor authentication.
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virtual) threat. If a front door's lock is connected to the
Internet, and can be locked/unlocked from a phone, then a criminal could enter the home at the press of a button from a stolen or hacked phone. People could stand to lose much more than their credit card numbers in a world controlled by IoT-enabled devices. Thieves have also used electronic means to circumvent non-Internet-connected hotel door locks.
2938:, all utilize secure controlled access technology for any of their buildings. However, the use of this form of technology is spreading into the entrepreneurial world. More and more companies are taking advantage of the development of digitally secure controlled access technology. GE's ACUVision, for example, offers a single panel platform for access control, alarm monitoring and digital recording.
3035:. An attack could cause a loss of power in a large area for a long period of time, and such an attack could have just as severe consequences as a natural disaster. The District of Columbia is considering creating a Distributed Energy Resources (DER) Authority within the city, with the goal being for customers to have more insight into their own energy use and giving the local electric utility,
919:(DoS) are designed to make a machine or network resource unavailable to its intended users. Attackers can deny service to individual victims, such as by deliberately entering a wrong password enough consecutive times to cause the victim's account to be locked, or they may overload the capabilities of a machine or network and block all users at once. While a network attack from a single
3952:. In 2017, CCIPS published A Framework for a Vulnerability Disclosure Program for Online Systems to help organizations "clearly describe authorized vulnerability disclosure and discovery conduct, thereby substantially reducing the likelihood that such described activities will result in a civil or criminal violation of law under the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act (18 U.S.C. § 1030)."
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company's CEO, to prove their point, and threatened to dump customer data unless the website was taken down permanently. When Avid Life Media did not take the site offline the group released two more compressed files, one 9.7GB and the second 20GB. After the second data dump, Avid Life Media CEO Noel
Biderman resigned; but the website remained to function.
4683:'s arrival and with the digital transformation initiated in recent years, the notion of cybersecurity has become a familiar subject in both our professional and personal lives. Cybersecurity and cyber threats have been consistently present for the last 60 years of technological change. In the 1970s and 1980s, computer security was mainly limited to
1053:) is any software code or computer program "intentionally written to harm a computer system or its users." Once present on a computer, it can leak sensitive details such as personal information, business information and passwords, can give control of the system to the attacker, and can corrupt or delete data permanently. Another type of malware is
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or attacks from the last 12 months." These figures were much higher for "medium businesses (59%), large businesses (69%), and high-income charities with £500,000 or more in annual income (56%)." Yet, although medium or large businesses are more often the victims, since larger companies have generally improved their security over the last decade,
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applications." However, they are also multi-staged, meaning that “they can infiltrate networks and move laterally inside the network.” The attacks can be polymorphic, meaning that the cyberattacks used such as viruses, worms or trojans “constantly change (“morph”) making it nearly impossible to detect them using signature-based defences.”
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environments that are deemed as vital to operations. All critical targeted environments are susceptible to compromise and this has led to a series of proactive studies on how to migrate the risk by taking into consideration motivations by these types of actors. Several stark differences exist between the hacker motivation and that of
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strong domestic innovation; Peace and safety should be kept by making it easier for the US to stop people from using computer tools for bad things, working with friends and partners to do this; and increase the United States' impact around the world to support the main ideas behind an open, safe, reliable, and compatible
Internet.
939:(DRDoS), where innocent systems are fooled into sending traffic to the victim. With such attacks, the amplification factor makes the attack easier for the attacker because they have to use little bandwidth themselves. To understand why attackers may carry out these attacks, see the 'attacker motivation' section.
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simple to implement and mostly dependent on discipline or education. It can be thought of as an abstract list of tips or measures that have been demonstrated as having a positive effect on personal or collective digital security. As such, these measures can be performed by laypeople, not just security experts.
1995:(TPMs) secure devices by integrating cryptographic capabilities onto access devices, through the use of microprocessors, or so-called computers-on-a-chip. TPMs used in conjunction with server-side software offer a way to detect and authenticate hardware devices, preventing unauthorized network and data access.
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in an effort to ensure that all DoD personnel involved in network infrastructure defense have minimum levels of IT industry recognized knowledge, skills and abilities (KSA). Andersson and
Reimers (2019) report these certifications range from CompTIA's A+ and Security+ through the ICS2.org's CISSP, etc.
1332:, in the context of computer security, aims to convince a user to disclose secrets such as passwords, card numbers, etc. or grant physical access by, for example, impersonating a senior executive, bank, a contractor, or a customer. This generally involves exploiting people's trust, and relying on their
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Analyzes and assesses vulnerabilities in the infrastructure (software, hardware, networks), investigates using available tools and countermeasures to remedy the detected vulnerabilities and recommends solutions and best practices. Analyzes and assesses damage to the data/infrastructure as a result of
3797:(OPM), which compromised the records of about 4.2 million current and former government employees. And the strategy calls for the U.S. to continue to name and shame bad cyber actors, calling them out publicly for attacks when possible, along with the use of economic sanctions and diplomatic pressure.
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In 1988, 60,000 computers were connected to the
Internet, and most were mainframes, minicomputers and professional workstations. On 2 November 1988, many started to slow down, because they were running a malicious code that demanded processor time and that spread itself to other computers – the first
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is an organized approach to addressing and managing the aftermath of a computer security incident or compromise with the goal of preventing a breach or thwarting a cyberattack. An incident that is not identified and managed at the time of intrusion typically escalates to a more damaging event such as
1980:
are typically used in software licensing schemes to unlock software capabilities, but they can also be seen as a way to prevent unauthorized access to a computer or other device's software. The dongle, or key, essentially creates a secure encrypted tunnel between the software application and the key.
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Protecting against social engineering and direct computer access (physical) attacks can only happen by non-computer means, which can be difficult to enforce, relative to the sensitivity of the information. Training is often involved to help mitigate this risk by improving people's knowledge of how to
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possible, to hardware implementation faults that allow for access or guessing of other values that normally should be inaccessible. In Side-channel attack scenarios, the attacker would gather such information about a system or network to guess its internal state and as a result access the information
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Multi-vector polymorphic attacks, as the name describes, are both multi-vectored and polymorphic. Firstly, they are a singular attack that involves multiple methods of attack. In this sense, they are “multi-vectored (i.e. the attack can use multiple means of propagation such as via the Web, email and
832:
Department for
Science, Innovation & Technology released a report on cyber attacks over the last 12 months. They surveyed 2,263 UK businesses, 1,174 UK registered charities, and 554 education institutions. The research found that "32% of businesses and 24% of charities overall recall any breaches
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The US Department of
Defense (DoD) issued DoD Directive 8570 in 2004, supplemented by DoD Directive 8140, requiring all DoD employees and all DoD contract personnel involved in information assurance roles and activities to earn and maintain various industry Information Technology (IT) certifications
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In July 2015, a hacker group is known as The Impact Team successfully breached the extramarital relationship website Ashley
Madison, created by Avid Life Media. The group claimed that they had taken not only company data but user data as well. After the breach, The Impact Team dumped emails from the
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A key aspect of threat modeling for any system is identifying the motivations behind potential attacks and the individuals or groups likely to carry them out. The level and detail of security measures will differ based on the specific system being protected. For instance, a home personal computer, a
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is the act of surreptitiously listening to a private computer conversation (communication), usually between hosts on a network. It typically occurs when a user connects to a network where traffic is not secured or encrypted and sends sensitive business data to a colleague, which, when listened to by
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attack tools to US agencies and close allies, but eventually, the tools made their way to foreign adversaries. In 2016, NSAs own hacking tools were hacked, and they have been used by Russia and North Korea. NSA's employees and contractors have been recruited at high salaries by adversaries, anxious
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more than a year earlier in a data breach, resulting in the theft of approximately 21.5 million personnel records handled by the office. The Office of
Personnel Management hack has been described by federal officials as among the largest breaches of government data in the history of the United
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The most common acts of digital hygiene can include updating malware protection, cloud back-ups, passwords, and ensuring restricted admin rights and network firewalls. As opposed to a purely technology-based defense against threats, cyber hygiene mostly regards routine measures that are technically
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The focus on the end-user represents a profound cultural change for many security practitioners, who have traditionally approached cybersecurity exclusively from a technical perspective, and moves along the lines suggested by major security centers to develop a culture of cyber awareness within the
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In order to ensure adequate security, the confidentiality, integrity and availability of a network, better known as the CIA triad, must be protected and is considered the foundation to information security. To achieve those objectives, administrative, physical and technical security measures should
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WiFi SSID spoofing is where the attacker simulates a WIFI base station SSID to capture and modify internet traffic and transactions. The attacker can also use local network addressing and reduced network defenses to penetrate the target's firewall by breaching known vulnerabilities. Sometimes known
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Performs security monitoring, security and data/logs analysis, and forensic analysis, to detect security incidents, and mount the incident response. Investigates and utilizes new technologies and processes to enhance security capabilities and implement improvements. May also review code or perform
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In the future, wars will not just be fought by soldiers with guns or with planes that drop bombs. They will also be fought with the click of a mouse a half a world away that unleashes carefully weaponized computer programs that disrupt or destroy critical industries like utilities, transportation,
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switch from one country to another, from one jurisdiction to another – moving around the world, using the fact that we don't have the capability to globally police operations like this. So the Internet is as if someone given free plane tickets to all the online criminals of the world." The use of
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Implementing fixes in aerospace systems poses a unique challenge because efficient air transportation is heavily affected by weight and volume. Improving security by adding physical devices to airplanes could increase their unloaded weight, and could potentially reduce cargo or passenger capacity.
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As the human component of cyber risk is particularly relevant in determining the global cyber risk an organization is facing, security awareness training, at all levels, not only provides formal compliance with regulatory and industry mandates but is considered essential in reducing cyber risk and
2008:
Disabling USB ports is a security option for preventing unauthorized and malicious access to an otherwise secure computer. Infected USB dongles connected to a network from a computer inside the firewall are considered by the magazine Network World as the most common hardware threat facing computer
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It is possible to reduce an attacker's chances by keeping systems up to date with security patches and updates and by hiring people with expertise in security. Large companies with significant threats can hire Security Operations Centre (SOC) Analysts. These are specialists in cyber defences, with
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in organizations. Cultural concepts can help different segments of the organization work effectively or work against effectiveness toward information security within an organization. Information security culture is the "...totality of patterns of behavior in an organization that contributes to the
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Horizontal escalation (or account takeover) is where an attacker gains access to a normal user account that has relatively low-level privileges. This may be through stealing the user's username and password. Once they have access, they have gained a “foothold,” and using this foothold the attacker
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However, in the 1970s and 1980s, there were no grave computer threats because computers and the internet were still developing, and security threats were easily identifiable. More often, threats came from malicious insiders who gained unauthorized access to sensitive documents and files. Although
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Following cyberattacks in the first half of 2013, when the government, news media, television stations, and bank websites were compromised, the national government committed to the training of 5,000 new cybersecurity experts by 2017. The South Korean government blamed its northern counterpart for
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Student programs are also available for people interested in beginning a career in cybersecurity. Meanwhile, a flexible and effective option for information security professionals of all experience levels to keep studying is online security training, including webcasts. A wide range of certified
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has its first fully formed cyber plan in 15 years, as a result of the release of this National Cyber plan. In this policy, the US says it will: Protect the country by keeping networks, systems, functions, and data safe; Promote American wealth by building a strong digital economy and encouraging
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industry is very reliant on a series of complex systems which could be attacked. A simple power outage at one airport can cause repercussions worldwide, much of the system relies on radio transmissions which could be disrupted, and controlling aircraft over oceans is especially dangerous because
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Andersson and Reimers (2014) found that employees often do not see themselves as part of their organization's information security effort and often take actions that impede organizational changes. Indeed, the Verizon Data Breach Investigations Report 2020, which examined 3,950 security breaches,
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Broad titles that encompass any one or all of the other roles or titles tasked with protecting computers, networks, software, data or information systems against viruses, worms, spyware, malware, intrusion detection, unauthorized access, denial-of-service attacks, and an ever-increasing list of
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Since 2010, Canada has had a cybersecurity strategy. This functions as a counterpart document to the National Strategy and Action Plan for Critical Infrastructure. The strategy has three main pillars: securing government systems, securing vital private cyber systems, and helping Canadians to be
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shows, is the equivalent of establishing simple routine measures to minimize the risks from cyber threats. The assumption is that good cyber hygiene practices can give networked users another layer of protection, reducing the risk that one vulnerable node will be used to either mount attacks or
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are by far the most common prevention systems from a network security perspective as they can (if properly configured) shield access to internal network services and block certain kinds of attacks through packet filtering. Firewalls can be both hardware and software-based. Firewalls monitor and
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Similarly, Techopedia defines security architecture as "a unified security design that addresses the necessities and potential risks involved in a certain scenario or environment. It also specifies when and where to apply security controls. The design process is generally reproducible." The key
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is a policy framework by the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) which aims to protect the public and private infrastructure from cyberattacks, and safeguard "information, such as personal information (of web users), financial and banking information and sovereign data".
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or system failure. The intended outcome of a computer security incident response plan is to contain the incident, limit damage and assist recovery to business as usual. Responding to compromises quickly can mitigate exploited vulnerabilities, restore services and processes and minimize losses.
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Normal internet users are most likely to be affected by untargeted cyberattacks. These are where attackers indiscriminately target as many devices, services, or users as possible. They do this using techniques that take advantage of the openness of the Internet. These strategies mostly include
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To inform the general public on how to protect themselves online, Public Safety Canada has partnered with STOP.THINK.CONNECT, a coalition of non-profit, private sector, and government organizations, and launched the Cyber Security Cooperation Program. They also run the GetCyberSafe portal for
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While the IoT creates opportunities for more direct integration of the physical world into computer-based systems, it also provides opportunities for misuse. In particular, as the Internet of Things spreads widely, cyberattacks are likely to become an increasingly physical (rather than simply
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Medical records have been targeted in general identify theft, health insurance fraud, and impersonating patients to obtain prescription drugs for recreational purposes or resale. Although cyber threats continue to increase, 62% of all organizations did not increase security training for their
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The end-user is widely recognized as the weakest link in the security chain and it is estimated that more than 90% of security incidents and breaches involve some kind of human error. Among the most commonly recorded forms of errors and misjudgment are poor password management, sending emails
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Additionally, recent attacker motivations can be traced back to extremist organizations seeking to gain political advantage or disrupt social agendas. The growth of the internet, mobile technologies, and inexpensive computing devices have led to a rise in capabilities but also to the risk to
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and worm attacks and to hostile digital acts in general. The 2003 loss estimates by these firms range from $ 13 billion (worms and viruses only) to $ 226 billion (for all forms of covert attacks). The reliability of these estimates is often challenged; the underlying methodology is basically
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Security architecture can be defined as the "practice of designing computer systems to achieve security goals." These goals have overlap with the principles of "security by design" explored above, including to "make initial compromise of the system difficult," and to "limit the impact of any
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Although systems can be created which are safe against a multitude of attacks, that does not mean that attacks will not be attempted. Despite one's security, all companies' systems should aim to be able to detect and spot attacks as soon as they occur to ensure the most effective response to
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concerned with reducing organizations' risk of hack or data breaches. According to research from the Enterprise Strategy Group, 46% of organizations say that they have a "problematic shortage" of cybersecurity skills in 2016, up from 28% in 2015. Commercial, government and non-governmental
3966:'s role in cybersecurity is to strengthen the protection of critical communications infrastructure, to assist in maintaining the reliability of networks during disasters, to aid in swift recovery after, and to ensure that first responders have access to effective communications services.
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Attackers motivations can vary for all types of attacks from pleasure to political goals. For example, "hacktivists" may target a company or organization that carries out activities they do not agree with. This would be to create bad publicity for the company by having its website crash.
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International legal issues of cyber attacks are complicated in nature. There is no global base of common rules to judge, and eventually punish, cybercrimes and cybercriminals - and where security firms or agencies do locate the cybercriminal behind the creation of a particular piece of
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Message spoofing (via email, SMS or OTT messaging) is where the attacker spoofs the identity or carrier service while the target is using messaging protocols like email, SMS or OTT (IP-based) messaging apps. The attacker can then monitor conversations, launch social attacks or trigger
4782:, shortly after the National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA) launched Mosaic 1.0, the first web browser, in 1993. Netscape had SSL version 1.0 ready in 1994, but it was never released to the public due to many serious security vulnerabilities. These weaknesses included
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Between September 1986 and June 1987, a group of German hackers performed the first documented case of cyber espionage. The group hacked into American defense contractors, universities, and military base networks and sold gathered information to the Soviet KGB. The group was led by
1985:(AES) provides a stronger measure of security since it is harder to hack and replicate the dongle than to simply copy the native software to another machine and use it. Another security application for dongles is to use them for accessing web-based content such as cloud software or
3712:, slated for release within the current week. A substantial allocation of $ 7.2 million is earmarked for the establishment of a voluntary cyber health check program, facilitating businesses in conducting a comprehensive and tailored self-assessment of their cybersecurity upskill.
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are believed to have played a large role. "The malware utilized is absolutely unsophisticated and uninteresting," says Jim Walter, director of threat intelligence operations at security technology company McAfee – meaning that the heists could have easily been stopped by existing
3586:
The purpose of the Messaging Anti-Abuse Working Group (MAAWG) is to bring the messaging industry together to work collaboratively and to successfully address the various forms of messaging abuse, such as spam, viruses, denial-of-service attacks and other messaging exploitations.
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signed Executive Order 14028 on May 12, 2021, to increase software security standards for sales to the government, tighten detection and security on existing systems, improve information sharing and training, establish a Cyber Safety Review Board, and improve incident response.
4503:
is an Internet-based conflict that involves politically motivated attacks on information and information systems. Such attacks can, for example, disable official websites and networks, disrupt or disable essential services, steal or alter classified data, and cripple financial
3959:, also known as USCYBERCOM, "has the mission to direct, synchronize, and coordinate cyberspace planning and operations to defend and advance national interests in collaboration with domestic and international partners." It has no role in the protection of civilian networks.
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Containment, eradication and recovery: Isolating affected systems to prevent escalation and limit impact, pinpointing the genesis of the incident, removing malware, affected systems and bad actors from the environment and restoring systems and data when a threat no longer
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has been mostly restricted to research operating systems. Capabilities can, however, also be implemented at the language level, leading to a style of programming that is essentially a refinement of standard object-oriented design. An open-source project in the area is the
3093:, but because there is no standard model for estimating the cost of an incident, the only data available is that which is made public by the organizations involved. "Several computer security consulting firms produce estimates of total worldwide losses attributable to
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which could be exploited, and may collect personal information, including sensitive health information. WiFi, Bluetooth, and cell phone networks on any of these devices could be used as attack vectors, and sensors might be remotely activated after a successful breach.
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which allow an attacker to gain direct access to a computer's memory. The attacks "take advantage of a feature of modern computers that allows certain devices, such as external hard drives, graphics cards, or network cards, to access the computer's memory directly."
3264:, hackers were able to obtain unrestricted access to Rome's networking systems and remove traces of their activities. The intruders were able to obtain classified files, such as air tasking order systems data and furthermore able to penetrate connected networks of
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is an approach to operating system design which has only the near-minimum amount of code running at the most privileged level – and runs other elements of the operating system such as device drivers, protocol stacks and file systems, in the safer, less privileged
3903:. The division is home to US-CERT operations and the National Cyber Alert System. The National Cybersecurity and Communications Integration Center brings together government organizations responsible for protecting computer networks and networked infrastructure.
3719:. Furthermore, it affords them access to a repository of educational resources and materials, fostering the acquisition of skills necessary for an elevated cybersecurity posture. This groundbreaking initiative was jointly disclosed by Minister for Cyber Security
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often lack the skills, interest or budget to pursue attackers. Furthermore, identifying attackers across a network may necessitate collecting logs from multiple locations within the network and across various countries, a process that can be both difficult and
1972:, intrusion-aware cases, drive locks, disabling USB ports, and mobile-enabled access may be considered more secure due to the physical access (or sophisticated backdoor access) required in order to be compromised. Each of these is covered in more detail below.
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3039:, the chance to better estimate energy demand. The D.C. proposal, however, would "allow third-party vendors to create numerous points of energy distribution, which could potentially create more opportunities for cyber attackers to threaten the electric grid."
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A direct-access attack is when an unauthorized user (an attacker) gains physical access to a computer, most likely to directly copy data from it or steal information. Attackers may also compromise security by making operating system modifications, installing
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service as a pre-vetted support service, to rapidly address potential vulnerabilities, and stop adversaries before they impact US federal, state and local governments. These services are commonly referred to as Highly Adaptive Cybersecurity Services (HACS).
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The Indian Companies Act 2013 has also introduced cyber law and cybersecurity obligations on the part of Indian directors. Some provisions for cybersecurity have been incorporated into rules framed under the Information Technology Act 2000 Update in 2013.
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Spoofing is an act of pretending to be a valid entity through the falsification of data (such as an IP address or username), in order to gain access to information or resources that one is otherwise unauthorized to obtain. Spoofing is closely related to
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of U.S. information systems and also for collecting foreign intelligence. The agency analyzes commonly used software and system configurations to find security flaws, which it can use for offensive purposes against competitors of the United States.
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SSL hijacking, typically coupled with another media-level MITM attack, is where the attacker spoofs the SSL authentication and encryption protocol by way of Certificate Authority injection in order to decrypt, surveil and modify traffic. See also
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until the conception of the Internet, where, with increased connectivity, computer viruses and network intrusions began to take off. After the spread of viruses in the 1990s, the 2000s marked the institutionalization of organized attacks such as
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organizations all employ cybersecurity professionals. The fastest increases in demand for cybersecurity workers are in industries managing increasing volumes of consumer data such as finance, health care, and retail. However, the use of the term
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are programs that pretend to be helpful or hide themselves within desired or legitimate software to "trick users into installing them." Once installed, a RAT (remote access trojan) can create a secret backdoor on the affected device to cause
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An attack aimed at physical infrastructure or human lives is often called a cyber-kinetic attack. As IoT devices and appliances become more widespread, the prevalence and potential damage of cyber-kinetic attacks can increase substantially.
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High capability hackers, often with larger backing or state sponsorship, may attack based on the demands of their financial backers. These attacks are more likely to attempt more serious attack. An example of a more serious attack was the
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are almost identical to the legitimate one. The fake website often asks for personal information, such as login details and passwords. This information can then be used to gain access to the individual's real account on the real website.
4274:(IMDA). It outlines the different OT cybersecurity job positions as well as the technical skills and core competencies necessary. It also depicts the many career paths available, including vertical and lateral advancement opportunities.
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to enable its members to access their health care records, as well as to provide an overview of health care plans. Patient records are increasingly being placed on secure in-house networks, alleviating the need for extra storage space.
2160:(ACL), with respect to a computer file system, is a list of permissions associated with an object. An ACL specifies which users or system processes are granted access to objects, as well as what operations are allowed on given objects.
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A state of computer security is the conceptual ideal, attained by the use of three processes: threat prevention, detection, and response. These processes are based on various policies and system components, which include the following:
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security incidents, examines available recovery tools and processes, and recommends solutions. Tests for compliance with security policies and procedures. May assist in the creation, implementation, or management of security solutions.
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Identifying attackers is difficult, as they may operate through proxies, temporary anonymous dial-up accounts, wireless connections, and other anonymizing procedures which make back-tracing difficult – and are often located in another
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Vertical escalation however targets people higher up in a company and often with more administrative power, such as an employee in IT with a higher privilege. Using this privileged account will then enable the attacker to invade other
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to install backdoors, giving them remote administrative access to a system. Once they have access, cybercriminals can "modify files, steal personal information, install unwanted software, and even take control of the entire computer."
3411:, names, dates and places of birth, addresses, and fingerprints of current and former government employees as well as anyone who had undergone a government background check. It is believed the hack was perpetrated by Chinese hackers.
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Many government officials and experts think that the government should do more and that there is a crucial need for improved regulation, mainly due to the failure of the private sector to solve efficiently the cybersecurity problem.
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or security controls. These weaknesses may exist for many reasons, including original design or poor configuration. Due to the nature of backdoors, they are of greater concern to companies and databases as opposed to individuals.
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compromise." In practice, the role of a security architect would be to ensure the structure of a system reinforces the security of the system, and that new changes are safe and meet the security requirements of the organization.
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A vulnerability refers to a flaw in the structure, execution, functioning, or internal oversight of a computer or system that compromises its security. Most of the vulnerabilities that have been discovered are documented in the
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reader software designed for mobile devices, offer new, secure ways for mobile phones to connect to access control systems. These control systems provide computer security and can also be used for controlling access to secure
3793:, urging nations to adhere to a set of norms, both through international law and voluntary standards. It also calls for specific measures to harden U.S. government networks from attacks, like the June 2015 intrusion into the
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track system activity so that when a security breach occurs, the mechanism and extent of the breach can be determined. Storing audit trails remotely, where they can only be appended to, can keep intruders from covering their
3062:. Tests are being conducted to secure OTA ("over-the-air") payment and credit card information from and to a mobile phone. Combination SIM/DVD devices are being developed through Smart Video Card technology which embeds a
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protect themselves and by increasing people's awareness of threats. However, even in highly disciplined environments (e.g. military organizations), social engineering attacks can still be difficult to foresee and prevent.
1137:(MITM) involve a malicious attacker trying to intercept, surveil or modify communications between two parties by spoofing one or both party's identities and injecting themselves in-between. Types of MITM attacks include:
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describes a situation where an attacker with some level of restricted access is able to, without authorization, elevate their privileges or access level. For example, a standard computer user may be able to exploit a
1006:(VPN), which encrypts data between two points, is one of the most common forms of protection against eavesdropping. Using the best form of encryption possible for wireless networks is best practice, as well as using
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Additionally, e-Drivers' licenses are being developed using the same technology. For example, Mexico's licensing authority (ICV) has used a smart card platform to issue the first e-Drivers' licenses to the city of
2473:
Internet Report: Surveying the Digital Future (2000) found that the privacy of personal data created barriers to online sales and that more than nine out of 10 internet users were somewhat or very concerned about
1071:
are a specific type of malware, and are normally a malicious code that hijacks software with the intention to "do damage and spread copies of itself." Copies are made with the aim to spread to other programs on a
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operating system to attack and damage equipment used in Iran to refine nuclear materials. Iran responded by heavily investing in their own cyberwarfare capability, which it began using against the United States.
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where banks give customers hand-held card readers to perform online secure transactions. Other developments in this arena include the development of technology such as Instant Issuance which has enabled shopping
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2637:(e-tickets). These have been made possible by advances in online credit card transactions in partnership with the airlines. Long-distance bus companies are also switching over to e-ticketing transactions today.
2079:. Using secure operating systems is a good way of ensuring computer security. These are systems that have achieved certification from an external security-auditing organization, the most popular evaluations are
1874:. In order for these tools to be effective, they must be kept up to date with every new update the vendor release. Typically, these updates will scan for the new vulnerabilities that were introduced recently.
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3651:. The regulation requires that any entity that processes personal data incorporate data protection by design and by default. It also requires that certain organizations appoint a Data Protection Officer (DPO).
3051:(Subscriber Identity Module) card, a device that is embedded in most of the world's cellular devices before any service can be obtained. The SIM card is just the beginning of this digitally secure environment.
4563:
software aids networks in preventing malware infection and data theft at network entry points made vulnerable by the prevalence of potentially infected devices such as laptops, mobile devices, and USB drives.
3105:
analyzing the optimal investment level in information security, one can conclude that the amount a firm spends to protect information should generally be only a small fraction of the expected loss (i.e., the
2497:
services allow companies and consumers to engage in secure communications and commerce. Several versions of SSL and TLS are commonly used today in applications such as web browsing, e-mail, internet faxing,
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2001:
refers to a device, typically a push-button switch, which detects when a computer case is opened. The firmware or BIOS is programmed to show an alert to the operator when the computer is booted up the next
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Before a secure system is created or updated, companies should ensure they understand the fundamentals and the context around the system they are trying to create and identify any weaknesses in the system.
1315:
Any computational system affects its environment in some form. This effect it has on its environment can range from electromagnetic radiation, to residual effect on RAM cells which as a consequence make a
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For example, programs can be installed into an individual user's account, which limits the program's potential access, as well as being a means control which users have specific exceptions to policy. In
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has issued a Singapore Operational Technology (OT) Cybersecurity Competency Framework (OTCCF). The framework defines emerging cybersecurity roles in Operational Technology. The OTCCF was endorsed by the
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The growth in the number of computer systems and the increasing reliance upon them by individuals, businesses, industries, and governments means that there are an increasing number of systems at risk.
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Whilst no measures can completely guarantee the prevention of an attack, these measures can help mitigate the damage of possible attacks. The effects of data loss/damage can be also reduced by careful
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authorities, counter-attacks, and the like. In some special cases, the complete destruction of the compromised system is favored, as it may happen that not all the compromised resources are detected.
1336:. A common scam involves emails sent to accounting and finance department personnel, impersonating their CEO and urgently requesting some action. One of the main techniques of social engineering are
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to install them; to install them only when there is a demonstrated need (e.g. software needed to perform assignments); to install only those which are known to be reputable (preferably with access
2621:. The introduction of the ePassport has assisted border officials in verifying the identity of the passport holder, thus allowing for quick passenger processing. Plans are under way in the US, the
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3130:, some are activists, others are criminals looking for financial gain. State-sponsored attackers are now common and well resourced but started with amateurs such as Markus Hess who hacked for the
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2056:(PUFs) can be used as a digital fingerprint or a unique identifier to integrated circuits and hardware, providing users the ability to secure the hardware supply chains going into their systems.
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Post incident activity: Post mortem analysis of the incident, its root cause and the organization's response with the intent of improving the incident response plan and future response efforts.
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Detection and analysis: Identifying and investigating suspicious activity to confirm a security incident, prioritizing the response based on impact and coordinating notification of the incident
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3316:(PLCs) in a targeted attack. This is generally believed to have been launched by Israel and the United States to disrupt Iran's nuclear program – although neither has publicly admitted this.
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are one or more copies kept of important computer files. Typically, multiple copies will be kept at different locations so that if a copy is stolen or damaged, other copies will still exist.
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to force companies and organizations to protect their systems, infrastructure and information from any cyberattacks, but also to protect its own national infrastructure such as the national
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from a (fictional) bank. The sender is attempting to trick the recipient into revealing confidential information by confirming it at the phisher's website. Note the misspelling of the words
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927:(DDoS) attacks are possible, where the attack comes from a large number of points. In this case, defending against these attacks is much more difficult. Such attacks can originate from the
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resilience of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) and enhance their capabilities in responding to cyber threats. This financial backing is an integral component of the soon-to-be-unveiled
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are similar to viruses, however viruses can only function when a user runs (opens) a compromised program. Worms are self-replicating malware that spread between programs, apps and devices
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techniques involve transforming information, scrambling it, so it becomes unreadable during transmission. The intended recipient can unscramble the message; ideally, eavesdroppers cannot.
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is a type of malware that secretly gathers information from an infected computer and transmits the sensitive information back to the attacker. One of the most common forms of spyware are
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of confidentiality, integrity, and availability as a clear and simple way to describe key security goals. While still relevant, many more elaborate frameworks have since been proposed.
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is the attempt of acquiring sensitive information such as usernames, passwords, and credit card details directly from users by deceiving the users. Phishing is typically carried out by
837:(SMBs) have also become increasingly vulnerable as they often "do not have advanced tools to defend the business." SMBs are most likely to be affected by malware, ransomware, phishing,
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had administrators responded to the warnings. The size of the thefts has resulted in major attention from state and Federal United States authorities and the investigation is ongoing.
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Security by design, or alternately secure by design, means that the software has been designed from the ground up to be secure. In this case, security is considered a main feature.
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Sztyber-Betley, A., Syfert, M., Kościelny, J. M., & Górecka, Z. (2023). Controller Cyber-Attack Detection and Isolation †: Sensors (14248220). Sensors (14248220), 23(5), 2778.
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information are also prominent hacking targets, because of the potential for immediate financial gain from transferring money, making purchases, or selling the information on the
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communications, and energy. Such attacks could also disable military networks that control the movement of troops, the path of jet fighters, the command and control of warships.
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aims to guard against the accidental introduction of security vulnerabilities. It is also possible to create software designed from the ground up to be secure. Such systems are
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Role-based access control is an approach to restricting system access to authorized users, used by the majority of enterprises with more than 500 employees, and can implement
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have either been successfully attacked or had potentially deadly vulnerabilities demonstrated, including both in-hospital diagnostic equipment and implanted devices including
1950:, seeks to prevent social engineering and other fraudulent tricks and traps by instilling a resistance to persuasion attempts through exposure to similar or related attempts.
5143: – part of information security that focuses on raising consciousness regarding potential risks of the rapidly evolving forms of information and the accompanying threats
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that enables them to collect and exchange data. Concerns have been raised that this is being developed without appropriate consideration of the security challenges involved.
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or alteration of data. It is an intentional but unauthorized act resulting in the modification of a system, components of systems, its intended behavior, or data. So-called
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4711:, were foundational moments in the history of the field of computer security. Ware's work straddled the intersection of material, cultural, political, and social concerns.
3268:'s Goddard Space Flight Center, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, some Defense contractors, and other private sector organizations, by posing as a trusted Rome center user.
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Cole, Jeffrey I.; Suman, Michael; Schramm, Phoebe; van Bel, Daniel; Lunn, B.; Maguire, Phyllisane; Hanson, Koran; Singh, Rajesh; Aquino, Jedrix-Sean; Lebo, Harlan (2000).
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Surfacing in 2017, a new class of multi-vector, polymorphic cyber threats combine several types of attacks and change form to avoid cybersecurity controls as they spread.
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When a target user opens the HTML, the malicious code is activated; the web browser then "decodes" the script, which then unleashes the malware onto the target's device.
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means that no one is trusted by default from inside or outside the network, and verification is required from everyone trying to gain access to resources on the network.
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or using wireless microphones. Even when the system is protected by standard security measures, these may be bypassed by booting another operating system or tool from a
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malware and network breaches existed during the early years, they did not use them for financial gain. By the second half of the 1970s, established computer firms like
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Drive locks are essentially software tools to encrypt hard drives, making them inaccessible to thieves. Tools exist specifically for encrypting external drives as well.
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4258:, were established supported by the Government's cybersecurity strategy in order to encourage start-ups and innovation and to address the skills gap identified by the
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computers in 2014, stealing between 53 and 56 million credit card numbers. Warnings were delivered at both corporations, but ignored; physical security breaches using
1660:). Ideally, a secure system should require a deliberate, conscious, knowledgeable and free decision on the part of legitimate authorities in order to make it insecure.
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However, reasonable estimates of the financial cost of security breaches can actually help organizations make rational investment decisions. According to the classic
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Companies should design and centre their security around techniques and defences which make attacking their data or systems inherently more challenging for attackers.
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IP address spoofing is where the attacker hijacks routing protocols to reroute the targets traffic to a vulnerable network node for traffic interception or injection.
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The sheer number of attempted attacks, often by automated vulnerability scanners and computer worms, is so large that organizations cannot spend time pursuing each.
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is necessarily defined by the assessed security requirements of an individual system and may cover the range from simple upgrade of protections to notification of
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Strategic planning: To come up with a better awareness program, clear targets need to be set. Assembling a team of skilled professionals is helpful to achieve it.
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is where attackers hijack domain name assignments to redirect traffic to systems under the attackers control, in order to surveil traffic or launch other attacks.
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and the societies they support. Security is of especially high importance for systems that govern large-scale systems with far-reaching physical effects, such as
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techniques can be used to defend data in transit between systems, reducing the probability that the data exchange between systems can be intercepted or modified.
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and other verification tools can be used to enable critical algorithms and code used in secure systems to be mathematically proven to meet their specifications.
3647:(GDPR). The GDPR, which came into force on 25 May 2018, grants individuals within the European Union (EU) and the European Economic Area (EEA) the right to the
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11041:
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is a name given to expert groups that handle computer security incidents. In the US, two distinct organizations exist, although they do work closely together.
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an attacker, could be exploited. Data transmitted across an "open network" allows an attacker to exploit a vulnerability and intercept it via various methods.
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which can even provide their own set of system libraries, limiting the software's, or anyone controlling it, access to the server's versions of the libraries.
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Operative planning: A good security culture can be established based on internal communication, management buy-in, security awareness and a training program.
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standard for encryption. This standard was later withdrawn due to widespread criticism. The NSA additionally were revealed to have tapped the links between
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Desktop computers and laptops are commonly targeted to gather passwords or financial account information or to construct a botnet to attack another target.
1125:. These attacks often begin with a "sudden pop-up with an urgent message, usually warning the user that they've broken the law or their device has a virus."
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Various people or parties are vulnerable to cyber attacks; however, different groups are likely to experience different types of attacks more than others.
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11381:"Ensuring the Security of Federal Information Systems and Cyber Critical Infrastructure and Protecting the Privacy of Personally Identifiable Information"
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2848:, the danger is much greater – and in a widely publicized 2015 test, hackers remotely carjacked a vehicle from 10 miles away and drove it into a ditch.
1810:, which consists of a separate machine filtering network traffic. Firewalls are common amongst machines that are permanently connected to the Internet.
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and a vulnerability that allowed hackers to alter unencrypted communications sent by users. However, in February 1995, Netscape launched Version 2.0.
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Backdoors can be very hard to detect and are usually discovered by someone who has access to the application source code or intimate knowledge of the
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1641:, where the design is such that more than one subsystem needs to be violated to compromise the integrity of the system and the information it holds.
1099:, which record all of a user's keyboard inputs/keystrokes, to "allow hackers to harvest usernames, passwords, bank account and credit card numbers."
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The most common web technologies for improving security between browsers and websites are named SSL (Secure Sockets Layer), and its successor TLS (
1913:
their role ranging from "conducting threat analysis to investigating reports of any new issues and preparing and testing disaster recovery plans."
13790:
13723:
11200:
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A high-level management position responsible for the entire security division/staff. A newer position is now deemed needed as security risks grow.
4211:
A high-level management position responsible for the entire information security division/staff. The position may include hands-on technical work.
3906:
The third priority of the FBI is to: "Protect the United States against cyber-based attacks and high-technology crimes", and they, along with the
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13429:
2844:
being used as an attack vector, and the car's onboard microphones being used for eavesdropping. However, if access is gained to a car's internal
2613:
that stores a digitized photograph and personal information such as name, gender, and date of birth. In addition, more countries are introducing
1939:: a card, dongle, cellphone, or another piece of hardware. This increases security as an unauthorized person needs both of these to gain access.
1566:
by eliminating or preventing it, by minimizing the harm it can cause, or by discovering and reporting it so that corrective action can be taken.
11827:
9518:. Proceedings of the 2010 International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management Dhaka, Bangladesh, January 9 – 10, 2010.
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are computers that are intentionally left vulnerable to attack by crackers. They can be used to catch crackers and to identify their techniques.
4096:, which mandates robust protection of digital computers and equipment and communications systems at nuclear power plants against cyber threats.
1705:
Practicing security architecture provides the right foundation to systematically address business, IT and security concerns in an organization.
1033:. Even machines that operate as a closed system (i.e., with no contact with the outside world) can be eavesdropped upon by monitoring the faint
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1362:
1057:, which is when "malware installs itself onto a victim's machine, encrypts their files, and then turns around and demands a ransom (usually in
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Hardware-based or assisted computer security also offers an alternative to software-only computer security. Using devices and methods such as
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2562:, and valve opening and closing in water and gas networks. The Internet is a potential attack vector for such machines if connected, but the
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with the apparent dual motive of embarrassing the company through data leaks and crippling the company by wiping workstations and servers.
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is the accuracy and consistency of stored data, indicated by an absence of any alteration in data between two updates of a data record.
4201:
Designs a security system or major components of a security system, and may head a security design team building a new security system.
3679:
secure online. There is also a Cyber Incident Management Framework to provide a coordinated response in the event of a cyber incident.
3399:
2920:
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1890:
1736:
control incoming and outgoing traffic of a computer network and establish a barrier between a trusted network and an untrusted network.
1276:
and have full unrestricted access to a system. The severity of attacks can range from attacks simply sending an unsolicited email to a
525:
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Chermick, Steven; Freilich, Joshua; Holt, Thomas (April 2017). "Exploring the Subculture of Ideologically Motivated Cyber-Attackers".
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Companies should ensure that their core services that rely on technology are protected so that the systems are essentially never down.
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Cyber hygiene relates to personal hygiene as computer viruses relate to biological viruses (or pathogens). However, while the term
2015:
Mobile-enabled access devices are growing in popularity due to the ubiquitous nature of cell phones. Built-in capabilities such as
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are expected to be even more complex. All of these systems carry some security risks, and such issues have gained wide attention.
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3156:, which reportedly utilised the spear-phising, destruction of files, and denial-of-service attacks to carry out the full attack.
2439:
12424:. Cybersecurity Unit, Computer Crime & Intellectual Property Section Criminal Division U.S. Department of Justice. July 2017
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solutions can prevent the client to visit malicious web pages and inspect the content before downloading to the client machines.
1517:
Pre-evaluation: To identify the awareness of information security within employees and to analyze the current security policies.
736:(IoT). Cybersecurity is one of the most significant new challenges facing the contemporary world, due to both the complexity of
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techniques can be used to attempt to ensure that all software loaded has been certified as authentic by the system's designers.
3532:
On 22 May 2020, the UN Security Council held its second ever informal meeting on cybersecurity to focus on cyber challenges to
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12373:
11446:"Privatizing Political Authority: Cybersecurity, Public-Private Partnerships, and the Reproduction of Liberal Political Order"
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8487:. International Conference on Aviation Safety and Security in the 21st Century, White House Commission on Safety and Security.
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Cybersecurity Best Practices | Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency CISA. (n.d.). Retrieved April 24, 2024, from
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serve as a gatekeeper system between networks, allowing only traffic that matches defined rules. They often include detailed
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computer systems are commonly attacked by activists and foreign powers. Local and regional government infrastructure such as
355:
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worm demonstrated that even equipment controlled by computers not connected to the Internet can be vulnerable. In 2014, the
1786:. A firewall can be defined as a way of filtering network data between a host or a network and another network, such as the
1296:
then may move around the network of users at this same lower level, gaining access to information of this similar privilege.
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In June 2021, the cyber attack took down the largest fuel pipeline in the U.S. and led to shortages across the East Coast.
795:
11939:
8759:"Humana Web Site Named Best Interactive Site by eHealthcare Strategy & Trends; re LOUISVILLE, Ky., Nov. 15 PRNewswire"
6233:
2277:. If they successfully breach security, they have also often gained enough administrative access to enable them to delete
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9256:. SEC'11 Proceedings of the 20th USENIX conference on Security. Berkeley, California, US: USENIX Association. p. 6.
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An example of a physical security measure: a metal lock on the back of a personal computer to prevent hardware tampering.
8314:"Analysis | The Cybersecurity 202: Agencies struggling with basic cybersecurity despite Trump's pledge to prioritize it"
4146:
There are a few critical voices that question whether cybersecurity is as significant a threat as it is made out to be.
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Wilcox, S. and Brown, B. (2005) 'Responding to Security Incidents – Sooner or Later Your Systems Will Be Compromised',
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radar surveillance only extends 175 to 225 miles offshore. There is also potential for attack from within an aircraft.
2221:
compromise another node or network, especially from common cyberattacks. Cyber hygiene should also not be mistaken for
1549:
Post-evaluation: To assess the success of the planning and implementation, and to identify unresolved areas of concern.
892:
Backdoors may be added by an authorized party to allow some legitimate access or by an attacker for malicious reasons.
834:
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49:
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Air Traffic Control: FAA Needs a More Comprehensive Approach to Address Cybersecurity As Agency Transitions to NextGen
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Some provisions for cybersecurity have been incorporated into rules framed under the Information Technology Act 2000.
1897:
of the correctness of computer systems is possible, it is not yet common. Operating systems formally verified include
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11427:"Former White House aide backs some Net regulation / Clarke says government, industry deserve 'F' in cyber security"
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8514:"Air Traffic Control Systems Vulnerabilities Could Make for Unfriendly Skies [Black Hat] – SecurityWeek.Com"
3715:
This avant-garde health assessment serves as a diagnostic tool, enabling enterprises to ascertain the robustness of
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Maness, Ryan C.; Valeriano, Brandon (25 March 2015). "The Impact of Cyber Conflict on International Interactions".
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4764:, who was arrested on 29 June 1987. He was convicted of espionage (along with two co-conspirators) on 15 Feb 1990.
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bank, and a classified military network each face distinct threats, despite using similar underlying technologies.
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are devices or software applications that monitor networks or systems for malicious activity or policy violations.
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organization, recognizing that a security-aware user provides an important line of defense against cyber attacks.
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10811:"The TJX Companies, Inc. Victimized by Computer System Intrusion; Provides Information to Help Protect Customers"
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these attacks, as well as incidents that occurred in 2009, 2011, and 2012, but Pyongyang denies the accusations.
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The UK government's National Cyber Security Centre separates secure cyber design principles into five sections:
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9872:
6473:"HTML smuggling surges: Highly evasive loader technique increasingly used in banking malware, targeted attacks"
5140:
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is a type of malware added to a legitimate program that lies dormant until it is triggered by a specific event.
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2708:
to potentially offer better quality and access to healthcare, or fitness trackers to lower insurance premiums.
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2108:
2012:
Disconnecting or disabling peripheral devices (like camera, GPS, removable storage, etc.), that are not in use.
1615:, where each part of the system has only the privileges that are needed for its function. That way, even if an
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17:
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13403:
11569:
8637:
5528:
3015:
exploits, viruses, and data breaches of sensitive data stored on hospital servers. On 28 December 2016 the US
1443:
with a different host's IP address. This causes data to be sent to the attacker rather than the intended host.
860:
To secure a computer system, it is important to understand the attacks that can be made against it, and these
15716:
15693:
15423:
15413:
14672:
14311:
14217:"Enterprise information security, a review of architectures and frameworks from interoperability perspective"
13993:
12329:
11246:
11169:
10966:
10878:
10504:
5216:
4689:
4655:
4112:
4085:
4053:
3701:
3640:
3313:
3192:
Preparation: Preparing stakeholders on the procedures for handling computer security incidents or compromises
2614:
2360:
1603:
Companies should create secure systems designed so that any attack that is "successful" has minimal severity.
1329:
1281:
1251:
1110:
458:
255:
138:
128:
13245:
11759:
8500:
Aviation security : terrorist acts demonstrate urgent need to improve security at the nation's airports
5669:
4557:
can provide a practical solution for the problem of securely communicating when no key is shared in advance.
15797:
15385:
15293:
15205:
14981:
14966:
13201:
12551:
12546:
11147:
10448:
8004:
6946:
6498:"Obfuscated Files or Information: HTML Smuggling, Sub-technique T1027.006 – Enterprise | MITRE ATT&CK®"
5204:
5193:
5101:
5031:
3970:
3911:
3845:
3814:
3619:
3153:
3020:
3016:
2595:
2168:
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1982:
1638:
1612:
1420:
1150:
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633:
165:
153:
12809:
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8619:
4748:
in 1971. The program was purely experimental in nature and carried no malicious payload. A later program,
15885:
15620:
15125:
14864:
14785:
14585:
8451:
7340:
7151:. Proceeding DAC '83 Proceedings of the 20th Design Automation Conference. IEEE Press. pp. 221–227.
5776:
4652:
is spyware that silently captures and stores each keystroke that a user types on the computer's keyboard.
4387:
4136:
2534:
2397:
2376:
2043:
1833:
be employed. The amount of security afforded to an asset can only be determined when its value is known.
1432:
1291:
Privilege escalation can be separated into two strategies, horizontal and vertical privilege escalation:
808:
741:
240:
12407:
12149:
9056:
8826:
6973:
6100:
3921:
In addition to its own specific duties, the FBI participates alongside non-profit organizations such as
2640:
The consequences of a successful attack range from loss of confidentiality to loss of system integrity,
2633:
technology. The airline industry is moving from the use of traditional paper tickets towards the use of
15916:
15857:
15506:
14841:
14799:
14455:
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13708:
12351:
12001:
7787:
5240:
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4110:
There is growing concern that cyberspace will become the next theater of warfare. As Mark Clayton from
3789:
The new U.S. cyber strategy seeks to allay some of those concerns by promoting responsible behavior in
3457:, often the local authorities cannot take action due to lack of laws under which to prosecute. Proving
3420:
3281:
3126:, the motivations for breaches of computer security vary between attackers. Some are thrill-seekers or
3048:
2800:
2370:
1881:
against their systems to identify vulnerabilities. In some sectors, this is a contractual requirement.
1826:
1739:
1616:
1463:
814:
713:
477:
215:
8273:
6633:
Schlienger, Thomas; Teufel, Stephanie (2003). "Information security culture-from analysis to change".
6162:
5297:
4140:
15875:
15802:
15777:
15640:
15288:
14901:
14702:
14420:
11819:
5060:
4627:
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3583:
helps protect societies worldwide from the threat of cybercrime through the Convention on Cybercrime.
3487:
2175:
2150:
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2132:
1928:
1803:
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team was the victim of this type of cyber scam with a perpetrator impersonating the team's president
1348:
1267:
1030:
916:
829:
788:
511:
260:
11850:"Government of Canada Launches Cyber Security Awareness Month With New Public Awareness Partnership"
10540:
Gordon, Lawrence; Loeb, Martin (November 2002). "The Economics of Information Security Investment".
9524:
9428:
9275:
7701:"A Survey on Supply Chain Security: Application Areas, Security Threats, and Solution Architectures"
2833:
may use WiFi and Bluetooth to communicate with onboard consumer devices and the cell phone network.
2446:
interested in manipulating markets and making illicit gains. Websites and apps that accept or store
1877:
Beyond vulnerability scanning, many organizations contract outside security auditors to run regular
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15726:
15559:
15152:
15021:
14687:
14565:
14460:
13472:
13315:
12524:
12421:
10609:
10529:(Report). Washington DC: Congressional Research Service, Government, and Finance Division. RL32331.
8659:
7829:
5037:
4790:
4779:
4069:
4028:
3838:
3693:
Public Safety Canada aims to begin an evaluation of Canada's cybersecurity strategy in early 2015.
3552:
The Forum of Incident Response and Security Teams (FIRST) is the global association of CSIRTs. The
3261:
2482:
2459:
2418:
2329:
2236:
was coined almost simultaneously with the creation of the first working computer viruses, the term
2164:
2024:
1986:
1842:
1526:
Implementation: Four stages should be used to implement the information security culture. They are:
1134:
1085:
838:
553:
436:
395:
365:
315:
13451:
11789:
8909:
8199:
6188:
3505:
that was to remain free of government intervention, as can be seen in many of today's libertarian
15787:
15721:
15612:
15428:
15095:
14775:
14727:
14390:
14167:
13026:
10145:
8707:"The Australian ePassport. Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade website"
7450:
7207:
Ingredients of Operating System Correctness? Lessons Learned in the Formal Verification of PikeOS
5750:
5134:
5054:
4542:
4424:
4255:
2863:
announced some initial safety standards, and called for states to come up with uniform policies.
2845:
2740:
Large corporations are common targets. In many cases attacks are aimed at financial gain through
2724:
2704:
companies use the internet to provide enhanced products and services, for example through use of
2630:
2382:
2354:
2287:
2222:
2142:
1998:
1992:
1969:
1931:
is a method for mitigating unauthorized access to a system or sensitive information. It requires
1485:
smuggling allows an attacker to "smuggle" a malicious code inside a particular HTML or web page.
1003:
969:
957:
175:
11201:"U.S. Suspects Hackers in China Breached About four (4) Million People's Records, Officials Say"
11103:
7746:
6846:
5997:
3350:
global surveillance. There were also indications that the NSA may have inserted a backdoor in a
1698:
determination of controls based on risk assessment, good practices, finances, and legal matters.
15852:
15683:
15564:
15331:
15321:
15316:
13682:
12177:
12173:
9942:
9800:
9519:
9180:"Cybersecurity expert: It will take a 'major event' for companies to take this issue seriously"
8848:
8301:
8297:
7859:
7824:
6052:
4596:
is someone who seeks to breach defenses and exploit weaknesses in a computer system or network.
4299:
4155:
4081:
3408:
3023:
should maintain the security of Internet-connected devices – but no structure for enforcement.
2349:
2245:
2180:
2116:
1893:. They aim to assess systems for risk and to predict and test for their vulnerabilities. While
1848:
1121:, or suggest the perception of a threat in order to manipulate users into buying or installing
430:
14207:
9910:"Internet of Things: Converging Technologies for Smart Environments and Integrated Ecosystems"
8399:
8376:
7699:
Hassija, Vikas; Chamola, Vinay; Gupta, Vatsal; Jain, Sarthak; Guizani, Nadra (15 April 2021).
7108:. 18th Annual IEEE Symposium of Logic in Computer Science, 2003. Proceedings. pp. 45–54.
7092:
network vulnerability scans at least quarterly and after any significant change in the network
6530:. Perth. Security Research Institute (SRI), Edith Cowan University: 1st to 3rd December 2009.
5122: – Academic discipline studying the relationship between computer systems and their users
4585:
and the Internet, but can also be used internally to impose traffic rules between networks if
4246:
attacks by hackers acting as individuals or as part of organized crime or foreign governments.
3985:
has devoted funding to securing systems on board the planes of private manufacturers, and the
1889:
The act of assessing and reducing vulnerabilities to cyber attacks is commonly referred to as
15926:
15921:
15822:
15792:
15782:
15678:
15592:
15468:
15408:
15375:
15365:
15255:
15220:
15210:
15147:
15016:
14991:
14986:
14951:
14816:
14550:
13549:
10856:"The Stuxnet Attack On Iran's Nuclear Plant Was 'Far More Dangerous' Than Previously Thought"
7214:
6999:"Knowing Value of Data Assets is Crucial to Cybersecurity Risk Management | SecurityWeek.Com"
6133:
5584:
5173:
4566:
4550:
4294:
systems. These systems can protect either the whole computer, such as through an interactive
3941:
3221:
Some illustrative examples of different types of computer security breaches are given below.
3216:
3212:
2987:
2900:
2295:
Where an attack succeeds and a breach occurs, many jurisdictions now have in place mandatory
1863:
1732:
1114:
13947:
12475:
12123:
9595: (House of Lords 16 June 2008) ("15. ... alleged to total over $ 700,000"),
9125:
7329:. NYS Cyber Security Conference, Empire State Plaza Convention Center, Albany, NY, 3–4 June.
6820:
6524:"Exploring the Relationship between Organizational Culture and Information Security Culture"
4730:
started offering commercial access control systems and computer security software products.
3670:
Most countries have their own computer emergency response team to protect network security.
1742:(IDS) products are designed to detect network attacks in-progress and assist in post-attack
1607:
These design principles of security by design can include some of the following techniques:
15582:
15554:
15526:
15521:
15350:
15326:
15278:
15263:
15245:
15235:
15230:
15192:
15142:
15137:
15054:
15000:
14836:
14748:
14697:
14642:
14510:
14483:
14465:
14363:
14334:
14288:
12885:
12247:
11408:"The Venn diagram between libertarians and crypto bros is so close it's basically a circle"
7645:
7549:
6676:
6324:
4964:
4599:
4586:
4417:
4347:
4335:
4188:
3245:
3078:
3007:. There are many reports of hospitals and hospital organizations getting hacked, including
2950:(IoT) is the network of physical objects such as devices, vehicles, and buildings that are
2859:
into its cars' computer systems. In the area of autonomous vehicles, in September 2016 the
2365:
2334:
2249:
2047:
2020:
1779:
1562:
is an action, device, procedure or technique that reduces a threat, a vulnerability, or an
1505:
1262:
873:
854:
776:
772:
448:
390:
310:
14430:
1635:, approaches to make modules more secure where formal correctness proofs are not possible.
8:
15847:
15772:
15688:
15673:
15438:
15225:
15182:
15177:
15074:
15064:
15036:
14620:
14395:
14353:
13498:
12845:
10810:
10744:
9769:
9497:"The Cutting Edge of RFID Technology and Applications for Manufacturing and Distribution"
8118:
7861:
5694:
5128:
4989:
4844:
4667:
4582:
4554:
4454:
4435:
techniques can be used to ensure that communication end-points are who they say they are.
4321:
4307:
3648:
3636:
3588:
3475:
3336:
3140:
2991:
2748:. Examples include the loss of millions of clients' credit card and financial details by
2641:
2559:
2486:
2157:
2146:
2128:
1894:
1402:
1310:
771:
are still used to prevent unauthorized tampering. IT security is not a perfect subset of
737:
698:
425:
250:
160:
13988:
12889:
7869:. 2017 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC). IEEE Press. pp. 1–6.
7649:
3537:
1451:
published research on the life-threatening risk of spoofing in the healthcare industry.
15812:
15711:
15587:
15544:
15453:
15395:
15380:
15370:
15162:
14961:
14804:
14732:
14637:
14195:
14029:
13942:
13772:
13600:
13289:
13007:
10693:
10557:
9823:
9090:"Sony Hackers Have Over 100 Terabytes Of Documents. Only Released 200 Gigabytes So Far"
8802:
8777:
7888:
7842:
7728:
7676:
7633:
7476:
7127:
6394:
6024:
5072:
4909:
4869:
4749:
4737:
3384:
3371:
3309:
3241:
2947:
2808:
2788:
2757:
2720:
2610:
2606:
2551:
2447:
2392:
2344:
1947:
1657:
1563:
1436:
1038:
733:
12766:
11304:
10297:
10267:
9540:"Gary McKinnon profile: Autistic 'hacker' who started writing computer programs at 14"
9238:
8093:
6552:
Post-secondary Education Network Security: the End User Challenge and Evolving Threats
6281:
5905:
5890:
5873:
5057: – Computer security standard to prevent cross-site scripting and related attacks
4771:, was distributed via the Internet. It gained significant mainstream media attention.
3827:
1927:
Outside of formal assessments, there are various methods of reducing vulnerabilities.
15832:
15762:
15741:
15703:
15511:
15458:
15157:
15069:
14943:
14852:
14610:
14545:
14495:
14442:
14400:
14274:
14255:
14238:
14203:
14199:
14187:
14152:
14130:
14096:
14051:
14033:
14021:
14004:
Branch, Jordan (24 September 2020). "What's in a Name? Metaphors and Cybersecurity".
13764:
13040:
13011:
12999:
12964:
12913:
12717:
12707:
12443:
10726:
10716:
10697:
10658:
10584:
9248:
8807:
8395:
8372:
7878:
7732:
7720:
7681:
7663:
7634:"Reconfigurable Security Architecture (RESA) Based on PUF for FPGA-Based IoT Devices"
7152:
7117:
7081:
7056:
7029:
6902:
6574:
6564:
6386:
6378:
6368:
6328:
6028:
6014:
5784:
5451:
5364:
5275:
5161:
5113:
4815:
4560:
4486:
4482:
3981:, and following successful attacks on airports and claimed attacks on airplanes, the
3580:
3518:
3458:
3123:
3102:
3090:
2780:
2634:
2542:
acting on behalf of banks to issue on-the-spot credit cards to interested customers.
2510:
implementations of these technologies, including at least one implementation that is
2499:
2413:
2265:
2216:
is a fundamental principle relating to information security and, as the analogy with
1806:) to provide real-time filtering and blocking. Another implementation is a so-called
1459:
1429:
spoofing, where an attacker produces a fake biometric sample to pose as another user.
1231:
1096:
953:
861:
764:
745:
686:
682:
670:
582:
420:
350:
13776:
13657:"How NIST can protect the CIA triad, including the often overlooked 'I' – integrity"
13604:
13372:"The UK Cyber Security Strategy: Report on Progress and Forward Plans December 2014"
10206:
8425:
7131:
6717:
6398:
5292:
5243: – Approach to computer security from the US Defense Information Systems Agency
4457:
techniques can be used to ensure privilege separation and mandatory access control.
4420:
can have their access to other applications controlled at the virtual machine level.
4382:-like operating systems there is an option to further restrict an application using
3031:
In distributed generation systems, the risk of a cyber attack is real, according to
818:. Vulnerabilities can be researched, reverse-engineered, hunted, or exploited using
755:
While many aspects of computer security involve digital security such as electronic
15941:
15665:
15549:
15516:
15311:
15240:
15129:
15115:
15110:
15059:
15046:
14971:
14924:
14821:
14761:
14525:
14515:
14410:
14294:
14228:
14179:
14088:
14013:
13756:
13715:
13592:
13349:
13032:
12991:
12954:
12944:
12903:
12893:
12767:
10 CFR 73.54, Protection of digital computer and communication systems and networks
12699:
12579:"Automotive Cybersecurity – National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA)"
12547:"Cybersecurity for Medical Devices and Hospital Networks: FDA Safety Communication"
12381:
11457:
11300:
11086:
10685:
10648:
10561:
10549:
9827:
9815:
9094:
8797:
8789:
7892:
7870:
7846:
7834:
7712:
7671:
7653:
7523:
7503:
7109:
6892:
6666:
6642:
6556:
6531:
6360:
6320:
6006:
5885:
5398:
5354:
5344:
5222:
5182:
5149:
5078:
4954:
4919:
4904:
4874:
4829:
4741:
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can be used to test if an IP address is in use. If it is, attackers may then try a
4391:
4325:
3949:
3945:
3462:
3074:
2834:
2818:
2701:
2673:
2507:
2387:
2217:
2103:
1878:
1856:
1822:
1578:
1467:
1435:(ARP) spoofing, where an attacker sends spoofed address resolution protocol onto a
1317:
1034:
905:
819:
705:
694:
678:
626:
597:
541:
400:
101:
13909:"Bush Order Expands Network Monitoring: Intelligence Agencies to Track Intrusions"
13745:"The Origin and Early History of the Computer Security Software Products Industry"
12794:
12779:
12662:
11087:"NIST Removes Cryptography Algorithm from Random Number Generator Recommendations"
10480:"D.C. distributed energy proposal draws concerns of increased cybersecurity risks"
7236:
3810:
2442:, SWIFT, investment banks, and commercial banks are prominent hacking targets for
15736:
15630:
15602:
15496:
15448:
15433:
15418:
15273:
15268:
15215:
15105:
15079:
15031:
14976:
14712:
14692:
14590:
14415:
14405:
11110:
10842:
10797:
9799:
Singh, Jatinder; Pasquier, Thomas; Bacon, Jean; Ko, Hajoon; Eyers, David (2015).
6497:
5475:
5155:
5107:
5066:
4969:
4934:
4894:
4593:
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4355:
4302:
server. There are many methods for identifying and authenticating users, such as
3896:
3835:
3747:
is the nodal agency which monitors the cyber threats in the country. The post of
3720:
3257:
3111:
2996:
2967:
2951:
2888:
2689:
2685:
2669:
2657:
2438:
The computer systems of financial regulators and financial institutions like the
2080:
1989:(VPNs). In addition, a USB dongle can be configured to lock or unlock a computer.
1378:
1355:
1022:
1018:
965:
928:
180:
71:
40:
14233:
14216:
12703:
11122:
9148:
Tracking & Hacking: Security & Privacy Gaps Put American Drivers at Risk
7927:"Studies prove once again that users are the weakest link in the security chain"
6700:
6679:
6660:
6550:
5638:
4282:
The following terms used with regards to computer security are explained below:
3248:
who said "he wanted to count how many machines were connected to the Internet".
2783:
in retaliation for the firm's CEO claiming to have infiltrated their group, and
685:
that may result in unauthorized information disclosure, theft of (or damage to)
15842:
15746:
15645:
15491:
15463:
14882:
14780:
14630:
14580:
14555:
14520:
14500:
14380:
14368:
13744:
13629:. US Department of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards. pp. 11–3–11–4.
12898:
12873:
12374:"Robert S. Mueller, III – InfraGard Interview at the 2005 InfraGard Conference"
11931:
11064:
9336:"Tesla fixes software bug that allowed Chinese hackers to control car remotely"
7700:
7146:
6535:
5263:
5019:
4974:
4929:
4889:
4692:. This led to the formalization of cybersecurity as a professional discipline.
4507:
4464:
4432:
4413:
4359:
4351:
4291:
4131:
3937:
3623:
3522:
3331:
3256:
In 1994, over a hundred intrusions were made by unidentified crackers into the
3135:
3107:
3094:
3047:
Perhaps the most widely known digitally secure telecommunication device is the
2887:(Radio Frequency Identification) technology as an efficient, digitally secure,
2814:
2772:
2741:
2677:
2665:
2618:
2490:
2314:
2309:
2253:
2196:
protecting individuals and companies from the great majority of cyber threats.
1866:, which analyzes a computer system in search of known vulnerabilities, such as
1790:. They can be implemented as software running on the machine, hooking into the
1783:
1722:
1490:
1406:
1392:
1333:
1239:
1235:
1227:
1068:
885:
489:
320:
273:
203:
84:
61:
14017:
13579:
13036:
11362:
10730:
10713:
Security engineering : a guide to building dependable distributed systems
9819:
8793:
8223:"From AI to Russia, Here's How Estonia's President Is Planning for the Future"
7860:
Abreu, Vilmar; Santin, Altair O.; Viegas, Eduardo K.; Stihler, Maicon (2017).
7716:
7508:
7113:
6364:
6357:
Handbook of Biometric Anti-Spoofing: Trusted Biometrics under Spoofing Attacks
6010:
5016: – Conceptual diagrams showing how an asset, or target, might be attacked
4324:
consists of computer programs that attempt to identify, thwart, and eliminate
4254:
In the United Kingdom, a nationwide set of cybersecurity forums, known as the
4231:
A DPO is tasked with monitoring compliance with data protection laws (such as
3054:
The Smart Card Web Servers draft standard (SCWS) defines the interfaces to an
15910:
15731:
15026:
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14753:
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3237:
3188:
There are four key components of a computer security incident response plan:
2916:
2830:
2784:
2098:
2092:
1818:
1791:
1619:
gains access to that part, they only have limited access to the whole system.
1351:(BEC) scams had cost US businesses more than $ 2 billion in about two years.
1243:
1075:
988:
949:
592:
325:
220:
117:
12696:
CYBER SECURITY EMPLOYMENT POLICY AND WORKPLACE DEMAND IN THE U.S. GOVERNMENT
9801:"Twenty Cloud Security Considerations for Supporting the Internet of Things"
9276:"Hackers Remotely Kill a Jeep on the Highway – With Me in It"
9030:"How one man tracked down Anonymous – and paid a heavy price"
8482:
6528:
Proceedings of the 7th Australian Information Security Management Conference
5609:
4684:
4358:, with a robust process in place to identify, test and install any released
3831:. Although various other measures have been proposed – none have succeeded.
2872:
1489:
files can carry payloads concealed as benign, inert data in order to defeat
15827:
15486:
14826:
14682:
14385:
12949:
12932:
12307:
12212:"Biden Adviser On Cyber Threats And The New Executive Order To Combat Them"
11462:
11018:
10523:
10146:"Hospitals keep getting attacked by ransomware – Here's why"
9247:; Karl Koscher; Alexei Czeskis; Franziska Roesner; Tadayoshi Kohno (2011).
9240:
8811:
8499:
7685:
5934:"What is a man-in-the-middle attack and how can I protect my organization?"
5403:
5089:
4939:
4899:
4859:
4807:
4530:
4518:
4500:
4476:
4105:
3899:
program and requirements for cybersecurity in the United States called the
3342:
3161:
3067:
3004:
2935:
2852:
2841:
2753:
2455:
2451:
2324:
2319:
2278:
2274:
1847:
Vulnerability management is the cycle of identifying, fixing or mitigating
1771:
1751:
1726:
1719:
1695:
the relationship of different components and how they depend on each other.
1632:
1471:
1412:
1156:
877:
768:
717:
607:
413:
280:
233:
88:
27:
Protection of computer systems from information disclosure, theft or damage
13422:"Singapore Operational Technology (OT) Cybersecurity Competency Framework"
13175:
10577:"U.S. and Britain Help Ukraine Prepare for Potential Russian Cyberassault"
10553:
10411:"New cybersecurity guidelines for medical devices tackle evolving threats"
10358:"Former New Hampshire Psychiatric Hospital Patient Accused Of Data Breach"
7496:"Guidelines for Managing the Security of Mobile Devices in the Enterprise"
7179:
6897:
6880:
6646:
4514:
3977:
is concerned with automotive cybersecurity. After being criticized by the
2462:
have also been tampered with in order to gather customer account data and
729:
15817:
15443:
15355:
14766:
14600:
14575:
14540:
14375:
14183:
13760:
13617:
13596:
13124:"Government vs. Commerce: The Cyber Security Industry and You (Part One)"
12908:
12604:
11960:"Australian federal government announces cybersecurity support for SMBs",
11291:
Mansfield-Devine, Steve (1 September 2015). "The Ashley Madison affair".
9561:
8710:
7809:
7204:
Baumann, Christoph; Beckert, Bernhard; Blasum, Holger; Bormer, Thorsten.
6359:. Advances in Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. London: Springer.
5359:
5013:
4994:
4959:
4834:
4768:
4761:
4708:
4700:
4612:
4494:
4063:
3882:
Penetration test § Standardized government penetration test services
3533:
3467:
3285:
3230:
3181:
3055:
2955:
2745:
2676:
have sensors such as cameras, microphones, GPS receivers, compasses, and
2661:
2550:
Computers control functions at many utilities, including coordination of
2533:
chip which is embedded in credit cards. Further developments include the
2515:
2511:
2494:
2475:
1767:
Cyber security awareness training to cope with cyber threats and attacks.
1747:
1663:
1628:
1440:
1416:
803:
619:
587:
483:
370:
107:
14092:
11984:"Need for proper structure of PPPs to address specific cyberspace risks"
11629:
11627:
11247:"Estimate of Americans hit by government personnel data hack skyrockets"
11123:
Michael Riley; Ben Elgin; Dune Lawrence; Carol Matlack (17 March 2014).
8248:"Professor Len Adleman explains how he coined the term "computer virus""
5349:
5332:
4733:
One of the earliest examples of an attack on a computer network was the
4473:
is the nondisclosure of information except to another authorized person.
3073:
Other telecommunication developments involving digital security include
1219:
appears to be legitimate, the hyperlink points at the phisher's webpage.
15837:
15767:
15360:
15100:
14956:
14831:
14647:
14595:
14478:
14358:
14303:
14144:
12959:
12422:"A Framework for a Vulnerability Disclosure Program for Online Systems"
12272:
11503:
10790:
9633:"Massive Data Breach Puts 4 Million Federal Employees' Records at Risk"
4849:
4794:
4661:
4649:
4617:
4546:
4526:
4490:
4339:
4311:
3956:
3790:
3600:
3561:
3506:
3498:
3491:
3375:
3289:
3059:
3012:
3008:
2776:
2749:
2705:
2653:
2555:
2539:
2526:
2522:
2443:
2339:
2240:
is a much later invention, perhaps as late as 2000 by Internet pioneer
2112:
2028:
1493:. These payloads can be reconstructed on the other side of the filter.
1426:
1277:
1242:
call. They often direct users to enter details at a fake website whose
1054:
976:
920:
893:
850:
760:
725:
721:
340:
335:
112:
14298:
12933:"How We Stopped Worrying about Cyber Doom and Started Collecting Data"
11017:
to hand over all call data shows scale of domestic surveillance under
8532:"Hacker Says He Can Break into Airplane Systems Using In-Flight Wi-Fi"
8144:"President of the Republic at the Aftenposten's Technology Conference"
7658:
6439:"Photos of an NSA "upgrade" factory show Cisco router getting implant"
4290:
restricts access to a computer to a group of users through the use of
3817:
is the key legislation. It prohibits unauthorized access or damage of
3690:
Canadian citizens, and Cyber Security Awareness Month during October.
3622:
with the objective to improve network and information security in the
3374:
computers in 2013, stealing roughly 40 million credit cards, and then
1778:
Today, computer security consists mainly of preventive measures, like
1187:
15342:
15303:
14707:
14662:
14657:
14505:
14473:
13843:"The Morris Worm - 30 Years Since First Major Attack on the Internet"
11624:
10993:"NSA collecting phone records of millions of Verizon customers daily"
9061:
7838:
6671:
5846:
5425:
5131: – Technical and Policy systems to give users appropriate access
4999:
4979:
4839:
4658:
is the use of deception to manipulate individuals to breach security.
4638:
4631:
4398:
to further restrict the access of an application to system resources.
4343:
4315:
4303:
4235:), data protection policies, awareness-raising, training, and audits.
3922:
3856:
3573:
3471:
3127:
3000:
2868:
2728:
2626:
2241:
2016:
1921:
1867:
1743:
1653:
1272:
1250:
Preying on a victim's trust, phishing can be classified as a form of
1102:
881:
756:
577:
360:
210:
190:
95:
56:
12874:"The geopolitics of renewable energy: Debunking four emerging myths"
12190:"Home | Homeland Security & Governmental Affairs Committee"
11583:
10781:
Jonathan Zittrain, 'The Future of The Internet', Penguin Books, 2008
10238:"Zombie OS lurches through Royal Melbourne Hospital spreading virus"
9965:"Hotel room burglars exploit critical flaw in electronic door locks"
8941:"Exclusive: FBI warns healthcare sector vulnerable to cyber attacks"
6311:
Butterfield, Andrew; Ngondi, Gerard Ekembe, eds. (21 January 2016).
5152: – Right or mandate of personal privacy concerning the internet
15403:
14893:
14667:
14625:
14488:
14110:"Ex-IDF cyber intel. official reveals secrets behind cyber offense"
13318:. MS-ISAC (Multi-State Information Sharing & Analysis Center).
12499:"Military's Cyber Commander Swears: "No Role" in Civilian Networks"
12325:
11565:
8830:
6413:"80 to 0 in Under 5 Seconds: Falsifying a Medical Patient's Vitals"
6256:"Bucks leak tax info of players, employees as result of email scam"
4775:
4680:
4406:
4089:
3592:
3367:
2959:
2912:
2583:
1852:
1814:
1787:
1385:
1366:
1337:
1285:
1280:
on large amounts of data. Privilege escalation usually starts with
1223:
846:
709:
690:
454:
185:
133:
12698:. EDULEARN19 Proceedings. Vol. 1. IATED. pp. 7858–7866.
8736:"Is Your Watch Or Thermostat A Spy? Cybersecurity Firms Are On It"
8681:
8484:
Computer Security in Aviation: Vulnerabilities, Threats, and Risks
6390:
2941:
2771:
Not all attacks are financially motivated, however: security firm
1981:
The principle is that an encryption scheme on the dongle, such as
1569:
Some common countermeasures are listed in the following sections:
864:
can typically be classified into one of the following categories:
646:
14677:
14652:
14615:
13791:"A Brief History of Computer Viruses & What the Future Holds"
12607:(Report). U. S. Government Accountability Office. 14 April 2015.
11525:
11014:
10902:"Cyberwar Issues Likely to Be Addressed Only After a Catastrophe"
9610:"Fresh Leak on US Spying: NSA Accessed Mexican President's Email"
9592:
Mckinnon V Government of The United States of America and Another
9250:
Comprehensive Experimental Analyses of Automotive Attack Surfaces
8849:"Staples: Breach may have affected 1.16 million customers' cards"
8776:
Kruse, CB; Smith, B; Vanderlinden, H; Nealand, A (21 July 2017).
8061:"Risky business: why security awareness is crucial for employees"
7979:"90% of security incidents trace back to PEBKAC and ID10T errors"
6555:. ICERI2017 Proceedings. Vol. 1. IATED. pp. 1787–1796.
5938:
5231: – Reliance on design or implementation secrecy for security
5167:
5025:
4745:
4570:
4402:
4395:
4375:
4371:
4329:
4014:
3596:
3557:
3553:
3510:
3450:
3305:
2892:
2761:
2563:
2032:
1871:
1448:
1216:
1118:
1106:
1092:
1058:
1050:
996:
897:
749:
442:
330:
305:
298:
170:
12471:
Remarks at the Defense Information Technology Acquisition Summit
12297:
AFP-JiJi, "U.S. boots up cybersecurity center", 31 October 2009.
11602:"Government of Canada Launches Canada's Cyber Security Strategy"
7632:
Babaei, Armin; Schiele, Gregor; Zohner, Michael (26 July 2022).
6522:
Lim, Joo S.; Chang, Shanton; Maynard, Sean; Ahmad, Atif (2009).
5610:"What is a backdoor attack? Definition and prevention | NordVPN"
5333:"Systematically Understanding Cybersecurity Economics: A Survey"
5158: – Being aware of safety and security risks on the Internet
3077:, which use the embedded SIM card to generate a legally binding
1855:. Vulnerability management is integral to computer security and
1270:
in the system to gain access to restricted data; or even become
812:
exists. Actors maliciously seeking vulnerabilities are known as
14535:
14450:
14149:
Counterterrorism and Cybersecurity: Total Information Awareness
13580:"Computer Security Discourse at RAND, SDC, and NSA (1958-1970)"
13248:. NICCS (US National Initiative for Cybercareers and Studies).
12197:
11320:"Hackers Breached Colonial Pipeline Using Compromised Password"
11170:"Millions more Americans hit by government personnel data hack"
10610:"Cyber-Attack Against Ukrainian Critical Infrastructure | CISA"
10087:"Hacking Hospitals And Holding Hostages: Cybersecurity In 2016"
8910:"2.5 Million More People Potentially Exposed in Equifax Breach"
8638:"Centralised Services: NewPENS moves forward – Eurocontrol.int"
7808:
Sandhu, R; Coyne, EJ; Feinstein, HL; Youman, CE (August 1996).
7213:. Embedded World Conference, Nuremberg, Germany. Archived from
5874:"Cyber-Attacks – Trends, Patterns and Security Countermeasures"
4811:
4534:
4444:
4383:
3569:
3355:
3293:
3284:
and that the hackers had accessed a system that stored data on
3260:, the US Air Force's main command and research facility. Using
2963:
2822:
2712:
1977:
1965:
1917:
1906:
1409:
to hide their identity or impersonate another computing system.
961:
932:
674:
496:
345:
285:
123:
12403:
11113:, 31 October 2013, Lorenzo Franceschi-Bicchierai, mashable.com
10384:"Texas Hospital hacked, affects nearly 30,000 patient records"
10328:"Legion cyber-attack: Next dump is sansad.nic.in, say hackers"
9695:"Encryption "would not have helped" at OPM, says DHS official"
9514:
Rahman, Mohammad Anwar; Khadem, Mohammad Miftaur; Sarder, MD.
8031:"IBM Security Services 2014 Cyber Security Intelligence Index"
7771:
Sanghavi, Alok (21 May 2010). "What is formal verification?".
6523:
5973:"New polymorphic malware evades three-quarters of AV scanners"
5529:"Cyber attacks on SMBs: Current Stats and How to Prevent Them"
4354:
by installing as few as possible. They are typically run with
4239:
3895:
has a dedicated division responsible for the response system,
1365:, resulting in the handover of all the team's employees' 2015
14215:
Shariati, Marzieh; Bahmani, Faezeh; Shams, Fereidoon (2011).
10522:
Cashell, B.; Jackson, W. D.; Jickling, M.; Webel, B. (2004).
8775:
8363:
Lin, Tom C. W. (3 July 2017). "The New Market Manipulation".
8191:"Security execs call on companies to improve 'cyber hygiene'"
5331:
Kianpour, Mazaher; Kowalski, Stewart; Øverby, Harald (2021).
5210:
5110: – Resilience of systems to component failures or errors
4367:
4295:
3604:
3565:
3390:
3164:
actors seeking to attack based on an ideological preference.
3036:
2896:
2716:
2268:
is often very difficult for a variety of reasons, including:
2039:
1902:
1799:
1761:
1192:
1007:
13202:"How to become a Chief Information Security Officer (CISO)?"
12343:
12275:. U.S. Department of Homeland Security S&T Directorate.
12009:
11730:"Action Plan 2010–2015 for Canada's Cyber Security Strategy"
11670:"Action Plan 2010–2015 for Canada's Cyber Security Strategy"
10120:"Cyber-Angriffe: Krankenhäuser rücken ins Visier der Hacker"
9454:"Thales supplies smart driver license to 4 states in Mexico"
9210:"The problem with self-driving cars: who controls the code?"
8563:"Hacker says to show passenger jets at risk of cyber attack"
7905:
5384:"Global Cybersecurity: New Directions in Theory and Methods"
5264:"Towards a More Representative Definition of Cyber Security"
4205:
3224:
2813:
Vehicles are increasingly computerized, with engine timing,
923:
can be blocked by adding a new firewall rule, many forms of
14123:
The Hacker Playbook: Practical Guide To Penetration Testing
10521:
10441:"Postmarket Management of Cybersecurity in Medical Devices"
8090:
CPNI – Centre for the Protection of National Infrastructure
5998:"What is Cyber Threat Intelligence and How is it Evolving?"
4715:
4379:
4232:
4166:
Typical cybersecurity job titles and descriptions include:
3863:
3461:
is also a major problem for all law enforcement agencies. "
3351:
2884:
2503:
2470:
2046:
of components in mobile and desktop computers by utilizing
1909:– but these make up a very small percentage of the market.
1898:
1795:
1486:
1482:
1149:
as a Pineapple attack thanks to a popular device. See also
1011:
14166:
Montagnani, Maria Lillà; Cavallo, Mirta Antonella (2018).
13732:
Note: this document has been superseded by later versions.
13709:
Engineering Principles for Information Technology Security
12150:"Do You Know About Biggest Cybersecurity Threats In 2023?"
12097:"Do You Know About Biggest Cybersecurity Threats In 2023?"
12031:"South Korea seeks global support in cyber attack probe".
12002:"National Cyber Safety and Security Standards(NCSSS)-Home"
11478:"It's Time to Treat Cybersecurity as a Human Rights Issue"
11270:"Hacking Linked to China Exposes Millions of U.S. Workers"
10813:(Press release). The TJX Companies, Inc. 17 January 2007.
9995:"Hospital Medical Devices Used As Weapons in Cyberattacks"
8972:"Lack of Employee Security Training Plagues US Businesses"
8600:. Purdue University School of Aeronautics and Astronautics
8452:"Hackers attacked the U.S. energy grid 79 times this year"
7807:
6628:
6626:
6624:
5811:"What Are Eavesdropping Attacks & How To Prevent Them"
5219: – Common ground of physical and information security
5207: – Overview of and topical guide to computer security
4116:
wrote in a 2015 article titled "The New Cyber Arms Race":
1041:
is a specification by the NSA referring to these attacks.
13062:"Cybersecurity Skills Shortage Impact on Cloud Computing"
12216:
12124:"National Cyber Strategy of the United States of America"
11125:"Target Missed Warnings in Epic Hack of Credit Card Data"
11104:"New Snowden Leak: NSA Tapped Google, Yahoo Data Centers"
10715:(3rd ed.). Indianapolis, IN: John Wiley & Sons.
10268:"Hacked Lincolnshire hospital computer systems 'back up'"
9664:"U.S. government hacked; feds think China is the culprit"
7785:
4727:
4645:
to identify accessible network services and applications.
3548:
Many different teams and organizations exist, including:
3540:, new technologies are too often used to violate rights.
3347:
3131:
3063:
2931:
2927:
2919:
controls, police and intelligence agency communications,
2574:, investigated 79 hacking incidents at energy companies.
2530:
1870:, insecure software configuration, and susceptibility to
1358:
1344:
1212:
1191:
An example of a phishing email, disguised as an official
704:
The field is significant due to the expanded reliance on
14289:
https://www.cisa.gov/topics/cybersecurity-best-practices
13706:
11664:
11662:
11660:
11365:. Hack in the Box Security Conference. 9 December 2012.
10575:
Sanger, David E.; Barnes, Julian E. (20 December 2021).
10298:"Lincolnshire operations cancelled after network attack"
8620:"Pan-European Network Services (PENS) – Eurocontrol.int"
7953:"The Role of Human Error in Successful Security Attacks"
7301:"NCSC's cyber security training for staff now available"
3478:
add to the difficulty of investigation and enforcement.
3171:
2122:
1625:
to prove the correctness of crucial software subsystems.
1553:
935:
or from a range of other possible techniques, including
697:, as well as from the disruption or misdirection of the
14252:
Cybersecurity and Cyberwar: What Everyone Needs to Know
12231:
Executive Order on Improving the Nation's Cybersecurity
9907:
9873:"Internet of Things: Science Fiction or Business Fact?"
9003:"Anonymous speaks: the inside story of the HBGary hack"
8778:"Security Techniques for the Electronic Health Records"
8412:
7698:
6621:
6355:
Marcel, Sébastien; Nixon, Mark; Li, Stan, eds. (2014).
6157:
6155:
6153:
6151:
5178:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
5124:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
5034: – Nonprofit organization focused on cybersecurity
4043:
3987:
Aircraft Communications Addressing and Reporting System
3276:
In early 2007, American apparel and home goods company
3084:
2895:, RFID can be read up to 20 feet away. RFID is used by
2622:
2598:) and NewPENS, and in the US with the NextGen program,
2259:
12841:"Obama to be urged to split cyberwar command from NSA"
12246:. U.S. Department of Homeland Security. Archived from
12174:
International Cybercrime Reporting and Cooperation Act
11317:
11224:"China Suspected in Theft of Federal Employee Records"
10176:"MedStar Hospitals Recovering After 'Ransomware' Hack"
9744:"GE's Introduces ACUVision as a Single Panel Solution"
9367:"Self-Driving Cars Gain Powerful Ally: The Government"
8415:
The UCLA Internet report: Surveying the digital future
7747:"The Most Secure OS: What is the Safest OS Available?"
7203:
7028:. Boca Raton, Fla.: Auerbach Publications. p. 1.
5551:
5549:
5499:"Syzbot: Google Continuously Fuzzing The Linux Kernel"
5330:
5262:
Schatz, Daniel; Bashroush, Rabih; Wall, Julie (2017).
4064:
NEI 08-09: Cybersecurity Plan for Nuclear Power Plants
3944:
crime and is specialized in the search and seizure of
3704:
announced an $ 18.2 million investment to fortify the
3429:
2514:. Open source allows anyone to view the application's
1677:
is kept as short as possible when bugs are discovered.
1405:, where an attacker alters the source IP address in a
1145:
zero-day-vulnerabilities to allow for further attacks.
13316:"Cyber Security Awareness Free Training and Webcasts"
13292:. U.S. Department of Homeland Security. 12 May 2010.
12632:"FAA Working on New Guidelines for Hack-Proof Planes"
11657:
11345:"Mikko Hypponen: Fighting viruses, defending the net"
7173:"Abstract Formal Specification of the seL4/ARMv6 API"
6947:"Why ONI May Be Our Best Hope for Cyber Security Now"
6764:
6762:
5954:"Multi-Vector Attacks Demand Multi-Vector Protection"
5116: – Security architecture implemented in hardware
4767:
In 1988, one of the first computer worms, called the
4529:
is used to protect the confidentiality of a message.
3934:
United States Department of Justice Criminal Division
3443:
2805:
Automated driving system § Risks and liabilities
2545:
2107:. Beyond this, formal verification aims to prove the
14214:
14074:"The Roots of the United States' Cyber (In)Security"
13093:"Why is a Degree in Cyber Security one of the Best?"
12931:
Maness, Ryan C.; Valeriano, Brandon (11 June 2018).
12467:
10675:
9798:
9562:"Gary McKinnon extradition ruling due by 16 October"
9472:"4 Companies Using RFID for Supply Chain Management"
9306:"Hackers take control of car, drive it into a ditch"
7576:"Direct memory access protections for Mac computers"
6521:
6466:
6464:
6148:
6075:"Protect yourself from phishing – Microsoft Support"
5145:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
4000:
3659:
1170:
802:
vulnerability is one for which at least one working
14271:
Introduction to Computer Networks and Cybersecurity
10542:
ACM Transactions on Information and System Security
9843:"Why The FTC Can't Regulate The Internet Of Things"
8502:(Report). United States. General Accounting Office.
8390:Lin, Tom C. W. (2016). "Financial Weapons of War".
7631:
7502:. Special Publication (NIST SP). Gaithersburg, MD.
7251:"Everything you need for a career as a SOC analyst"
6471:Intelligence, Microsoft Threat (11 November 2021).
5546:
5261:
4350:used to create the application,- and to reduce the
3914:(BJA) are part of the multi-agency task force, The
3501:is complicated. For some, cyberspace was seen as a
3271:
2629:to introduce SmartGate kiosks with both retina and
2602:are moving to create their own dedicated networks.
975:Direct service attackers are related in concept to
13618:A. J. Neumann, N. Statland and R. D. Webb (1977).
13578:
8594:"Online course bolsters cybersecurity in aviation"
8198:
7524:"Access Control Statistics: Trends & Insights"
7148:Formal verification of a real-time hardware design
6759:
5996:
5523:
5521:
5519:
5311:
5170: – Any risk related to information technology
5040: – Methods used to protect cloud based assets
4581:features. They are near-universal between company
4163:is more prevalent in government job descriptions.
3989:. Concerns have also been raised about the future
3319:
2851:Manufacturers are reacting in numerous ways, with
2644:outages, loss of aircraft, and even loss of life.
2031:validation such as thumbprint readers, as well as
1388:. There are several types of spoofing, including:
14168:"Cybersecurity and Liability in a Big Data World"
14165:
13707:Stoneburner, G.; Hayden, C.; Feringa, A. (2004).
13525:"A Brief History of the Cybersecurity Profession"
13028:Style and Statistics: The Art of Retail Analytics
10879:"Stuxnet Worm a U.S. Cyber-Attack on Iran Nukes?"
10026:"Pacemaker hack can deliver deadly 830-volt jolt"
8137:
8135:
7899:
7786:Ferraiolo, D.F. & Kuhn, D.R. (October 1992).
7601:"Using IOMMU for DMA Protection in UEFI Firmware"
7419:"Intel Trusted Execution Technology: White Paper"
7144:
6770:"How the NCSC thinks about security architecture"
6461:
6310:
5723:"What Is a DMA Attack? Analysis & Mitigation"
5456:. Tech Security Conference At: San Francisco, CA.
5201: – Open source approach to computer security
5104: – Concept to reduce computer security risks
5028: – Test to determine whether a user is human
3973:has issued guidance for medical devices, and the
3361:
1960:Computer security compromised by hardware failure
1953:
1729:can protect systems files and data, respectively.
1499:
1423:to obscure their identity, or to pose as another.
15908:
14040:
13572:
13570:
12838:
12629:
11700:"Cyber Incident Management Framework For Canada"
11290:
9943:"Rethinking Security for the Internet of Things"
9770:"Internet of Things Global Standards Initiative"
8827:"Home Depot: 56 million cards exposed in breach"
8113:
8111:
7493:
6874:
6872:
6632:
6548:
6282:"What is Spoofing? – Definition from Techopedia"
5995:Tounsi, Wiem (15 May 2019), Tounsi, Wiem (ed.),
5579:
5577:
5453:Computer Security and Mobile Security Challenges
4388:restricting the application to its own 'sandbox'
4225:
3930:Computer Crime and Intellectual Property Section
3616:European Network and Information Security Agency
2302:
1754:serve a similar function for individual systems.
1064:Types of malware include some of the following:
972:standard are designed to prevent these attacks.
13935:
13868:"1993: Mosaic Launches and the Web is Set Free"
13428:(Press release). 8 October 2021. Archived from
12981:
12930:
12693:
11034:"Transcript: ARD interview with Edward Snowden"
7494:Souppaya, Murugiah P.; Scarfone, Karen (2013).
7145:Umrigar, Zerksis D.; Pitchumani, Vijay (1983).
5928:
5926:
5664:
5662:
5660:
5516:
4545:ciphers are suitable for bulk encryption using
4215:
3844:was signed, which prompted the creation of the
3842:Improving Critical Infrastructure Cybersecurity
3206:
3110:of the loss resulting from a cyber/information
2942:Internet of things and physical vulnerabilities
2075:refers to technology that is used to implement
552:
14269:Wu, Chwan-Hwa (John); Irwin, J. David (2013).
14249:
14012:(1). Cambridge University Press (CUP): 39–70.
12780:Cyber Security Plan for Nuclear Power Reactors
12326:"Internet Crime Complaint Center (IC3) – Home"
12308:"Federal Bureau of Investigation – Priorities"
11963:"2023-2030 Australian Cyber Security Strategy"
11091:National Institute of Standards and Technology
10957:
9714:"Schools Learn Lessons From Security Breaches"
9513:
9123:
8824:
8132:
7909:Economic Analysis of Role-Based Access Control
7500:National Institute of Standards and Technology
7075:
6593:Verizon Data Breach Investigations Report 2020
5990:
5988:
5986:
5841:
5839:
5837:
5835:
5833:
5831:
5781:Seven Deadliest Unified Communications Attacks
5633:
5631:
5313:"Reliance spells end of road for ICT amateurs"
5268:Journal of Digital Forensics, Security and Law
4537:are designed to make any practical attempt of
4074:Cyber Security Plan for Nuclear Power Reactors
3975:National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
3326:Global surveillance disclosures (2013–present)
3240:. The software was traced back to 23-year-old
2145:capable of enforcing privilege separation are
782:
716:. It is also significant due to the growth of
14933:Note: This template roughly follows the 2012
14909:
14319:
14087:(1). Oxford University Press (OUP): 157–185.
14044:Cybersecurity: A Generic Reference Curriculum
13567:
12663:"Protecting Civil Aviation from Cyberattacks"
12267:
12265:
10933:"Cone of silence surrounds U.S. cyberwarfare"
10930:
10505:"Current Releases - The Open Mobile Alliance"
9661:
8879:"Target: 40 million credit cards compromised"
8730:
8728:
8108:
7052:CCNA Cybersecurity Operations Companion Guide
6869:
6354:
6163:"What is Privilege Escalation? – CrowdStrike"
5775:York, Dan (1 January 2010), York, Dan (ed.),
5574:
5185: – Process of carrying out a cyberattack
5069: – Information technology risk insurance
5022: – Method of discovering password length
4139:was created in 2009 and many other countries
4023:United States Department of Homeland Security
3403:States. Data targeted in the breach included
3308:reportedly ruined almost one-fifth of Iran's
3266:National Aeronautics and Space Administration
3019:released its recommendations for how medical
2801:Autonomous car § Potential disadvantages
2775:had a serious series of attacks in 2011 from
1321:which is assumed by the victim to be secure.
1029:(FBI) and NSA to eavesdrop on the systems of
627:
519:
13931:
13929:
13886:"Web Design Museum - Netscape Navigator 2.0"
13620:"Post-processing audit tools and techniques"
11013:Exclusive: Top secret court order requiring
10777:
10775:
10574:
9840:
9630:
7416:
7324:
6470:
5923:
5777:"Chapter 3 – Eavesdropping and Modification"
5657:
3710:2023-2030 Australian Cyber Security Strategy
3459:attribution for cybercrimes and cyberattacks
3089:Serious financial damage has been caused by
2840:Simple examples of risk include a malicious
1129:
14127:CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform
13342:"DoD Approved 8570 Baseline Certifications"
12734:
12084:. No. March 2032. white house. US gov.
12045:
11856:. Government of Canada. 27 September 2012.
11339:
11337:
10800:. United States Department of Defense, 1986
10207:"US hospitals hacked with ancient exploits"
10023:
8756:
8498:Dillingham, Gerald L. (20 September 2001).
7915:. Research Triangle Institute. p. 145.
7546:"Forget IDs, use your phone as credentials"
6232:. No. 25 February 2016. Archived from
5983:
5828:
5745:
5743:
5628:
5176: – Technology standards and techniques
5081: – Emerging field of computer security
5063: – Process to reduce a security threat
5051: – Policy-based removal of components
4240:Security Consultant/Specialist/Intelligence
4088:, this guideline is instrumental in aiding
3576:are all members of this international team.
2518:, and look for and report vulnerabilities.
2060:
1891:information technology security assessments
1884:
1836:
1673:of all vulnerabilities, to ensure that the
1504:Employee behavior can have a big impact on
1395:, is where an attacker forges the sending (
911:
14916:
14902:
14326:
14312:
14041:Costigan, Sean; Hennessy, Michael (2016).
13404:"Cyber skills for a vibrant and secure UK"
12737:"DHS launches national cyber alert system"
12660:
12262:
11148:"Home Depot says 53 million emails stolen"
11145:
10899:
10637:"Q&A. What Motivates Cyber-Attackers?"
10539:
9940:
9692:
9516:Application of RFID in Supply Chain System
9087:
8938:
8725:
8560:
8497:
7795:15th National Computer Security Conference
5871:
5137: – Access control by authenticated ID
4458:
4412:Java and other languages which compile to
4298:screen, or individual services, such as a
4076:, outlines a comprehensive framework for
4056:outlines cybersecurity requirements under
3936:. The CCIPS is in charge of investigating
3391:Office of Personnel Management data breach
3070:into the card body of a regular SIM card.
2861:United States Department of Transportation
634:
620:
526:
512:
14870:Security information and event management
14232:
13926:
13906:
12958:
12948:
12907:
12897:
12496:
12468:William J. Lynn, III (12 November 2009).
11760:"Canadian Cyber Incident Response Centre"
11461:
10990:
10772:
10652:
10634:
10114:
10112:
9523:
9273:
9057:"What caused Sony hack: What we know now"
8801:
8141:
7828:
7675:
7657:
7507:
7477:"Secure Hard Drives: Lock Down Your Data"
6971:
6921:"How to Increase Cybersecurity Awareness"
6896:
6881:"Internet security: firewalls and beyond"
6821:"security architecture – Glossary | CSRC"
6670:
6436:
5889:
5402:
5358:
5348:
5237: – Mechanism v. policy design choice
5085:Cybersecurity information technology list
4206:Chief Information Security Officer (CISO)
4154:Cybersecurity is a fast-growing field of
4033:Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
3991:Next Generation Air Transportation System
3225:Robert Morris and the first computer worm
2408:Security information and event management
2186:
2141:Within computer systems, two of the main
1862:Vulnerabilities can be discovered with a
1718:Limiting the access of individuals using
1691:attributes of security architecture are:
1536:Communication with organizational members
1509:protection of information of all kinds."
1037:transmissions generated by the hardware.
884:is any secret method of bypassing normal
14333:
13840:
13290:"Cybersecurity Training & Exercises"
13266:. U.S. Department of Homeland Security.
13121:
13090:
12871:
12474:(Speech). Washington D.C. Archived from
12378:Infragard (Official Site) – "Media Room"
12154:University Libraries UNT Digital Library
12128:University Libraries UNT Digital Library
11443:
11334:
11318:Turton, W.; Mehrotra, K. (4 June 2021).
11244:
10710:
10678:Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice
10062:. Kaiser Health News. 17 November 2014.
9126:"The next frontier of hacking: your car"
9054:
9027:
8449:
8298:Promoting Good Cyber Hygiene Act of 2017
8058:
7906:A.C. O'Connor & R.J. Loomis (2002).
7770:
7394:. TheWindowsClub.com. 10 February 2010.
7103:
7076:Calder, Alan; Williams, Geraint (2014).
6878:
6549:Reimers, Karl; Andersson, David (2017).
6223:
6186:
5740:
5717:
5715:
5449:
5189:List of computer security certifications
5092: – Users' disregard for IT security
5075: – Self-defense against cyberattack
4513:
4401:Generalized security frameworks such as
4054:U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC)
3864:Standardized government testing services
3543:
3414:
2855:in 2016 pushing out some security fixes
1681:
1186:
942:
937:distributed reflective denial-of-service
775:, thus does not fit completely into the
645:
14268:
14250:Singer, P. W.; Friedman, Allan (2014).
13749:IEEE Annals of the History of Computing
13585:IEEE Annals of the History of Computing
13024:
12807:
12694:Anderson, David; Reimers, Karl (2019).
11572:from the original on 23 September 2014.
11198:
10745:"The Leading Cloud Recruiting Software"
10641:Technology Innovation Management Review
10386:. Healthcare IT News. 4 November 2016.
9953:from the original on 20 September 2013.
9119:
9117:
8480:
8188:
7080:(3rd ed.). IT Governance Limited.
7048:
7023:
6795:"Secure System Architecture and Design"
6098:
5970:
5496:
5381:
5225: – Layer to protect users' privacy
4814:began exploiting security flaws in the
3684:Canadian Cyber Incident Response Centre
3296:, and merchandise return transactions.
3282:unauthorized computer systems intrusion
3280:announced that it was the victim of an
2440:U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission
1644:Default secure settings, and design to
1257:
841:, and Denial-of Service (DoS) Attacks.
14:
15909:
15626:Knowledge representation and reasoning
14072:Fuller, Christopher J (11 June 2018).
14071:
14003:
13680:
13550:"One step ahead in computing security"
13059:
12839:Nakashima, Ellen (13 September 2016).
12332:from the original on 20 November 2011.
12058:from the original on 25 September 2013
11990:from the original on 13 November 2017.
11369:from the original on 25 November 2016.
11267:
11062:
10817:from the original on 27 September 2012
10477:
10408:
10364:from the original on 29 September 2017
10122:. Wirtschafts Woche. 7 December 2016.
10109:
9712:Davis, Michelle R. (19 October 2015).
9263:from the original on 21 February 2015.
9000:
8907:
8837:from the original on 18 December 2014.
8746:from the original on 11 February 2015.
8626:from the original on 12 December 2016.
8005:"Protect your online banking with 2FA"
6944:
6730:from the original on 20 November 2014.
6226:"CEO email scam costs companies $ 2bn"
5994:
5414:from the original on 4 September 2019.
5213: – Computer security organization
4342:, so general corporate practice is to
3717:Australia's cyber security regulations
3521:said during a panel discussion at the
3486:The role of the government is to make
3117:
2414:Software and operating system updating
1539:Courses for all organizational members
1474:capability into routers are examples.
1304:
15651:Philosophy of artificial intelligence
14897:
14847:Host-based intrusion detection system
14307:
13729:from the original on 12 October 2004.
13654:
13252:from the original on 5 November 2020.
13122:de Silva, Richard (11 October 2011).
12497:Shachtman, Noah (23 September 2010).
12354:from the original on 9 September 2010
12076:
11942:from the original on 11 November 2014
11920:from the original on 2 November 2014.
11830:from the original on 11 November 2014
11590:from the original on 17 October 2014.
11554:from the original on 3 December 2014.
11424:
11387:from the original on 19 November 2015
11363:"Mikko Hypponen – Behind Enemy Lines"
11351:from the original on 16 January 2013.
11221:
11180:from the original on 28 February 2017
11158:from the original on 9 December 2014.
11075:from the original on 1 February 2016.
10912:from the original on 18 February 2011
10889:from the original on 16 October 2013.
10876:
10459:from the original on 29 December 2016
10421:from the original on 28 December 2016
10390:from the original on 29 December 2016
10338:from the original on 29 December 2016
10308:from the original on 29 December 2016
10278:from the original on 29 December 2016
10248:from the original on 29 December 2016
10217:from the original on 16 November 2016
10186:from the original on 29 December 2016
10156:from the original on 29 December 2016
10126:from the original on 29 December 2016
10097:from the original on 29 December 2016
9750:. Security Info Watch. 11 August 2005
9711:
9572:from the original on 6 September 2012
9377:from the original on 14 February 2017
9102:from the original on 17 December 2014
8969:
8859:from the original on 21 December 2014
8591:
8520:from the original on 8 February 2015.
8462:from the original on 18 February 2015
8165:"Cyber security breaches survey 2023"
8142:Kaljulaid, Kersti (16 October 2017).
8059:Caldwell, Tracey (12 February 2013).
5712:
5557:"Cyber security breaches survey 2023"
5497:Larabel, Michael (28 December 2017).
5235:Separation of protection and security
5120:Human–computer interaction (security)
4756:in 1972 and used to destroy Creeper.
4634:to detect which services are exposed.
4195:
3611:are some of the members of the MAAWG.
3481:
3330:In early 2013, documents provided by
3312:. It did so by disrupting industrial
3177:Computer security incident management
3172:Computer security incident management
3042:
2735:
2123:Capabilities and access control lists
1572:
1554:Computer protection (countermeasures)
1324:
1105:, as the name suggests, is a form of
14977:Energy consumption (Green computing)
14923:
14108:Bob, Yonah Jeremy (21 August 2021).
13907:Nakashima, Ellen (26 January 2008).
13742:
13636:from the original on 10 October 2016
13576:
13479:from the original on 6 November 2011
12878:Energy Research & Social Science
12675:from the original on 17 October 2016
12410:from the original on 23 August 2006.
12273:"FAQ: Cyber Security R&D Center"
12147:
12121:
12094:
12048:"Seoul Puts a Price on Cyberdefense"
11910:"Cyber Security Cooperation Program"
11890:from the original on 2 November 2014
11880:"Cyber Security Cooperation Program"
11860:from the original on 3 November 2014
11740:from the original on 2 November 2014
11710:from the original on 2 November 2014
11680:from the original on 2 November 2014
11645:from the original on 2 November 2014
11612:from the original on 2 November 2014
11405:
11383:. Government Accountability Office.
11146:Rosenblatt, Seth (6 November 2014).
10524:The Economic Impact of Cyber-Attacks
10056:"How Your Pacemaker Will Get Hacked"
9922:from the original on 12 October 2016
9409:from the original on 21 January 2017
9364:
9346:from the original on 2 February 2017
9316:from the original on 2 February 2017
9286:from the original on 19 January 2017
9190:from the original on 20 January 2017
9160:from the original on 9 November 2016
9114:
8982:from the original on 9 November 2017
8920:from the original on 1 December 2017
8889:from the original on 1 December 2017
8825:Melvin Backman (18 September 2014).
8573:from the original on 13 October 2015
8542:from the original on 8 February 2015
7863:A multi-domain role activation model
7613:from the original on 9 December 2021
6325:10.1093/acref/9780199688975.001.0001
6205:from the original on 3 December 2013
6005:(1 ed.), Wiley, pp. 1–49,
5783:, Boston: Syngress, pp. 41–69,
5774:
5450:Zlatanov, Nikola (3 December 2015).
5309:
4272:Infocomm Media Development Authority
4180:
4044:U.S. NRC, 10 CFR 73.54 Cybersecurity
3536:. According to UN Secretary-General
3497:The government's regulatory role in
3304:In 2010, the computer worm known as
3085:Cost and impact of security breaches
2821:, seat belt tensioners, door locks,
2700:Today many healthcare providers and
2433:
2260:Difficulty of responding to breaches
1708:
1061:) to return that data to the user."
796:Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures
667:information technology (IT) security
15656:Distributed artificial intelligence
14935:ACM Computing Classification System
14878:Runtime application self-protection
14143:
14120:
14107:
14067:from the original on 10 March 2017.
13936:Nicole Perlroth (7 February 2021).
13817:"First incident of cyber-espionage"
13322:from the original on 6 January 2015
13296:from the original on 7 January 2015
12747:from the original on 31 August 2005
12310:. Federal Bureau of Investigation.
12279:from the original on 6 October 2008
11800:from the original on 8 October 2014
11770:from the original on 8 October 2014
11245:Zengerle, Patricia (19 July 2015).
11063:Newman, Lily Hay (9 October 2013).
11003:from the original on 16 August 2013
10877:Reals, Tucker (24 September 2010).
10845:. MyFox Twin Cities, 29 March 2007.
10409:Becker, Rachel (27 December 2016).
10084:
9397:"Federal Automated Vehicles Policy"
9365:Kang, Cecilia (19 September 2016).
9136:from the original on 17 March 2017.
9069:from the original on 4 January 2015
9055:Palilery, Jose (24 December 2014).
8644:from the original on 19 March 2017.
8450:Pagliery, Jose (18 November 2014).
8389:
8362:
7276:"Turn on 2-step verification (2SV)"
7230:
6953:from the original on 20 August 2016
6857:from the original on 3 October 2014
6844:
6224:Scannell, Kara (24 February 2016).
5971:Millman, Renee (15 December 2017).
5164: – Branch of computer security
5049:Content Disarm & Reconstruction
4822:
4707:, and the later publication of the
4641:is used to probe an IP address for
4409:help administrators control access.
4169:
3853:Colonial Pipeline ransomware attack
3795:U.S. Office of Personnel Management
3749:National Cyber Security Coordinator
3740:National Cyber Security Policy 2013
3654:
3436:Colonial Pipeline ransomware attack
3430:Colonial Pipeline ransomware attack
3405:personally identifiable information
2647:
2506:(voice-over-IP). There are various
2244:. It has since been adopted by the
2115:underlying a system; important for
2067:Security-evaluated operating system
1821:, to extend data accessibility and
246:forensics-focused operating systems
24:
15168:Integrated development environment
14429:
13968:
13505:from the original on 16 March 2014
13384:from the original on 18 April 2018
13264:"Current Job Opportunities at DHS"
13130:from the original on 24 April 2014
12820:from the original on 16 April 2015
12314:from the original on 11 July 2016.
12244:"National Cyber Security Division"
11820:"Report a Cyber Security Incident"
11635:"Canada's Cyber Security Strategy"
11257:from the original on 10 July 2015.
11031:
10836:Largest Customer Info Breach Grows
10635:Han, Chen; Dongre, Rituja (2014).
9941:Clearfield, Chris (20 June 2013).
9889:from the original on 17 March 2015
9701:from the original on 24 June 2017.
9220:from the original on 16 March 2017
9124:Timothy B. Lee (18 January 2015).
9036:from the original on 29 March 2011
9028:Anderson, Nate (9 February 2011).
9009:from the original on 27 March 2011
9001:Bright, Peter (15 February 2011).
7810:"Role-Based Access Control Models"
7556:from the original on 20 March 2014
7483:from the original on 21 June 2017.
7457:from the original on 20 March 2014
7453:. SCMagazine.com. 4 October 2008.
7398:from the original on 20 March 2014
7392:"Lock and protect your Windows PC"
7372:from the original on 20 March 2014
6742:"Cyber security design principles"
6449:from the original on 4 August 2014
6118:
5670:"Denial of Service (DoS) guidance"
5098: – Protection of digital data
4493:, i.e., finding who perpetrated a
4125:This has led to new terms such as
3908:National White Collar Crime Center
3645:General Data Protection Regulation
3444:Legal issues and global regulation
3251:
2981:
2827:advanced driver-assistance systems
2546:Utilities and industrial equipment
2425:
2203:
1813:Some organizations are turning to
1802:, built into the operating system
1470:and security services planting of
1417:Media Access Control (MAC) address
548:
25:
15953:
15636:Automated planning and scheduling
15173:Software configuration management
14810:Security-focused operating system
14172:Market and Competition Law Review
13377:. United Kingdom Cabinet Office.
13246:"Student Cybersecurity Resources"
12630:Aliya Sternstein (4 March 2016).
12611:from the original on 13 June 2016
12046:Kwanwoo Jun (23 September 2013).
11444:McCarthy, Daniel (11 June 2018).
11280:from the original on 5 June 2015.
11211:from the original on 4 June 2015.
11044:from the original on 14 July 2014
10939:from the original on 7 March 2012
10931:Chris Carroll (18 October 2011).
10767:Journal of Health Care Compliance
10235:
10204:
9853:from the original on 27 June 2015
9780:from the original on 26 June 2015
9724:from the original on 10 June 2016
9616:. 20 October 2013. Archived from
9550:from the original on 2 June 2010.
9243:; Danny Anderson; Hovav Shacham;
8682:"e-Passports | Homeland Security"
8274:"Statement of Dr. Vinton G. Cerf"
8189:Kuchler, Hannah (27 April 2015).
7431:from the original on 11 June 2014
6972:Walkowski, Debbie (9 July 2019).
6292:from the original on 30 June 2016
6258:. Associated Press. 20 May 2016.
6099:Lazarus, Ari (23 February 2018).
6003:Cyber-Vigilance and Digital Trust
5751:"What Are Eavesdropping Attacks?"
5255:
4810:. In 2007, the United States and
4801:NSA contractors created and sold
4344:restrict or block users the power
4099:
4094:Code of Federal Regulations (CFR)
4001:Computer emergency readiness team
3964:Federal Communications Commission
3660:Computer emergency response teams
3299:
2568:Computer Emergency Readiness Team
2529:cooperated to develop the secure
2297:security breach notification laws
2256:institutions and heads of state.
1999:Computer case intrusion detection
1798:-based operating systems such as
1477:
1415:, where an attacker modifies the
1399:, or source) address of an email.
1171:Multi-vector, polymorphic attacks
15890:
15880:
15871:
15870:
14606:Insecure direct object reference
13900:
13878:
13860:
13834:
13809:
13783:
13736:
13700:
13674:
13648:
13611:
13542:
13517:
13491:
13465:
13444:
13414:
13396:
13364:
13334:
13308:
13282:
13256:
13238:
13220:
13194:
13176:"About Cyber Security architect"
13168:
13150:"Department of Computer Science"
13142:
13115:
13084:
13053:
13018:
12975:
12924:
12872:Overland, Indra (1 March 2019).
12865:
12832:
12801:
12786:
12772:
12759:
12728:
12687:
12654:
12642:from the original on 19 May 2016
12623:
12597:
12571:
12559:from the original on 28 May 2016
12539:
12513:
12490:
12461:
12436:
12414:
12396:
12366:
12336:
12318:
12300:
12291:
12236:
12224:
12204:
12182:
12167:
12141:
12115:
12088:
12070:
12054:. Dow Jones & Company, Inc.
12039:
12024:
11994:
11976:
11954:
11924:
11902:
11872:
11842:
11812:
11782:
11752:
11722:
11692:
11594:
11576:
11558:
11540:
11518:
11496:
11470:
11437:
11418:
11399:
11373:
11355:
11311:
11284:
11261:
11238:
11215:
11192:
11162:
11139:
11116:
11097:
11079:
11056:
11025:
10991:Greenwald, Glenn (6 June 2013).
10984:
10958:John Bumgarner (27 April 2010).
10951:
10924:
10893:
10870:
10866:from the original on 9 May 2014.
10848:
10829:
10803:
10784:
10759:
10737:
10704:
10669:
10628:
10602:
10568:
10533:
10515:
10497:
10471:
10433:
10402:
10376:
10360:. CBS Boston. 27 December 2016.
10350:
10320:
10290:
10260:
10229:
10198:
10168:
10138:
10078:
10066:from the original on 20 May 2016
10048:
10036:from the original on 4 June 2016
10017:
10005:from the original on 29 May 2016
9987:
9975:from the original on 14 May 2016
9957:
9934:
9901:
9865:
9834:
9792:
9762:
9736:
9705:
9686:
9674:from the original on 6 June 2015
9655:
9643:from the original on 5 June 2015
9624:
9602:
9584:
9554:
9532:
9507:
9489:
9464:
9446:
9421:
9389:
9358:
9328:
9298:
9274:Greenberg, Andy (21 July 2015).
9267:
9239:Stephen Checkoway; Damon McCoy;
9232:
9202:
9172:
9140:
9081:
9048:
9021:
8994:
8963:
8951:from the original on 4 June 2016
8932:
8908:Cowley, Stacy (2 October 2017).
8901:
8871:
8841:
8818:
8769:
8757:Humana Inc. (15 November 2000).
8750:
8699:
8674:
8648:
8630:
8612:
8592:Cesar, Alan (15 December 2023).
8585:
8554:
8524:
8506:
8491:
8474:
8443:
8406:
8383:
8356:
8331:
8306:
8291:
8266:
8240:
8215:
8182:
8157:
6609:from the original on 19 May 2020
6317:A Dictionary of Computer Science
6262:from the original on 20 May 2016
5044:Comparison of antivirus software
4778:started developing the protocol
4705:Spring Joint Computer Conference
4019:National Cyber Security Division
4007:Computer emergency response team
3979:Government Accountability Office
3901:National Cyber Security Division
3771:
3723:and Minister for Small Business
3666:Computer emergency response team
3272:TJX customer credit card details
3026:
2883:Shipping companies have adopted
2600:air navigation service providers
2086:
1701:the standardization of controls.
1447:In 2018, the cybersecurity firm
1211:ncy, respectively. Although the
983:
15881:
15284:Computational complexity theory
14860:Information security management
13743:Yost, Jeffrey R. (April 2015).
13270:from the original on 2 May 2013
13091:Robinson, Terry (30 May 2018).
12735:Verton, Dan (28 January 2004).
12095:Adil, Sajid (16 October 2023).
11199:Barrett, Devlin (4 June 2015).
10900:Kim Zetter (17 February 2011).
10478:Brandt, Jaclyn (18 June 2018).
10024:Jeremy Kirk (17 October 2012).
9908:Ovidiu Vermesan; Peter Friess.
9808:IEEE Internet of Things Journal
9088:James Cook (16 December 2014).
8970:Seals, Tara (6 November 2015).
8343:Federal Bureau of Investigation
8086:"Developing a Security Culture"
8078:
8052:
8023:
7997:
7971:
7945:
7919:
7853:
7801:
7779:
7764:
7739:
7705:IEEE Internet of Things Journal
7692:
7625:
7593:
7568:
7538:
7516:
7487:
7469:
7443:
7410:
7384:
7358:
7333:
7325:Treglia, J.; Delia, M. (2017).
7318:
7293:
7268:
7243:
7224:
7197:
7165:
7138:
7097:
7069:
7042:
7017:
6991:
6965:
6938:
6913:
6838:
6813:
6787:
6734:
6710:
6699:. 26 April 2010. Archived from
6686:
6653:
6585:
6542:
6515:
6490:
6437:Gallagher, Sean (14 May 2014).
6430:
6405:
6348:
6304:
6274:
6248:
6217:
6180:
6092:
6067:
6049:"Identifying Phishing Attempts"
6041:
5964:
5946:
5898:
5865:
5803:
5768:
5687:
5602:
5474:. 1 August 2018. Archived from
4744:, which propagated through the
4390:. For example. Linux provides
3983:Federal Aviation Administration
3916:Internet Crime Complaint Center
3893:Department of Homeland Security
3870:General Services Administration
3320:Global surveillance disclosures
2572:Department of Homeland Security
2458:. In-store payment systems and
2403:Security information management
2252:of the United States, the FBI,
1082:the need for human interaction.
1027:Federal Bureau of Investigation
67:Hacking of consumer electronics
15075:Network performance evaluation
13938:"How the U.S. Lost to Hackers"
12808:Clayton, Mark (7 March 2011).
12148:Adil, Sajid (September 2018).
12122:Adil, Sajid (September 2018).
11425:Kirby, Carrie (24 June 2011).
6635:South African Computer Journal
5878:Procedia Economics and Finance
5490:
5460:
5443:
5418:
5375:
5324:
5303:
5286:
5141:Information security awareness
4328:and other malicious software (
4277:
4084:. Drafted with input from the
4037:Software Engineering Institute
3800:
3762:
3397:Office of Personnel Management
3362:Target and Home Depot breaches
3346:exposing the massive scale of
3314:programmable logic controllers
2923:, as well as student records.
2829:on many models. Additionally,
2794:
2605:Many modern passports are now
2208:Related to end-user training,
1954:Hardware protection mechanisms
1500:Information security practices
13:
1:
15439:Multimedia information system
15424:Geographic information system
15414:Enterprise information system
15010:Computer systems organization
13681:Perrin, Chad (30 June 2008).
13060:Oltsik, Jon (18 March 2016).
12814:The Christian Science Monitor
11406:King, Georgia (23 May 2018).
11305:10.1016/S1353-4858(15)30080-5
11268:Sanger, David (5 June 2015).
10960:"Computers as Weapons of War"
9662:Liptak, Kevin (4 June 2015).
6879:Oppliger, Rolf (1 May 1997).
6132:. 17 May 2022. Archived from
6101:"Phishers send fake invoices"
5891:10.1016/S2212-5671(15)01077-1
5382:Stevens, Tim (11 June 2018).
5248:
5217:Physical information security
4793:(NSA) is responsible for the
4690:distributed denial of service
4226:Data Protection Officer (DPO)
4113:The Christian Science Monitor
3776:
3753:Prime Minister's Office (PMO)
3751:has also been created in the
3702:Australian federal government
3641:Council of the European Union
3400:discovered it had been hacked
2906:
2695:
2615:facial recognition technology
2361:Data loss prevention software
2303:Types of security and privacy
2054:Physical Unclonable Functions
2027:(NFC) on non-iOS devices and
1851:, especially in software and
925:distributed denial-of-service
15798:Computational social science
15386:Theoretical computer science
15206:Software development process
14982:Electronic design automation
14967:Very Large Scale Integration
13994:Resources in other libraries
13841:FBI News (2 November 2018).
13655:Irwin, Luke (5 April 2018).
12552:Food and Drug Administration
12079:"National security strategy"
11228:U.S. News & World Report
10965:. IO Journal. Archived from
10449:Food and Drug Administration
9631:Sanders, Sam (4 June 2015).
8939:Jim Finkle (23 April 2014).
8656:"NextGen Data Communication"
8561:Jim Finkle (4 August 2014).
7366:"Token-based authentication"
7255:www.cybersecurityjobsite.com
7106:Formal verification at Intel
5872:Bendovschi, Andreea (2015).
5639:"What is a backdoor attack?"
5205:Outline of computer security
5194:List of cyber warfare forces
5102:Defense strategy (computing)
5032:Center for Internet Security
4423:Some software can be run in
4251:courses are also available.
4216:Chief Security Officer (CSO)
3971:Food and Drug Administration
3912:Bureau of Justice Assistance
3846:NIST Cybersecurity Framework
3815:Computer Fraud and Abuse Act
3696:
3620:agency of the European Union
3366:A Ukrainian hacker known as
3207:Notable attacks and breaches
3154:2015 Ukraine power grid hack
3017:Food and Drug Administration
2692:are also potential targets.
2596:Pan-European Network Service
2169:discretionary access control
1983:Advanced Encryption Standard
1613:principle of least privilege
1533:Commitment of the management
1454:
1441:Media Access Control address
1421:network interface controller
835:small and midsize businesses
166:Chaos Communication Congress
7:
15621:Natural language processing
15409:Information storage systems
14865:Information risk management
14786:Multi-factor authentication
14342:Related security categories
14254:. Oxford University Press.
14234:10.1016/j.procs.2010.12.089
12704:10.21125/edulearn.2019.1914
12661:Bart Elias (18 June 2015).
12077:White, House (March 2023).
12033:BBC Monitoring Asia Pacific
11431:The San Francisco Chronicle
9546:. London. 23 January 2009.
9153:(Report). 6 February 2015.
7788:"Role-Based Access Control"
7341:"What is a license dongle?"
6945:Woodie, Alex (9 May 2016).
6853:. Janalta Interactive Inc.
6694:"CNSS Instruction No. 4009"
6319:. Oxford University Press.
5006:
4718:publication introduced the
4606:Intrusion-detection systems
4137:United States Cyber Command
3957:United States Cyber Command
3886:
3872:(GSA) has standardized the
3649:protection of personal data
2878:
2577:
2535:Chip Authentication Program
2377:Intrusion prevention system
1827:advanced persistent threats
1542:Commitment of the employees
1433:Address Resolution Protocol
1372:
1182:
867:
783:Vulnerabilities and attacks
10:
15958:
15537:Human–computer interaction
15507:Intrusion detection system
15419:Social information systems
15404:Database management system
14842:Intrusion detection system
14800:Computer security software
14456:Advanced persistent threat
14151:(2nd ed.). Springer.
14006:International Organization
13228:"Data Protection Officers"
13025:Bullard, Brittany (2016).
12984:Armed Forces & Society
12899:10.1016/j.erss.2018.10.018
12783:- Nuclear Energy Institute
12344:"Infragard, Official Site"
11790:"Cyber Security Bulletins"
11222:Risen, Tom (5 June 2015).
8782:Journal of Medical Systems
7479:. PCMag.com. 11 May 2009.
7451:"SafeNet ProtectDrive 8.4"
7327:Cyber Security Inoculation
6662:Internet Security Glossary
5241:Software-defined perimeter
5229:Security through obscurity
4674:
4149:
4103:
4060:, specifically in §73.54.
3879:
3663:
3433:
3421:Ashley Madison Data Breach
3418:
3323:
3228:
3210:
2985:
2798:
2521:The credit card companies
2450:, brokerage accounts, and
2371:Intrusion detection system
2126:
2090:
2064:
1957:
1946:Inoculation, derived from
1840:
1740:Intrusion Detection System
1576:
1376:
1308:
1044:
1031:internet service providers
1010:instead of an unencrypted
786:
714:wireless network standards
478:2600: The Hacker Quarterly
216:List of computer criminals
15866:
15803:Computational engineering
15778:Computational mathematics
15755:
15702:
15664:
15611:
15573:
15535:
15477:
15394:
15340:
15302:
15254:
15191:
15124:
15088:
15045:
15009:
14942:
14931:
14741:
14441:
14427:
14421:Digital rights management
14341:
14273:. Boca Raton: CRC Press.
14221:Procedia Computer Science
14178:(2). Elsevier BV: 71–98.
14018:10.1017/s002081832000051x
13989:Resources in your library
13714:(Report). csrc.nist.gov.
13037:10.1002/9781119271260.ch8
12810:"The new cyber arms race"
10841:28 September 2007 at the
9820:10.1109/JIOT.2015.2460333
9748:www.securityinfowatch.com
8794:10.1007/s10916-017-0778-4
7957:IBM Security Intelligence
7717:10.1109/JIOT.2020.3025775
7509:10.6028/NIST.SP.800-124r1
7114:10.1109/LICS.2003.1210044
6885:Communications of the ACM
6799:UK Cyber Security Council
6365:10.1007/978-1-4471-6524-8
6011:10.1002/9781119618393.ch1
5310:Tate, Nick (7 May 2013).
5061:Countermeasure (computer)
4740:written by Bob Thomas at
4439:Automated theorem proving
4050:U.S. nuclear power plants
3673:
3630:
2684:The increasing number of
2609:, containing an embedded
2176:capability-based security
2151:role-based access control
2137:Capability-based security
2133:Role-based access control
2097:In software engineering,
2042:allow for hardware-based
1929:Two factor authentication
1794:(or, in the case of most
1623:Automated theorem proving
1349:business email compromise
1135:Man-in-the-middle attacks
1130:Man-in-the-middle attacks
1113:(manipulation) to scare,
964:or other bootable media.
917:Denial-of-service attacks
839:man-in-the-middle attacks
789:Vulnerability (computing)
15813:Computational healthcare
15808:Differentiable computing
15727:Graphics processing unit
15153:Domain-specific language
15022:Computational complexity
14566:Denial-of-service attack
14461:Arbitrary code execution
14227:. Elsevier BV: 537–543.
13720:10.6028/NIST.SP.800-27rA
13577:Misa, Thomas J. (2016).
12996:10.1177/0095327x15572997
12765:Details can be found in
11938:. Government of Canada.
11826:. Government of Canada.
11736:. Government of Canada.
11706:. Government of Canada.
11676:. Government of Canada.
11641:. Government of Canada.
10690:10.1177/1043986217699100
8424:(Report). Archived from
7875:10.1109/ICC.2017.7997247
7026:Vulnerability Management
6974:"What Is The CIA Triad?"
6561:10.21125/iceri.2017.0554
6536:10.4225/75/57B4065130DEF
5847:"What is Malware? | IBM"
5585:"How cyber attacks work"
5038:Cloud computing security
4791:National Security Agency
4256:U.K Cyber Security Forum
4070:Nuclear Energy Institute
3932:(CCIPS) operates in the
3730:
2711:The health care company
2483:Transport Layer Security
2419:Vulnerability Management
2330:Anti-subversion software
2288:Law enforcement officers
2264:Responding to attempted
2165:mandatory access control
2077:secure operating systems
2061:Secure operating systems
2025:near-field communication
1993:Trusted platform modules
1987:Virtual Private Networks
1970:trusted platform modules
1885:Reducing vulnerabilities
1843:Vulnerability management
1837:Vulnerability management
1558:In computer security, a
958:covert listening devices
912:Denial-of-service attack
876:in a computer system, a
396:Cloud computing security
15788:Computational chemistry
15722:Photograph manipulation
15613:Artificial intelligence
15429:Decision support system
14776:Computer access control
14728:Rogue security software
14391:Electromagnetic warfare
13872:Web Development History
13661:www.itgovernanceusa.com
13206:cybersecuritycareer.org
12937:Politics and Governance
12052:The Wall Street Journal
11450:Politics and Governance
11205:The Wall Street Journal
10711:Anderson, Ross (2020).
9947:Harvard Business Review
9880:Harvard Business Review
9429:"Vehicle Cybersecurity"
8481:Neumann, P. G. (1997).
8119:"Cyber Hygiene – ENISA"
7078:PCI DSS: A Pocket Guide
6847:"Security Architecture"
6718:"InfosecToday Glossary"
6477:Microsoft Security Blog
5699:www.interelectronix.com
5426:"About the CVE Program"
5391:Politics and Governance
5298:Encyclopædia Britannica
5135:Identity-based security
5055:Content Security Policy
4072:'s NEI 08-09 document,
4035:(DARPA) and run by the
3523:RSA Security Conference
3409:Social Security numbers
2846:controller area network
2631:fingerprint recognition
2383:Log management software
2355:Computer-aided dispatch
2223:proactive cyber defence
2117:cryptographic protocols
1935:a password or PIN, and
1675:window of vulnerability
1004:virtual private network
970:Trusted Platform Module
822:or customized scripts.
669:) is the protection of
176:Hackers on Planet Earth
15937:Information governance
15853:Educational technology
15684:Reinforcement learning
15434:Process control system
15332:Computational geometry
15322:Algorithmic efficiency
15317:Analysis of algorithms
14972:Systems on Chip (SoCs)
14822:Obfuscation (software)
14551:Browser Helper Objects
14435:
13821:Guinness World Records
12950:10.17645/pag.v6i2.1368
11463:10.17645/pag.v6i2.1335
10654:10.22215/timreview/838
10509:openmobilealliance.org
8458:. Cable News Network.
8009:NZ Bankers Association
7024:Foreman, Park (2009).
6051:. Case. Archived from
5404:10.17645/pag.v6i2.1569
4522:
4123:
4082:nuclear power industry
3635:On 14 April 2016, the
3380:self checkout machines
2619:identity-related fraud
2350:Cryptographic software
2281:to cover their tracks.
2187:User security training
1656:for the equivalent in
1464:malicious modification
1220:
1025:have been used by the
651:
559:
431:Homebrew Computer Club
15823:Electronic publishing
15793:Computational biology
15783:Computational physics
15679:Unsupervised learning
15593:Distributed computing
15469:Information retrieval
15376:Mathematical analysis
15366:Mathematical software
15256:Theory of computation
15221:Software construction
15211:Requirements analysis
15089:Software organization
15017:Computer architecture
14987:Hardware acceleration
14952:Printed circuit board
14817:Data-centric security
14698:Remote access trojans
14433:
13426:Cyber Security Agency
12523:. FCC. Archived from
11065:"Can You Trust NIST?"
11038:La Foundation Courage
10935:. Stars and Stripes.
10554:10.1145/581271.581274
9342:. 21 September 2016.
8976:Infosecurity Magazine
8658:. FAA. Archived from
7606:. Intel Corporation.
7424:. Intel Corporation.
7417:James Greene (2012).
7104:Harrison, J. (2003).
6898:10.1145/253769.253802
6079:support.microsoft.com
5174:IT security standards
4551:public-key encryption
4517:
4459:Capabilities vs. ACLs
4362:or updates for them.
4267:Cyber Security Agency
4118:
3942:intellectual property
3918:, also known as IC3.
3880:Further information:
3544:International actions
3415:Ashley Madison breach
3217:List of data breaches
3213:List of cyber-attacks
3211:Further information:
2988:Medical device hijack
2594:In Europe, with the (
1864:vulnerability scanner
1682:Security architecture
1190:
1151:Malicious association
977:direct memory attacks
943:Direct-access attacks
649:
558:
15583:Concurrent computing
15555:Ubiquitous computing
15527:Application security
15522:Information security
15351:Discrete mathematics
15327:Randomized algorithm
15279:Computability theory
15264:Model of computation
15236:Software maintenance
15231:Software engineering
15193:Software development
15143:Programming language
15138:Programming paradigm
15055:Network architecture
14749:Application security
14643:Privilege escalation
14511:Cross-site scripting
14364:Cybersex trafficking
14335:Information security
14184:10.2139/ssrn.3220475
13761:10.1109/MAHC.2015.21
13597:10.1109/MAHC.2016.48
13501:. 10 November 2010.
12444:"Mission and Vision"
12194:www.hsgac.senate.gov
11916:. 16 December 2015.
11914:Public Safety Canada
11884:Public Safety Canada
11824:Public Safety Canada
11794:Public Safety Canada
11764:Public Safety Canada
11734:Public Safety Canada
11704:Public Safety Canada
11674:Public Safety Canada
11639:Public Safety Canada
10862:. 20 November 2013.
10796:6 March 2016 at the
10791:Information Security
10484:Daily Energy Insider
10452:. 28 December 2016.
10334:. 12 December 2016.
9971:. 26 November 2012.
9915:. River Publishers.
9568:. 6 September 2012.
9216:. 23 December 2015.
8885:. 19 December 2013.
8855:. 19 December 2014.
8392:Minnesota Law Review
7550:Fox Business Network
7049:Johnson, A. (2018).
7003:www.securityweek.com
6706:on 27 February 2012.
6189:"Social Engineering"
6105:Consumer Information
6055:on 13 September 2015
4965:Paul C. van Oorschot
4587:network segmentation
4579:intrusion prevention
4555:digital certificates
4461:discusses their use.
4418:Java virtual machine
4348:to the computer code
4308:identification cards
4189:security engineering
3476:bullet proof servers
3246:Robert Tappan Morris
3079:electronic signature
3033:Daily Energy Insider
3021:device manufacturers
2968:network connectivity
2688:devices such as the
2570:, a division of the
2560:nuclear power plants
2335:Anti-tamper software
2174:A further approach,
2147:access control lists
2071:One use of the term
2048:direct memory access
2021:Bluetooth low energy
1506:information security
1263:Privilege escalation
1258:Privilege escalation
1049:Malicious software (
777:security convergence
773:information security
732:that constitute the
449:Masters of Deception
391:Application security
15858:Document management
15848:Operations research
15773:Enterprise software
15689:Multi-task learning
15674:Supervised learning
15396:Information systems
15226:Software deployment
15183:Software repository
15037:Real-time computing
14396:Information warfare
14354:Automotive security
14121:Kim, Peter (2014).
13952:on 28 December 2021
13913:The Washington Post
13499:"Endpoint Security"
12890:2019ERSS...49...36O
12846:The Washington Post
12521:"FCC Cybersecurity"
12509:on 6 November 2010.
12200:on 20 January 2012.
12012:on 19 February 2018
11154:. CBS Interactive.
11135:on 27 January 2015.
11109:9 July 2014 at the
10972:on 19 December 2011
10304:. 31 October 2016.
10274:. 2 November 2016.
9620:on 6 November 2015.
9544:The Daily Telegraph
9501:Supply Chain Market
9032:. Arstechnica.com.
9005:. Arstechnica.com.
8640:. 17 January 2016.
8318:The Washington Post
8203:on 10 December 2022
7650:2022Senso..22.5577B
7552:. 4 November 2013.
5695:"Computer Security"
5350:10.3390/su132413677
5129:Identity management
4990:Salvatore J. Stolfo
4845:Daniel J. Bernstein
4668:Zero trust security
4583:local area networks
4575:intrusion detection
4455:access control list
4425:software containers
4322:Anti-virus software
4141:have similar forces
4092:to comply with the
3851:In response to the
3819:protected computers
3637:European Parliament
3534:international peace
3466:techniques such as
3395:In April 2015, the
3337:The Washington Post
3310:nuclear centrifuges
3118:Attacker motivation
2992:Medical data breach
2642:air traffic control
2607:biometric passports
2487:identity management
2448:credit card numbers
2225:, a military term.
2158:access-control list
2129:Access control list
1933:something you know:
1895:formal verification
1817:platforms, such as
1439:to associate their
1403:IP address spoofing
1347:reported that such
1343:In early 2016, the
1311:Side-channel attack
1305:Side-channel attack
828:In April 2023, the
798:(CVE) database. An
738:information systems
426:Chaos Computer Club
161:Black Hat Briefings
35:Part of a series on
15641:Search methodology
15588:Parallel computing
15545:Interaction design
15454:Computing platform
15381:Numerical analysis
15371:Information theory
15163:Software framework
15126:Software notations
15065:Network components
14962:Integrated circuit
14805:Antivirus software
14673:Social engineering
14638:Polymorphic engine
14591:Fraudulent dialers
14496:Hardware backdoors
14436:
14114:The Jerusalem Post
14081:Diplomatic History
13943:The New York Times
13874:. 8 December 2021.
13432:on 16 October 2021
13352:on 21 October 2016
13103:on 10 October 2021
12853:on 12 October 2016
11608:. 3 October 2010.
11548:"European council"
11482:Human Rights Watch
11274:The New York Times
10581:The New York Times
10332:The Indian Express
9841:Chris Clearfield.
9371:The New York Times
9186:. 5 January 2017.
8914:The New York Times
8339:"Protected Voices"
8278:www.jec.senate.gov
7959:. 2 September 2014
7526:. 23 February 2024
7233:"Getting it Right"
5906:"What is malware?"
5815:Verizon Enterprise
5616:. 30 November 2023
5073:Cyber self-defense
4910:Lawrence A. Gordon
4870:Dorothy E. Denning
4697:April 1967 session
4656:Social engineering
4573:, and may include
4523:
4386:or other means of
4265:In Singapore, the
4196:Security architect
4048:In the context of
3482:Role of government
3385:antivirus software
3372:Target Corporation
3334:were published by
3242:Cornell University
3134:, as recounted by
3043:Telecommunications
2948:Internet of things
2871:, in the state of
2809:Automotive hacking
2768:business in 2015.
2758:Target Corporation
2736:Large corporations
2721:Oracle Corporation
2635:electronic tickets
2552:telecommunications
2393:Records management
2345:Antivirus software
1948:inoculation theory
1937:something you have
1658:safety engineering
1573:Security by design
1437:local area network
1330:Social engineering
1325:Social engineering
1284:techniques, often
1282:social engineering
1252:social engineering
1221:
1111:social engineering
742:power distribution
734:Internet of things
728:, and the various
652:
573:Process management
560:
256:Social engineering
15917:Computer security
15904:
15903:
15833:Electronic voting
15763:Quantum Computing
15756:Applied computing
15742:Image compression
15512:Hardware security
15502:Security services
15459:Digital marketing
15246:Open-source model
15158:Modeling language
15070:Network scheduler
14891:
14890:
14853:Anomaly detection
14758:Secure by default
14611:Keystroke loggers
14546:Drive-by download
14434:vectorial version
14401:Internet security
14349:Computer security
14299:10.3390/s23052778
14093:10.1093/dh/dhy038
13980:Computer security
13975:Library resources
13795:www.kaspersky.com
13452:"Confidentiality"
12798:for more details.
12713:978-84-09-12031-4
12406:. 25 March 2015.
10769:, 7(2), pp. 41–48
10182:. 31 March 2016.
10001:. 6 August 2015.
8742:. 6 August 2014.
8713:on 9 January 2015
8538:. 4 August 2014.
8365:Emory Law Journal
8254:. 1 November 2017
8096:on 9 October 2018
7933:. 22 January 2014
7659:10.3390/s22155577
7035:978-1-4398-0150-5
7005:. 3 December 2018
6570:978-84-697-6957-7
6020:978-1-78630-448-3
5790:978-1-59749-547-9
5645:. 4 December 2023
5503:www.phoronix.com/
5478:on 15 August 2020
5293:Computer security
5162:Internet security
5114:Hardware security
4816:Microsoft Windows
4752:, was created by
4561:Endpoint security
4541:them infeasible.
4531:Cryptographically
4483:Cyber attribution
4181:Security engineer
4031:: created by the
3948:in computers and
3828:§ 1030(e)(2)
3614:ENISA : The
3581:Council of Europe
3358:'s data centers.
3244:graduate student
3124:physical security
3103:Gordon-Loeb Model
3091:security breaches
3075:mobile signatures
2921:personnel records
2835:Self-driving cars
2674:activity trackers
2500:instant messaging
2434:Financial systems
2266:security breaches
2073:computer security
1879:penetration tests
1808:physical firewall
1709:Security measures
1468:Evil Maid attacks
1354:In May 2016, the
1278:ransomware attack
1232:instant messaging
1123:unwanted software
1017:Programs such as
908:of the computer.
767:measures such as
765:physical security
671:computer software
655:Computer security
644:
643:
583:Memory management
542:Operating systems
536:
535:
384:Computer security
351:Keystroke logging
16:(Redirected from
15949:
15894:
15893:
15884:
15883:
15874:
15873:
15694:Cross-validation
15666:Machine learning
15550:Social computing
15517:Network security
15312:Algorithm design
15241:Programming team
15201:Control variable
15178:Software library
15116:Software quality
15111:Operating system
15060:Network protocol
14925:Computer science
14918:
14911:
14904:
14895:
14894:
14762:Secure by design
14693:Hardware Trojans
14526:History sniffing
14516:Cross-site leaks
14411:Network security
14328:
14321:
14314:
14305:
14304:
14284:
14265:
14246:
14236:
14211:
14162:
14140:
14117:
14104:
14078:
14068:
14066:
14049:
14037:
13962:
13961:
13959:
13957:
13951:
13946:. Archived from
13933:
13924:
13923:
13921:
13919:
13904:
13898:
13897:
13895:
13893:
13882:
13876:
13875:
13864:
13858:
13857:
13855:
13853:
13838:
13832:
13831:
13829:
13827:
13813:
13807:
13806:
13804:
13802:
13787:
13781:
13780:
13740:
13734:
13730:
13728:
13713:
13704:
13698:
13697:
13695:
13693:
13687:techrepublic.com
13678:
13672:
13671:
13669:
13667:
13652:
13646:
13645:
13643:
13641:
13635:
13624:
13615:
13609:
13608:
13582:
13574:
13565:
13564:
13562:
13560:
13546:
13540:
13539:
13537:
13535:
13521:
13515:
13514:
13512:
13510:
13495:
13489:
13488:
13486:
13484:
13473:"Data Integrity"
13469:
13463:
13462:
13460:
13458:
13448:
13442:
13441:
13439:
13437:
13418:
13412:
13411:
13400:
13394:
13393:
13391:
13389:
13383:
13376:
13368:
13362:
13361:
13359:
13357:
13348:. Archived from
13338:
13332:
13331:
13329:
13327:
13312:
13306:
13305:
13303:
13301:
13286:
13280:
13279:
13277:
13275:
13260:
13254:
13253:
13242:
13236:
13235:
13224:
13218:
13217:
13215:
13213:
13198:
13192:
13191:
13189:
13187:
13172:
13166:
13165:
13163:
13161:
13152:. Archived from
13146:
13140:
13139:
13137:
13135:
13119:
13113:
13112:
13110:
13108:
13099:. Archived from
13088:
13082:
13081:
13079:
13077:
13072:on 23 March 2016
13068:. Archived from
13057:
13051:
13050:
13022:
13016:
13015:
12979:
12973:
12972:
12962:
12952:
12928:
12922:
12921:
12911:
12901:
12869:
12863:
12862:
12860:
12858:
12849:. Archived from
12836:
12830:
12829:
12827:
12825:
12805:
12799:
12790:
12784:
12776:
12770:
12763:
12757:
12756:
12754:
12752:
12732:
12726:
12725:
12691:
12685:
12684:
12682:
12680:
12674:
12667:
12658:
12652:
12651:
12649:
12647:
12627:
12621:
12620:
12618:
12616:
12601:
12595:
12594:
12592:
12590:
12581:. Archived from
12575:
12569:
12568:
12566:
12564:
12543:
12537:
12536:
12534:
12532:
12517:
12511:
12510:
12505:. Archived from
12494:
12488:
12487:
12485:
12483:
12478:on 15 April 2010
12465:
12459:
12458:
12456:
12454:
12448:www.cybercom.mil
12440:
12434:
12433:
12431:
12429:
12418:
12412:
12411:
12400:
12394:
12393:
12391:
12389:
12380:. Archived from
12370:
12364:
12363:
12361:
12359:
12340:
12334:
12333:
12322:
12316:
12315:
12304:
12298:
12295:
12289:
12288:
12286:
12284:
12269:
12260:
12259:
12257:
12255:
12240:
12234:
12228:
12222:
12221:
12208:
12202:
12201:
12196:. Archived from
12186:
12180:
12171:
12165:
12164:
12162:
12160:
12145:
12139:
12138:
12136:
12134:
12119:
12113:
12112:
12110:
12108:
12092:
12086:
12085:
12083:
12074:
12068:
12067:
12065:
12063:
12043:
12037:
12036:
12028:
12022:
12021:
12019:
12017:
12008:. Archived from
12006:www.ncdrc.res.in
11998:
11992:
11991:
11980:
11974:
11973:
11971:
11969:
11958:
11952:
11951:
11949:
11947:
11928:
11922:
11921:
11906:
11900:
11899:
11897:
11895:
11876:
11870:
11869:
11867:
11865:
11846:
11840:
11839:
11837:
11835:
11816:
11810:
11809:
11807:
11805:
11786:
11780:
11779:
11777:
11775:
11756:
11750:
11749:
11747:
11745:
11726:
11720:
11719:
11717:
11715:
11696:
11690:
11689:
11687:
11685:
11666:
11655:
11654:
11652:
11650:
11631:
11622:
11621:
11619:
11617:
11598:
11592:
11591:
11580:
11574:
11573:
11562:
11556:
11555:
11544:
11538:
11537:
11535:
11533:
11522:
11516:
11515:
11513:
11511:
11500:
11494:
11493:
11491:
11489:
11474:
11468:
11467:
11465:
11441:
11435:
11434:
11422:
11416:
11415:
11403:
11397:
11396:
11394:
11392:
11377:
11371:
11370:
11359:
11353:
11352:
11341:
11332:
11331:
11329:
11327:
11315:
11309:
11308:
11293:Network Security
11288:
11282:
11281:
11265:
11259:
11258:
11242:
11236:
11235:
11230:. Archived from
11219:
11213:
11212:
11196:
11190:
11189:
11187:
11185:
11166:
11160:
11159:
11143:
11137:
11136:
11131:. Archived from
11120:
11114:
11101:
11095:
11094:
11093:. 21 April 2014.
11083:
11077:
11076:
11060:
11054:
11053:
11051:
11049:
11032:Seipel, Hubert.
11029:
11023:
11022:
11010:
11008:
10988:
10982:
10981:
10979:
10977:
10971:
10964:
10955:
10949:
10948:
10946:
10944:
10928:
10922:
10921:
10919:
10917:
10897:
10891:
10890:
10874:
10868:
10867:
10860:Business Insider
10852:
10846:
10833:
10827:
10826:
10824:
10822:
10807:
10801:
10788:
10782:
10779:
10770:
10763:
10757:
10756:
10754:
10752:
10741:
10735:
10734:
10708:
10702:
10701:
10673:
10667:
10666:
10656:
10632:
10626:
10625:
10623:
10621:
10606:
10600:
10599:
10597:
10595:
10572:
10566:
10565:
10537:
10531:
10530:
10528:
10519:
10513:
10512:
10501:
10495:
10494:
10492:
10490:
10475:
10469:
10468:
10466:
10464:
10458:
10445:
10437:
10431:
10430:
10428:
10426:
10406:
10400:
10399:
10397:
10395:
10380:
10374:
10373:
10371:
10369:
10354:
10348:
10347:
10345:
10343:
10324:
10318:
10317:
10315:
10313:
10294:
10288:
10287:
10285:
10283:
10264:
10258:
10257:
10255:
10253:
10233:
10227:
10226:
10224:
10222:
10202:
10196:
10195:
10193:
10191:
10172:
10166:
10165:
10163:
10161:
10150:Business Insider
10142:
10136:
10135:
10133:
10131:
10116:
10107:
10106:
10104:
10102:
10085:Leetaru, Kalev.
10082:
10076:
10075:
10073:
10071:
10052:
10046:
10045:
10043:
10041:
10021:
10015:
10014:
10012:
10010:
9991:
9985:
9984:
9982:
9980:
9961:
9955:
9954:
9938:
9932:
9931:
9929:
9927:
9921:
9914:
9905:
9899:
9898:
9896:
9894:
9888:
9877:
9869:
9863:
9862:
9860:
9858:
9838:
9832:
9831:
9805:
9796:
9790:
9789:
9787:
9785:
9766:
9760:
9759:
9757:
9755:
9740:
9734:
9733:
9731:
9729:
9709:
9703:
9702:
9693:Sean Gallagher.
9690:
9684:
9683:
9681:
9679:
9659:
9653:
9652:
9650:
9648:
9628:
9622:
9621:
9606:
9600:
9594:
9588:
9582:
9581:
9579:
9577:
9558:
9552:
9551:
9536:
9530:
9529:
9527:
9511:
9505:
9504:
9493:
9487:
9486:
9484:
9482:
9468:
9462:
9461:
9450:
9444:
9443:
9441:
9439:
9425:
9419:
9418:
9416:
9414:
9408:
9401:
9393:
9387:
9386:
9384:
9382:
9362:
9356:
9355:
9353:
9351:
9332:
9326:
9325:
9323:
9321:
9312:. 22 July 2015.
9302:
9296:
9295:
9293:
9291:
9271:
9265:
9264:
9262:
9255:
9236:
9230:
9229:
9227:
9225:
9206:
9200:
9199:
9197:
9195:
9176:
9170:
9169:
9167:
9165:
9159:
9152:
9144:
9138:
9137:
9121:
9112:
9111:
9109:
9107:
9095:Business Insider
9085:
9079:
9078:
9076:
9074:
9052:
9046:
9045:
9043:
9041:
9025:
9019:
9018:
9016:
9014:
8998:
8992:
8991:
8989:
8987:
8967:
8961:
8960:
8958:
8956:
8936:
8930:
8929:
8927:
8925:
8905:
8899:
8898:
8896:
8894:
8875:
8869:
8868:
8866:
8864:
8845:
8839:
8838:
8822:
8816:
8815:
8805:
8773:
8767:
8766:
8754:
8748:
8747:
8732:
8723:
8722:
8720:
8718:
8709:. Archived from
8703:
8697:
8696:
8694:
8692:
8678:
8672:
8671:
8669:
8667:
8662:on 13 March 2015
8652:
8646:
8645:
8634:
8628:
8627:
8616:
8610:
8609:
8607:
8605:
8589:
8583:
8582:
8580:
8578:
8558:
8552:
8551:
8549:
8547:
8528:
8522:
8521:
8516:. 27 July 2012.
8510:
8504:
8503:
8495:
8489:
8488:
8478:
8472:
8471:
8469:
8467:
8447:
8441:
8440:
8438:
8436:
8431:on 23 April 2003
8430:
8419:
8410:
8404:
8403:
8387:
8381:
8380:
8360:
8354:
8353:
8351:
8349:
8335:
8329:
8328:
8326:
8324:
8310:
8304:
8295:
8289:
8288:
8286:
8284:
8270:
8264:
8263:
8261:
8259:
8244:
8238:
8237:
8235:
8233:
8219:
8213:
8212:
8210:
8208:
8202:
8197:. Archived from
8186:
8180:
8179:
8177:
8175:
8161:
8155:
8154:
8152:
8150:
8139:
8130:
8129:
8127:
8125:
8115:
8106:
8105:
8103:
8101:
8092:. Archived from
8082:
8076:
8075:
8073:
8071:
8056:
8050:
8049:
8047:
8045:
8035:
8027:
8021:
8020:
8018:
8016:
8011:. 7 October 2018
8001:
7995:
7994:
7992:
7990:
7975:
7969:
7968:
7966:
7964:
7949:
7943:
7942:
7940:
7938:
7923:
7917:
7916:
7914:
7903:
7897:
7896:
7868:
7857:
7851:
7850:
7839:10.1109/2.485845
7832:
7814:
7805:
7799:
7798:
7792:
7783:
7777:
7776:
7768:
7762:
7761:
7759:
7757:
7743:
7737:
7736:
7711:(8): 6222–6246.
7696:
7690:
7689:
7679:
7661:
7629:
7623:
7622:
7620:
7618:
7612:
7605:
7597:
7591:
7590:
7588:
7586:
7572:
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7565:
7563:
7561:
7542:
7536:
7535:
7533:
7531:
7520:
7514:
7513:
7511:
7491:
7485:
7484:
7473:
7467:
7466:
7464:
7462:
7447:
7441:
7440:
7438:
7436:
7430:
7423:
7414:
7408:
7407:
7405:
7403:
7388:
7382:
7381:
7379:
7377:
7362:
7356:
7355:
7353:
7351:
7345:www.revenera.com
7337:
7331:
7330:
7322:
7316:
7315:
7313:
7311:
7297:
7291:
7290:
7288:
7286:
7272:
7266:
7265:
7263:
7261:
7247:
7241:
7240:
7235:. Archived from
7228:
7222:
7221:
7220:on 19 July 2011.
7219:
7212:
7201:
7195:
7194:
7192:
7190:
7184:
7178:. Archived from
7177:
7169:
7163:
7162:
7142:
7136:
7135:
7101:
7095:
7094:
7073:
7067:
7066:
7046:
7040:
7039:
7021:
7015:
7014:
7012:
7010:
6995:
6989:
6988:
6986:
6984:
6969:
6963:
6962:
6960:
6958:
6942:
6936:
6935:
6933:
6931:
6917:
6911:
6910:
6900:
6876:
6867:
6866:
6864:
6862:
6842:
6836:
6835:
6833:
6831:
6817:
6811:
6810:
6808:
6806:
6791:
6785:
6784:
6782:
6780:
6766:
6757:
6756:
6754:
6752:
6738:
6732:
6731:
6729:
6722:
6714:
6708:
6707:
6705:
6698:
6690:
6684:
6683:
6674:
6672:10.17487/RFC2828
6657:
6651:
6650:
6630:
6619:
6618:
6616:
6614:
6608:
6597:
6589:
6583:
6582:
6546:
6540:
6539:
6519:
6513:
6512:
6510:
6508:
6502:attack.mitre.org
6494:
6488:
6487:
6485:
6483:
6468:
6459:
6458:
6456:
6454:
6434:
6428:
6427:
6425:
6423:
6409:
6403:
6402:
6352:
6346:
6345:
6343:
6341:
6308:
6302:
6301:
6299:
6297:
6278:
6272:
6271:
6269:
6267:
6252:
6246:
6245:
6243:
6241:
6221:
6215:
6214:
6212:
6210:
6204:
6193:
6184:
6178:
6177:
6175:
6173:
6159:
6146:
6145:
6143:
6141:
6126:"Email Security"
6122:
6116:
6115:
6113:
6111:
6096:
6090:
6089:
6087:
6085:
6071:
6065:
6064:
6062:
6060:
6045:
6039:
6038:
6037:
6035:
6000:
5992:
5981:
5980:
5968:
5962:
5961:
5950:
5944:
5943:
5930:
5921:
5920:
5918:
5916:
5902:
5896:
5895:
5893:
5869:
5863:
5862:
5860:
5858:
5843:
5826:
5825:
5823:
5821:
5807:
5801:
5800:
5799:
5797:
5772:
5766:
5765:
5763:
5761:
5747:
5738:
5737:
5735:
5733:
5719:
5710:
5709:
5707:
5705:
5691:
5685:
5684:
5682:
5680:
5666:
5655:
5654:
5652:
5650:
5635:
5626:
5625:
5623:
5621:
5606:
5600:
5599:
5597:
5595:
5581:
5572:
5571:
5569:
5567:
5553:
5544:
5543:
5541:
5539:
5525:
5514:
5513:
5511:
5509:
5494:
5488:
5487:
5485:
5483:
5464:
5458:
5457:
5447:
5441:
5440:
5438:
5436:
5422:
5416:
5415:
5413:
5406:
5388:
5379:
5373:
5372:
5362:
5352:
5328:
5322:
5321:
5315:
5307:
5301:
5290:
5284:
5283:
5259:
5223:Privacy software
5183:Cyber kill chain
5179:
5150:Internet privacy
5146:
5125:
5079:Cyberbiosecurity
4955:Peter G. Neumann
4905:Shafi Goldwasser
4875:Peter J. Denning
4830:Ross J. Anderson
4823:Notable scholars
4628:ping application
4360:security patches
4326:computer viruses
4170:Security analyst
3946:digital evidence
3910:(NW3C), and the
3874:penetration test
3830:
3655:National actions
3538:António Guterres
3463:Computer viruses
3141:The Cuckoo's Egg
2819:anti-lock brakes
2702:health insurance
2658:tablet computers
2648:Consumer devices
2388:Parental control
2218:personal hygiene
2104:secure by design
1857:network security
1823:machine learning
1639:Defense in depth
1579:Secure by design
1334:cognitive biases
1318:Cold boot attack
1165:TLS interception
929:zombie computers
906:operating system
706:computer systems
663:digital security
636:
629:
622:
551:
538:
537:
528:
521:
514:
401:Network security
102:Hacker Manifesto
41:Computer hacking
32:
31:
21:
15957:
15956:
15952:
15951:
15950:
15948:
15947:
15946:
15932:Data protection
15907:
15906:
15905:
15900:
15891:
15862:
15843:Word processing
15751:
15737:Virtual reality
15698:
15660:
15631:Computer vision
15607:
15603:Multiprocessing
15569:
15531:
15497:Security hacker
15473:
15449:Digital library
15390:
15341:Mathematics of
15336:
15298:
15274:Automata theory
15269:Formal language
15250:
15216:Software design
15187:
15120:
15106:Virtual machine
15084:
15080:Network service
15041:
15032:Embedded system
15005:
14938:
14927:
14922:
14892:
14887:
14737:
14437:
14425:
14416:Copy protection
14406:Mobile security
14337:
14332:
14281:
14262:
14159:
14137:
14076:
14064:
14058:
14047:
14000:
13999:
13998:
13983:
13982:
13978:
13971:
13969:Further reading
13966:
13965:
13955:
13953:
13934:
13927:
13917:
13915:
13905:
13901:
13891:
13889:
13888:. 10 March 2023
13884:
13883:
13879:
13866:
13865:
13861:
13851:
13849:
13839:
13835:
13825:
13823:
13815:
13814:
13810:
13800:
13798:
13797:. 19 April 2023
13789:
13788:
13784:
13741:
13737:
13726:
13711:
13705:
13701:
13691:
13689:
13683:"The CIA Triad"
13679:
13675:
13665:
13663:
13653:
13649:
13639:
13637:
13633:
13622:
13616:
13612:
13575:
13568:
13558:
13556:
13548:
13547:
13543:
13533:
13531:
13523:
13522:
13518:
13508:
13506:
13497:
13496:
13492:
13482:
13480:
13471:
13470:
13466:
13456:
13454:
13450:
13449:
13445:
13435:
13433:
13420:
13419:
13415:
13402:
13401:
13397:
13387:
13385:
13381:
13374:
13370:
13369:
13365:
13355:
13353:
13340:
13339:
13335:
13325:
13323:
13314:
13313:
13309:
13299:
13297:
13288:
13287:
13283:
13273:
13271:
13262:
13261:
13257:
13244:
13243:
13239:
13234:. January 2021.
13226:
13225:
13221:
13211:
13209:
13208:. 1 August 2021
13200:
13199:
13195:
13185:
13183:
13182:. 1 August 2021
13174:
13173:
13169:
13159:
13157:
13148:
13147:
13143:
13133:
13131:
13120:
13116:
13106:
13104:
13097:DegreeQuery.com
13089:
13085:
13075:
13073:
13058:
13054:
13047:
13023:
13019:
12980:
12976:
12929:
12925:
12870:
12866:
12856:
12854:
12837:
12833:
12823:
12821:
12806:
12802:
12791:
12787:
12777:
12773:
12764:
12760:
12750:
12748:
12733:
12729:
12714:
12692:
12688:
12678:
12676:
12672:
12665:
12659:
12655:
12645:
12643:
12628:
12624:
12614:
12612:
12603:
12602:
12598:
12588:
12586:
12577:
12576:
12572:
12562:
12560:
12545:
12544:
12540:
12530:
12528:
12519:
12518:
12514:
12495:
12491:
12481:
12479:
12466:
12462:
12452:
12450:
12442:
12441:
12437:
12427:
12425:
12420:
12419:
12415:
12402:
12401:
12397:
12387:
12385:
12384:on 17 June 2011
12372:
12371:
12367:
12357:
12355:
12342:
12341:
12337:
12324:
12323:
12319:
12306:
12305:
12301:
12296:
12292:
12282:
12280:
12271:
12270:
12263:
12253:
12251:
12250:on 11 June 2008
12242:
12241:
12237:
12229:
12225:
12210:
12209:
12205:
12188:
12187:
12183:
12172:
12168:
12158:
12156:
12146:
12142:
12132:
12130:
12120:
12116:
12106:
12104:
12093:
12089:
12081:
12075:
12071:
12061:
12059:
12044:
12040:
12035:. 7 March 2011.
12030:
12029:
12025:
12015:
12013:
12000:
11999:
11995:
11982:
11981:
11977:
11967:
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11961:
11959:
11955:
11945:
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11877:
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11863:
11861:
11848:
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11843:
11833:
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11813:
11803:
11801:
11788:
11787:
11783:
11773:
11771:
11758:
11757:
11753:
11743:
11741:
11728:
11727:
11723:
11713:
11711:
11698:
11697:
11693:
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11681:
11668:
11667:
11658:
11648:
11646:
11633:
11632:
11625:
11615:
11613:
11600:
11599:
11595:
11582:
11581:
11577:
11564:
11563:
11559:
11546:
11545:
11541:
11531:
11529:
11526:"FIRST Members"
11524:
11523:
11519:
11509:
11507:
11504:"FIRST Mission"
11502:
11501:
11497:
11487:
11485:
11476:
11475:
11471:
11442:
11438:
11423:
11419:
11404:
11400:
11390:
11388:
11379:
11378:
11374:
11361:
11360:
11356:
11343:
11342:
11335:
11325:
11323:
11322:. Bloomberg L.P
11316:
11312:
11289:
11285:
11266:
11262:
11243:
11239:
11234:on 6 June 2015.
11220:
11216:
11197:
11193:
11183:
11181:
11176:. 9 July 2017.
11168:
11167:
11163:
11144:
11140:
11121:
11117:
11111:Wayback Machine
11102:
11098:
11085:
11084:
11080:
11061:
11057:
11047:
11045:
11030:
11026:
11006:
11004:
10989:
10985:
10975:
10973:
10969:
10962:
10956:
10952:
10942:
10940:
10929:
10925:
10915:
10913:
10898:
10894:
10875:
10871:
10854:
10853:
10849:
10843:Wayback Machine
10834:
10830:
10820:
10818:
10809:
10808:
10804:
10798:Wayback Machine
10789:
10785:
10780:
10773:
10764:
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10748:
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10723:
10709:
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10674:
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10569:
10538:
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10407:
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10393:
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10351:
10341:
10339:
10326:
10325:
10321:
10311:
10309:
10296:
10295:
10291:
10281:
10279:
10266:
10265:
10261:
10251:
10249:
10236:Pauli, Darren.
10234:
10230:
10220:
10218:
10205:Pauli, Darren.
10203:
10199:
10189:
10187:
10174:
10173:
10169:
10159:
10157:
10144:
10143:
10139:
10129:
10127:
10118:
10117:
10110:
10100:
10098:
10083:
10079:
10069:
10067:
10060:The Daily Beast
10054:
10053:
10049:
10039:
10037:
10022:
10018:
10008:
10006:
9993:
9992:
9988:
9978:
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9963:
9962:
9958:
9939:
9935:
9925:
9923:
9919:
9912:
9906:
9902:
9892:
9890:
9886:
9875:
9871:
9870:
9866:
9856:
9854:
9839:
9835:
9803:
9797:
9793:
9783:
9781:
9768:
9767:
9763:
9753:
9751:
9742:
9741:
9737:
9727:
9725:
9710:
9706:
9691:
9687:
9677:
9675:
9660:
9656:
9646:
9644:
9629:
9625:
9608:
9607:
9603:
9590:
9589:
9585:
9575:
9573:
9560:
9559:
9555:
9538:
9537:
9533:
9525:10.1.1.397.7831
9512:
9508:
9495:
9494:
9490:
9480:
9478:
9470:
9469:
9465:
9452:
9451:
9447:
9437:
9435:
9427:
9426:
9422:
9412:
9410:
9406:
9399:
9395:
9394:
9390:
9380:
9378:
9363:
9359:
9349:
9347:
9334:
9333:
9329:
9319:
9317:
9310:The Independent
9304:
9303:
9299:
9289:
9287:
9272:
9268:
9260:
9253:
9237:
9233:
9223:
9221:
9208:
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9157:
9150:
9146:
9145:
9141:
9122:
9115:
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9103:
9086:
9082:
9072:
9070:
9053:
9049:
9039:
9037:
9026:
9022:
9012:
9010:
8999:
8995:
8985:
8983:
8968:
8964:
8954:
8952:
8937:
8933:
8923:
8921:
8906:
8902:
8892:
8890:
8877:
8876:
8872:
8862:
8860:
8847:
8846:
8842:
8823:
8819:
8774:
8770:
8755:
8751:
8734:
8733:
8726:
8716:
8714:
8705:
8704:
8700:
8690:
8688:
8680:
8679:
8675:
8665:
8663:
8654:
8653:
8649:
8636:
8635:
8631:
8618:
8617:
8613:
8603:
8601:
8590:
8586:
8576:
8574:
8559:
8555:
8545:
8543:
8530:
8529:
8525:
8512:
8511:
8507:
8496:
8492:
8479:
8475:
8465:
8463:
8448:
8444:
8434:
8432:
8428:
8417:
8411:
8407:
8388:
8384:
8361:
8357:
8347:
8345:
8337:
8336:
8332:
8322:
8320:
8312:
8311:
8307:
8296:
8292:
8282:
8280:
8272:
8271:
8267:
8257:
8255:
8246:
8245:
8241:
8231:
8229:
8221:
8220:
8216:
8206:
8204:
8195:Financial Times
8187:
8183:
8173:
8171:
8163:
8162:
8158:
8148:
8146:
8140:
8133:
8123:
8121:
8117:
8116:
8109:
8099:
8097:
8084:
8083:
8079:
8069:
8067:
8057:
8053:
8043:
8041:
8033:
8029:
8028:
8024:
8014:
8012:
8003:
8002:
7998:
7988:
7986:
7985:. 15 April 2015
7977:
7976:
7972:
7962:
7960:
7951:
7950:
7946:
7936:
7934:
7925:
7924:
7920:
7912:
7904:
7900:
7885:
7866:
7858:
7854:
7812:
7806:
7802:
7790:
7784:
7780:
7769:
7765:
7755:
7753:
7745:
7744:
7740:
7697:
7693:
7630:
7626:
7616:
7614:
7610:
7603:
7599:
7598:
7594:
7584:
7582:
7574:
7573:
7569:
7559:
7557:
7544:
7543:
7539:
7529:
7527:
7522:
7521:
7517:
7492:
7488:
7475:
7474:
7470:
7460:
7458:
7449:
7448:
7444:
7434:
7432:
7428:
7421:
7415:
7411:
7401:
7399:
7390:
7389:
7385:
7375:
7373:
7368:. SafeNet.com.
7364:
7363:
7359:
7349:
7347:
7339:
7338:
7334:
7323:
7319:
7309:
7307:
7305:www.ncsc.gov.uk
7299:
7298:
7294:
7284:
7282:
7280:www.ncsc.gov.uk
7274:
7273:
7269:
7259:
7257:
7249:
7248:
7244:
7231:Ganssle, Jack.
7229:
7225:
7217:
7210:
7202:
7198:
7188:
7186:
7182:
7175:
7171:
7170:
7166:
7159:
7143:
7139:
7124:
7102:
7098:
7088:
7074:
7070:
7063:
7055:. Cisco Press.
7047:
7043:
7036:
7022:
7018:
7008:
7006:
6997:
6996:
6992:
6982:
6980:
6970:
6966:
6956:
6954:
6943:
6939:
6929:
6927:
6919:
6918:
6914:
6877:
6870:
6860:
6858:
6845:Jannsen, Cory.
6843:
6839:
6829:
6827:
6819:
6818:
6814:
6804:
6802:
6793:
6792:
6788:
6778:
6776:
6774:www.ncsc.gov.uk
6768:
6767:
6760:
6750:
6748:
6746:www.ncsc.gov.uk
6740:
6739:
6735:
6727:
6720:
6716:
6715:
6711:
6703:
6696:
6692:
6691:
6687:
6659:
6658:
6654:
6631:
6622:
6612:
6610:
6606:
6595:
6591:
6590:
6586:
6571:
6547:
6543:
6520:
6516:
6506:
6504:
6496:
6495:
6491:
6481:
6479:
6469:
6462:
6452:
6450:
6435:
6431:
6421:
6419:
6417:www.trellix.com
6411:
6410:
6406:
6375:
6353:
6349:
6339:
6337:
6335:
6309:
6305:
6295:
6293:
6280:
6279:
6275:
6265:
6263:
6254:
6253:
6249:
6239:
6237:
6236:on 23 June 2016
6230:Financial Times
6222:
6218:
6208:
6206:
6202:
6191:
6185:
6181:
6171:
6169:
6167:crowdstrike.com
6161:
6160:
6149:
6139:
6137:
6124:
6123:
6119:
6109:
6107:
6097:
6093:
6083:
6081:
6073:
6072:
6068:
6058:
6056:
6047:
6046:
6042:
6033:
6031:
6021:
5993:
5984:
5969:
5965:
5960:. 24 July 2017.
5952:
5951:
5947:
5932:
5931:
5924:
5914:
5912:
5904:
5903:
5899:
5870:
5866:
5856:
5854:
5853:. 14 April 2022
5845:
5844:
5829:
5819:
5817:
5809:
5808:
5804:
5795:
5793:
5791:
5773:
5769:
5759:
5757:
5749:
5748:
5741:
5731:
5729:
5721:
5720:
5713:
5703:
5701:
5693:
5692:
5688:
5678:
5676:
5674:www.ncsc.gov.uk
5668:
5667:
5658:
5648:
5646:
5637:
5636:
5629:
5619:
5617:
5608:
5607:
5603:
5593:
5591:
5589:www.ncsc.gov.uk
5583:
5582:
5575:
5565:
5563:
5555:
5554:
5547:
5537:
5535:
5533:crowdstrike.com
5527:
5526:
5517:
5507:
5505:
5495:
5491:
5481:
5479:
5466:
5465:
5461:
5448:
5444:
5434:
5432:
5424:
5423:
5419:
5411:
5386:
5380:
5376:
5329:
5325:
5308:
5304:
5291:
5287:
5260:
5256:
5251:
5246:
5177:
5156:Internet safety
5144:
5123:
5108:Fault tolerance
5067:Cyber insurance
5009:
5004:
4970:Roger R. Schell
4935:Brian LaMacchia
4895:Joan Feigenbaum
4825:
4803:click-and-shoot
4677:
4626:. The standard
4471:Confidentiality
4416:and run in the
4356:least privilege
4340:executable code
4280:
4242:
4228:
4218:
4208:
4198:
4183:
4172:
4152:
4108:
4102:
4066:
4046:
4003:
3897:risk management
3889:
3884:
3866:
3836:executive order
3822:
3803:
3779:
3774:
3765:
3733:
3699:
3676:
3668:
3662:
3657:
3633:
3546:
3484:
3446:
3438:
3432:
3423:
3417:
3393:
3364:
3328:
3322:
3302:
3274:
3258:Rome Laboratory
3254:
3252:Rome Laboratory
3233:
3227:
3219:
3209:
3174:
3120:
3112:security breach
3087:
3045:
3029:
2997:Medical devices
2994:
2984:
2982:Medical systems
2944:
2911:Government and
2909:
2889:tracking device
2881:
2811:
2797:
2738:
2698:
2690:Nest thermostat
2686:home automation
2670:quantified self
2650:
2580:
2548:
2436:
2428:
2426:Systems at risk
2423:
2315:Anti-keyloggers
2305:
2291:time-consuming.
2262:
2210:digital hygiene
2206:
2204:Digital hygiene
2189:
2143:security models
2139:
2127:Main articles:
2125:
2095:
2089:
2081:Common Criteria
2069:
2063:
1962:
1956:
1887:
1849:vulnerabilities
1845:
1839:
1723:access controls
1711:
1684:
1671:Full disclosure
1581:
1575:
1556:
1502:
1491:content filters
1480:
1457:
1381:
1379:Spoofing attack
1375:
1356:Milwaukee Bucks
1327:
1313:
1307:
1260:
1207:ved and discrep
1185:
1173:
1132:
1047:
1035:electromagnetic
986:
966:Disk encryption
945:
914:
870:
820:automated tools
791:
785:
640:
565:Common features
557:
549:
532:
503:
502:
472:
464:
463:
416:
406:
405:
386:
376:
375:
301:
291:
290:
276:
266:
265:
236:
226:
225:
206:
196:
195:
181:Security BSides
156:
146:
145:
91:
77:
76:
72:List of hackers
52:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
15955:
15945:
15944:
15939:
15934:
15929:
15924:
15919:
15902:
15901:
15899:
15898:
15888:
15878:
15867:
15864:
15863:
15861:
15860:
15855:
15850:
15845:
15840:
15835:
15830:
15825:
15820:
15815:
15810:
15805:
15800:
15795:
15790:
15785:
15780:
15775:
15770:
15765:
15759:
15757:
15753:
15752:
15750:
15749:
15747:Solid modeling
15744:
15739:
15734:
15729:
15724:
15719:
15714:
15708:
15706:
15700:
15699:
15697:
15696:
15691:
15686:
15681:
15676:
15670:
15668:
15662:
15661:
15659:
15658:
15653:
15648:
15646:Control method
15643:
15638:
15633:
15628:
15623:
15617:
15615:
15609:
15608:
15606:
15605:
15600:
15598:Multithreading
15595:
15590:
15585:
15579:
15577:
15571:
15570:
15568:
15567:
15562:
15557:
15552:
15547:
15541:
15539:
15533:
15532:
15530:
15529:
15524:
15519:
15514:
15509:
15504:
15499:
15494:
15492:Formal methods
15489:
15483:
15481:
15475:
15474:
15472:
15471:
15466:
15464:World Wide Web
15461:
15456:
15451:
15446:
15441:
15436:
15431:
15426:
15421:
15416:
15411:
15406:
15400:
15398:
15392:
15391:
15389:
15388:
15383:
15378:
15373:
15368:
15363:
15358:
15353:
15347:
15345:
15338:
15337:
15335:
15334:
15329:
15324:
15319:
15314:
15308:
15306:
15300:
15299:
15297:
15296:
15291:
15286:
15281:
15276:
15271:
15266:
15260:
15258:
15252:
15251:
15249:
15248:
15243:
15238:
15233:
15228:
15223:
15218:
15213:
15208:
15203:
15197:
15195:
15189:
15188:
15186:
15185:
15180:
15175:
15170:
15165:
15160:
15155:
15150:
15145:
15140:
15134:
15132:
15122:
15121:
15119:
15118:
15113:
15108:
15103:
15098:
15092:
15090:
15086:
15085:
15083:
15082:
15077:
15072:
15067:
15062:
15057:
15051:
15049:
15043:
15042:
15040:
15039:
15034:
15029:
15024:
15019:
15013:
15011:
15007:
15006:
15004:
15003:
14994:
14989:
14984:
14979:
14974:
14969:
14964:
14959:
14954:
14948:
14946:
14940:
14939:
14932:
14929:
14928:
14921:
14920:
14913:
14906:
14898:
14889:
14888:
14886:
14885:
14883:Site isolation
14880:
14875:
14874:
14873:
14867:
14857:
14856:
14855:
14850:
14839:
14834:
14829:
14824:
14819:
14814:
14813:
14812:
14807:
14797:
14796:
14795:
14790:
14789:
14788:
14781:Authentication
14773:
14772:
14771:
14770:
14769:
14759:
14756:
14745:
14743:
14739:
14738:
14736:
14735:
14730:
14725:
14720:
14715:
14710:
14705:
14700:
14695:
14690:
14685:
14680:
14675:
14670:
14665:
14660:
14655:
14650:
14645:
14640:
14635:
14634:
14633:
14623:
14618:
14613:
14608:
14603:
14598:
14593:
14588:
14583:
14581:Email spoofing
14578:
14573:
14568:
14563:
14558:
14553:
14548:
14543:
14538:
14533:
14528:
14523:
14521:DOM clobbering
14518:
14513:
14508:
14503:
14501:Code injection
14498:
14493:
14492:
14491:
14486:
14481:
14476:
14468:
14463:
14458:
14453:
14447:
14445:
14439:
14438:
14428:
14426:
14424:
14423:
14418:
14413:
14408:
14403:
14398:
14393:
14388:
14383:
14381:Cyberterrorism
14378:
14373:
14372:
14371:
14369:Computer fraud
14366:
14356:
14351:
14345:
14343:
14339:
14338:
14331:
14330:
14323:
14316:
14308:
14302:
14301:
14291:
14285:
14280:978-1466572133
14279:
14266:
14261:978-0199918119
14260:
14247:
14212:
14163:
14158:978-3319172439
14157:
14141:
14136:978-1494932633
14135:
14118:
14105:
14069:
14057:978-9284501960
14056:
14038:
13997:
13996:
13991:
13985:
13984:
13973:
13972:
13970:
13967:
13964:
13963:
13925:
13899:
13877:
13859:
13833:
13808:
13782:
13735:
13699:
13673:
13647:
13610:
13566:
13541:
13516:
13490:
13464:
13443:
13413:
13395:
13363:
13333:
13307:
13281:
13255:
13237:
13219:
13193:
13167:
13156:on 3 June 2013
13141:
13126:. Defence IQ.
13114:
13083:
13052:
13046:978-1119270317
13045:
13017:
12990:(2): 301–323.
12974:
12923:
12864:
12831:
12800:
12785:
12771:
12758:
12727:
12712:
12686:
12653:
12622:
12596:
12585:on 25 May 2016
12570:
12538:
12527:on 27 May 2010
12512:
12489:
12460:
12435:
12413:
12395:
12365:
12335:
12317:
12299:
12290:
12261:
12235:
12223:
12203:
12181:
12166:
12140:
12114:
12087:
12069:
12038:
12023:
11993:
11975:
11953:
11936:Get Cyber Safe
11932:"GetCyberSafe"
11923:
11901:
11871:
11841:
11811:
11781:
11751:
11721:
11691:
11656:
11623:
11593:
11575:
11557:
11539:
11517:
11495:
11469:
11436:
11417:
11398:
11372:
11354:
11333:
11310:
11283:
11260:
11237:
11214:
11191:
11161:
11138:
11115:
11096:
11078:
11055:
11024:
10983:
10950:
10923:
10892:
10869:
10847:
10828:
10802:
10783:
10771:
10758:
10736:
10722:978-1119642817
10721:
10703:
10684:(3): 212–233.
10668:
10627:
10616:. 20 July 2021
10601:
10567:
10548:(4): 438–457.
10532:
10514:
10496:
10470:
10432:
10401:
10375:
10349:
10319:
10289:
10259:
10228:
10197:
10167:
10137:
10108:
10077:
10047:
10016:
9986:
9956:
9933:
9900:
9864:
9833:
9814:(3): 269–284.
9791:
9761:
9735:
9718:Education Week
9704:
9685:
9654:
9623:
9614:SPIEGEL ONLINE
9601:
9583:
9553:
9531:
9506:
9488:
9476:atlasRFIDstore
9463:
9445:
9420:
9388:
9357:
9327:
9297:
9266:
9231:
9201:
9171:
9139:
9113:
9080:
9047:
9020:
8993:
8962:
8931:
8900:
8870:
8840:
8817:
8768:
8763:prnewswire.com
8749:
8724:
8698:
8673:
8647:
8629:
8611:
8584:
8553:
8523:
8505:
8490:
8473:
8442:
8405:
8382:
8355:
8330:
8305:
8290:
8265:
8252:WeLiveSecurity
8239:
8214:
8181:
8156:
8131:
8107:
8077:
8051:
8022:
7996:
7970:
7944:
7918:
7898:
7884:978-1467389990
7883:
7852:
7830:10.1.1.50.7649
7800:
7778:
7763:
7738:
7691:
7624:
7592:
7567:
7537:
7515:
7486:
7468:
7442:
7409:
7383:
7357:
7332:
7317:
7292:
7267:
7242:
7239:on 4 May 2013.
7223:
7196:
7185:on 21 May 2015
7164:
7158:978-0818600265
7157:
7137:
7123:978-0769518848
7122:
7096:
7087:978-1849285544
7086:
7068:
7062:978-0135166246
7061:
7041:
7034:
7016:
6990:
6964:
6937:
6912:
6868:
6837:
6812:
6786:
6758:
6733:
6709:
6685:
6652:
6647:10520/EJC27949
6620:
6584:
6569:
6541:
6514:
6489:
6460:
6429:
6404:
6374:978-1447165248
6373:
6347:
6334:978-0199688975
6333:
6303:
6286:techopedia.com
6273:
6247:
6216:
6187:Arcos Sergio.
6179:
6147:
6136:on 22 May 2022
6117:
6091:
6066:
6040:
6019:
5982:
5977:SC Magazine UK
5963:
5945:
5922:
5897:
5864:
5827:
5802:
5789:
5767:
5739:
5711:
5686:
5656:
5627:
5601:
5573:
5545:
5515:
5489:
5459:
5442:
5417:
5374:
5337:Sustainability
5323:
5318:The Australian
5302:
5285:
5253:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5244:
5238:
5232:
5226:
5220:
5214:
5208:
5202:
5196:
5191:
5186:
5180:
5171:
5165:
5159:
5153:
5147:
5138:
5132:
5126:
5117:
5111:
5105:
5099:
5093:
5087:
5082:
5076:
5070:
5064:
5058:
5052:
5046:
5041:
5035:
5029:
5023:
5020:Bicycle attack
5017:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5002:
4997:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4975:Bruce Schneier
4972:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4930:Butler Lampson
4927:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4890:Deborah Estrin
4887:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4806:to compete in
4784:replay attacks
4676:
4673:
4672:
4671:
4665:
4659:
4653:
4646:
4635:
4621:
4609:
4603:
4597:
4590:
4589:is configured.
4564:
4558:
4512:
4511:
4508:Data integrity
4505:
4498:
4480:
4474:
4468:
4465:Chain of trust
4462:
4448:
4442:
4436:
4433:Authentication
4430:
4429:
4428:
4421:
4414:Java byte code
4410:
4399:
4352:attack surface
4333:
4319:
4292:authentication
4279:
4276:
4260:U.K Government
4248:
4247:
4241:
4238:
4237:
4236:
4227:
4224:
4223:
4222:
4217:
4214:
4213:
4212:
4207:
4204:
4203:
4202:
4197:
4194:
4193:
4192:
4191:methodologies.
4182:
4179:
4178:
4177:
4171:
4168:
4151:
4148:
4132:cyberterrorism
4104:Main article:
4101:
4100:Modern warfare
4098:
4065:
4062:
4058:10 CFR Part 73
4045:
4042:
4041:
4040:
4026:
4017:: part of the
4002:
3999:
3938:computer crime
3888:
3885:
3865:
3862:
3821:as defined in
3807:18 U.S.C.
3802:
3799:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3764:
3761:
3732:
3729:
3698:
3695:
3675:
3672:
3664:Main article:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3632:
3629:
3628:
3627:
3624:European Union
3618:(ENISA) is an
3612:
3589:France Telecom
3584:
3577:
3545:
3542:
3483:
3480:
3445:
3442:
3434:Main article:
3431:
3428:
3419:Main article:
3416:
3413:
3392:
3389:
3363:
3360:
3332:Edward Snowden
3324:Main article:
3321:
3318:
3301:
3300:Stuxnet attack
3298:
3273:
3270:
3253:
3250:
3229:Main article:
3226:
3223:
3208:
3205:
3204:
3203:
3200:
3196:
3193:
3173:
3170:
3136:Clifford Stoll
3119:
3116:
3108:expected value
3086:
3083:
3044:
3041:
3028:
3025:
2983:
2980:
2943:
2940:
2908:
2905:
2880:
2877:
2831:connected cars
2815:cruise control
2796:
2793:
2789:hacked in 2014
2773:HBGary Federal
2742:identity theft
2737:
2734:
2715:partners with
2697:
2694:
2678:accelerometers
2666:mobile devices
2649:
2646:
2579:
2576:
2547:
2544:
2493:services, and
2491:authentication
2444:cybercriminals
2435:
2432:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2374:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2310:Access control
2306:
2304:
2301:
2293:
2292:
2285:
2282:
2261:
2258:
2234:computer virus
2205:
2202:
2188:
2185:
2124:
2121:
2091:Main article:
2088:
2085:
2065:Main article:
2062:
2059:
2058:
2057:
2051:
2037:
2013:
2010:
2006:
2003:
1996:
1990:
1955:
1952:
1886:
1883:
1841:Main article:
1838:
1835:
1784:exit procedure
1776:
1775:
1768:
1765:
1755:
1737:
1730:
1710:
1707:
1703:
1702:
1699:
1696:
1683:
1680:
1679:
1678:
1668:
1661:
1642:
1636:
1626:
1620:
1605:
1604:
1601:
1597:
1594:
1591:
1577:Main article:
1574:
1571:
1560:countermeasure
1555:
1552:
1551:
1550:
1546:
1545:
1544:
1543:
1540:
1537:
1534:
1528:
1527:
1524:
1521:
1518:
1501:
1498:
1479:
1478:HTML smuggling
1476:
1456:
1453:
1445:
1444:
1430:
1424:
1410:
1407:network packet
1400:
1393:Email spoofing
1377:Main article:
1374:
1371:
1326:
1323:
1309:Main article:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1301:
1297:
1259:
1256:
1228:email spoofing
1215:of the bank's
1184:
1181:
1172:
1169:
1168:
1167:
1160:
1154:
1146:
1142:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1126:
1100:
1090:
1083:
1073:
1046:
1043:
985:
982:
950:software worms
944:
941:
913:
910:
886:authentication
869:
866:
857:and scanning.
830:United Kingdom
787:Main article:
784:
781:
701:they provide.
642:
641:
639:
638:
631:
624:
616:
613:
612:
611:
610:
605:
600:
595:
593:Device drivers
590:
585:
580:
575:
567:
566:
562:
561:
545:
544:
534:
533:
531:
530:
523:
516:
508:
505:
504:
501:
500:
493:
490:Nuts and Volts
486:
481:
473:
470:
469:
466:
465:
462:
461:
452:
446:
440:
437:Legion of Doom
434:
428:
423:
417:
412:
411:
408:
407:
404:
403:
398:
393:
387:
382:
381:
378:
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274:Practice sites
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204:Computer crime
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85:Hacker culture
83:
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69:
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62:Cryptovirology
59:
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48:
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44:
43:
37:
36:
26:
18:Cyber security
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
15954:
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15732:Mixed reality
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15565:Accessibility
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15560:Visualization
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15056:
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15035:
15033:
15030:
15028:
15027:Dependability
15025:
15023:
15020:
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15008:
15002:
14998:
14995:
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14990:
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14808:
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14794:
14793:Authorization
14791:
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14779:
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14768:
14765:
14764:
14763:
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14757:
14755:
14754:Secure coding
14752:
14751:
14750:
14747:
14746:
14744:
14740:
14734:
14731:
14729:
14726:
14724:
14723:SQL injection
14721:
14719:
14716:
14714:
14711:
14709:
14706:
14704:
14703:Vulnerability
14701:
14699:
14696:
14694:
14691:
14689:
14688:Trojan horses
14686:
14684:
14683:Software bugs
14681:
14679:
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14571:Eavesdropping
14569:
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14561:Data scraping
14559:
14557:
14554:
14552:
14549:
14547:
14544:
14542:
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14531:Cryptojacking
14529:
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14514:
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13346:iase.disa.mil
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13066:Network World
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12909:11250/2579292
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12741:Computerworld
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12503:brookings.edu
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12101:Cybernexguard
12098:
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11484:. 26 May 2020
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11069:IEEE Spectrum
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10647:(10): 40–42.
10646:
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10030:Computerworld
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9340:The Telegraph
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9245:Stefan Savage
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8138:
8136:
8120:
8114:
8112:
8095:
8091:
8087:
8081:
8066:
8062:
8055:
8039:
8032:
8026:
8010:
8006:
8000:
7984:
7983:Computerworld
7980:
7974:
7958:
7954:
7948:
7932:
7928:
7922:
7911:
7910:
7902:
7894:
7890:
7886:
7880:
7876:
7872:
7865:
7864:
7856:
7848:
7844:
7840:
7836:
7831:
7826:
7822:
7818:
7817:IEEE Computer
7811:
7804:
7796:
7789:
7782:
7774:
7773:EE Times_Asia
7767:
7752:
7748:
7742:
7734:
7730:
7726:
7722:
7718:
7714:
7710:
7706:
7702:
7695:
7687:
7683:
7678:
7673:
7669:
7665:
7660:
7655:
7651:
7647:
7643:
7639:
7635:
7628:
7609:
7602:
7596:
7581:
7577:
7571:
7555:
7551:
7547:
7541:
7525:
7519:
7510:
7505:
7501:
7497:
7490:
7482:
7478:
7472:
7456:
7452:
7446:
7427:
7420:
7413:
7397:
7393:
7387:
7371:
7367:
7361:
7346:
7342:
7336:
7328:
7321:
7306:
7302:
7296:
7281:
7277:
7271:
7256:
7252:
7246:
7238:
7234:
7227:
7216:
7209:
7208:
7200:
7181:
7174:
7168:
7160:
7154:
7150:
7149:
7141:
7133:
7129:
7125:
7119:
7115:
7111:
7107:
7100:
7093:
7089:
7083:
7079:
7072:
7064:
7058:
7054:
7053:
7045:
7037:
7031:
7027:
7020:
7004:
7000:
6994:
6979:
6975:
6968:
6952:
6948:
6941:
6926:
6922:
6916:
6908:
6904:
6899:
6894:
6891:(5): 92–102.
6890:
6886:
6882:
6875:
6873:
6856:
6852:
6848:
6841:
6826:
6825:csrc.nist.gov
6822:
6816:
6800:
6796:
6790:
6775:
6771:
6765:
6763:
6747:
6743:
6737:
6726:
6719:
6713:
6702:
6695:
6689:
6681:
6678:
6673:
6668:
6664:
6663:
6656:
6648:
6644:
6640:
6636:
6629:
6627:
6625:
6605:
6601:
6594:
6588:
6580:
6576:
6572:
6566:
6562:
6558:
6554:
6553:
6545:
6537:
6533:
6529:
6525:
6518:
6503:
6499:
6493:
6478:
6474:
6467:
6465:
6448:
6444:
6440:
6433:
6418:
6414:
6408:
6400:
6396:
6392:
6388:
6384:
6380:
6376:
6370:
6366:
6362:
6358:
6351:
6336:
6330:
6326:
6322:
6318:
6314:
6307:
6291:
6287:
6283:
6277:
6261:
6257:
6251:
6235:
6231:
6227:
6220:
6201:
6197:
6190:
6183:
6168:
6164:
6158:
6156:
6154:
6152:
6135:
6131:
6127:
6121:
6106:
6102:
6095:
6080:
6076:
6070:
6054:
6050:
6044:
6030:
6026:
6022:
6016:
6012:
6008:
6004:
5999:
5991:
5989:
5987:
5978:
5974:
5967:
5959:
5955:
5949:
5941:
5940:
5935:
5929:
5927:
5911:
5907:
5901:
5892:
5887:
5883:
5879:
5875:
5868:
5852:
5848:
5842:
5840:
5838:
5836:
5834:
5832:
5816:
5812:
5806:
5792:
5786:
5782:
5778:
5771:
5756:
5752:
5746:
5744:
5728:
5724:
5718:
5716:
5700:
5696:
5690:
5675:
5671:
5665:
5663:
5661:
5644:
5640:
5634:
5632:
5615:
5611:
5605:
5590:
5586:
5580:
5578:
5562:
5558:
5552:
5550:
5534:
5530:
5524:
5522:
5520:
5504:
5500:
5493:
5477:
5473:
5469:
5463:
5455:
5454:
5446:
5431:
5427:
5421:
5410:
5405:
5400:
5396:
5392:
5385:
5378:
5370:
5366:
5361:
5360:11250/2978306
5356:
5351:
5346:
5343:(24): 13677.
5342:
5338:
5334:
5327:
5319:
5314:
5306:
5300:
5299:
5294:
5289:
5281:
5277:
5273:
5269:
5265:
5258:
5254:
5242:
5239:
5236:
5233:
5230:
5227:
5224:
5221:
5218:
5215:
5212:
5209:
5206:
5203:
5200:
5199:Open security
5197:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5184:
5181:
5175:
5172:
5169:
5166:
5163:
5160:
5157:
5154:
5151:
5148:
5142:
5139:
5136:
5133:
5130:
5127:
5121:
5118:
5115:
5112:
5109:
5106:
5103:
5100:
5097:
5096:Data security
5094:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5080:
5077:
5074:
5071:
5068:
5065:
5062:
5059:
5056:
5053:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5039:
5036:
5033:
5030:
5027:
5024:
5021:
5018:
5015:
5012:
5011:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4985:Gene Spafford
4983:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4950:Kevin Mitnick
4948:
4946:
4945:Carl Landwehr
4943:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4925:Monica S. Lam
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4915:Peter Gutmann
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4885:Chuck Easttom
4883:
4881:
4880:Cynthia Dwork
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4865:Lorrie Cranor
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4855:Stefan Brands
4853:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4827:
4820:
4817:
4813:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4796:
4792:
4787:
4785:
4781:
4777:
4772:
4770:
4765:
4763:
4757:
4755:
4754:Ray Tomlinson
4751:
4747:
4743:
4739:
4736:
4735:computer worm
4731:
4729:
4723:
4721:
4717:
4712:
4710:
4706:
4702:
4699:organized by
4698:
4693:
4691:
4686:
4682:
4669:
4666:
4663:
4660:
4657:
4654:
4651:
4647:
4644:
4640:
4636:
4633:
4629:
4625:
4622:
4619:
4614:
4610:
4607:
4604:
4601:
4598:
4595:
4591:
4588:
4584:
4580:
4576:
4572:
4568:
4565:
4562:
4559:
4556:
4552:
4548:
4544:
4543:Symmetric-key
4540:
4536:
4532:
4528:
4525:
4524:
4520:
4519:Cryptographic
4516:
4509:
4506:
4502:
4499:
4496:
4492:
4488:
4484:
4481:
4478:
4477:Cryptographic
4475:
4472:
4469:
4466:
4463:
4460:
4456:
4452:
4449:
4446:
4443:
4440:
4437:
4434:
4431:
4426:
4422:
4419:
4415:
4411:
4408:
4404:
4400:
4397:
4393:
4389:
4385:
4381:
4377:
4373:
4369:
4364:
4363:
4361:
4357:
4353:
4349:
4345:
4341:
4337:
4334:
4331:
4327:
4323:
4320:
4317:
4313:
4309:
4305:
4301:
4297:
4293:
4289:
4288:authorization
4285:
4284:
4283:
4275:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4261:
4257:
4252:
4244:
4243:
4234:
4230:
4229:
4220:
4219:
4210:
4209:
4200:
4199:
4190:
4185:
4184:
4174:
4173:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4161:cybersecurity
4157:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4138:
4134:
4133:
4128:
4122:
4117:
4115:
4114:
4107:
4097:
4095:
4091:
4087:
4083:
4079:
4078:cybersecurity
4075:
4071:
4061:
4059:
4055:
4051:
4038:
4034:
4030:
4027:
4024:
4020:
4016:
4013:
4012:
4011:
4009:
4008:
3998:
3994:
3992:
3988:
3984:
3980:
3976:
3972:
3967:
3965:
3960:
3958:
3953:
3951:
3947:
3943:
3939:
3935:
3931:
3926:
3924:
3919:
3917:
3913:
3909:
3904:
3902:
3898:
3894:
3883:
3878:
3875:
3871:
3861:
3858:
3854:
3849:
3847:
3843:
3840:
3837:
3832:
3829:
3825:
3820:
3816:
3812:
3808:
3798:
3796:
3792:
3787:
3784:
3783:United States
3772:United States
3769:
3760:
3756:
3754:
3750:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3728:
3726:
3725:Julie Collins
3722:
3718:
3713:
3711:
3707:
3706:cybersecurity
3703:
3694:
3691:
3687:
3685:
3680:
3671:
3667:
3652:
3650:
3646:
3642:
3638:
3625:
3621:
3617:
3613:
3610:
3606:
3602:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3585:
3582:
3578:
3575:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3550:
3549:
3541:
3539:
3535:
3530:
3528:
3527:San Francisco
3524:
3520:
3514:
3513:discussions.
3512:
3508:
3504:
3503:virtual space
3500:
3495:
3493:
3489:
3479:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3464:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3441:
3437:
3427:
3422:
3412:
3410:
3406:
3401:
3398:
3388:
3386:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3359:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3344:
3339:
3338:
3333:
3327:
3317:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3297:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3269:
3267:
3263:
3262:trojan horses
3259:
3249:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3238:computer worm
3232:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3201:
3197:
3194:
3191:
3190:
3189:
3186:
3183:
3178:
3169:
3165:
3163:
3157:
3155:
3149:
3145:
3143:
3142:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3115:
3113:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3096:
3092:
3082:
3080:
3076:
3071:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3052:
3050:
3040:
3038:
3034:
3027:Energy sector
3024:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3005:insulin pumps
3002:
2998:
2993:
2989:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2939:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2924:
2922:
2918:
2917:traffic light
2914:
2904:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2876:
2874:
2870:
2864:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2849:
2847:
2843:
2838:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2792:
2790:
2786:
2785:Sony Pictures
2782:
2778:
2774:
2769:
2765:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2746:data breaches
2743:
2733:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2709:
2707:
2703:
2693:
2691:
2687:
2682:
2679:
2675:
2672:devices like
2671:
2667:
2663:
2662:smart watches
2659:
2655:
2645:
2643:
2638:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2603:
2601:
2597:
2592:
2588:
2585:
2575:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2543:
2541:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2519:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2508:interoperable
2505:
2501:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2479:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2431:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2378:
2375:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2307:
2300:
2298:
2289:
2286:
2283:
2280:
2276:
2271:
2270:
2269:
2267:
2257:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2238:cyber hygiene
2235:
2230:
2226:
2224:
2219:
2215:
2214:cyber hygiene
2211:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2184:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2170:
2166:
2161:
2159:
2154:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2120:
2119:for example.
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2105:
2100:
2099:secure coding
2094:
2093:Secure coding
2087:Secure coding
2084:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2068:
2055:
2052:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2011:
2007:
2004:
2000:
1997:
1994:
1991:
1988:
1984:
1979:
1975:
1974:
1973:
1971:
1967:
1961:
1951:
1949:
1944:
1940:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1925:
1923:
1919:
1914:
1910:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1882:
1880:
1875:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1860:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1844:
1834:
1830:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1819:Apache Hadoop
1816:
1811:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1792:network stack
1789:
1785:
1781:
1773:
1769:
1766:
1763:
1759:
1756:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1738:
1734:
1731:
1728:
1724:
1721:
1717:
1716:
1715:
1706:
1700:
1697:
1694:
1693:
1692:
1688:
1676:
1672:
1669:
1665:
1662:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1650:fail insecure
1647:
1643:
1640:
1637:
1634:
1630:
1627:
1624:
1621:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1609:
1608:
1602:
1598:
1595:
1592:
1589:
1588:
1587:
1584:
1580:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1561:
1548:
1547:
1541:
1538:
1535:
1532:
1531:
1530:
1529:
1525:
1522:
1519:
1516:
1515:
1514:
1510:
1507:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1475:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1452:
1450:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1431:
1428:
1425:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1411:
1408:
1404:
1401:
1398:
1394:
1391:
1390:
1389:
1387:
1380:
1370:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1357:
1352:
1350:
1346:
1341:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1322:
1319:
1312:
1298:
1294:
1293:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1274:
1269:
1268:vulnerability
1264:
1255:
1253:
1248:
1245:
1244:look and feel
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1189:
1180:
1176:
1166:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1152:
1147:
1143:
1140:
1139:
1138:
1136:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1101:
1098:
1094:
1091:
1087:
1086:Trojan horses
1084:
1081:
1077:
1074:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1042:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1015:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1000:
998:
993:
990:
989:Eavesdropping
984:Eavesdropping
981:
978:
973:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
940:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
909:
907:
902:
899:
895:
890:
887:
883:
879:
875:
865:
863:
858:
856:
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2452:bank account
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2320:Anti-malware
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1777:
1770:Forward web
1757:
1748:audit trails
1727:cryptography
1720:user account
1712:
1704:
1689:
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1674:
1664:Audit trails
1649:
1648:rather than
1645:
1633:unit testing
1629:Code reviews
1606:
1585:
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1511:
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1472:surveillance
1462:describes a
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1413:MAC spoofing
1396:
1382:
1363:Peter Feigin
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1236:text message
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1157:DNS spoofing
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1079:
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1023:NarusInSight
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608:Input/output
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495:
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471:Publications
383:
316:Trojan horse
281:HackThisSite
100:
29:
15838:Video games
15818:Digital art
15575:Concurrency
15444:Data mining
15356:Probability
15096:Interpreter
14767:Misuse case
14601:Infostealer
14576:Email fraud
14541:Data breach
14376:Cybergeddon
14145:Lee, Newton
14125:. Seattle:
12960:10945/60589
12233:(full text)
12159:18 December
12133:18 December
12107:18 December
12016:19 February
11968:22 November
11456:(2): 5–12.
11299:(9): 8–16.
11184:25 February
10916:18 February
10821:12 December
10463:29 December
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10252:29 December
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10160:29 December
10130:29 December
10101:29 December
9438:25 November
9106:18 December
8924:29 November
8893:29 November
8863:21 December
8853:Fortune.com
8686:www.dhs.gov
8577:21 November
8174:27 December
8015:7 September
7756:19 December
7617:16 November
7585:16 November
7435:18 December
7310:19 December
7285:19 December
7260:19 December
7009:25 February
6983:25 February
6930:25 February
6830:18 December
6779:18 December
6751:11 December
6600:verizon.com
6507:22 February
6110:17 February
5939:verizon.com
5915:30 November
5851:www.ibm.com
5704:30 November
5614:nordvpn.com
5594:30 November
5566:30 November
5538:30 November
5430:www.cve.org
5014:Attack tree
4995:Willis Ware
4960:Susan Nycum
4920:Paul Kocher
4835:Annie Anton
4769:Morris worm
4762:Markus Hess
4709:Ware Report
4701:Willis Ware
4662:Logic bombs
4613:microkernel
4547:shared keys
4495:cyberattack
4487:attribution
4312:smart cards
4278:Terminology
3811:§ 1030
3801:Legislation
3763:South Korea
3488:regulations
3468:dynamic DNS
3453:or form of
3370:broke into
3286:credit card
3231:Morris worm
3182:data breach
3066:-compliant
3056:HTTP server
2956:electronics
2891:. Unlike a
2795:Automobiles
2706:tele-health
2654:Smartphones
2540:mall kiosks
2516:source code
2512:open source
2495:domain name
2476:credit card
2149:(ACLs) and
2109:correctness
1646:fail secure
1369:tax forms.
1201:discrepancy
1109:which uses
800:exploitable
769:metal locks
726:televisions
722:smartphones
588:File system
484:Hacker News
371:Infostealer
154:Conferences
108:Hackerspace
15911:Categories
15896:Glossaries
15768:E-commerce
15361:Statistics
15304:Algorithms
15101:Middleware
14957:Peripheral
14832:Encryption
14708:Web shells
14648:Ransomware
14596:Hacktivism
14359:Cybercrime
13956:9 February
13918:8 February
13892:4 December
13852:23 January
13826:23 January
13666:16 January
13559:13 October
13534:13 October
13483:31 October
13457:31 October
13436:23 October
13232:ico.org.uk
13107:10 October
12679:4 November
12531:3 December
12388:9 December
11946:3 November
11894:1 November
11864:3 November
11834:3 November
11804:1 November
11774:1 November
11744:1 November
11714:3 November
11684:3 November
11649:1 November
11616:1 November
11391:3 November
11326:3 December
10976:30 October
10943:30 October
10731:1224516855
10620:4 December
10594:4 December
9926:4 November
9893:4 November
9481:3 February
9413:22 January
9381:22 January
9350:22 January
9320:22 January
9290:22 January
9224:22 January
9194:22 January
9164:4 November
8986:8 November
8788:(8): 127.
8691:3 February
7931:CSO Online
7797:: 554–563.
6851:Techopedia
6602:(Report).
6482:7 December
6422:9 February
6391:2014942635
6313:"spoofing"
6296:16 January
6172:7 December
6140:24 October
6084:6 December
6034:6 December
5958:MSSP Alert
5857:6 December
5820:5 December
5796:5 December
5760:5 December
5732:4 December
5679:4 December
5649:4 December
5397:(2): 1–4.
5249:References
4850:Matt Blaze
4795:protection
4679:Since the
4650:key logger
4643:open ports
4618:user space
4600:Honey pots
4527:Encryption
4491:cybercrime
4451:Capability
4392:namespaces
3855:President
3791:cyberspace
3777:Cyber Plan
3507:blockchain
3499:cyberspace
3492:power-grid
3376:Home Depot
3290:debit card
3060:smart card
3013:Windows XP
3009:ransomware
3001:pacemakers
2986:See also:
2907:Government
2873:Nuevo León
2799:See also:
2777:hacktivist
2750:Home Depot
2696:Healthcare
2617:to reduce
2556:power grid
2527:MasterCard
2478:security.
2340:Anti-theft
2181:E language
2113:algorithms
2044:sandboxing
2036:buildings.
1958:See also:
1918:backing up
1868:open ports
1825:to detect
1725:and using
1238:, or on a
1117:, trigger
1097:keyloggers
1055:ransomware
954:keyloggers
921:IP address
896:often use
851:ransomware
761:encryption
598:Networking
578:Interrupts
341:Logic bomb
336:Ransomware
113:Hacktivism
15717:Rendering
15712:Animation
15343:computing
15294:Semantics
14992:Processor
14663:Shellcode
14658:Scareware
14506:Crimeware
14466:Backdoors
14243:1877-0509
14200:216704215
14192:1556-5068
14101:0145-2096
14034:224886794
14026:0020-8183
13769:1934-1547
13388:20 August
13326:9 January
13300:9 January
13212:4 January
13186:1 January
13031:. Wiley.
13012:146145942
13004:0095-327X
12969:2183-2463
12918:2214-6296
12884:: 36–40.
12795:NEI 08-09
12792:Refer to
12722:2340-1117
12348:Infragard
11007:16 August
10698:152277480
10663:1927-0321
10589:0362-4331
10415:The Verge
9520:CiteSeerX
9433:nhtsa.gov
9073:4 January
9062:CNN Money
8604:9 January
8456:CNN Money
8100:8 October
8070:8 October
8044:9 October
7989:8 October
7963:8 October
7937:8 October
7825:CiteSeerX
7733:226767829
7725:2327-4662
7668:1424-8220
6907:0001-0782
6861:9 October
6805:4 January
6641:: 46–52.
6579:2340-1095
6383:2191-6594
6340:8 October
6029:187294508
5884:: 24–31.
5620:3 January
5482:17 August
5369:2071-1050
5280:1558-7215
5000:Moti Yung
4980:Dawn Song
4840:Adam Back
4774:In 1993,
4720:CIA triad
4639:port scan
4632:port scan
4567:Firewalls
4485:, is an
4316:biometric
4304:passwords
4090:licensees
3962:The U.S.
3923:InfraGard
3857:Joe Biden
3834:In 2013,
3824:18 U.S.C.
3805:The 1986
3697:Australia
3574:Microsoft
3519:R. Clarke
3472:fast flux
3236:internet
3011:attacks,
2869:Monterrey
2781:Anonymous
2729:Microsoft
2627:Australia
2611:microchip
2242:Vint Cerf
2167:(MAC) or
2029:biometric
2017:Bluetooth
2009:networks.
1922:insurance
1780:firewalls
1744:forensics
1733:Firewalls
1654:fail-safe
1460:Tampering
1455:Tampering
1427:Biometric
1419:of their
1340:attacks.
1300:accounts.
1103:Scareware
1072:computer.
1019:Carnivore
894:Criminals
882:algorithm
757:passwords
746:elections
459:Blue team
451:(defunct)
445:(defunct)
439:(defunct)
433:(defunct)
421:Anonymous
361:Web shell
211:Crimeware
191:Summercon
139:White hat
129:Black hat
122:Types of
96:Hackathon
57:Phreaking
15876:Category
15704:Graphics
15479:Security
15148:Compiler
15047:Networks
14944:Hardware
14837:Firewall
14742:Defenses
14668:Spamming
14653:Rootkits
14626:Phishing
14586:Exploits
14147:(2015).
14062:Archived
14050:. NATO.
13777:18929482
13724:Archived
13631:Archived
13627:nist.gov
13605:17609542
13509:15 March
13503:Archived
13477:Archived
13379:Archived
13320:Archived
13294:Archived
13268:Archived
13250:Archived
13180:cisa.gov
13160:30 April
13134:24 April
13128:Archived
13076:23 March
12824:16 April
12818:Archived
12745:Archived
12670:Archived
12640:Archived
12609:Archived
12557:Archived
12408:Archived
12352:Archived
12330:Archived
12312:Archived
12277:Archived
12176: at
12056:Archived
11988:Archived
11940:Archived
11918:Archived
11888:Archived
11858:Archived
11828:Archived
11798:Archived
11768:Archived
11738:Archived
11708:Archived
11678:Archived
11643:Archived
11610:Archived
11588:Archived
11570:Archived
11552:Archived
11385:Archived
11367:Archived
11349:Archived
11278:Archived
11255:Archived
11209:Archived
11178:Archived
11156:Archived
11107:Archived
11073:Archived
11042:Archived
11001:Archived
10937:Archived
10910:Archived
10887:Archived
10883:CBS News
10864:Archived
10839:Archived
10815:Archived
10794:Archived
10751:13 March
10454:Archived
10419:Archived
10388:Archived
10362:Archived
10336:Archived
10306:Archived
10302:BBC News
10276:Archived
10272:BBC News
10246:Archived
10215:Archived
10184:Archived
10180:NBC News
10154:Archived
10124:Archived
10095:Archived
10064:Archived
10034:Archived
10003:Archived
9973:Archived
9951:Archived
9917:Archived
9884:Archived
9851:Archived
9778:Archived
9722:Archived
9699:Archived
9672:Archived
9641:Archived
9570:Archived
9566:BBC News
9548:Archived
9404:Archived
9375:Archived
9344:Archived
9314:Archived
9284:Archived
9258:Archived
9218:Archived
9188:Archived
9155:Archived
9134:Archived
9100:Archived
9067:Archived
9040:29 March
9034:Archived
9013:29 March
9007:Archived
8980:Archived
8949:Archived
8918:Archived
8887:Archived
8857:Archived
8835:Archived
8831:CNNMoney
8812:28733949
8744:Archived
8642:Archived
8624:Archived
8598:Aerogram
8571:Archived
8546:19 March
8540:Archived
8518:Archived
8466:16 April
8460:Archived
8371:: 1253.
8300: at
7686:35898079
7608:Archived
7560:20 March
7554:Archived
7530:26 April
7481:Archived
7461:20 March
7455:Archived
7426:Archived
7402:20 March
7396:Archived
7376:20 March
7370:Archived
7132:44585546
6951:Archived
6855:Archived
6725:Archived
6604:Archived
6453:3 August
6447:Archived
6399:27594864
6290:Archived
6260:Archived
6209:16 April
6200:Archived
5755:Fortinet
5508:25 March
5468:"Ghidra"
5435:12 April
5409:Archived
5007:See also
4776:Netscape
4685:academia
4681:Internet
4539:breaking
4504:systems.
4407:AppArmor
4318:systems.
4086:U.S. NRC
3950:networks
3887:Agencies
3745:CERT- In
3639:and the
3597:AT&T
3593:Facebook
3558:AT&T
3407:such as
3368:Rescator
3122:As with
2960:software
2952:embedded
2936:Pentagon
2913:military
2879:Shipping
2668:such as
2584:aviation
2578:Aviation
2366:Firewall
2246:Congress
2153:(RBAC).
1853:firmware
1815:big data
1788:Internet
1758:Response
1746:, while
1617:attacker
1386:phishing
1373:Spoofing
1338:phishing
1286:phishing
1224:Phishing
1197:received
1183:Phishing
1002:Using a
968:and the
880:, or an
874:backdoor
868:Backdoor
847:phishing
779:schema.
710:Internet
699:services
691:software
687:hardware
679:networks
603:Security
455:Red team
311:Backdoor
186:ShmooCon
134:Grey hat
15942:Malware
15886:Outline
14678:Spyware
14621:Payload
14616:Malware
14556:Viruses
14536:Botnets
14443:Threats
14208:3220475
13847:fbi.gov
13801:12 June
13640:19 June
13356:19 June
12886:Bibcode
12857:15 June
12751:15 June
12743:. IDG.
12636:Nextgov
12482:10 July
12453:20 June
12404:"CCIPS"
12283:14 June
12254:14 June
11584:"MAAWG"
11566:"MAAWG"
11528:. FIRST
11506:. FIRST
11347:. TED.
11251:Reuters
11174:Reuters
11048:11 June
11015:Verizon
10747:. iCIMS
10562:1500788
9857:26 June
9828:4732406
9784:26 June
9184:AOL.com
8945:Reuters
8803:5522514
8666:15 June
8567:Reuters
8400:2765010
8377:2996896
7893:6185138
7847:1958270
7751:Tech.co
7677:9331300
7646:Bibcode
7638:Sensors
7350:12 June
6978:F5 Labs
6957:13 July
6196:upc.edu
6130:Trellix
5472:nsa.gov
5295:at the
5168:IT risk
5026:CAPTCHA
4746:ARPANET
4738:Creeper
4714:A 1977
4703:at the
4675:History
4624:Pinging
4571:logging
4535:ciphers
4533:secure
4445:Backups
4403:SELinux
4396:Cgroups
4376:OpenBSD
4372:FreeBSD
4330:malware
4286:Access
4150:Careers
4080:in the
4029:CERT/CC
4021:of the
4015:US-CERT
3554:US-CERT
3511:bitcoin
3451:malware
3306:Stuxnet
3199:remains
3128:vandals
2964:sensors
2893:barcode
2823:airbags
2762:Equifax
2754:Staples
2564:Stuxnet
2398:Sandbox
2171:(DAC).
2111:of the
2033:QR code
1978:dongles
1966:dongles
1872:malware
1667:tracks.
1449:Trellix
1217:webpage
1119:anxiety
1107:malware
1093:Spyware
1089:damage.
1080:without
1069:Viruses
1059:Bitcoin
1051:malware
1045:Malware
1039:TEMPEST
997:malware
995:Unlike
898:malware
862:threats
815:threats
809:exploit
750:finance
730:devices
683:threats
675:systems
443:LulzSec
331:Spyware
306:Rootkit
299:Malware
251:Payload
241:Exploit
171:DEF CON
124:hackers
50:History
14872:(SIEM)
14849:(HIDS)
14733:Zombie
14470:Bombs
14451:Adware
14277:
14258:
14241:
14206:
14198:
14190:
14155:
14133:
14099:
14054:
14032:
14024:
13977:about
13775:
13767:
13692:31 May
13603:
13408:GOV.UK
13043:
13010:
13002:
12967:
12916:
12720:
12710:
12646:23 May
12615:23 May
12589:23 May
12563:23 May
12428:9 July
11532:6 July
11510:6 July
11488:26 May
11412:Quartz
10729:
10719:
10696:
10661:
10587:
10560:
10489:4 July
10091:Forbes
10070:23 May
10040:23 May
10009:23 May
9979:23 May
9847:Forbes
9826:
9728:23 May
9678:5 June
9647:5 June
9522:
8955:23 May
8810:
8800:
8398:
8375:
8169:GOV.UK
8040:. 2014
8038:PcSite
7891:
7881:
7845:
7827:
7731:
7723:
7684:
7674:
7666:
7189:19 May
7155:
7130:
7120:
7084:
7059:
7032:
6905:
6801:. 2024
6577:
6567:
6397:
6389:
6381:
6371:
6331:
6266:20 May
6059:4 July
6027:
6017:
5910:McAfee
5787:
5643:McAfee
5561:GOV.UK
5367:
5278:
4812:Israel
4750:Reaper
4594:hacker
4553:using
4549:, and
4394:, and
4384:chroot
4314:, and
4187:other
4135:. The
4052:, the
4039:(SEI).
3826:
3813:, the
3809:
3674:Canada
3631:Europe
3609:Sprint
3570:McAfee
3356:Google
2966:, and
2934:, and
2807:, and
2779:group
2760:, and
2713:Humana
2625:, and
2554:, the
2502:, and
2410:(SIEM)
2250:Senate
2135:, and
2083:(CC).
2040:IOMMUs
2023:(LE),
1907:PikeOS
1901:, and
1804:kernel
1782:or an
1564:attack
1203:as rec
962:CD-ROM
933:botnet
804:attack
748:, and
712:, and
708:, the
657:(also
497:Phrack
414:Groups
346:Botnet
286:Zone-H
15289:Logic
15130:tools
14718:Worms
14713:Wiper
14631:Voice
14479:Logic
14196:S2CID
14077:(DOC)
14065:(PDF)
14048:(PDF)
14030:S2CID
13773:S2CID
13727:(PDF)
13712:(PDF)
13634:(PDF)
13623:(PDF)
13601:S2CID
13529:ISACA
13382:(PDF)
13375:(PDF)
13274:5 May
13008:S2CID
12673:(PDF)
12666:(PDF)
12082:(PDF)
11019:Obama
10970:(PDF)
10963:(PDF)
10906:Wired
10694:S2CID
10558:S2CID
10527:(PDF)
10457:(PDF)
10444:(PDF)
9920:(PDF)
9913:(PDF)
9887:(PDF)
9876:(PDF)
9824:S2CID
9804:(PDF)
9407:(PDF)
9400:(PDF)
9280:Wired
9261:(PDF)
9254:(PDF)
9158:(PDF)
9151:(PDF)
8717:1 May
8429:(PDF)
8418:(PDF)
8227:Wired
8034:(PDF)
7913:(PDF)
7889:S2CID
7867:(PDF)
7843:S2CID
7813:(PDF)
7791:(PDF)
7729:S2CID
7611:(PDF)
7604:(PDF)
7580:Apple
7429:(PDF)
7422:(PDF)
7218:(PDF)
7211:(PDF)
7183:(PDF)
7176:(PDF)
7128:S2CID
6925:ISACA
6728:(PDF)
6721:(PDF)
6704:(PDF)
6697:(PDF)
6607:(PDF)
6596:(PDF)
6395:S2CID
6240:7 May
6203:(PDF)
6192:(PDF)
6025:S2CID
5727:Kroll
5412:(PDF)
5387:(PDF)
5274:(2).
5211:OWASP
4368:Linux
4296:login
3839:13636
3731:India
3605:Cisco
3601:Apple
3566:Cisco
3562:Apple
3294:check
3095:virus
3058:in a
3037:Pepco
2954:with
2897:FedEx
2853:Tesla
2717:WebMD
2379:(IPS)
2373:(IDS)
2357:(CAD)
2002:time.
1903:SYSGO
1800:Linux
1772:proxy
1762:legal
1652:(see
1600:them.
1240:phone
1193:email
1115:shock
1076:Worms
1008:HTTPS
931:of a
693:, or
681:from
665:, or
321:Virus
89:ethic
15128:and
15001:Form
14997:Size
14484:Time
14474:Fork
14275:ISBN
14256:ISBN
14239:ISSN
14204:SSRN
14188:ISSN
14153:ISBN
14131:ISBN
14097:ISSN
14052:ISBN
14022:ISSN
13958:2021
13920:2021
13894:2023
13854:2024
13828:2024
13803:2024
13765:ISSN
13694:2012
13668:2021
13642:2020
13561:2023
13536:2023
13511:2014
13485:2011
13459:2011
13438:2021
13390:2021
13358:2017
13328:2015
13302:2015
13276:2013
13214:2022
13188:2022
13162:2013
13136:2014
13109:2021
13078:2016
13041:ISBN
13000:ISSN
12965:ISSN
12914:ISSN
12859:2017
12826:2015
12753:2008
12718:ISSN
12708:ISBN
12681:2016
12648:2016
12617:2016
12591:2016
12565:2016
12533:2014
12484:2010
12455:2020
12430:2018
12390:2009
12360:2010
12285:2008
12256:2008
12161:2023
12135:2023
12109:2023
12064:2013
12018:2018
11970:2023
11948:2014
11896:2014
11866:2014
11836:2014
11806:2014
11776:2014
11746:2014
11716:2014
11686:2014
11651:2014
11618:2014
11534:2018
11512:2018
11490:2020
11393:2015
11328:2023
11297:2015
11186:2017
11152:CNET
11050:2014
11009:2013
10978:2011
10945:2011
10918:2011
10823:2009
10753:2021
10727:OCLC
10717:ISBN
10659:ISSN
10622:2023
10596:2023
10585:ISSN
10491:2018
10465:2016
10427:2016
10396:2016
10370:2016
10344:2016
10314:2016
10284:2016
10254:2016
10223:2016
10192:2016
10162:2016
10132:2016
10103:2016
10072:2016
10042:2016
10011:2016
9981:2016
9928:2016
9895:2016
9859:2015
9786:2015
9756:2019
9730:2016
9680:2015
9649:2015
9597:Text
9578:2012
9483:2023
9440:2022
9415:2017
9383:2017
9352:2017
9322:2017
9292:2017
9226:2017
9196:2017
9166:2016
9108:2014
9075:2015
9042:2011
9015:2011
8988:2017
8957:2016
8926:2017
8895:2017
8865:2014
8808:PMID
8719:2023
8693:2023
8668:2017
8606:2024
8579:2021
8548:2020
8468:2015
8437:2023
8396:SSRN
8373:SSRN
8350:2018
8325:2018
8285:2018
8260:2018
8234:2018
8209:2018
8176:2023
8151:2018
8126:2018
8102:2018
8072:2018
8046:2020
8017:2019
7991:2018
7965:2018
7939:2018
7879:ISBN
7758:2023
7721:ISSN
7682:PMID
7664:ISSN
7619:2022
7587:2022
7562:2014
7532:2024
7463:2014
7437:2013
7404:2014
7378:2014
7352:2024
7312:2023
7287:2023
7262:2023
7191:2015
7153:ISBN
7118:ISBN
7082:ISBN
7057:ISBN
7030:ISBN
7011:2020
6985:2020
6959:2016
6932:2023
6903:ISSN
6863:2014
6832:2023
6807:2024
6781:2023
6753:2023
6680:2828
6615:2021
6575:ISSN
6565:ISBN
6509:2023
6484:2023
6455:2014
6424:2023
6387:LCCN
6379:ISSN
6369:ISBN
6342:2017
6329:ISBN
6298:2022
6268:2016
6242:2016
6211:2019
6174:2023
6142:2022
6112:2020
6086:2023
6061:2016
6036:2023
6015:ISBN
5917:2023
5859:2023
5822:2023
5798:2023
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