1050:, as stated above. In humans, however, rhodanese is concentrated in the kidneys (0.96 units/mg protein) and liver (0.15 u/mg), with concentrations in lung, brain, muscle and stomach not exceeding 0.03 U/ml. In all these tissues, it is found in the mitochondrial matrix, a site of low accessibility for ionized, inorganic species, such as thiosulfate. This compartmentalization of rhodanese in mammalian tissues leaves major targets of cyanide lethality, namely, the heart and central nervous system, unprotected. Rhodanese is also found in red blood cells, but its relative importance has not been clarified.)
418:
1188:
5693:
53:
983:(4-DMAP) has been proposed in Germany as a more rapid antidote than nitrites with (reportedly) lower toxicity. 4-DMAP is used currently by the German military and by the civilian population. In humans, intravenous injection of 3 mg/kg of 4-DMAP produces 35 percent methemoglobin levels within 1 minute. Reportedly, 4-DMAP is part of the US Cyanokit, while it is not part of the German Cyanokit due to side effects (e. g.
5717:
5705:
3302:
678:
above 40 ÎĽmol per liter. Lactate levels greater than 6 mmol/L after reported or strongly suspected pure cyanide poisoning, such as cyanide-containing smoke exposure, suggests significant cyanide exposure. However, lactate alone is not diagnostic of cyanide poisoning because lactosis is also triggered by many other things, including mitochondrial dysfunction.
1695:(20 April 2013), a prominent 41-year-old neuroscientist and physician, died from cyanide poisoning. Klein's husband, Robert J. Ferrante, also a prominent neuroscientist who used cyanide in his research, was convicted of murder and sentenced to life in prison for her death. Robert Ferrante is appealing his conviction, claiming the cyanide was a false positive.
854:, and limited applicability (effective only in cases of cyanide ingestion, whereas the main modes of poisoning are inhalation and skin contact). The HSE has also questioned the usefulness of amyl nitrite due to storage/availability problems, risk of abuse, and lack of evidence of significant benefits. It also states that the availability of
1673:(1966–2012), won the lottery and was found dead a few days later. A blood diagnostic reported a lethal level of cyanide in his blood, but the body did not display any classic symptoms of cyanide poisoning, and no link to cyanide could be found in Urooj's social circle. The diagnostic method used was the Conway diffusion method, prone to
1035:, both of which are rich in sugar; thus, Rasputin would have been administered the poison together with massive quantities of antidote. One study found a reduction in cyanide toxicity in mice when the cyanide was first mixed with glucose. However, as yet glucose on its own is not an officially acknowledged antidote to cyanide poisoning.
1667:(1942–1988) Her husband, Richard Overton, was convicted of poisoning her, but Janet's symptoms did not match those of classic cyanide poisoning, the timeline was inconsistent with cyanide poisoning, and the amount found was just a trace. The diagnostic method used was prone to false positives. Richard Overton died in prison in 2009.
1290:
of Zyklon B sold in
Germany in 1942–44, 56 tonnes (about eight percent of domestic sales) were sold to concentration camps. Auschwitz received 23.8 tonnes, of which six tonnes were used for fumigation. The remainder was used in the gas chambers or lost to spoilage (the product had a stated shelf life
677:
pathway. Cyanide poisoning inhibits aerobic respiration and therefore increases anaerobic glycolysis which causes a rise of lactate in the plasma. A lactate concentration above 10 mmol per liter is an indicator of cyanide poisoning, as defined by the presence of a blood cyanide concentration
1295:
and supplied them with Zyklon B. They also offered courses to the SS in the safe handling and use of the material for fumigation purposes. In April 1941, the German agriculture and interior ministries designated the SS as an authorized applier of the chemical, and thus they were able to use it
1009:
are quite toxic, and there have been accidents reported in the UK where patients have been given dicobalt-EDTA by mistake based on a false diagnosis of cyanide poisoning. Because of its side effects, it should be reserved only for patients with the most severe degree of exposure to cyanide;
1747:
media, was arrested by the Thai police for allegedly poisoning 11 of her friends and acquaintances, spanning 2020 to 2023, with 10 deaths and 1 surviving supposed victim. According to an ongoing investigation, the number of victims is currently at 20-30 persons, mostly dead with several
1375:
Heavy Water Plant in World War II (an attempt to stop or slow German atomic bomb progress), the commandos were given cyanide tablets (cyanide enclosed in rubber) kept in the mouth and were instructed to bite into them in case of German capture. The tablets ensured death within three
1467:. A total of 909 individuals died in Jonestown, many from apparent cyanide poisoning, in an event termed "revolutionary suicide" by Jones and some members on an audio tape of the event and in prior discussions. The poisonings in Jonestown followed the murder of five others by
1160:. After the fire, the technical institution INTI found that the level of toxicity due to the materials and volume of the building was 225 ppm of cyanide in the air. A lethal dose for rats is between 150 ppm and 220 ppm, meaning the air in the building was highly toxic.
934:(thiosulfate cyanide sulfurtransferase), which uses thiosulfate as a substrate. However, this reaction occurs too slowly in the body for thiosulfate to be adequate by itself in acute cyanide poisoning. Thiosulfate must therefore be used in combination with nitrites.
1126:
has historically been used as an antidote to cyanide poisoning, but is not a preferred therapy due to its theoretical risk of worsening of cyanide symptoms by displacement of cyanide from methemoglobin, allowing the toxin to bind to tissue electron transport
1004:
or dicobalt-EDTA, sold as
Kelocyanor. This agent chelates cyanide as the cobalticyanide. This drug provides an antidote effect more quickly than formation of methemoglobin, but a clear superiority to methemoglobin formation has not been demonstrated. Cobalt
1460:, was arrested. During the interrogations, Ogorodnik offered to write a full confession and asked for his pen. Inside the pen cap was a hidden cyanide pill, which when bitten on, caused Ogorodnik to die before he hit the floor, according to the Soviets.
1063:), which is more widely distributed in mammalian tissues than rhodanese, is being explored. 3-MPST converts cyanide to thiocyanate, using the cysteine catabolite, 3-mercaptopyruvate (3-MP). However, 3-MP is extremely unstable chemically. Therefore, a
1566:
In 2000, Allen Elias, CEO of
Evergreen Resources was convicted of knowing endangerment for his role in the cyanide poisoning of employee Scott Dominguez. This was one of the first successful criminal prosecutions of a corporate executive by the
1727:, was arrested in 2019 for the murder of 6 family members. Murders took place over a 14-year period, and each victim ate a meal prepared by the killer. The murders were allegedly motivated by wanting control of the family finances and property.
1645:, was convicted of Tim's murder plus four counts of attempted murder. O'Bryan put potassium cyanide into five giant Pixy Stix that he gave to his son and daughter along with three other children. Only Timothy ate the poisoned candy and died.
4042:
641:
Cyanide is a broad-spectrum poison because the reaction it inhibits is essential to aerobic metabolism; COX is found in many forms of life. However, susceptibility to cyanide is far from uniform across affected species; for instance,
1737:, collapsed and died in April 2017, with cyanide later reported to be in her blood. However, Mei never exhibited symptoms of cyanide poisoning and no link to cyanide could be found in her life. Another likely false positive.
3964:
1026:
It has also been anecdotally suggested that glucose is itself an effective counteragent to cyanide, reacting with it to form less toxic compounds that can be eliminated by the body. One theory on the apparent immunity of
366:, and perceived difficulty in breathing. At the first stages of unconsciousness, breathing is often sufficient or even rapid, although the state of the person progresses towards a deep coma, sometimes accompanied by
4683:
4668:
3581:
282:. Blood levels of cyanide can be measured but take time. Levels of 0.5–1 mg/L are mild, 1–2 mg/L are moderate, 2–3 mg/L are severe, and greater than 3 mg/L generally result in death.
3800:". "The SS learned in 1944 that the expiration dates on the Zyklon tins were not hard and fast. All in all, it seems reasonable to assume that the SS over- rather than underdosed ..." —Peter Hayes
926:'s use is based on animal studies and case reports: the small quantities of cyanide present in dietary sources and in cigarette smoke are normally metabolized to relatively harmless thiocyanate by the
788:, sodium nitrite, 4-dimethylaminophenol, hydroxocobalamin, and dicobalt edetate ('Kelocyanor'), as well as several others. Another commonly-recommended antidote is 'solutions A and B' (a solution of
1024:
protects against cobalt toxicity associated with the antidote agent dicobalt edetate. For this reason, glucose is often administered alongside this agent (e.g. in the formulation 'Kelocyanor').
4285:
4034:
5757:
4262:
4348:
768:
Decontamination of people exposed to hydrogen cyanide gas only requires removal of the outer clothing and the washing of their hair. Those exposed to liquids or powders generally require
4379:
393:
roots; cassava is a staple food in various parts of West Africa) results in increased blood cyanide levels, which can result in weakness and a variety of symptoms, including permanent
2194:
4317:
858:
at the workplace may mislead doctors into treating a patient for cyanide poisoning when this is an erroneous diagnosis. The HSE no longer recommends a particular cyanide antidote.
4519:
Suman SG, Gretarsdottir JM, Sigel A, Freisinger E, Sigel RK, Carver PL (2019). "Chapter 14. Chemical and
Clinical Aspects of Metal-Containing Antidotes for Poisoning by Cyanide".
3891:
556:(also spelled hydroxycobalamin), might reduce the negative effects of chronic exposure; whereas, a deficiency might worsen negative health effects following exposure to cyanide.
3865:
1430:, and forced to undergo hormonal castration to avoid prison. An inquest determined that Turing's death from cyanide poisoning was a suicide, although this has been disputed.
724:
that cross-react with the pyridine-barbiturate assay. Meanwhile, the taurine-fluorescence-HPLC assay used for cyanide detection is identical to the assay used to detect
3612:
1867:
Soviet officials initially stated that over four million people were murdered using Zyklon B at
Auschwitz, but this figure was later proven to be greatly exaggerated.
1634:
1531:
5660:
3978:
3723:
3577:
3787:
2460:
381:. A fatal dose for humans can be as low as 1.5 mg/kg body weight. Other sources claim a lethal dose is 1–3 mg per kg body weight for vertebrates.
1692:
1246:, and by far the majority of these murders took place at Auschwitz. The constituents of Zyklon B were manufactured by several companies under licenses for
4416:
3366:
Aminlari M, Malekhusseini A, Akrami F, Ebrahimnejad H (2006). "Cyanide-metabolizing enzyme rhodanese in human tissues: Comparison with domestic animals".
4126:
3956:
3352:
2601:
Sousa AB, Soto-Blanco B, Guerra JL, Kimura ET, Gorniak SL (2002). "Does prolonged oral exposure to cyanide promote hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity?".
3113:
2318:
1814:
of cobalamin. It has greater affinity for the cyanide than cobalamin itself, which suggests that it could be a better option for emergency treatment.
5085:
1449:
lasted from 1983 to 2009), used to wear cyanide vials around their necks with the intention of dying by suicide if captured by the government forces.
4231:
4772:
4401:
4072:
2587:
784:
issued a survey (IPCS/CEC Evaluation of
Antidotes Series) that lists the following antidotal agents and their effects: oxygen, sodium thiosulfate,
634:, which can then compete with COX for free cyanide (as the cyanide will bind to the iron in its heme groups instead). Ferrihemoglobin cannot carry
4254:
1664:
4340:
4486:
1730:
4371:
1156:
on 30 December 2004, killing 194 people and leaving at least 1,492 injured. Most of the victims died from inhaling poisonous gases, including
638:, but the amount of ferrihemoglobin that can be formed without impairing oxygen transport is much greater than the amount of COX in the body.
1568:
2186:
1807:
1670:
4307:
3190:
2084:
1105:
cyanide quickly in low doses (smokers breathe in hydrogen cyanide, but it is such a small amount and metabolized so fast that it does not
3444:
Alexander K, Procell LR, Kirby SD, Baskin SI (1989). "The inactivation of rhodanese by nitrite and inhibition by other anions in vitro".
1905:
740:
3887:
3037:
5631:
4430:
2906:
2223:
781:
3401:
Baskin SI, Horowitz AM, Nealley EW (1992). "The antidotal action of sodium nitrite and sodium thiosulfate against cyanide poisoning".
354:, with death following in a matter of seconds. At lower doses, loss of consciousness may be preceded by general weakness, dizziness,
3242:
1145:
4372:"Sunset Park family reeling after they learn their matriarch had high levels of cyanide in her blood when she died – NY Daily News"
3861:
3014:
2258:
701:
2804:
Crampton RF, Gaunt IF, Harris R, et al. (1979). "Effects of low cobalamin diet and chronic cyanide toxicity in baboons".
1000:
ions, being chemically similar to iron ions, can also bind cyanide. One current cobalt-based antidote available in Europe is
4641:
4606:
4584:
4536:
4163:
4035:"Recordando: "A tres años de la muerte de 7 personas por un escape de gas tĂłxico no hay culpables" (artĂculo del 28/09/1996)"
3931:
3754:
3645:
3296:
2940:
2729:
2353:
2123:
2078:
1899:
603:
which would otherwise occur at this stage. Therefore, cyanide interferes not only with aerobic respiration but also with the
4461:
4004:
259:, and certain seeds such as those of apples and apricots. Liquid forms of cyanide can be absorbed through the skin. Cyanide
4765:
4096:
3286:
1053:
3838:
2519:
Soto-Blanco B, Gorniak SL (2004). "Prenatal toxicity of cyanide in goats—a model for teratological studies in ruminants".
3982:
2747:"Evaluation of the health risks related to the presence of cyanogenic glycosides in foods other than raw apricot kernels"
1674:
1286:
and Testa to
Auschwitz and Majdanek. Camps also occasionally bought Zyklon B directly from the manufacturers. Of the 729
1275:
1175:, caused the poisoning of hundreds of young people by cyanide released by the combustion of soundproofing foam made with
705:
3717:
4187:
3216:
2425:"Comparative effects of prolonged administration of cyanide, thiocyanate and chokecherry (Prunus virginiana) to goats"
1552:. In their memory, the National Environmental Conscious Day (DĂa Nacional de la Conciencia Ambiental) was established.
5202:
2859:
1427:
2482:
Soto-Blanco B, Maiorka PC, Gorniak SL (2002). "Neuropathologic study of long term cyanide administration to goats".
1422:
used an apple that had been injected with a solution of cyanide to die by suicide after being convicted of having a
1334:
Cyanide salts are sometimes used as fast-acting suicide devices. Cyanide reacts at a higher level with high stomach
370:, and finally cardiac arrest. A cherry red skin color that darkens may be present as the result of increased venous
5721:
5516:
3604:
1442:
1438:
17:
3144:
3038:"Diagnosis and management of mitochondrial disease: a consensus statement from the Mitochondrial Medicine Society"
2424:
4758:
4209:
3344:
1453:
2314:
5334:
5329:
1584:, a murderer who in 1845 became the first person to be arrested as the result of telecommunications technology.
1168:
4118:
2377:
Soto-Blanco B, Maiorka PC, Gorniak SL (2002). "Effects of long-term low-dose cyanide administration to rats".
232:. Onset of symptoms usually occurs within a few minutes. Some survivors have long-term neurological problems.
5601:
5339:
5027:
2644:
Manzano H, de Sousa AB, Soto-Blanco B, et al. (2007). "Effects of long-term cyanide ingestion by pigs".
1966:
Anseeuw K, Delvau N, Burillo-Putze G, De Iaco F, Geldner G, Holmström P, Lambert Y, Sabbe M (February 2013).
1698:
3105:
2877:"Interaction of Cyanide and Nitric Oxide with Cytochrome c Oxidase: Implications for Acute Cyanide Toxicity"
839:, a less toxic substance. Alternative methods of treating cyanide intoxication are used in other countries.
5157:
2484:
1652:
1556:
374:
5709:
5324:
4223:
3797:
1457:
1263:
682:
274:
Diagnosis is often difficult. It may be suspected in a person following a house fire who has a decreased
4064:
445:, or the inhalation of hydrogen cyanide gas. The last typically occurs through one of three mechanisms:
5443:
5062:
1046:
The most widely studied cyanide-metabolizing pathway involves utilization of thiosulfate by the enzyme
2290:
565:
5596:
5102:
5090:
5032:
1740:
1279:
588:
577:
4497:
1346:
died by suicide by ingesting cyanide in a court anteroom immediately after being convicted of fraud.
5591:
5512:
5314:
4698:
3316:
Nagler J, Provoost RA, Parizel G (1978). "Hydrogen cyanide poisoning: Treatment with cobalt EDTA".
1057:
843:
596:
5641:
5262:
5172:
4976:
4594:
3095:
Forensic
Toxicology: Principles and Concepts By Nicholas T Lappas, Courtney M Lappas, Chapter 10.
1642:
1628:
1080:
832:
2418:
2416:
1456:, a Soviet diplomat accused of spying on behalf of the Colombian Intelligence Agency and the US
389:
Exposure to lower levels of cyanide over a long period (e.g., after use of improperly processed
4986:
3186:
2068:
1702:
275:
77:
4633:
4626:
3481:"A novel paradigm for assessing efficacies of potential antidotes against neurotoxins in mice"
1889:
5309:
5212:
5192:
3957:"Michael Marin, former Wall Street trader, took cyanide after arson conviction, says autopsy"
3635:
2581:
2413:
1780:
with a remote controlled motor to rupture them, in what was believed to be an attempt by the
1678:
1259:
980:
975:
769:
717:
286:
4523:. Metal Ions in Life Sciences, vol. 19. Vol. 19. Berlin: de Gruyter. pp. 359–391.
2876:
2219:
646:
have an alternative electron transfer pathway available that passes electrons directly from
5752:
5554:
5167:
5152:
4968:
4434:
2813:
2610:
2386:
1823:
1795:
1368:
1214:
would become central to understanding the lethality of future gas chambers. In early 1942,
1207:
666:
600:
285:
If exposure is suspected, the person should be removed from the source of the exposure and
264:
256:
3578:"NĂşmero de pessoas mortas em incĂŞndio em boate em Santa Maria, no RS, Ă© revisado para 232"
3169:
1766:
8:
5697:
5636:
5360:
5319:
5126:
5079:
5022:
4847:
4821:
4687:
4155:
4149:
3234:
3127:
2532:
1637:(1966–1974) died on October 31, 1974, by ingesting potassium cyanide placed into a giant
1271:
1164:
1006:
729:
674:
442:
434:
417:
306:
2817:
2614:
2390:
2030:
Hamel J (February 2011). "A review of acute cyanide poisoning with a treatment update".
514:
5549:
5413:
5257:
5252:
5247:
5197:
5057:
4872:
4550:
4395:
3554:
3529:
3505:
3480:
3426:
3414:
3383:
3073:
3006:
2973:
2786:
2773:
2746:
2669:
2452:
2167:
2115:
1997:
1833:
1798:
system. The attack was supposedly aborted because there would not be enough casualties.
1610:
1560:
1480:
1328:
1316:
1300:
1235:
1223:
1040:
923:
816:
709:
573:
429:
Cyanide poisoning can result from the ingestion of cyanide salts, imbibing pure liquid
84:
4692:
4521:
Essential Metals in
Medicine: Therapeutic Use and Toxicity of Metal Ions in the Clinic
2982:
2957:
2622:
2572:
2555:
2497:
1501:
ingested a cyanide pill seconds after a guilty verdict was read in his arson trial in
5747:
5679:
5239:
5162:
5095:
4991:
4958:
4895:
4862:
4852:
4811:
4709:
4637:
4617:
4602:
4580:
4542:
4532:
4159:
3927:
3921:
3862:"Execution by gas in Md. To end next week Killer Hunt's death will be last by method"
3750:
3641:
3559:
3510:
3461:
3418:
3325:
3292:
3271:
3256:
Hanzlik PJ (4 February 1933). "Methylene blue as an antidote for cyanide poisoning".
3078:
3060:
2987:
2936:
2898:
2855:
2829:
2825:
2790:
2778:
2725:
2661:
2626:
2536:
2501:
2444:
2402:
2359:
2349:
2250:
2159:
2119:
2074:
2047:
1989:
1895:
1709:. Police reports claim that cyanide poisoning was the most likely cause of her death.
1658:
1618:
1594:
1523:
1361:
1304:
1303:
in some states of the United States, where cyanide was generated by reaction between
1255:
904:
896:
736:
465:
359:
157:
68:
5225:
4750:
4554:
4119:"A Life 'Trashed' in Cyanide Tank Long Prison Term Predicted in Environmental Crime"
3430:
3387:
2456:
2171:
2001:
1762:
owing to unknown chemical nerve agents. Hydrogen cyanide gas was strongly suspected.
1412:
846:(HSE) has recommended against the use of solutions A and B because of their limited
5220:
5182:
5177:
5112:
5005:
4900:
4524:
3549:
3541:
3500:
3492:
3453:
3410:
3375:
3267:
3068:
3052:
2977:
2969:
2888:
2821:
2768:
2758:
2700:
2673:
2653:
2618:
2567:
2528:
2493:
2436:
2394:
2341:
2151:
2111:
2039:
1979:
1759:
1587:
1519:
1502:
1434:
1404:
1028:
1001:
992:
944:
939:
820:
797:
553:
363:
335:
294:
236:
181:
4738:
5399:
5187:
5107:
4905:
4887:
4703:
4572:
4491:
4468:
4449:
Chemical and
Biological Warfare: A Comprehensive Survey for the Concerned Citizen
4100:
4012:
3906:
Bomb: The Race to Build – and Steal – the World's Most Dangerous Weapon
3496:
2155:
1984:
1967:
1843:
1828:
1490:
died in custody after having ingested cyanide pills he had sewn into his clothes.
1479:, an act that Jones ordered. Four other Temple members died by murder-suicide in
1446:
1350:
1343:
1157:
1106:
789:
367:
290:
248:
177:
173:
145:
4093:
3029:
2142:
Thompson JP, Marrs TC (December 2012). "Hydroxocobalamin in cyanide poisoning".
5606:
5579:
5502:
5469:
5404:
5144:
4910:
4857:
4621:
3834:
3258:
1773:
1682:
1648:
1614:
1600:
1468:
1408:
1308:
1211:
1123:
1094:
1089:
963:
908:
851:
828:
812:
591:
of it). This prevents electrons passing through COX from being transferred to O
526:
522:
518:
484:
469:
402:
351:
229:
110:
4714:
4677:
4528:
3379:
3145:"Drug Approval Package: Cyanokit (hydroxocobalamin for injection) NDA #022041"
2705:
2688:
2657:
1651:
and Sue Snow (5 June 1986) Murdered by Stella Nickell who poisoned bottles of
1508:
On 22 June 2015, John B. McLemore, a horologist and the central figure of the
5741:
5474:
5365:
5287:
5135:
4920:
4877:
4793:
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1777:
1498:
1423:
1384:
1312:
1267:
1227:
927:
900:
890:
631:
604:
507:
492:
473:
438:
163:
4981:
4255:"Lottery winner's cyanide poisoning death remains unsolved five years later"
4179:
2893:
2744:
1218:, which contains hydrogen cyanide, emerged as the preferred killing tool of
576:, because it interferes with the ability of cells to take or use oxygen via
5490:
5304:
4546:
3563:
3528:
Nagasawa HT, Goon DJ, Crankshaw DL, Vince R, Patterson SE (December 2007).
3514:
3457:
3212:
3082:
2902:
2782:
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2406:
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2051:
1993:
1811:
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1712:
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1392:
1388:
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1149:
1102:
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808:
785:
697:
623:
608:
541:
488:
430:
318:
310:
252:
149:
4429:
3465:
3422:
2991:
2958:"Evolution of cytochrome oxidase, an enzyme older than atmospheric oxygen"
2363:
2315:"Cyanide [Technical document – Chemical/Physical Parameters]"
5570:
5534:
5495:
5481:
5408:
5380:
4839:
3917:
3329:
3056:
2833:
1968:"Cyanide poisoning by fire smoke inhalation: a European expert consensus"
1685:. The chemistry of this and other false positives could be linked to the
1581:
1494:
1419:
1231:
1187:
1098:
952:
917:
836:
793:
752:
725:
690:
662:
572:, causing asphyxiation of cells. As such, cyanide poisoning is a form of
549:
477:
454:
406:
279:
225:
221:
209:
136:
106:
93:
4867:
4417:"Thai police investigate 10 deaths as woman accused of poisoning friend"
2875:
Leavesley HB, Li L, Prabhakaran K, Borowitz JL, Isom GE (January 2008).
5626:
5524:
5486:
5423:
5387:
5352:
5014:
3365:
3345:"ValoraciĂłn de la glucosa como antĂdoto en la intoxicaciĂłn por cianuro"
2043:
1622:
1545:
1283:
1076:
1068:
1060:
855:
847:
748:
647:
627:
371:
244:
141:
73:
4660:
3545:
2345:
5646:
5586:
5539:
5448:
5435:
5392:
5375:
5299:
4950:
4915:
4783:
4733:
3979:"Who is John B. McLemore, figure in new 'S-Town' podcast? (spoilers)"
3946:
Former CIA Chief of Disguise Breaks Down Cold War Spy Gadgets | Wired
3213:"Cyanide poisoning – New recommendations on first aid treatment"
3174:
3132:
2440:
1716:
1638:
1606:
1549:
1527:
1464:
1400:
1292:
1251:
1200:
1153:
1047:
1031:
to cyanide was that his killers put the poison in sweet pastries and
984:
931:
744:
450:
394:
243:. Poisoning is relatively common following breathing in smoke from a
205:
193:
52:
247:. Other potential routes of exposure include workplaces involved in
5544:
5529:
5462:
5452:
5370:
5044:
4788:
4467:. Monterey Institute of International Studies. 2001. Archived from
4312:
3343:
Gerardo I, Ilsen R, Ernesto I, Egar S, Magaly T, Marcelo G (2005).
2553:
1791:
1744:
1734:
1544:
In 1993, an illegal spill resulted in the death of seven people in
1476:
1239:
1215:
1196:
1192:
1072:
1020:
Evidence from animal experiments suggests that coadministration of
824:
804:
721:
686:
615:
530:
458:
378:
355:
343:
314:
302:
217:
201:
102:
4210:"Ronald Clark O'Bryan, Appellant, v. The State of Texas, Appellee"
3291:(Third ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 221.
1894:(4 ed.). Springer Science & Business Media. p. 427.
903:
is not innocuous as methemoglobin cannot carry oxygen, and severe
743:), which are considered specific tests. Since cyanide has a short
5665:
5574:
5291:
4936:
4518:
4341:"Woman in India admits poisoning six family members with cyanide"
3749:. Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press. p. 166.
1965:
1706:
1509:
1335:
1247:
1064:
1021:
1015:
948:
899:, thus releasing cyanide from cytochrome oxidase. Treatment with
882:
872:
694:
619:
537:
496:
422:
390:
213:
197:
128:
60:
5664:
is generally non-toxic metal, but in large doses it can lead to
4308:"Pittsburgh researcher convicted of poisoning wife with cyanide"
2556:"Fetal and maternal lesions of cyanide dosing to pregnant goats"
1230:. The chemical was used to murder roughly one million people in
823:
was approved for use in the US in late 2006 and is available in
449:
The gas is directly released from canisters (e.g., as part of a
5661:
5457:
5418:
4806:
4672:
3479:
Crankshaw DL, Goon DJ, Briggs JE, et al. (December 2007).
2423:
Soto-Blanco B, Stegelmeier BL, Pfister JA, et al. (2008).
2106:
Ballhorn DJ (2011). "Cyanogenic Glycosides in Nuts and Seeds".
1720:
1559:, resulted in the worst environmental disaster in Europe since
1512:
1372:
1172:
997:
886:
670:
643:
635:
398:
268:
4601:. Cambridge; New York; Melbourne: Cambridge University Press.
4286:"The Ferrante trial: A look inside the cyanide poisoning case"
3347:[Rating glucose as an antidote in cyanide poisoning].
2955:
2874:
5758:
Toxic effects of substances chiefly nonmedicinal as to source
5675:
5671:
4830:
2422:
2251:"Hydrogen Cyanide – Emergency Department/Hospital Management"
2073:(32 ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences. 2011. p. 1481.
1838:
1724:
1686:
1287:
878:
713:
681:
Methods of detection include colorimetric assays such as the
599:, it also interferes with the pumping of a proton out of the
347:
240:
4184:
Alternative Considerations of Jonestown & Peoples Temple
3747:
The last gasp: the rise and fall of the American gas chamber
3661:
3637:
The Last Gasp: The Rise and Fall of the American Gas Chamber
2797:
2724:(7th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. p. 604.
2600:
2332:
Oke OL (1969). "The role of hydrocyanic acid in nutrition".
1079:
into 2 molecules of 3-MP after being administered orally or
377:. Despite the similar name, cyanide does not directly cause
4447:
Eric Croddy with Clarisa Perez-Armendariz & John Hart,
3443:
2956:
Castresana J, LĂĽbben M, Saraste M, Higgins DG (June 1994).
1784:
1291:
of only three months). Testa conducted fumigations for the
1243:
1242:, and elsewhere. Most of the people who were murdered were
693:
assay, also known as the "Conway diffusion method" and the
584:
339:
309:
may also be given. Historically, cyanide has been used for
260:
4599:
From Cooperation to Complicity: Degussa in the Third Reich
4487:"The Untold Story of al-Qaeda's Plot to Attack the Subway"
3527:
2643:
1383:(a historical name for hydrogen cyanide), was the favored
503:
As potential contributing factors, cyanide is present in:
196:
that results from exposure to any of a number of forms of
3228:
3226:
2554:
Soto-Blanco B, Pereira, Verechia FT, et al. (2009).
2481:
2376:
2187:"Imported Bitter Apricot Pits Recalled as Cyanide Hazard"
1532:
International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia
3763:
1327:
For information on methods of suicide intervention, see
1296:
without any further training or governmental oversight.
3673:
3342:
4577:
Holocaust: The Nazi Persecution and Murder of the Jews
3223:
1765:
In 1995, a device was discovered in a restroom in the
409:. Other effects include mild liver and kidney damage.
267:, resulting in the body's tissues being unable to use
4780:
3400:
3315:
3035:
2745:
EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (2019).
2222:. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists.
1701:
died in hospital on 6 January 2016, after drinking a
1353:
died by suicide by drinking cyanide at a hospital in
654:, which confers cyanide resistance by bypassing COX.
4650:
3815:
3803:
3775:
3697:
3685:
3106:"Antidotes for Poisoning by Cyanide: 6. myl Nitrite"
1758:
In 1988, between 3,200 and 5,000 people died in the
704:
but like all colorimetric assays these are prone to
3478:
2803:
1794:reportedly planned to release cyanide gas into the
1349:In February 1937, the Uruguayan short story writer
1274:, with Heli supplying it to concentration camps at
835:, detoxifies cyanide and converts the cyanide into
216:, and vomiting. This phase may then be followed by
4632:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp.
4625:
4141:
2849:
2518:
1342:On 26 January 1904, company promoter and swindler
831:, which could be delivered to the body through an
735:Cyanide and thiocyanate assays have been run with
4222:
3110:IPCS/CEC Evaluation of Antidotes Series; Volume 2
1787:to produce toxic amounts of hydrogen cyanide gas.
958:made by bacteria, and sometimes denoted vitamin B
487:or any similar scenario involving the burning of
5739:
4147:
3605:"U.S. rushing treatment for Brazil fire victims"
3602:
1179:. By March 2013, 245 fatalities were confirmed.
4224:"Overton Found Guilty of Wife's Cyanide Murder"
2108:Nuts and Seeds in Health and Disease Prevention
962:, is used to bind cyanide to form the harmless
895:Cyanide binds avidly to methemoglobin, forming
4462:"Chronology of Aum Shinrikyo's CBW Activities"
4451:(Spring Science+Business Media, 2002), p. 164.
4005:"Preliminary results autopsy Slobodan Praljak"
3640:. University of California Press. p. 24.
2926:
2924:
2868:
2719:
1743:, who became quickly known as "Am Cyanide" in
587:a3-CuB binuclear center of COX (and thus is a
5134:
4766:
4579:. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press.
4414:
2141:
1097:is not a cure in its own right. However, the
1075:-2,5-dicarboxylic acid disodium salt), which
1010:otherwise, nitrite/thiosulfate is preferred.
755:is typically measured to determine exposure.
673:concentration becomes too low for the normal
109:, low blood pressure, loss of consciousness,
4400:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3744:
3633:
2845:
2843:
2586:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
540:(also known as tapioca, yuca or manioc) and
3715:
3530:"Novel, orally effective cyanide antidotes"
2921:
2686:
1415:(1946) all died by suicide by ingesting it.
235:Toxic cyanide-containing compounds include
4773:
4759:
4431:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
4087:
2720:David M. Cline, et al., eds. (2012).
2288:
2214:
2212:
2137:
2135:
1590:(1916; attempted, later killed by gunshot)
1052:A different cyanide-metabolizing pathway,
782:International Programme on Chemical Safety
595:, which not only blocks the mitochondrial
570:oxidase (COX, a.k.a. Complex IV) inhibitor
4571:
4116:
3667:
3553:
3504:
3162:
3072:
3036:Parikh S, Goldstein A, Koenig MK (2015).
2981:
2935:(4th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman.
2930:
2892:
2854:(5th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman.
2840:
2772:
2762:
2704:
2689:"The fire toxicity of polyurethane foams"
2571:
2245:
2243:
2241:
2063:
2061:
2025:
2023:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2015:
2013:
2011:
1983:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1428:illegal at the time in the United Kingdom
1206:Research of hydrogen cyanide by chemists
46:Cyanide toxicity, hydrocyanic acid poison
4369:
2105:
2070:Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary
1941:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1538:
1311:) dropped into a compartment containing
1186:
495:or other polymer products that required
416:
4484:
4338:
3926:. Frontline Books–Skyhorse Publishing.
3255:
3232:
2850:Berg JM, Tymoczko JL, Stryer L (2002).
2334:World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics
2209:
2132:
2099:
1752:
1609:, Guyana, was the site of a large mass
1299:Hydrogen cyanide gas has been used for
1083:, is being evaluated in animal models.
881:some of the hemoglobin's iron from the
807:kit first uses a small inhaled dose of
513:Many seeds or kernels such as those of
14:
5740:
4441:
4252:
4075:from the original on 27 September 2021
4045:from the original on 27 September 2021
3894:from the original on 20 February 2009.
3305:from the original on 8 September 2017.
3245:from the original on 29 December 2008.
2751:European Food Safety Authority Journal
2722:Tintinalli's emergency medicine manual
2379:Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety
2238:
2184:
2058:
2008:
1972:European Journal of Emergency Medicine
1887:
1475:, including United States Congressman
889:state, converting the hemoglobin into
548:As a potential harm-reduction factor,
4754:
4615:
4593:
4320:from the original on 13 February 2017
4283:
4265:from the original on 27 December 2019
4234:from the original on 27 December 2019
3916:
3835:"Gas chamber | execution device"
3821:
3809:
3793:
3781:
3769:
3703:
3691:
3679:
3627:
3615:from the original on 14 February 2013
3355:from the original on 22 January 2012.
3219:from the original on 20 October 2009.
2949:
2321:from the original on 4 February 2009.
2261:from the original on 14 November 2016
2226:from the original on 21 December 2016
2029:
1920:
1908:from the original on 8 September 2017
607:pathway it facilitates, owing to the
324:
5704:
4129:from the original on 2 February 2015
3981:. Alabama Local News. Archived from
3603:Haynes and Prada (2 February 2013).
3284:
3017:from the original on 8 November 2019
2933:Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry
2533:10.1016/j.theriogenology.2003.12.023
1854:
1379:Cyanide, in the form of pure liquid
1234:installed in extermination camps at
1054:3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase
907:may need to be treated in turn with
464:It is generated on site by reacting
5716:
4628:Anatomy of the Auschwitz Death Camp
4351:from the original on 8 October 2019
4180:"Was It Murder or Suicide: A Forum"
4065:"InfoLeg - InformaciĂłn Legislativa"
3904:"Operation Gunnerside" in the book
3584:from the original on 28 August 2021
3116:from the original on 18 April 2007.
3004:
2331:
2197:from the original on 18 August 2017
1613:, in which over 900 members of the
803:The United States standard cyanide
583:Specifically, cyanide binds to the
433:, skin absorption of prussic acid,
384:
293:and giving the person 100% oxygen.
152:, eating seeds such as from almonds
24:
4190:from the original on 26 March 2016
3967:from the original on 27 July 2012.
3726:from the original on 15 March 2022
3580:(in Portuguese). 27 January 2013.
3415:10.1002/j.1552-4604.1992.tb03849.x
2974:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1994.tb06541.x
2646:Veterinary Research Communications
2463:from the original on 22 March 2020
2292:Essentials of Medical Biochemistry
2116:10.1016/b978-0-12-375688-6.10014-3
1315:, directly below the chair in the
1270:(SS) by the distributors Heli and
763:
25:
5769:
4382:from the original on 10 July 2018
4370:Parascandola Kerry Burke, Rocco.
4154:. Simon & Schuster. pp.
3841:from the original on 28 June 2015
3193:from the original on 5 March 2016
2573:10.1016/j.smallrumres.2009.09.029
2317:. Health Canada. 6 October 2008.
1689:response following heart failure.
1146:República Cromañón nightclub fire
329:
5715:
5703:
5692:
5691:
4117:Kenworthy T (13 December 1999).
3868:from the original on 5 July 2015
3318:Journal of Occupational Medicine
3272:10.1001/jama.1933.02740050053028
3187:"New Antidote for Cyanide Found"
2087:from the original on 14 May 2020
1705:at a cafe in a shopping mall in
1443:Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam
1418:It is speculated that, in 1954,
51:
4512:
4478:
4454:
4423:
4408:
4363:
4332:
4300:
4277:
4246:
4216:
4202:
4172:
4148:Dugoni R, Hilldorfer J (2004).
4110:
4057:
4027:
3997:
3971:
3949:
3940:
3910:
3898:
3880:
3854:
3827:
3738:
3709:
3596:
3570:
3521:
3472:
3437:
3394:
3359:
3336:
3309:
3278:
3249:
3215:. Health and Safety Executive.
3205:
3179:
3137:
3120:
3098:
3089:
2998:
2909:from the original on 5 May 2019
2738:
2713:
2680:
2637:
2594:
2547:
2512:
2475:
2370:
2325:
2307:
2282:
2273:
1861:
1772:station, consisting of bags of
1569:Environmental Protection Agency
1515:, died after ingesting cyanide.
1454:Aleksandr Dmitrievich Ogorodnik
1182:
1117:
421:Removal of cyanide poison from
96:, shortness of breath, vomiting
3368:Comparative Clinical Pathology
3233:Leybell I (12 November 2019).
2178:
2110:. Elsevier. pp. 129–136.
1881:
1741:Sararath "Am" Rangsiwutthiporn
1486:On 6 June 1985, serial killer
278:, low blood pressure, or high
13:
1:
4618:"Gas Chambers and Crematoria"
4041:(in Spanish). 20 April 2018.
3722:. Penguin. pp. 132–133.
2623:10.1016/S0300-483X(02)00041-0
2498:10.1016/S0278-6915(02)00151-5
2429:Journal of Applied Toxicology
1849:
1810:is the final compound in the
833:intra-muscular (IM) injection
611:between those two processes.
305:and is generally first-line.
301:) appears to be useful as an
228:, loss of consciousness, and
4339:Dhillon A (7 October 2019).
3497:10.1016/j.toxlet.2007.10.001
2826:10.1016/0300-483X(79)90068-4
2687:McKenna ST, Hull TR (2016).
2485:Food and Chemical Toxicology
2279:Longerich 2010, pp. 281–282.
2156:10.3109/15563650.2012.742197
1985:10.1097/mej.0b013e328357170b
1891:Handbook of Autopsy Practice
1874:
1250:, a corporation co-owned by
1165:a fire at the Kiss nightclub
758:
657:
559:
476:(e.g., in a modern American
239:gas and a number of cyanide
7:
3796:, pp. 294–297, chpt. "
3170:Toxicity, Cyanide~treatment
3051:(9). Elsevier BV: 689–701.
2289:Bhagavan NV, Ha CE (2015).
1817:
1802:
1557:spill at Baia Mare, Romania
1526:, after being convicted of
1458:Central Intelligence Agency
1364:died by suicide by cyanide.
1071:sodium (2, 5-dihydroxy-1,4-
775:
338:is inhaled, it can cause a
10:
5774:
5444:Arthropod bites and stings
5063:Nitrogen dioxide poisoning
4565:
4485:Suskind R (19 June 2006).
3128:Toxicity, Cyanide~overview
2931:Nelson DL, Cox MM (2004).
2185:Hevesi D (26 March 1993).
1326:
1322:
1134:
815:, followed by intravenous
811:, followed by intravenous
5687:
5659:
5655:
5619:
5563:
5511:
5434:
5350:
5286:
5279:
5238:
5211:
5203:Tricyclic antidepressants
5143:
5125:
5071:
5043:
5013:
5004:
4967:
4949:
4929:
4886:
4838:
4829:
4820:
4802:
4724:
4654:
4529:10.1515/9783110527872-020
4288:. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette
4253:Gorner J (25 July 2017).
3380:10.1007/s00580-006-0647-x
3007:"Cyanide Toxicity Workup"
2706:10.1186/s40038-016-0012-3
2658:10.1007/s11259-006-3361-x
1575:
1452:On 22 June 1977, Moscow,
1403:(1945), and Nazi leaders
1360:In 1937, polymer chemist
589:non-competitive inhibitor
578:oxidative phosphorylation
412:
200:. Early symptoms include
169:
156:
135:
124:
116:
83:
67:
59:
50:
42:
37:
4069:servicios.infoleg.gob.ar
3888:"Gas Chamber Executions"
2764:10.2903/j.efsa.2019.5662
1505:; he died minutes after.
1426:relationship, which was
1195:canisters, found by the
1139:
844:Health Service Executive
597:electron transport chain
162:Based on symptoms, high
27:Broad-spectrum poisoning
5642:List of types of poison
5198:Serotonergic substances
3745:Christianson S (2010).
3634:Christianson S (2010).
2560:Small Ruminant Research
1629:Chicago Tylenol murders
626:), works by converting
618:for cyanide poisoning,
92:: headache, dizziness,
4930:Other non-toxic metals
4624:, Berenbaum M (eds.).
4415:Rebecca Ratcliffe NS.
4099:9 January 2009 at the
3923:With Hitler to the End
3458:10.1002/jbt.2570040106
3149:www.accessdata.fda.gov
2881:Toxicological Sciences
2399:10.1006/eesa.2002.2189
2220:"Sodium Nitroprusside"
1703:Vietnamese iced coffee
1203:
426:
276:level of consciousness
78:critical care medicine
5310:Ichthyoallyeinotoxism
4435:"Facts About Cyanide"
3798:Degesch and Zyklon B.
2894:10.1093/toxsci/kfm254
2038:(1): 72–81, quiz 82.
1539:Mining and industrial
1518:On 29 November 2017,
1463:On 18 November 1978,
1262:. It was sold to the
1190:
981:4-Dimethylaminophenol
976:4-Dimethylaminophenol
850:, potential to cause
483:Fumes arise during a
420:
289:. Treatment involves
4474:on 26 November 2011.
3719:Auschwitz: A History
3716:Steinbacher (2005).
3285:Dart R, ed. (2004).
3057:10.1038/gim.2014.177
3045:Genetics in Medicine
2693:Fire Science Reviews
1824:Anaerobic glycolysis
1796:New York City Subway
1753:Warfare or terrorism
1643:Ronald Clark O'Bryan
1635:Timothy Marc O'Bryan
1369:Operation Gunnerside
1208:Carl Wilhelm Scheele
1163:On 27 January 2013,
770:full decontamination
667:anaerobic glycolysis
601:mitochondrial matrix
564:Cyanide is a potent
499:in their production.
435:intravenous infusion
313:and it was used for
265:cellular respiration
257:sodium nitroprusside
5680:foodborne illnesses
5637:Lists of poisonings
5320:Shellfish poisoning
5028:Aluminium phosphide
4316:. 7 November 2014.
4123:The Washington Post
4009:Openbaar Ministerie
3772:, pp. 288–289.
3670:, pp. 281–282.
3446:J. Biochem. Toxicol
2818:1979Toxgy..12..221C
2615:2002Toxgy.174...87S
2391:2002EcoES..53...37S
2257:. 14 January 2015.
2144:Clinical Toxicology
2032:Critical Care Nurse
1522:died from drinking
1224:extermination camps
1199:in January 1945 at
675:aerobic respiration
443:hypertensive crisis
307:Sodium thiosulphate
214:shortness of breath
5632:EPA list of hazard
5414:Alpha-Bungarotoxin
5158:Anticholinesterase
4725:External resources
4500:on 10 January 2007
4151:The Cyanide Canary
4107:, 15 February 2000
4094:"Death of a river"
4015:on 3 December 2017
3682:, pp. 2, 272.
3351:(in Spanish) (7).
3288:Medical Toxicology
3235:"Cyanide Toxicity"
2191:The New York Times
2044:10.4037/ccn2011799
1888:Waters BL (2010).
1834:List of poisonings
1735:Brooklyn, New York
1693:Autumn Marie Klein
1677:with artifacts of
1483:at Jones' command.
1329:Suicide prevention
1301:judicial execution
1260:Th. Goldschmidt AG
1236:Auschwitz-Birkenau
1204:
1171:, in the south of
1041:3-Mercaptopyruvate
924:sodium thiosulfate
817:sodium thiosulfate
716:", an artifact of
710:Lipid peroxidation
609:close relationship
574:histotoxic hypoxia
427:
325:Signs and symptoms
226:low blood pressure
5735:
5734:
5731:
5730:
5615:
5614:
5597:Poisonous animals
5275:
5274:
5240:Vitamin poisoning
5234:
5233:
5121:
5120:
5000:
4999:
4945:
4944:
4748:
4747:
4643:978-0-253-32684-3
4608:978-0-521-78227-2
4586:978-0-19-280436-5
4538:978-3-11-052691-2
4228:Los Angeles Times
4165:978-0-7432-4652-1
3933:978-1-60239-804-7
3756:978-0-520-25562-3
3647:978-0-520-25562-3
3546:10.1021/jm7011497
3540:(26): 6462–6464.
3298:978-0-7817-2845-4
3189:. February 2013.
2968:(11): 2516–2525.
2942:978-0-7167-6265-2
2731:978-0-07-178184-8
2492:(11): 1693–1698.
2355:978-3-8055-0662-5
2346:10.1159/000387578
2295:(Second ed.)
2125:978-0-12-375688-6
2080:978-1-4557-0985-4
1901:978-1-59745-127-7
1855:Explanatory notes
1659:Richard Kuklinski
1619:potassium cyanide
1595:Goebbels children
1524:potassium cyanide
1493:On 28 June 2012,
1437:(or Eelam Tamil)
1407:(1945), possibly
1362:Wallace Carothers
1305:potassium cyanide
1113:
1112:
966:form of vitamin B
922:The evidence for
905:methemoglobinemia
897:cyanmethemoglobin
800:, respectively).
737:mass spectrometry
552:, in the form of
466:potassium cyanide
375:oxygen saturation
255:, the medication
190:Cyanide poisoning
187:
186:
158:Diagnostic method
32:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
5765:
5719:
5718:
5707:
5706:
5695:
5694:
5668:, which is rare.
5657:
5656:
5592:Venomous animals
5284:
5283:
5141:
5140:
5132:
5131:
5033:Organophosphates
5011:
5010:
4888:Dietary minerals
4836:
4835:
4827:
4826:
4775:
4768:
4761:
4752:
4751:
4652:
4651:
4647:
4631:
4616:Piper F (1994).
4612:
4590:
4559:
4558:
4516:
4510:
4509:
4507:
4505:
4496:. Archived from
4482:
4476:
4475:
4473:
4466:
4458:
4452:
4445:
4439:
4438:
4433:(4 April 2018).
4427:
4421:
4420:
4412:
4406:
4405:
4399:
4391:
4389:
4387:
4367:
4361:
4360:
4358:
4356:
4336:
4330:
4329:
4327:
4325:
4304:
4298:
4297:
4295:
4293:
4281:
4275:
4274:
4272:
4270:
4250:
4244:
4243:
4241:
4239:
4220:
4214:
4213:
4206:
4200:
4199:
4197:
4195:
4176:
4170:
4169:
4145:
4139:
4138:
4136:
4134:
4114:
4108:
4091:
4085:
4084:
4082:
4080:
4061:
4055:
4054:
4052:
4050:
4031:
4025:
4024:
4022:
4020:
4011:. Archived from
4001:
3995:
3994:
3992:
3990:
3975:
3969:
3968:
3953:
3947:
3944:
3938:
3937:
3914:
3908:
3902:
3896:
3895:
3884:
3878:
3877:
3875:
3873:
3858:
3852:
3851:second paragraph
3850:
3848:
3846:
3831:
3825:
3819:
3813:
3807:
3801:
3791:
3785:
3779:
3773:
3767:
3761:
3760:
3742:
3736:
3735:
3733:
3731:
3713:
3707:
3701:
3695:
3689:
3683:
3677:
3671:
3665:
3659:
3658:
3656:
3654:
3631:
3625:
3624:
3622:
3620:
3600:
3594:
3593:
3591:
3589:
3574:
3568:
3567:
3557:
3525:
3519:
3518:
3508:
3491:(1–3): 111–117.
3476:
3470:
3469:
3441:
3435:
3434:
3403:J Clin Pharmacol
3398:
3392:
3391:
3363:
3357:
3356:
3340:
3334:
3333:
3313:
3307:
3306:
3282:
3276:
3275:
3253:
3247:
3246:
3230:
3221:
3220:
3209:
3203:
3202:
3200:
3198:
3183:
3177:
3166:
3160:
3159:
3157:
3155:
3141:
3135:
3124:
3118:
3117:
3102:
3096:
3093:
3087:
3086:
3076:
3042:
3033:
3027:
3026:
3024:
3022:
3002:
2996:
2995:
2985:
2962:The EMBO Journal
2953:
2947:
2946:
2928:
2919:
2918:
2916:
2914:
2896:
2872:
2866:
2865:
2847:
2838:
2837:
2801:
2795:
2794:
2776:
2766:
2742:
2736:
2735:
2717:
2711:
2710:
2708:
2684:
2678:
2677:
2641:
2635:
2634:
2598:
2592:
2591:
2585:
2577:
2575:
2551:
2545:
2544:
2516:
2510:
2509:
2479:
2473:
2472:
2470:
2468:
2441:10.1002/jat.1286
2420:
2411:
2410:
2374:
2368:
2367:
2329:
2323:
2322:
2311:
2305:
2304:
2302:
2300:
2286:
2280:
2277:
2271:
2270:
2268:
2266:
2247:
2236:
2235:
2233:
2231:
2216:
2207:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2182:
2176:
2175:
2139:
2130:
2129:
2103:
2097:
2096:
2094:
2092:
2065:
2056:
2055:
2027:
2006:
2005:
1987:
1963:
1918:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1885:
1868:
1865:
1760:Halabja massacre
1588:Grigori Rasputin
1520:Slobodan Praljak
1503:Phoenix, Arizona
1435:Sri Lankan Tamil
1405:Heinrich Himmler
1128:
1121:
1029:Grigori Rasputin
1002:dicobalt edetate
993:Dicobalt edetate
945:Hydroxocobalamin
940:Hydroxocobalamin
861:
860:
821:Hydroxocobalamin
798:sodium carbonate
554:hydroxocobalamin
536:Foods including
385:Chronic exposure
336:hydrogen cyanide
295:Hydroxocobalamin
237:hydrogen cyanide
182:hydroxocobalamin
55:
35:
34:
21:
18:Cyanide toxicity
5773:
5772:
5768:
5767:
5766:
5764:
5763:
5762:
5738:
5737:
5736:
5727:
5683:
5669:
5651:
5611:
5559:
5507:
5430:
5346:
5271:
5266:
5230:
5207:
5173:Benzodiazepines
5117:
5103:Carbon monoxide
5091:Ethylene glycol
5067:
5039:
4996:
4963:
4941:
4925:
4882:
4816:
4798:
4779:
4749:
4744:
4743:
4720:
4719:
4663:
4644:
4609:
4587:
4568:
4563:
4562:
4539:
4517:
4513:
4503:
4501:
4483:
4479:
4471:
4464:
4460:
4459:
4455:
4446:
4442:
4428:
4424:
4413:
4409:
4393:
4392:
4385:
4383:
4376:nydailynews.com
4368:
4364:
4354:
4352:
4337:
4333:
4323:
4321:
4306:
4305:
4301:
4291:
4289:
4282:
4278:
4268:
4266:
4259:Chicago Tribune
4251:
4247:
4237:
4235:
4221:
4217:
4208:
4207:
4203:
4193:
4191:
4178:
4177:
4173:
4166:
4146:
4142:
4132:
4130:
4115:
4111:
4101:Wayback Machine
4092:
4088:
4078:
4076:
4063:
4062:
4058:
4048:
4046:
4033:
4032:
4028:
4018:
4016:
4003:
4002:
3998:
3988:
3986:
3985:on 6 April 2017
3977:
3976:
3972:
3955:
3954:
3950:
3945:
3941:
3934:
3915:
3911:
3903:
3899:
3886:
3885:
3881:
3871:
3869:
3860:
3859:
3855:
3844:
3842:
3833:
3832:
3828:
3820:
3816:
3808:
3804:
3792:
3788:
3780:
3776:
3768:
3764:
3757:
3743:
3739:
3729:
3727:
3714:
3710:
3702:
3698:
3690:
3686:
3678:
3674:
3666:
3662:
3652:
3650:
3648:
3632:
3628:
3618:
3616:
3601:
3597:
3587:
3585:
3576:
3575:
3571:
3526:
3522:
3477:
3473:
3442:
3438:
3399:
3395:
3364:
3360:
3341:
3337:
3314:
3310:
3299:
3283:
3279:
3254:
3250:
3231:
3224:
3211:
3210:
3206:
3196:
3194:
3185:
3184:
3180:
3167:
3163:
3153:
3151:
3143:
3142:
3138:
3125:
3121:
3104:
3103:
3099:
3094:
3090:
3040:
3034:
3030:
3020:
3018:
3003:
2999:
2954:
2950:
2943:
2929:
2922:
2912:
2910:
2873:
2869:
2862:
2848:
2841:
2802:
2798:
2743:
2739:
2732:
2718:
2714:
2685:
2681:
2642:
2638:
2599:
2595:
2579:
2578:
2552:
2548:
2517:
2513:
2480:
2476:
2466:
2464:
2421:
2414:
2375:
2371:
2356:
2330:
2326:
2313:
2312:
2308:
2298:
2296:
2287:
2283:
2278:
2274:
2264:
2262:
2249:
2248:
2239:
2229:
2227:
2218:
2217:
2210:
2200:
2198:
2183:
2179:
2150:(10): 875–885.
2140:
2133:
2126:
2104:
2100:
2090:
2088:
2081:
2067:
2066:
2059:
2028:
2009:
1964:
1921:
1911:
1909:
1902:
1886:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1871:
1866:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1844:Murburn concept
1829:Lactic acidosis
1820:
1805:
1755:
1675:false positives
1578:
1541:
1433:Members of the
1371:to destroy the
1351:Horacio Quiroga
1344:Whitaker Wright
1332:
1325:
1185:
1167:in the city of
1158:carbon monoxide
1142:
1137:
1132:
1131:
1122:
1118:
1025:
969:
961:
956:
827:antidote kits.
790:ferrous sulfate
778:
766:
764:Decontamination
761:
706:false positives
665:is produced by
660:
653:
632:ferrihemoglobin
628:ferrohemoglobin
594:
562:
415:
387:
368:pulmonary edema
332:
327:
300:
291:supportive care
263:interfere with
249:metal polishing
222:slow heart rate
210:fast heart rate
180:(100% oxygen),
178:supportive care
174:Decontamination
146:metal polishing
107:slow heart rate
97:
94:fast heart rate
33:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5771:
5761:
5760:
5755:
5750:
5733:
5732:
5729:
5728:
5726:
5725:
5713:
5701:
5688:
5685:
5684:
5653:
5652:
5650:
5649:
5644:
5639:
5634:
5629:
5623:
5621:
5617:
5616:
5613:
5612:
5610:
5609:
5607:Mycotoxicology
5604:
5599:
5594:
5589:
5584:
5583:
5582:
5567:
5565:
5564:Related topics
5561:
5560:
5558:
5557:
5552:
5547:
5542:
5537:
5532:
5527:
5521:
5519:
5509:
5508:
5506:
5505:
5503:Tick paralysis
5500:
5499:
5498:
5493:
5479:
5478:
5477:
5470:Scorpion venom
5467:
5466:
5465:
5460:
5446:
5440:
5438:
5432:
5431:
5429:
5428:
5427:
5426:
5421:
5416:
5402:
5397:
5396:
5395:
5385:
5384:
5383:
5378:
5373:
5368:
5357:
5355:
5348:
5347:
5345:
5344:
5343:
5342:
5337:
5332:
5327:
5317:
5312:
5307:
5302:
5296:
5294:
5281:
5277:
5276:
5273:
5272:
5270:
5269:
5264:
5260:
5255:
5250:
5244:
5242:
5236:
5235:
5232:
5231:
5229:
5228:
5223:
5217:
5215:
5213:Cardiovascular
5209:
5208:
5206:
5205:
5200:
5195:
5190:
5185:
5180:
5175:
5170:
5165:
5160:
5155:
5149:
5147:
5138:
5136:Drug overdoses
5129:
5127:Pharmaceutical
5123:
5122:
5119:
5118:
5116:
5115:
5110:
5105:
5100:
5099:
5098:
5093:
5088:
5075:
5073:
5069:
5068:
5066:
5065:
5060:
5055:
5049:
5047:
5041:
5040:
5038:
5037:
5036:
5035:
5030:
5019:
5017:
5008:
5002:
5001:
4998:
4997:
4995:
4994:
4989:
4984:
4979:
4973:
4971:
4965:
4964:
4962:
4961:
4955:
4953:
4947:
4946:
4943:
4942:
4940:
4939:
4933:
4931:
4927:
4926:
4924:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4892:
4890:
4884:
4883:
4881:
4880:
4875:
4870:
4865:
4860:
4855:
4850:
4844:
4842:
4833:
4824:
4818:
4817:
4815:
4814:
4809:
4803:
4800:
4799:
4797:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4778:
4777:
4770:
4763:
4755:
4746:
4745:
4742:
4741:
4729:
4728:
4726:
4722:
4721:
4718:
4717:
4706:
4695:
4680:
4664:
4659:
4658:
4656:
4655:Classification
4649:
4648:
4642:
4613:
4607:
4591:
4585:
4567:
4564:
4561:
4560:
4537:
4511:
4477:
4453:
4440:
4422:
4407:
4362:
4331:
4299:
4276:
4245:
4230:. 9 May 1995.
4215:
4201:
4171:
4164:
4140:
4109:
4086:
4056:
4026:
3996:
3970:
3948:
3939:
3932:
3909:
3897:
3879:
3853:
3826:
3824:, p. 284.
3814:
3812:, p. 283.
3802:
3786:
3784:, p. 296.
3774:
3762:
3755:
3737:
3708:
3706:, p. 272.
3696:
3694:, p. 161.
3684:
3672:
3668:Longerich 2010
3660:
3646:
3626:
3595:
3569:
3520:
3471:
3436:
3409:(4): 368–375.
3393:
3358:
3335:
3324:(6): 414–416.
3308:
3297:
3277:
3248:
3222:
3204:
3178:
3161:
3136:
3119:
3097:
3088:
3028:
2997:
2948:
2941:
2920:
2887:(1): 101–111.
2867:
2860:
2839:
2812:(3): 221–234.
2796:
2737:
2730:
2712:
2679:
2636:
2593:
2566:(1–3): 76–80.
2546:
2527:(6): 1012–26.
2521:Theriogenology
2511:
2474:
2412:
2369:
2354:
2324:
2306:
2281:
2272:
2237:
2208:
2177:
2131:
2124:
2098:
2079:
2057:
2007:
1919:
1900:
1879:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1870:
1869:
1859:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1847:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1819:
1816:
1804:
1801:
1800:
1799:
1788:
1774:sodium cyanide
1763:
1754:
1751:
1750:
1749:
1738:
1728:
1710:
1696:
1690:
1683:kidney failure
1668:
1662:
1656:
1646:
1641:. His father,
1632:
1626:
1615:Peoples Temple
1611:murder–suicide
1604:
1601:Stepan Bandera
1598:
1591:
1585:
1577:
1574:
1573:
1572:
1564:
1553:
1540:
1537:
1536:
1535:
1516:
1506:
1491:
1484:
1461:
1450:
1431:
1416:
1413:Hermann Göring
1409:Martin Bormann
1377:
1365:
1358:
1347:
1324:
1321:
1309:sodium cyanide
1212:Claude Bernard
1184:
1181:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1129:
1124:Methylene blue
1115:
1114:
1111:
1110:
1101:is capable of
1095:Oxygen therapy
1092:
1090:Oxygen therapy
1086:
1085:
1044:
1037:
1036:
1018:
1012:
1011:
995:
989:
988:
978:
972:
971:
967:
964:cyanocobalamin
959:
954:
942:
936:
935:
920:
914:
913:
909:methylene blue
875:
869:
868:
865:
852:iron poisoning
829:Sulfanegen TEA
813:sodium nitrite
796:, and aqueous
777:
774:
765:
762:
760:
757:
712:resulting in "
659:
656:
651:
592:
561:
558:
546:
545:
534:
511:
501:
500:
481:
470:sodium cyanide
462:
414:
411:
403:hypothyroidism
386:
383:
352:cardiac arrest
331:
330:Acute exposure
328:
326:
323:
298:
287:decontaminated
230:cardiac arrest
185:
184:
171:
167:
166:
160:
154:
153:
139:
133:
132:
126:
122:
121:
118:
114:
113:
111:cardiac arrest
87:
81:
80:
71:
65:
64:
57:
56:
48:
47:
44:
40:
39:
38:Cyanide poison
31:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5770:
5759:
5756:
5754:
5751:
5749:
5746:
5745:
5743:
5724:
5723:
5714:
5712:
5711:
5702:
5700:
5699:
5690:
5689:
5686:
5681:
5677:
5673:
5667:
5663:
5658:
5654:
5648:
5645:
5643:
5640:
5638:
5635:
5633:
5630:
5628:
5625:
5624:
5622:
5620:Miscellaneous
5618:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5602:Deadly fungus
5600:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5590:
5588:
5585:
5581:
5578:
5577:
5576:
5572:
5569:
5568:
5566:
5562:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5538:
5536:
5533:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5523:
5522:
5520:
5518:
5514:
5510:
5504:
5501:
5497:
5494:
5492:
5488:
5485:
5484:
5483:
5480:
5476:
5475:Charybdotoxin
5473:
5472:
5471:
5468:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5456:
5455:
5454:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5441:
5439:
5437:
5433:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5411:
5410:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5394:
5391:
5390:
5389:
5386:
5382:
5379:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5366:Batrachotoxin
5364:
5363:
5362:
5359:
5358:
5356:
5354:
5349:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5323:
5322:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5297:
5295:
5293:
5289:
5285:
5282:
5278:
5268:
5263:Megavitamin-B
5261:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5245:
5243:
5241:
5237:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5218:
5216:
5214:
5210:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5150:
5148:
5146:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5124:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5083:
5082:
5081:
5077:
5076:
5074:
5070:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5050:
5048:
5046:
5042:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5025:
5024:
5021:
5020:
5018:
5016:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5003:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4977:Sulfuric acid
4975:
4974:
4972:
4970:
4966:
4960:
4957:
4956:
4954:
4952:
4948:
4938:
4935:
4934:
4932:
4928:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4893:
4891:
4889:
4885:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4845:
4843:
4841:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4819:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4804:
4801:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4769:
4764:
4762:
4757:
4756:
4753:
4740:
4736:
4735:
4731:
4730:
4727:
4723:
4716:
4712:
4711:
4707:
4705:
4701:
4700:
4696:
4694:
4690:
4689:
4685:
4681:
4679:
4675:
4674:
4670:
4666:
4665:
4662:
4657:
4653:
4645:
4639:
4635:
4630:
4629:
4623:
4619:
4614:
4610:
4604:
4600:
4596:
4592:
4588:
4582:
4578:
4574:
4570:
4569:
4556:
4552:
4548:
4544:
4540:
4534:
4530:
4526:
4522:
4515:
4499:
4495:
4493:
4488:
4481:
4470:
4463:
4457:
4450:
4444:
4436:
4432:
4426:
4418:
4411:
4403:
4397:
4381:
4377:
4373:
4366:
4350:
4346:
4342:
4335:
4319:
4315:
4314:
4309:
4303:
4287:
4284:Reed Ward P.
4280:
4264:
4260:
4256:
4249:
4233:
4229:
4225:
4219:
4211:
4205:
4189:
4185:
4181:
4175:
4167:
4161:
4157:
4153:
4152:
4144:
4128:
4124:
4120:
4113:
4106:
4102:
4098:
4095:
4090:
4074:
4070:
4066:
4060:
4044:
4040:
4036:
4030:
4014:
4010:
4006:
4000:
3984:
3980:
3974:
3966:
3962:
3958:
3952:
3943:
3935:
3929:
3925:
3924:
3919:
3913:
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3893:
3890:. About.com.
3889:
3883:
3867:
3863:
3857:
3840:
3836:
3830:
3823:
3818:
3811:
3806:
3799:
3795:
3790:
3783:
3778:
3771:
3766:
3758:
3752:
3748:
3741:
3725:
3721:
3720:
3712:
3705:
3700:
3693:
3688:
3681:
3676:
3669:
3664:
3649:
3643:
3639:
3638:
3630:
3614:
3610:
3606:
3599:
3583:
3579:
3573:
3565:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3524:
3516:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3485:Toxicol. Lett
3482:
3475:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3447:
3440:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3397:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3362:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3339:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3312:
3304:
3300:
3294:
3290:
3289:
3281:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3260:
3252:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3229:
3227:
3218:
3214:
3208:
3192:
3188:
3182:
3176:
3172:
3171:
3165:
3150:
3146:
3140:
3134:
3130:
3129:
3123:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3101:
3092:
3084:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3039:
3032:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3001:
2993:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2952:
2944:
2938:
2934:
2927:
2925:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2871:
2863:
2861:0-7167-3051-0
2857:
2853:
2846:
2844:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2800:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2757:(4). e05662.
2756:
2752:
2748:
2741:
2733:
2727:
2723:
2716:
2707:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2683:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2652:(1): 93–104.
2651:
2647:
2640:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2597:
2589:
2583:
2574:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2550:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2515:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2486:
2478:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2435:(3): 356–63.
2434:
2430:
2426:
2419:
2417:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2373:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2328:
2320:
2316:
2310:
2294:
2293:
2285:
2276:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2246:
2244:
2242:
2225:
2221:
2215:
2213:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2181:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2138:
2136:
2127:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2102:
2086:
2082:
2076:
2072:
2071:
2064:
2062:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2026:
2024:
2022:
2020:
2018:
2016:
2014:
2012:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1907:
1903:
1897:
1893:
1892:
1884:
1880:
1864:
1860:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1821:
1815:
1813:
1809:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1786:
1783:
1782:Aum Shinrikyo
1779:
1778:sulfuric acid
1775:
1771:
1768:
1764:
1761:
1757:
1756:
1746:
1742:
1739:
1736:
1732:
1729:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1711:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1699:Mirna Salihin
1697:
1694:
1691:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1669:
1666:
1665:Janet Overton
1663:
1660:
1657:
1654:
1650:
1649:Bruce Nickell
1647:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1633:
1630:
1627:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1605:
1602:
1599:
1596:
1592:
1589:
1586:
1583:
1580:
1579:
1570:
1565:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1542:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1514:
1511:
1507:
1504:
1500:
1499:Michael Marin
1496:
1492:
1489:
1485:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1385:suicide agent
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1363:
1359:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1345:
1341:
1340:
1339:
1337:
1330:
1320:
1318:
1314:
1313:sulfuric acid
1310:
1306:
1302:
1297:
1294:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1268:Schutzstaffel
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1228:the Holocaust
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1189:
1180:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1161:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1148:broke out in
1147:
1125:
1120:
1116:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1059:
1055:
1049:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1023:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1008:
1003:
999:
996:
994:
991:
990:
986:
982:
979:
977:
974:
973:
965:
957:
950:
947:, a form (or
946:
943:
941:
938:
937:
933:
929:
928:mitochondrial
925:
921:
919:
916:
915:
912:
910:
906:
902:
898:
892:
891:methemoglobin
888:
885:state to the
884:
880:
877:The nitrites
876:
874:
871:
870:
866:
863:
862:
859:
857:
853:
849:
845:
840:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
801:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
773:
771:
756:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
733:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
696:
692:
688:
684:
683:Prussian blue
679:
676:
672:
668:
664:
655:
649:
645:
639:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
612:
610:
606:
605:ATP synthesis
602:
598:
590:
586:
581:
579:
575:
571:
569:
557:
555:
551:
543:
542:bamboo shoots
539:
535:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
509:
508:Tobacco smoke
506:
505:
504:
498:
494:
490:
486:
485:building fire
482:
479:
475:
474:sulfuric acid
471:
467:
463:
460:
456:
452:
448:
447:
446:
444:
440:
439:nitroprusside
436:
432:
424:
419:
410:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
382:
380:
376:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
322:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
296:
292:
288:
283:
281:
277:
272:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
233:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
183:
179:
175:
172:
168:
165:
164:blood lactate
161:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
140:
138:
134:
130:
127:
123:
119:
115:
112:
108:
104:
100:
95:
91:
88:
86:
82:
79:
75:
72:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
49:
45:
41:
36:
30:
19:
5720:
5708:
5696:
5491:Latrodectism
5482:spider venom
5305:Haff disease
5226:Dipyridamole
5168:Barbiturates
5078:
5052:
4840:Toxic metals
4732:
4708:
4697:
4682:
4667:
4627:
4598:
4576:
4520:
4514:
4502:. Retrieved
4498:the original
4490:
4480:
4469:the original
4456:
4448:
4443:
4425:
4410:
4384:. Retrieved
4375:
4365:
4353:. Retrieved
4345:The Guardian
4344:
4334:
4322:. Retrieved
4311:
4302:
4290:. Retrieved
4279:
4267:. Retrieved
4258:
4248:
4236:. Retrieved
4227:
4218:
4204:
4192:. Retrieved
4183:
4174:
4150:
4143:
4131:. Retrieved
4122:
4112:
4104:
4089:
4079:27 September
4077:. Retrieved
4068:
4059:
4049:27 September
4047:. Retrieved
4039:Safety Blog®
4038:
4029:
4017:. Retrieved
4013:the original
4008:
3999:
3987:. Retrieved
3983:the original
3973:
3960:
3951:
3942:
3922:
3912:
3905:
3900:
3882:
3870:. Retrieved
3856:
3843:. Retrieved
3829:
3817:
3805:
3789:
3777:
3765:
3746:
3740:
3728:. Retrieved
3718:
3711:
3699:
3687:
3675:
3663:
3651:. Retrieved
3636:
3629:
3617:. Retrieved
3608:
3598:
3586:. Retrieved
3572:
3537:
3534:J. Med. Chem
3533:
3523:
3488:
3484:
3474:
3452:(1): 29–33.
3449:
3445:
3439:
3406:
3402:
3396:
3371:
3367:
3361:
3348:
3338:
3321:
3317:
3311:
3287:
3280:
3263:
3257:
3251:
3238:
3207:
3195:. Retrieved
3181:
3168:
3164:
3154:15 September
3152:. Retrieved
3148:
3139:
3126:
3122:
3109:
3100:
3091:
3048:
3044:
3031:
3019:. Retrieved
3010:
3000:
2965:
2961:
2951:
2932:
2911:. Retrieved
2884:
2880:
2870:
2852:Biochemistry
2851:
2809:
2805:
2799:
2754:
2750:
2740:
2721:
2715:
2696:
2692:
2682:
2649:
2645:
2639:
2609:(2): 87–95.
2606:
2602:
2596:
2582:cite journal
2563:
2559:
2549:
2524:
2520:
2514:
2489:
2483:
2477:
2465:. Retrieved
2432:
2428:
2385:(1): 37–41.
2382:
2378:
2372:
2337:
2333:
2327:
2309:
2297:. Retrieved
2291:
2284:
2275:
2263:. Retrieved
2254:
2228:. Retrieved
2199:. Retrieved
2190:
2180:
2147:
2143:
2107:
2101:
2089:. Retrieved
2069:
2035:
2031:
1975:
1971:
1910:. Retrieved
1890:
1883:
1863:
1812:biosynthesis
1806:
1770:Tokyo subway
1731:Mei Xiang Li
1713:Jolly Thomas
1679:heart attack
1488:Leonard Lake
1473:Port Kaituma
1411:(1945), and
1397:Adolf Hitler
1393:Erwin Rommel
1389:Nazi Germany
1381:prussic acid
1367:In the 1943
1355:Buenos Aires
1333:
1298:
1232:gas chambers
1220:Nazi Germany
1205:
1183:Gas chambers
1177:polyurethane
1162:
1150:Buenos Aires
1143:
1119:
1103:metabolizing
1081:parenterally
1051:
1033:madeira wine
894:
867:Description
841:
809:amyl nitrite
802:
786:amyl nitrite
779:
767:
734:
730:spinal fluid
718:heart attack
698:fluorescence
680:
661:
640:
624:amyl nitrite
613:
582:
567:
563:
547:
502:
489:polyurethane
431:prussic acid
428:
407:miscarriages
388:
333:
311:mass suicide
297:(vitamin B12
284:
273:
253:insecticides
234:
189:
188:
150:insecticides
137:Risk factors
98:
89:
29:
5753:Neurotoxins
5722:WikiProject
5535:Fish toxins
5496:Loxoscelism
5409:Snake venom
5381:Physalaemin
5353:vertebrates
5193:Paracetamol
4573:Longerich P
4324:13 February
4269:27 December
4238:27 December
3730:27 February
3021:30 November
3005:Leybell I.
2467:29 December
2299:10 November
1661:(1935–2006)
1582:John Tawell
1555:In 2000, a
1495:Wall Street
1471:members at
1420:Alan Turing
1317:gas chamber
1264:German Army
1222:for use in
1169:Santa Maria
1099:human liver
918:Thiosulfate
837:thiocyanate
794:citric acid
792:in aqueous
753:thiocyanate
747:, the main
726:glutathione
722:dialdehydes
691:barbiturate
622:(i.e., via
566:cytochrome
550:Vitamin B12
478:gas chamber
455:insecticide
280:lactic acid
120:Few minutes
117:Usual onset
43:Other names
5742:Categories
5670:including
5627:Antibiotic
5555:Strychnine
5525:Cinchonism
5487:Latrotoxin
5436:Arthropods
5424:Batroxobin
5335:Neurotoxic
5330:Diarrhetic
5280:Biological
5023:Pesticides
5015:Phosphorus
4951:Metalloids
4710:DiseasesDB
4504:20 January
4133:1 February
4019:1 December
3822:Hayes 2004
3810:Hayes 2004
3794:Hayes 2004
3782:Hayes 2004
3770:Hayes 2004
3704:Hayes 2004
3692:Piper 1994
3680:Hayes 2004
3266:(5): 357.
3197:14 January
2913:9 February
2806:Toxicology
2603:Toxicology
2340:: 170–98.
2265:26 October
2230:8 December
1978:(1): 2–9.
1850:References
1808:Cobinamide
1671:Urooj Khan
1623:Flavor Aid
1546:Avellaneda
1528:war crimes
1481:Georgetown
1447:insurgency
1424:homosexual
1284:Buchenwald
1276:Mauthausen
1107:accumulate
1077:hydrolyzes
1069:sulfanegen
856:kelocyanor
848:shelf life
842:The Irish
749:metabolite
685:test, the
648:ubiquinone
425:in Nigeria
397:, nervous
372:hemoglobin
251:, certain
245:house fire
148:, certain
142:House fire
74:Toxicology
5647:Pollution
5587:Cnidocyte
5540:Lathyrism
5453:Bee venom
5449:Bee sting
5393:Coturnism
5376:Bufotenin
5361:Amphibian
5340:Paralytic
5315:Scombroid
5300:Ciguatera
5258:Vitamin E
5253:Vitamin D
5248:Vitamin A
4969:Nonmetals
4916:Manganese
4848:Beryllium
4822:Inorganic
4784:Poisoning
4734:eMedicine
4396:cite news
4355:8 October
3374:: 47–51.
3175:eMedicine
3133:eMedicine
3065:1098-3600
2791:146077876
2091:26 August
1912:26 August
1875:Citations
1790:In 2003,
1767:KayabachĹŤ
1748:survived.
1717:Kozhikode
1639:Pixy Stix
1607:Jonestown
1561:Chernobyl
1550:Argentina
1465:Jonestown
1401:Eva Braun
1399:'s wife,
1293:Wehrmacht
1252:IG Farben
1201:Auschwitz
1154:Argentina
1056:(3-MPST,
1048:rhodanese
1043:prodrugs
1007:complexes
985:hemolysis
953:vitamin B
932:rhodanese
759:Treatment
745:half-life
720:produces
658:Diagnosis
560:Mechanism
451:pesticide
395:paralysis
364:confusion
356:headaches
206:dizziness
194:poisoning
170:Treatment
131:compounds
69:Specialty
5748:Cyanides
5698:Category
5550:Mushroom
5530:Ergotism
5515: /
5489: /
5463:Melittin
5451: /
5407: /
5371:Bombesin
5290: /
5267:syndrome
5096:Methanol
5058:Nicotine
5045:Nitrogen
4992:Fluoride
4987:Chlorine
4982:Selenium
4896:Chromium
4873:Thallium
4794:Overdose
4789:Toxicity
4622:Gutman Y
4597:(2004).
4575:(2010).
4555:73728106
4547:30855115
4494:magazine
4380:Archived
4349:Archived
4318:Archived
4313:CBS News
4263:Archived
4232:Archived
4188:Archived
4127:Archived
4097:Archived
4073:Archived
4043:Archived
3965:Archived
3961:CBS News
3920:(2009).
3892:Archived
3866:Archived
3839:Archived
3724:Archived
3613:Archived
3588:7 August
3582:Archived
3564:18038966
3515:18024011
3431:45601363
3388:12978560
3353:Archived
3303:Archived
3243:Archived
3239:Medscape
3217:Archived
3191:Archived
3114:Archived
3083:25503498
3015:Archived
3011:Medscape
2907:Archived
2903:17906319
2783:32626287
2666:17180454
2631:11985886
2541:15289044
2506:12176095
2461:Archived
2457:15303657
2449:17631662
2407:12481854
2319:Archived
2259:Archived
2224:Archived
2195:Archived
2172:25249847
2164:23163594
2085:Archived
2052:21285466
2002:29844296
1994:22828651
1906:Archived
1818:See also
1803:Research
1792:Al Qaeda
1653:Excedrin
1625:in 1978.
1477:Leo Ryan
1445:, whose
1395:(1944),
1376:minutes.
1266:and the
1240:Majdanek
1216:Zyklon B
1193:Zyklon B
1073:dithiane
901:nitrites
873:Nitrites
825:Cyanokit
805:antidote
776:Antidote
741:LC/MS/MS
687:pyridine
616:antidote
531:flaxseed
519:apricots
497:nitriles
459:Zyklon B
379:cyanosis
344:seizures
315:genocide
303:antidote
218:seizures
202:headache
103:seizures
85:Symptoms
5710:Commons
5666:argyria
5575:Stinger
5545:Locoism
5325:Amnesic
5292:Seafood
5221:Digoxin
5188:Opioids
5183:Lithium
5178:Cocaine
5163:Aspirin
5153:Alcohol
5145:Nervous
5113:Toluene
5086:Ethanol
5080:alcohol
5053:Cyanide
5006:Organic
4959:Arsenic
4863:Mercury
4853:Cadmium
4812:History
4739:med/487
4704:D003486
4634:157–182
4595:Hayes P
4566:Sources
4386:11 July
4292:29 July
4194:12 June
3989:1 April
3918:Linge H
3653:17 June
3619:28 June
3609:Reuters
3555:2274902
3506:2171362
3466:2769694
3423:1569239
3074:5000852
2992:8013452
2814:Bibcode
2774:7009189
2674:6874332
2611:Bibcode
2387:Bibcode
2364:4313082
1707:Jakarta
1621:–laced
1530:by the
1510:podcast
1497:trader
1336:acidity
1323:Suicide
1256:Degussa
1248:Degesch
1226:during
1197:Soviets
1135:History
1127:chains.
1065:prodrug
1061:2.8.1.2
1022:glucose
1016:Glucose
949:vitamer
930:enzyme
883:ferrous
879:oxidize
695:taurine
663:Lactate
620:nitrite
538:cassava
527:oranges
515:almonds
423:cassava
399:lesions
391:cassava
360:vertigo
317:by the
198:cyanide
129:Cyanide
61:Cyanide
5676:toxins
5672:venoms
5662:Silver
5513:Plants
5458:Apamin
5419:Ancrod
5405:Snakes
5400:Mammal
5351:Other
5108:Oxygen
4937:Silver
4906:Copper
4901:Cobalt
4868:Nickel
4831:Metals
4807:Poison
4640:
4605:
4583:
4553:
4545:
4535:
4162:
3930:
3872:3 July
3845:3 July
3753:
3644:
3562:
3552:
3513:
3503:
3464:
3429:
3421:
3386:
3330:209160
3328:
3295:
3081:
3071:
3063:
2990:
2983:395125
2980:
2939:
2901:
2858:
2834:494304
2832:
2789:
2781:
2771:
2728:
2672:
2664:
2629:
2539:
2504:
2455:
2447:
2405:
2362:
2352:
2201:2 June
2170:
2162:
2122:
2077:
2050:
2000:
1992:
1898:
1721:Kerala
1631:(1982)
1617:drank
1603:(1959)
1597:(1945)
1576:Murder
1513:S-Town
1469:Temple
1373:Vemork
1288:tonnes
1282:, and
1280:Dachau
1191:Empty
1173:Brazil
998:Cobalt
887:ferric
864:Agent
671:oxygen
644:plants
636:oxygen
529:, and
523:apples
413:Causes
405:, and
350:, and
269:oxygen
125:Causes
5580:plant
5517:Fungi
5388:Birds
4693:989.0
4678:T65.0
4620:. In
4551:S2CID
4472:(PDF)
4465:(PDF)
4156:1–352
3427:S2CID
3384:S2CID
3349:Retel
3041:(PDF)
2787:S2CID
2699:(1).
2670:S2CID
2453:S2CID
2255:CHEMM
2168:S2CID
1998:S2CID
1839:Konzo
1725:India
1687:TBARS
1272:Testa
1140:Fires
951:) of
714:TBARS
669:when
493:vinyl
472:with
457:, or
348:apnea
342:with
319:Nazis
241:salts
99:Later
90:Early
5573:and
5571:Bite
5288:Fish
4921:Zinc
4911:Iron
4858:Lead
4715:3280
4699:MeSH
4688:9-CM
4638:ISBN
4603:ISBN
4581:ISBN
4543:PMID
4533:ISBN
4506:2007
4492:Time
4402:link
4388:2018
4357:2019
4326:2017
4294:2022
4271:2019
4240:2019
4196:2016
4160:ISBN
4135:2015
4081:2021
4051:2021
4021:2017
3991:2017
3928:ISBN
3874:2015
3847:2015
3751:ISBN
3732:2021
3655:2023
3642:ISBN
3621:2013
3590:2013
3560:PMID
3511:PMID
3462:PMID
3419:PMID
3326:PMID
3293:ISBN
3259:JAMA
3199:2017
3156:2022
3079:PMID
3061:ISSN
3023:2019
2988:PMID
2937:ISBN
2915:2021
2899:PMID
2856:ISBN
2830:PMID
2779:PMID
2726:ISBN
2662:PMID
2627:PMID
2588:link
2537:PMID
2502:PMID
2469:2018
2445:PMID
2403:PMID
2360:PMID
2350:ISBN
2301:2022
2267:2016
2232:2016
2203:2017
2160:PMID
2120:ISBN
2093:2017
2075:ISBN
2048:PMID
1990:PMID
1914:2017
1896:ISBN
1785:cult
1776:and
1745:Thai
1681:and
1593:The
1439:LTTE
1307:(or
1258:and
1244:Jews
1210:and
1144:The
780:The
702:HPLC
650:to O
614:One
585:heme
441:for
340:coma
261:ions
5072:CHO
4878:Tin
4684:ICD
4669:ICD
4525:doi
4105:BBC
3550:PMC
3542:doi
3501:PMC
3493:doi
3489:175
3454:doi
3411:doi
3376:doi
3268:doi
3264:100
3173:at
3131:at
3069:PMC
3053:doi
2978:PMC
2970:doi
2889:doi
2885:101
2822:doi
2769:PMC
2759:doi
2701:doi
2654:doi
2619:doi
2607:174
2568:doi
2529:doi
2494:doi
2437:doi
2395:doi
2342:doi
2152:doi
2112:doi
2040:doi
1980:doi
1733:of
1715:of
1387:of
1109:).
987:).
960:12a
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