2179:
511:
281:
53:
889:
44:
943:
2162:, lactate, and pyruvate act as oxidative energy substrates, causing an increase in the NAD(P)H oxidation phase, that glucose was insufficient as an energy carrier during intense synaptic activity and, finally, that lactate can be an efficient energy substrate capable of sustaining and enhancing brain aerobic energy metabolism
2495:
E270. Lactic acid is used as a food preservative, curing agent, and flavoring agent. It is an ingredient in processed foods and is used as a decontaminant during meat processing. Lactic acid is produced commercially by fermentation of carbohydrates such as glucose, sucrose, or lactose, or by chemical
1749:
during production of pyruvate from glucose, and this ensures that energy production is maintained and exercise can continue. During intense exercise, the respiratory chain cannot keep up with the amount of hydrogen ions that join to form NADH, and cannot regenerate NAD quickly enough, so pyruvate is
2166:. The study "provides novel data on biphasic NAD(P)H fluorescence transients, an important physiological response to neural activation that has been reproduced in many studies and that is believed to originate predominantly from activity-induced concentration changes to the cellular NADH pools."
1807:
Lactate is continually formed at rest and during all exercise intensities. Lactate serves as a metabolic fuel being produced and oxidatively disposed in resting and exercising muscle and other tissues. Some sources of excess lactate production are metabolism in
1376:
when the flow of blood is limited as in sepsis or hemorrhagic shock. It may also occur when demand for oxygen is high such as with intense exercise. Lactic acidosis results in an oxygen debt which can be resolved or repaid when tissue oxygenation improves.
1904:
generates ATP for use in powering the cell. When insufficient oxygen is present, or when there is insufficient capacity for pyruvate oxidation to keep up with rapid pyruvate production during intense exertion, the pyruvate is converted to lactate by
2425:
may use the standard 4 kilocalories (17 kJ) per gram that is often used for all carbohydrates. But in some cases lactic acid is ignored in the calculation. The energy density of lactic acid is 362 kilocalories (1,510 kJ) per 100 g.
4183:
the food energy is calculated using given coefficients for carbohydrate, fat, and protein. (One must click on "Full report" to see the coefficients.) The calculated value is based on 4.66 grams of carbohydrate, which is exactly equal to the
2674:
Silva AM, Kong X, Hider RC (October 2009). "Determination of the pKa value of the hydroxyl group in the alpha-hydroxycarboxylates citrate, malate and lactate by 13C NMR: implications for metal coordination in biological systems".
3828:
Tyzio R, Allene C, Nardou R, Picardo MA, Yamamoto S, Sivakumaran S, Caiati MD, Rheims S, Minlebaev M, Milh M, FerrΓ© P, Khazipov R, Romette JL, Lorquin J, Cossart R, Khalilov I, Nehlig A, Cherubini E, Ben-Ari Y (January 2011).
2420:
lactic acid might be included under the term "carbohydrate" (or "carbohydrate by difference") because this often includes everything other than water, protein, fat, ash, and ethanol. If this is the case then the calculated
1660:
forms as a by-product; the
Japanese company Musashino is one of the last big manufacturers of lactic acid by this route. Synthesis of both racemic and enantiopure lactic acids is also possible from other starting materials
3474:
Ferguson, Brian S.; Rogatzki, Matthew J.; Goodwin, Matthew L.; Kane, Daniel A.; Rightmire, Zachary; Gladden, L. Bruce (2018). "Lactate metabolism: historical context, prior misinterpretations, and current understanding".
2647:
2169:
Lactate can also serve as an important source of energy for other organs, including the heart and liver. During physical activity, up to 60% of the heart muscle's energy turnover rate derives from lactate oxidation.
2138:
subjects, with lactate at these stages having higher concentrations in body liquids, and being utilized by the brain preferentially over glucose. It was also hypothesized that lactate may exert a strong action over
2441:, yeast and bacteria are allowed to "fall" into the open fermenters. Brewers of more common beer styles would ensure that no such bacteria are allowed to enter the fermenter. Other sour styles of beer include
1078:
is 1 unit less, meaning lactic acid is ten times more acidic than acetic acid. This higher acidity is the consequence of the intramolecular hydrogen bonding between the Ξ±-hydroxyl and the carboxylate group.
1608:(Hexose sugar) can be used. Pure sucrose, glucose from starch, raw sugar, and beet juice are frequently used. Lactic acid producing bacteria can be divided in two classes: homofermentative bacteria like
4535:
869:
2437:. Most commonly, this is produced naturally by various strains of bacteria. These bacteria ferment sugars into acids, unlike the yeast that ferment sugar into ethanol. After cooling the
3353:
Groot W, van
Krieken J, Slekersl O, de Vos S (19 October 2010). "Chemistry and production of lactic acid, lactide and poly(lactic acid)". In Auras R, Lim LT, Selke SE, Tsuji H (eds.).
3736:
Pellerin L, Bouzier-Sore AK, Aubert A, Serres S, Merle M, Costalat R, Magistretti PJ (September 2007). "Activity-dependent regulation of energy metabolism by astrocytes: an update".
2742:
1741:, and lactate is then produced from the pyruvate faster than the body can process it, causing lactate concentrations to rise. The production of lactate is beneficial for
6270:
4528:
925:
4114:
Campieri, C.; Campieri, M.; Bertuzzi, V.; Swennen, E.; Matteuzzi, D.; Stefoni, S.; Pirovano, F.; Centi, C.; Ulisse, S.; Famularo, G.; De Simone, C. (September 2001).
1196:. It does not increase in concentration until the rate of lactate production exceeds the rate of lactate removal, which is governed by a number of factors, including
6564:
6405:
6361:
5694:
2905:"International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. LXXXII: Nomenclature and Classification of Hydroxy-carboxylic Acid Receptors (GPR81, GPR109A, and GPR109B)"
2106:
cells are responsible for transforming glucose into lactate, and for providing lactate to the neurons. Because of this local metabolic activity of glial cells, the
1001:
with water. When in the dissolved state, it forms a colorless solution. Production includes both artificial synthesis as well as natural sources. Lactic acid is an
6651:
6493:
6292:
6226:
5759:
5737:
5715:
5673:
4374:
6629:
6520:
6339:
6317:
5962:
5803:
5338:
5295:
3880:"Spontaneous network events driven by depolarizing GABA action in neonatal hippocampal slices are not attributable to deficient mitochondrial energy metabolism"
2074:
is usually assumed to be the main energy source for living tissues, there is evidence that lactate, in preference to glucose, is preferentially metabolized by
6607:
6586:
6471:
6427:
6383:
6016:
5984:
5781:
5607:
5530:
5317:
5274:
4521:
3781:"Energy substrate availability as a determinant of neuronal resting potential, GABA signaling and spontaneous network activity in the neonatal cortex in vitro"
6542:
6449:
6248:
6087:
6065:
5865:
1146:-lactic acid have a higher melting point. Lactic acid produced by fermentation of milk is often racemic, although certain species of bacteria produce solely
834:
1616:, producing two moles of lactate from one mole of glucose, and heterofermentative species producing one mole of lactate from one mole of glucose as well as
6040:
5651:
5447:
2772:"Skeletal muscle PGC-1Ξ± controls whole-body lactate homeostasis through estrogen-related receptor Ξ±-dependent activation of LDH B and repression of LDH A"
5469:
5403:
5043:
2055:
The resulting increase in acidity persists until the excess lactate and protons are converted back to pyruvate, and then to glucose for later use, or to
6105:
5565:
5233:
5091:
4498:
956:
5919:
5887:
3405:
6141:
5937:
1997:), when viewed in isolation, releases two H. The H are absorbed in the production of ATP, but H is subsequently released during hydrolysis of ATP:
3600:
Zilberter Y, Zilberter T, Bregestovski P (September 2010). "Neuronal activity in vitro and the in vivo reality: the role of energy homeostasis".
1468:. As of 2009, lactic acid was produced predominantly (70β90%) by fermentation. Production of racemic lactic acid consisting of a 1:1 mixture of
2208:), because lactate levels differ substantially between arterial and venous, and the arterial level is more representative for this purpose.
1564:
550:
4180:
1532:
4477:
4427:
2349:
to produce water-soluble lactates from otherwise-insoluble active ingredients. It finds further use in topical preparations and
674:
4456:
3534:
3387:
3362:
3337:
2621:
344:
1816:
that perform aerobic respiration, and limitations in the rates of enzyme activity in muscle fibers during intense exertion.
4400:
2151:
than it was previously assumed, acting either through better support of metabolites, or alterations in base intracellular
1372:
Lactic acid is produced in human tissues when the demand for oxygen is limited by the supply. This occurs during tissue
4975:
4378:
951:
3293:
4305:
4207:
3422:
2504:
Lactic acid has historically been used to assist with the erasure of inks from official papers to be modified during
1742:
1695:
1241:
525:
4352:
6712:
2182:
4081:
963:
4163:
2829:
2409:
in fermented milk is coagulated (curdled) by lactic acid. Lactic acid is also responsible for the sour flavor of
3315:
3306:
H. Benninga (1990): "A History of Lactic Acid Making: A Chapter in the
History of Biotechnology". Volume 11 of
3927:
Khakhalin AS (September 2011). "Questioning the depolarizing effects of GABA during early brain development".
3438:
Shuklov IA, Dubrovina NV, KΓΌhlein K, BΓΆrner A (2016). "Chemo-Catalyzed
Pathways to Lactic Acid and Lactates".
1745:
regeneration (pyruvate is reduced to lactate while NADH is oxidized to NAD), which is used up in oxidation of
4506:
1309:
17:
6722:
6717:
3972:"Lactate Effectively Covers Energy Demands during Neuronal Network Activity in Neonatal Hippocampal Slices"
3550:
Robergs RA, Ghiasvand F, Parker D (September 2004). "Biochemistry of exercise-induced metabolic acidosis".
2948:
1580:
As a starting material for industrial production of lactic acid, almost any carbohydrate source containing
915:
430:
276:
4283:
2456:
In winemaking, a bacterial process, natural or controlled, is often used to convert the naturally present
1152:-lactic acid. On the other hand, lactic acid produced by anaerobic respiration in animal muscles has the (
6737:
3636:
1197:
1185:
1134:
with water and with ethanol above its melting point, which is about 16 to 18 Β°C (61 to 64 Β°F).
489:
238:
4164:"USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 28 (2015) Documentation and User Guide"
3266:
2471:
While not normally found in significant quantities in fruit, lactic acid is the primary organic acid in
2130:
Some evidence suggests that lactate is important at early stages of development for brain metabolism in
921:
168:
2605:
1746:
1712:
1559:
1448:
In 2006, global production of lactic acid reached 275,000 tonnes with an average annual growth of 10%.
1258:
1069:
650:
4513:
4223:
2178:
2643:
2346:
2286:
1901:
1517:
288:
6732:
2602:
Nomenclature of
Organic Chemistry : IUPAC Recommendations and Preferred Names 2013 (Blue Book)
2487:
it is approved for use in the EU, United States and
Australia and New Zealand; it is listed by its
1547:
1523:
1265:
506:
3831:"Depolarizing actions of GABA in immature neurons depend neither on ketone bodies nor on pyruvate"
2185:, comparing lactate content (shown in violet at center-right) to other constituents in human blood
4936:
4491:
2542:
2461:
2417:
2201:
1500:
760:
1408:
186:
6727:
4968:
4708:
4645:
1830:-lactate), with formation of an excessively high proton concentration and correspondingly low
1724:
1313:
3074:
Aas JA, Griffen AL, Dardis SR, Lee AM, Olsen I, Dewhirst FE, Leys EJ, Paster BJ (April 2008).
888:
5255:
4726:
4474:
3779:
Holmgren CD, Mukhtarov M, Malkov AE, Popova IY, Bregestovski P, Zilberter Y (February 2010).
2557:
2193:
1906:
1181:
1083:
897:
881:
3250:
3233:
1200:, concentration and isoform of LDH, and oxidative capacity of tissues. The concentration of
2783:
2465:
2159:
1442:
1386:
1269:
460:
446:
439:
258:
137:
71:
4132:
4116:"Reduction of oxaluria after an oral course of lactic acid bacteria at high concentration"
4115:
2726:
1797:
If blood glucose concentrations are high, the glucose can be used to build up the liver's
855:
8:
4841:
3271:
2115:
2107:
1422:
775:
106:
3206:
3173:
2787:
510:
280:
123:
116:
5486:
4670:
4049:
4022:
3998:
3971:
3952:
3904:
3879:
3855:
3830:
3810:
3761:
3713:
3688:
3664:
3575:
3523:
3149:
3124:
3100:
3076:"Bacteria of dental caries in primary and permanent teeth in children and young adults"
3075:
3051:
3026:
3002:
2975:
2877:
2852:
2806:
2771:
2700:
1893:
When sufficient oxygen is present for aerobic respiration, the pyruvate is oxidized to
1835:
1553:
1002:
198:
2639:
218:
5629:
5583:
5360:
5191:
5156:
5134:
4961:
4452:
4203:
4145:
4137:
4054:
4003:
3944:
3909:
3860:
3814:
3802:
3797:
3780:
3753:
3718:
3669:
3617:
3567:
3530:
3500:
3492:
3418:
3383:
3358:
3333:
3311:
3211:
3193:
3154:
3105:
3056:
3042:
3007:
2926:
2882:
2811:
2692:
2617:
2537:
2525:
2450:
2144:
1657:
1653:
1014:
3956:
3765:
3027:"Correlations of oral bacterial arginine and urea catabolism with caries experience"
2903:
Offermanns S, Colletti SL, Lovenberg TW, Semple G, Wise A, IJzerman AP (June 2011).
2704:
1486:-lactic acid, is possible by microbial fermentation. Industrial scale production of
5382:
5069:
4448:
Sustainable
Agriculture Reviews 34: Date Palm for Food Medicine and the Environment
4263:
4127:
4044:
4034:
3993:
3983:
3936:
3899:
3895:
3891:
3850:
3846:
3842:
3792:
3745:
3708:
3700:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3609:
3579:
3559:
3484:
3447:
3410:
3245:
3201:
3185:
3144:
3136:
3095:
3087:
3046:
3038:
2997:
2987:
2947:
Offermanns S, Colletti SL, IJzerman AP, Lovenberg TW, Semple G, Wise A, Waters MG.
2916:
2872:
2864:
2801:
2791:
2684:
2609:
2578:
2460:
to lactic acid, to reduce the sharpness and for other flavor-related reasons. This
1730:
1704:
1641:
1250:
1110:)-lactic acid, or (β)-lactic acid. A mixture of the two in equal amounts is called
845:
639:
573:
3552:
American
Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology
3414:
3125:"Diversity of lactobacilli in the oral cavities of young women with dental caries"
2898:
2896:
5843:
5209:
5025:
4925:
4587:
4577:
4486:
4481:
4446:
4085:
3704:
2853:"Blood lactate measurements and analysis during exercise: a guide for clinicians"
2573:
2517:
2442:
2390:
2323:
2303:
2099:
1817:
1788:
1358:
803:
736:
322:
52:
3380:
Lactic acid bacteria in
Biology of Microorganisms on Grapes, in Must and in Wine
2992:
2613:
403:
5825:
5425:
5116:
4880:
4859:
4665:
4655:
4547:
4327:
3613:
3563:
2893:
2868:
2776:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2402:
2197:
1809:
1617:
1022:
934:
813:
755:
3488:
2688:
6706:
4942:
4793:
4783:
4743:
4716:
4698:
4564:
4141:
4039:
3988:
3496:
3197:
2722:
2562:
2552:
2547:
2484:
2334:
2327:
2119:
1662:
1435:
1430:
1395:
1366:
1354:
1273:
818:
750:
624:
614:
314:
269:
4268:
4251:
2796:
5508:
4920:
4910:
4813:
4798:
4778:
4748:
4680:
4555:
4149:
4058:
4007:
3948:
3913:
3864:
3806:
3757:
3722:
3673:
3621:
3571:
3504:
3451:
3267:"Why does lactic acid build up in muscles? And why does it cause soreness?"
3215:
3158:
3109:
3060:
3025:
Nascimento MM, Gordan VV, Garvan CW, Browngardt CM, Burne RA (April 2009).
3011:
2930:
2886:
2815:
2696:
2446:
2354:
2320:
2205:
1813:
1645:
1637:
1465:
1461:
1457:
979:
850:
840:
770:
765:
3940:
2921:
2904:
2769:
4831:
4808:
4803:
4788:
4773:
4768:
4693:
4660:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4544:
3189:
3091:
2422:
2358:
2110:
immediately surrounding neurons strongly differs in composition from the
1776:
1621:
1343:
1317:
1301:
1065:
1018:
998:
745:
3232:
Parks, Scott K.; Mueller-Klieser, Wolfgang; PouyssΓ©gur, Jacques (2020).
2020:
Once the production and use of ATP is included, the overall reaction is
1402:
1158:) enantiomer and is sometimes called "sarcolactic" acid, from the Greek
1040:
In solution, it can ionize by a loss of a proton to produce the lactate
4930:
4900:
4875:
4763:
4753:
4650:
4607:
4582:
4572:
4551:
4543:
4078:
3749:
2521:
2488:
2457:
2282:
2189:
2148:
1842:
1821:
1792:
1751:
1688:
1649:
1234:
1211:
1189:
1121:
1100:)-lactic acid, or (+)-lactic acid, and the other, its mirror image, is
1087:
1030:
798:
793:
601:
334:
289:
249:
43:
3140:
4915:
4854:
4758:
4735:
4636:
4626:
4250:
Li, Li; Yao, Xiaohong; Zhong, Caihong; Chen, Xuzhong (January 2010).
2770:
Summermatter S, Santos G, PΓ©rez-Schindler J, Handschin C (May 2013).
2765:
2763:
2496:
synthesis. Carbohydrate sources include corn, beets, and cane sugar.
2430:
2410:
2350:
2330:
2316:
2135:
2083:
1761:
1492:-lactic acid by fermentation is possible, but much more challenging.
1325:
1285:
1159:
478:
3969:
2976:"Ecology of lactobacilli in the oral cavity: a review of literature"
933:
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their
4849:
4823:
2492:
2365:
2131:
1798:
1765:
1738:
1666:
1439:
1373:
1332:
1305:
1193:
1174:
1131:
1010:
1006:
808:
378:
371:
364:
306:
2760:
167:
4905:
4617:
2902:
2505:
2312:
2309:
2071:
1784:
1734:
1691:
1625:
1582:
1362:
1281:
1277:
1237:
1117:
390:
4953:
3735:
3635:
Wyss MT, Jolivet R, Buck A, Magistretti PJ, Weber B (May 2011).
3024:
2832:. UC Davis Health System, Sports Medicine and Sports Performance
4113:
2946:
2472:
2434:
2406:
2394:
2364:
Lactic acid containing bacteria have shown promise in reducing
2075:
1791:
in the liver and release back into circulation by means of the
1769:
1596:
1418:
1328:
1321:
1178:
229:
3599:
3352:
3231:
2600:"CHAPTER P-6. Applications to Specific Classes of Compounds".
1389:
was the first person to isolate lactic acid in 1780 from sour
4353:"Listing of Specific Substances Affirmed as GRAS:Lactic Acid"
4330:. Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code. 8 September 2011
3878:
Ruusuvuori E, Kirilkin I, Pandya N, Kaila K (November 2010).
3877:
3778:
3689:"Lactate metabolism: a new paradigm for the third millennium"
3525:
Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance
3437:
2942:
2940:
2850:
2433:) purposely contain lactic acid, one such type being Belgian
2398:
2386:
2111:
2095:
2087:
2079:
1350:
1347:
1339:
1335:
1297:
1289:
1201:
414:
209:
157:
2851:
Goodwin ML, Harris JE, HernΓ‘ndez A, Gladden LB (July 2007).
1636:
Racemic lactic acid is synthesized industrially by reacting
494:
3970:
Ivanov A, Mukhtarov M, Bregestovski P, Zilberter Y (2011).
3529:. Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Health.
3473:
2567:
2438:
2382:
2340:
2140:
2103:
1508:
1504:
1390:
1293:
355:
3637:"In vivo evidence for lactate as a neuronal energy source"
3634:
3122:
2937:
2333:. PLA is an example of a plastic that is not derived from
4199:
3403:
Westhoff, Gerrit; Starr, John N. (2012). "Lactic Acids".
2192:
for lactate are performed to determine the status of the
2091:
1041:
723:
4104:
Derived from mass values using molar mass of 90.08 g/mol
3827:
2955:. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology
534:
InChI=1S/C3H6O3/c1-2(4)3(5)6/h2,4H,1H3,(H,5,6)/t2-/m0/s1
2152:
1831:
907:
3549:
2308:
Two molecules of lactic acid can be dehydrated to the
1013:
group. It is used as a synthetic intermediate in many
4196:
Food Composition Data: Production, Management and Use
3172:
Achanti, Anand; Szerlip, Harold M. (1 January 2023).
1824:
characterized by accumulation of lactate (especially
1227:
mM afterward. In addition to other biological roles,
307:
3234:"Lactate and Acidity in the Cancer Microenvironment"
2368:
with its descaling properties on calcium compounds.
1288:
to lactic acid. These bacteria can also grow in the
903:
4401:"Agency Response Letter GRAS Notice No. GRN 000240"
4284:"Current EU approved additives and their E Numbers"
4193:
3174:"Acid-Base Disorders in the Critically Ill Patient"
3073:
2285:, lactate levels in the fetus can be quantified by
1750:converted to lactate to allow energy production by
1438:. This pathway was used commercially by the German
343:
4347:
4345:
3522:
3294:"NNFCC Renewable Chemicals Factsheet: Lactic Acid"
3123:Caufield PW, Li Y, Dasanayake A, Saxena D (2007).
2118:, being much richer with lactate, as was found in
1456:Lactic acid is produced industrially by bacterial
1434:in the synthesis of lactic acid was discovered by
1421:during exertion. Its structure was established by
4444:
3520:
2516:Lactic acid is used in some liquid cleaners as a
185:
6704:
3595:
3593:
3591:
3589:
3469:
3467:
3465:
3463:
3461:
1669:, etc.) by application of catalytic procedures.
1029:(or the lactate anion). The name of the derived
402:
4342:
4100:
4098:
4096:
4094:
3516:
3514:
2125:
1845:, the conversion of glucose to pyruvate and H:
1757:The resulting lactate can be used in two ways:
1480:stereoisomers, or of mixtures with up to 99.9%
136:
122:
115:
4249:
3406:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
3171:
2673:
2065:
1733:, when the rate of demand for energy is high,
4969:
4529:
4252:"Akebia: A Potential New Fruit Crop in China"
3586:
3458:
3402:
3377:
1503:are obtained industrially by fermentation of
4428:"If I Sleep for an Hour, 30 People Will Die"
4187:
4091:
4074:
4072:
4070:
4068:
3511:
2973:
2648:Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
1223:mM during intense exertion and as high as 25
4328:"Standard 1.2.4 β Labelling of ingredients"
2595:
2593:
1841:The first stage in metabolizing glucose is
1775:Pyruvate is then directly used to fuel the
1400:
1399:combining form derived from the Latin word
1308:, lactate is one of the main components of
997:. It is white in the solid state and it is
854:
629:122 Β°C (252 Β°F; 395 K) at 15
4976:
4962:
4536:
4522:
4496:
4492:Lactic Acid Is Not Muscles' Foe, It's Fuel
4425:
4306:"Listing of Food Additives Status Part II"
4240:Lambic (Classic Beer Style) β Jean Guinard
2857:Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology
2158:Studies of brain slices of mice show that
1718:
1495:
509:
279:
257:
4267:
4131:
4065:
4048:
4038:
4020:
3997:
3987:
3926:
3903:
3854:
3796:
3712:
3663:
3249:
3205:
3148:
3099:
3050:
3001:
2991:
2920:
2876:
2805:
2795:
1909:), a process that absorbs these protons:
459:
445:
438:
3227:
3225:
2635:
2633:
2590:
2341:Pharmaceutical and cosmetic applications
2319:lactide polymerize to either atactic or
2177:
1993:The production of lactate from glucose (
4445:Naushad, Mu.; Lichtfouse, Eric (2019).
3686:
3543:
3521:McArdle WD, Katch FI, Katch VL (2010).
3332:. MΓΌnchen: Hanser-Verlag. p. 103.
3251:10.1146/annurev-cancerbio-030419-033556
2718:
2716:
2714:
2381:Lactic acid is found primarily in sour
1900:and water by the Krebs cycle, in which
505:
14:
6705:
5015:
4487:Lactic Acid: Information and Resources
3477:European Journal of Applied Physiology
3327:
2658:
1696:hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 1
1631:
1411:discovered that lactic acid (actually
270:
6215:
4957:
4517:
4133:10.1046/j.1523-1755.2001.0600031097.x
3222:
2822:
2630:
2475:fruit, making up 2.12% of the juice.
2062:and water for the production of ATP.
1353:. It is most commonly used for fluid
1173:-lactate is constantly produced from
537:Key: JVTAAEKCZFNVCJ-REOHCLBHSA-N
237:
217:
4181:this USDA database entry for yoghurt
3300:
2711:
2511:
2297:
1772:cells, heart cells, and brain cells
1677:
1296:they produce is responsible for the
844:
619:18 Β°C (64 Β°F; 291 K)
4224:"Brewing With Lactic Acid Bacteria"
2478:
2204:(even if it is more difficult than
393:
377:
370:
363:
24:
4194:Greenfield H, Southgate D (2003).
4079:Blood Test Results β Normal Ranges
4023:"Lactate fuels the neonatal brain"
3602:Trends in Pharmacological Sciences
2949:"Hydroxycarboxylic acid receptors"
1212:
51:
42:
25:
6749:
4983:
4468:
4308:. US Food and Drug Administration
2376:
1242:hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 1
4497:Fitzgerald M (26 January 2010).
3798:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.06506.x
3440:Advanced Synthesis and Catalysis
3264:
3080:Journal of Clinical Microbiology
3043:10.1111/j.1399-302X.2008.00477.x
3031:Oral Microbiology and Immunology
2953:IUPHAR/BPS Guide to Pharmacology
2345:Lactic acid is also employed in
2183:Reference ranges for blood tests
2173:
1464:, or by chemical synthesis from
1219:at rest, but can rise to over 20
941:
887:
585:
4438:
4426:Druckerman P (2 October 2016).
4419:
4393:
4367:
4320:
4298:
4276:
4243:
4234:
4216:
4173:
4156:
4107:
4014:
3963:
3920:
3871:
3821:
3772:
3729:
3680:
3628:
3431:
3396:
3371:
3346:
3321:
3286:
3258:
3238:Annual Review of Cancer Biology
3165:
3116:
3067:
3018:
2967:
2659:Dawson RM, et al. (1959).
1737:is broken down and oxidized to
1729:During power exercises such as
1005:(AHA) due to the presence of a
982:. It has the molecular formula
937:(at 25 Β°C , 100 kPa).
3896:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3355-10.2010
3847:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3314-10.2011
3656:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0415-11.2011
3382:. Springer-Verlag. p. 3.
2844:
2735:
2667:
2652:
2606:The Royal Society of Chemistry
2538:Category: Salts of lactic acid
2353:to adjust acidity and for its
1644:and hydrolysing the resultant
1417:-lactate) also is produced in
1342:, generally in concentrations
591:
579:
13:
1:
3415:10.1002/14356007.a15_097.pub3
3357:. Hoboken: Wiley. p. 3.
2980:The Open Microbiology Journal
2743:"(S)-lactic acid (CHEBI:422)"
2661:Data for Biochemical Research
2584:
1451:
4375:"Purac Carcass Applications"
4027:Frontiers in Neuroenergetics
3976:Frontiers in Neuroenergetics
3705:10.1113/jphysiol.2003.058701
3378:KΓΆnig H, FrΓΆhlich J (2009).
2974:Badet C, Thebaud NB (2008).
2126:Brain development metabolism
1884:+ 2 H + 2 NADH + 2 ATP + 2 H
1687:-Lactic acid is the primary
1233:-lactic acid is the primary
1198:monocarboxylate transporters
1160:
1120:lactic acid. Lactic acid is
7:
3884:The Journal of Neuroscience
3835:The Journal of Neuroscience
3644:The Journal of Neuroscience
2993:10.2174/1874285800802010038
2614:10.1039/9781849733069-00648
2531:
2066:Neural tissue energy source
1407:, meaning "milk". In 1808,
1338:in solution with distilled
38:
10:
6754:
6217:
4475:Corn Plastic to the Rescue
4286:. UK Food Standards Agency
3929:Journal of Neurophysiology
3614:10.1016/j.tips.2010.06.005
3564:10.1152/ajpregu.00114.2004
2869:10.1177/193229680700100414
2663:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
2499:
2301:
2200:for this purpose is often
2100:lactate-shuttle hypothesis
1834:in the tissues, a form of
1747:glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
1722:
1713:G protein-coupled receptor
1672:
1575:Streptococcus thermophilus
1560:Bacillus amyloliquefaciens
1380:
1310:lactated Ringer's solution
1259:G protein-coupled receptor
1017:industries and in various
5017:
4989:
4893:
4868:
4840:
4822:
4734:
4725:
4707:
4679:
4635:
4616:
4563:
4451:. Springer. p. 162.
3785:Journal of Neurochemistry
3693:The Journal of Physiology
3489:10.1007/s00421-017-3795-6
2689:10.1007/s10534-009-9224-5
2644:GESTIS Substance Database
2347:pharmaceutical technology
2287:fetal scalp blood testing
2254:
2229:
1995:glucose β 2 lactate + 2 H
1902:oxidative phosphorylation
1534:Lactobacillus delbrueckii
1518:Lactobacillus acidophilus
1025:of lactic acid is called
931:
868:
863:
827:
715:
667:
566:
546:
521:
99:
82:
70:
65:
37:
4480:21 November 2013 at the
4040:10.3389/fnene.2011.00004
3989:10.3389/fnene.2011.00002
3687:Gladden LB (July 2004).
2371:
1945:The combined effect is:
1566:Streptococcus salivarius
1548:Lactobacillus helveticus
1543:Lactobacillus bulgaricus
1524:Lacticaseibacillus casei
1393:. The name reflects the
1357:after blood loss due to
1266:lactic acid fermentation
916:Precautionary statements
6713:Food acidity regulators
4937:Lactobacillus fermentum
4499:"The Lactic Acid Myths"
4377:. Purac. Archived from
4269:10.21273/HORTSCI.45.1.4
4084:2 November 2012 at the
3409:. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH.
2909:Pharmacological Reviews
2797:10.1073/pnas.1212976110
2570:, a lactate transporter
2543:Category:Lactate esters
2462:malolactic fermentation
2418:nutritional information
2292:
1927:+ 2 H + 2 NADH β 2 CH
1862:+ 2 NAD + 2 ADP + 2 HPO
1822:physiological condition
1719:Metabolism and exercise
1501:Fermented milk products
1496:Fermentative production
1331:along with lactate and
1272:, which convert simple
761:3-Hydroxypropanoic acid
76:2-Hydroxypropanoic acid
4646:Diiodohydroxyquinoline
3452:10.1002/adsc.201600768
3330:Technische Biopolymere
3308:Chemists and Chemistry
2315:. In the presence of
2186:
1725:N-Lactoylphenylalanine
1401:
1184:(LDH) in a process of
1009:group adjacent to the
56:
47:
3941:10.1152/jn.00293.2011
3178:Clin J Am Soc Nephrol
2922:10.1124/pr.110.003301
2608:. 2014. p. 748.
2558:Biodegradable plastic
2194:acid base homeostasis
2181:
2086:species that include
1907:lactate dehydrogenase
1428:In 1856, the role of
1182:lactate dehydrogenase
55:
46:
4120:Kidney International
4021:Kasischke K (2011).
3190:10.2215/CJN.04500422
3092:10.1128/JCM.01410-07
2466:lactic acid bacteria
2098:. According to the
1594:(Pentose sugar) and
1443:Boehringer Ingelheim
1409:JΓΆns Jacob Berzelius
1387:Carl Wilhelm Scheele
1270:lactic acid bacteria
1086:, consisting of two
72:Preferred IUPAC name
6723:Exercise physiology
6718:Alpha hydroxy acids
4169:. 2015. p. 13.
3272:Scientific American
2788:2013PNAS..110.8738S
2213:
2147:, making them more
2116:cerebrospinal fluid
2108:extracellular fluid
1768:by well-oxygenated
1632:Chemical production
1610:Lactobacillus casei
1529:Lactobacillus casei
1423:Johannes Wislicenus
1314:Hartmann's solution
1204:lactate is usually
1164:, meaning "flesh".
776:Hydroxybutyric acid
640:Solubility in water
609: gΒ·mol
199:Beilstein Reference
34:
6738:E-number additives
4509:on 25 August 2018.
4503:Competitor Running
4432:The New York Times
3750:10.1002/glia.20528
3328:Endres HJ (2009).
2385:products, such as
2211:
2187:
1836:metabolic acidosis
1614:Lactococcus lactis
1554:Lactococcus lactis
1320:fluids consist of
1217:Tooltip millimolar
1090:. One is known as
1003:alpha-hydroxy acid
964:Infobox references
716:Related compounds
57:
48:
32:
6700:
6699:
6694:
6693:
4951:
4950:
4889:
4888:
4458:978-3-030-11345-2
3536:978-0-683-05731-7
3446:(24): 3910β3931.
3389:978-3-540-85462-3
3364:978-0-470-29366-9
3355:Poly(Lactic acid)
3339:978-3-446-41683-3
3141:10.1159/000096099
2830:"Lactate Profile"
2723:Sigma-Aldrich Co.
2623:978-0-85404-182-4
2526:calcium carbonate
2524:deposits such as
2512:Cleaning products
2464:is undertaken by
2451:American wild ale
2326:(PLA), which are
2298:Polymer precursor
2279:
2278:
2212:Reference ranges
2160:Ξ²-hydroxybutyrate
2155:levels, or both.
1678:Molecular biology
1658:ammonium chloride
1654:hydrochloric acid
1140:-Lactic acid and
1116:-lactic acid, or
1015:organic synthesis
972:Chemical compound
970:
969:
898:Hazard statements
786:Related compounds
490:CompTox Dashboard
169:Interactive image
61:
60:
16:(Redirected from
6745:
6669:
6647:
6625:
6604:
6582:
6560:
6538:
6511:
6489:
6467:
6445:
6423:
6401:
6379:
6357:
6335:
6310:
6288:
6266:
6244:
6159:
6123:
6101:
6083:
6062:
6034:
6002:
5980:
5955:
5933:
5905:
5883:
5861:
5839:
5821:
5799:
5777:
5755:
5733:
5712:
5691:
5669:
5647:
5625:
5601:
5579:
5548:
5526:
5504:
5483:
5465:
5443:
5421:
5400:
5378:
5356:
5335:
5313:
5292:
5270:
5251:
5227:
5205:
5174:
5152:
5130:
5105:
5087:
5061:
5039:
5010:
4993:
4992:
4978:
4971:
4964:
4955:
4954:
4881:Methylrosaniline
4732:
4731:
4538:
4531:
4524:
4515:
4514:
4510:
4505:. Archived from
4463:
4462:
4442:
4436:
4435:
4423:
4417:
4416:
4414:
4412:
4397:
4391:
4390:
4388:
4386:
4371:
4365:
4364:
4362:
4360:
4349:
4340:
4339:
4337:
4335:
4324:
4318:
4317:
4315:
4313:
4302:
4296:
4295:
4293:
4291:
4280:
4274:
4273:
4271:
4247:
4241:
4238:
4232:
4231:
4220:
4214:
4213:
4191:
4185:
4179:For example, in
4177:
4171:
4170:
4168:
4160:
4154:
4153:
4135:
4126:(3): 1097β1105.
4111:
4105:
4102:
4089:
4076:
4063:
4062:
4052:
4042:
4018:
4012:
4011:
4001:
3991:
3967:
3961:
3960:
3924:
3918:
3917:
3907:
3890:(46): 15638β42.
3875:
3869:
3868:
3858:
3825:
3819:
3818:
3800:
3776:
3770:
3769:
3733:
3727:
3726:
3716:
3684:
3678:
3677:
3667:
3641:
3632:
3626:
3625:
3597:
3584:
3583:
3558:(3): R502βR516.
3547:
3541:
3540:
3528:
3518:
3509:
3508:
3471:
3456:
3455:
3435:
3429:
3428:
3400:
3394:
3393:
3375:
3369:
3368:
3350:
3344:
3343:
3325:
3319:
3304:
3298:
3297:
3290:
3284:
3283:
3281:
3279:
3262:
3256:
3255:
3253:
3229:
3220:
3219:
3209:
3169:
3163:
3162:
3152:
3120:
3114:
3113:
3103:
3071:
3065:
3064:
3054:
3022:
3016:
3015:
3005:
2995:
2971:
2965:
2964:
2962:
2960:
2944:
2935:
2934:
2924:
2900:
2891:
2890:
2880:
2848:
2842:
2841:
2839:
2837:
2826:
2820:
2819:
2809:
2799:
2767:
2758:
2757:
2755:
2753:
2739:
2733:
2729:
2720:
2709:
2708:
2671:
2665:
2664:
2656:
2650:
2637:
2628:
2627:
2597:
2579:Methacrylic acid
2479:Separately added
2214:
2210:
2145:developing brain
2143:networks in the
2061:
2051:
2049:
2048:
2045:
2016:
2014:
2013:
2010:
1996:
1989:
1983:
1982:
1979:
1970:
1969:
1966:
1941:
1939:
1938:
1935:
1926:
1925:
1922:
1899:
1889:
1883:
1882:
1879:
1870:
1869:
1866:
1829:
1828:
1711:
1686:
1685:
1652:is performed by
1642:hydrogen cyanide
1607:
1605:
1604:
1593:
1591:
1590:
1491:
1490:
1485:
1484:
1479:
1478:
1473:
1472:
1416:
1415:
1406:
1385:Swedish chemist
1268:is performed by
1257:
1232:
1231:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1207:
1172:
1171:
1163:
1157:
1156:
1151:
1150:
1145:
1144:
1139:
1138:
1130:-Lactic acid is
1129:
1128:
1115:
1114:
1105:
1104:
1095:
1094:
1063:
1062:
1061:
1053:
1052:
1021:industries. The
954:
948:
945:
944:
927:
923:
909:
905:
891:
858:
848:
737:carboxylic acids
710:
706:
702:
698:
691:
668:Thermochemistry
632:
608:
593:
587:
581:
574:Chemical formula
514:
513:
498:
496:
469:
468:
463:
455:
454:
449:
442:
406:
395:
381:
374:
367:
347:
323:Gmelin Reference
309:
291:
283:
272:
261:
241:
221:
189:
171:
146:
145:
140:
132:
131:
126:
119:
39:
35:
31:
21:
6753:
6752:
6748:
6747:
6746:
6744:
6743:
6742:
6733:Propionic acids
6703:
6702:
6701:
6696:
6695:
6668:
6664:
6660:
6656:
6652:
6646:
6642:
6638:
6634:
6630:
6624:
6620:
6616:
6612:
6608:
6606:
6603:
6599:
6595:
6591:
6587:
6581:
6577:
6573:
6569:
6565:
6559:
6555:
6551:
6547:
6543:
6537:
6533:
6529:
6525:
6521:
6510:
6506:
6502:
6498:
6494:
6488:
6484:
6480:
6476:
6472:
6466:
6462:
6458:
6454:
6450:
6444:
6440:
6436:
6432:
6428:
6422:
6418:
6414:
6410:
6406:
6400:
6396:
6392:
6388:
6384:
6378:
6374:
6370:
6366:
6362:
6356:
6352:
6348:
6344:
6340:
6334:
6330:
6326:
6322:
6318:
6309:
6305:
6301:
6297:
6293:
6287:
6283:
6279:
6275:
6271:
6265:
6261:
6257:
6253:
6249:
6243:
6239:
6235:
6231:
6227:
6158:
6154:
6150:
6146:
6142:
6122:
6118:
6114:
6110:
6106:
6100:
6096:
6092:
6088:
6082:
6078:
6074:
6070:
6066:
6064:
6061:
6057:
6053:
6049:
6045:
6041:
6033:
6029:
6025:
6021:
6017:
6001:
5997:
5993:
5989:
5985:
5979:
5975:
5971:
5967:
5963:
5954:
5950:
5946:
5942:
5938:
5932:
5928:
5924:
5920:
5904:
5900:
5896:
5892:
5888:
5882:
5878:
5874:
5870:
5866:
5860:
5856:
5852:
5848:
5844:
5838:
5834:
5830:
5826:
5820:
5816:
5812:
5808:
5804:
5798:
5794:
5790:
5786:
5782:
5776:
5772:
5768:
5764:
5760:
5754:
5750:
5746:
5742:
5738:
5732:
5728:
5724:
5720:
5716:
5714:
5711:
5707:
5703:
5699:
5695:
5693:
5690:
5686:
5682:
5678:
5674:
5668:
5664:
5660:
5656:
5652:
5646:
5642:
5638:
5634:
5630:
5624:
5620:
5616:
5612:
5608:
5600:
5596:
5592:
5588:
5584:
5578:
5574:
5570:
5566:
5547:
5543:
5539:
5535:
5531:
5525:
5521:
5517:
5513:
5509:
5503:
5499:
5495:
5491:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5478:
5474:
5470:
5464:
5460:
5456:
5452:
5448:
5442:
5438:
5434:
5430:
5426:
5420:
5416:
5412:
5408:
5404:
5402:
5399:
5395:
5391:
5387:
5383:
5377:
5373:
5369:
5365:
5361:
5355:
5351:
5347:
5343:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5330:
5326:
5322:
5318:
5312:
5308:
5304:
5300:
5296:
5294:
5291:
5287:
5283:
5279:
5275:
5268:
5264:
5260:
5256:
5250:
5246:
5242:
5238:
5234:
5226:
5222:
5218:
5214:
5210:
5204:
5200:
5196:
5192:
5173:
5169:
5165:
5161:
5157:
5151:
5147:
5143:
5139:
5135:
5129:
5125:
5121:
5117:
5104:
5100:
5096:
5092:
5086:
5082:
5078:
5074:
5070:
5060:
5056:
5052:
5048:
5044:
5038:
5034:
5030:
5026:
5009:
5005:
5001:
4997:
4985:
4982:
4952:
4947:
4926:Povidone-iodine
4885:
4864:
4836:
4818:
4721:
4703:
4675:
4631:
4612:
4588:Oxytetracycline
4578:Chloramphenicol
4559:
4548:anti-infectives
4542:
4482:Wayback Machine
4471:
4466:
4459:
4443:
4439:
4424:
4420:
4410:
4408:
4399:
4398:
4394:
4384:
4382:
4381:on 29 July 2013
4373:
4372:
4368:
4358:
4356:
4351:
4350:
4343:
4333:
4331:
4326:
4325:
4321:
4311:
4309:
4304:
4303:
4299:
4289:
4287:
4282:
4281:
4277:
4248:
4244:
4239:
4235:
4222:
4221:
4217:
4210:
4202:. p. 146.
4192:
4188:
4178:
4174:
4166:
4162:
4161:
4157:
4112:
4108:
4103:
4092:
4086:Wayback Machine
4077:
4066:
4019:
4015:
3968:
3964:
3925:
3921:
3876:
3872:
3826:
3822:
3777:
3773:
3744:(12): 1251β62.
3734:
3730:
3685:
3681:
3650:(20): 7477β85.
3639:
3633:
3629:
3598:
3587:
3548:
3544:
3537:
3519:
3512:
3472:
3459:
3436:
3432:
3425:
3401:
3397:
3390:
3376:
3372:
3365:
3351:
3347:
3340:
3326:
3322:
3318:, 9780792306252
3305:
3301:
3292:
3291:
3287:
3277:
3275:
3263:
3259:
3230:
3223:
3170:
3166:
3129:Caries Research
3121:
3117:
3072:
3068:
3023:
3019:
2972:
2968:
2958:
2956:
2945:
2938:
2901:
2894:
2849:
2845:
2835:
2833:
2828:
2827:
2823:
2782:(21): 8738β43.
2768:
2761:
2751:
2749:
2741:
2740:
2736:
2727:
2721:
2712:
2672:
2668:
2657:
2653:
2638:
2631:
2624:
2599:
2598:
2591:
2587:
2574:Thiolactic acid
2534:
2518:descaling agent
2514:
2502:
2481:
2443:Berliner weisse
2403:cottage cheeses
2379:
2374:
2343:
2306:
2304:polylactic acid
2300:
2295:
2176:
2128:
2068:
2060:
2056:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2011:
2008:
2007:
2005:
2001:
1994:
1987:
1980:
1977:
1976:
1974:
1967:
1964:
1963:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1930:
1923:
1920:
1919:
1917:
1913:
1898:
1894:
1887:
1880:
1877:
1876:
1874:
1867:
1864:
1863:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1826:
1825:
1818:Lactic acidosis
1810:red blood cells
1789:gluconeogenesis
1727:
1721:
1708:
1703:
1701:
1683:
1682:
1680:
1675:
1634:
1603:
1600:
1599:
1598:
1595:
1589:
1586:
1585:
1584:
1581:
1498:
1488:
1487:
1482:
1481:
1476:
1475:
1470:
1469:
1454:
1413:
1412:
1383:
1300:decay known as
1254:
1249:
1247:
1229:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1208:
1205:
1169:
1168:
1154:
1153:
1148:
1147:
1142:
1141:
1136:
1135:
1126:
1125:
1112:
1111:
1106:-lactic acid, (
1102:
1101:
1096:-lactic acid, (
1092:
1091:
1082:Lactic acid is
1076:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1055:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1046:
1044:
995:
991:
987:
973:
966:
961:
960:
959: ?)
950:
946:
942:
938:
918:
900:
884:
837:
823:
804:Propionaldehyde
787:
780:
739:
726:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
689:
683:
679:
676:
675:Std enthalpy of
659:
642:
630:
606:
596:
590:
584:
576:
562:
559:
554:
553:
542:
539:
538:
535:
529:
528:
517:
499:
492:
473:
466:
465:
452:
451:
425:
409:
396:
384:
350:
337:
325:
315:(preservatives)
301:
264:
244:
224:
201:
192:
174:
161:
150:
143:
142:
129:
128:
109:
95:
94:
78:
77:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6751:
6741:
6740:
6735:
6730:
6725:
6720:
6715:
6698:
6697:
6692:
6691:
6688:
6685:
6682:
6680:
6678:
6675:
6673:
6671:
6666:
6662:
6658:
6654:
6649:
6644:
6640:
6636:
6632:
6627:
6622:
6618:
6614:
6610:
6601:
6597:
6593:
6589:
6584:
6579:
6575:
6571:
6567:
6562:
6557:
6553:
6549:
6545:
6540:
6535:
6531:
6527:
6523:
6518:
6514:
6513:
6508:
6504:
6500:
6496:
6491:
6486:
6482:
6478:
6474:
6469:
6464:
6460:
6456:
6452:
6447:
6442:
6438:
6434:
6430:
6425:
6420:
6416:
6412:
6408:
6403:
6398:
6394:
6390:
6386:
6381:
6376:
6372:
6368:
6364:
6359:
6354:
6350:
6346:
6342:
6337:
6332:
6328:
6324:
6320:
6315:
6312:
6307:
6303:
6299:
6295:
6290:
6285:
6281:
6277:
6273:
6268:
6263:
6259:
6255:
6251:
6246:
6241:
6237:
6233:
6229:
6224:
6220:
6219:
6216:
6213:
6212:
6209:
6206:
6203:
6200:
6197:
6194:
6191:
6188:
6185:
6182:
6179:
6176:
6173:
6170:
6167:
6164:
6161:
6156:
6152:
6148:
6144:
6139:
6135:
6134:
6131:
6129:
6127:
6125:
6120:
6116:
6112:
6108:
6103:
6098:
6094:
6090:
6085:
6080:
6076:
6072:
6068:
6059:
6055:
6051:
6047:
6043:
6038:
6036:
6031:
6027:
6023:
6019:
6014:
6012:
6010:
6008:
6006:
6004:
5999:
5995:
5991:
5987:
5982:
5977:
5973:
5969:
5965:
5960:
5957:
5952:
5948:
5944:
5940:
5935:
5930:
5926:
5922:
5916:
5915:
5913:
5911:
5909:
5907:
5902:
5898:
5894:
5890:
5885:
5880:
5876:
5872:
5868:
5863:
5858:
5854:
5850:
5846:
5841:
5836:
5832:
5828:
5823:
5818:
5814:
5810:
5806:
5801:
5796:
5792:
5788:
5784:
5779:
5774:
5770:
5766:
5762:
5757:
5752:
5748:
5744:
5740:
5735:
5730:
5726:
5722:
5718:
5709:
5705:
5701:
5697:
5688:
5684:
5680:
5676:
5671:
5666:
5662:
5658:
5654:
5649:
5644:
5640:
5636:
5632:
5627:
5622:
5618:
5614:
5610:
5605:
5603:
5598:
5594:
5590:
5586:
5581:
5576:
5572:
5568:
5562:
5561:
5558:
5556:
5554:
5552:
5550:
5545:
5541:
5537:
5533:
5528:
5523:
5519:
5515:
5511:
5506:
5501:
5497:
5493:
5489:
5480:
5476:
5472:
5467:
5462:
5458:
5454:
5450:
5445:
5440:
5436:
5432:
5428:
5423:
5418:
5414:
5410:
5406:
5397:
5393:
5389:
5385:
5380:
5375:
5371:
5367:
5363:
5358:
5353:
5349:
5345:
5341:
5332:
5328:
5324:
5320:
5315:
5310:
5306:
5302:
5298:
5289:
5285:
5281:
5277:
5272:
5266:
5262:
5258:
5253:
5248:
5244:
5240:
5236:
5231:
5229:
5224:
5220:
5216:
5212:
5207:
5202:
5198:
5194:
5188:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5180:
5178:
5176:
5171:
5167:
5163:
5159:
5154:
5149:
5145:
5141:
5137:
5132:
5127:
5123:
5119:
5113:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5102:
5098:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5080:
5076:
5072:
5067:
5065:
5063:
5058:
5054:
5050:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5032:
5028:
5022:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5014:
5012:
5007:
5003:
4999:
4991:
4990:
4987:
4986:
4981:
4980:
4973:
4966:
4958:
4949:
4948:
4946:
4945:
4940:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4897:
4895:
4891:
4890:
4887:
4886:
4884:
4883:
4878:
4872:
4870:
4866:
4865:
4863:
4862:
4860:Amphotericin B
4857:
4852:
4846:
4844:
4838:
4837:
4835:
4834:
4828:
4826:
4820:
4819:
4817:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4740:
4738:
4729:
4723:
4722:
4720:
4719:
4713:
4711:
4705:
4704:
4702:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4685:
4683:
4677:
4676:
4674:
4673:
4668:
4666:Broxyquinoline
4663:
4658:
4656:Chlorquinaldol
4653:
4648:
4642:
4640:
4633:
4632:
4630:
4629:
4623:
4621:
4614:
4613:
4611:
4610:
4605:
4600:
4595:
4590:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4569:
4567:
4561:
4560:
4541:
4540:
4533:
4526:
4518:
4512:
4511:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4470:
4469:External links
4467:
4465:
4464:
4457:
4437:
4418:
4392:
4366:
4341:
4319:
4297:
4275:
4242:
4233:
4215:
4208:
4186:
4172:
4155:
4106:
4090:
4064:
4013:
3962:
3919:
3870:
3820:
3771:
3728:
3699:(Pt 1): 5β30.
3679:
3627:
3608:(9): 394β401.
3585:
3542:
3535:
3510:
3483:(4): 691β728.
3457:
3430:
3423:
3395:
3388:
3370:
3363:
3345:
3338:
3320:
3299:
3285:
3257:
3221:
3184:(1): 102β112.
3164:
3115:
3086:(4): 1407β17.
3066:
3017:
2966:
2936:
2892:
2843:
2821:
2759:
2734:
2710:
2666:
2651:
2629:
2622:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2582:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2533:
2530:
2513:
2510:
2501:
2498:
2480:
2477:
2378:
2377:Fermented food
2375:
2373:
2370:
2342:
2339:
2335:petrochemicals
2302:Main article:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2277:
2276:
2273:
2270:
2266:
2265:
2262:
2259:
2256:
2252:
2251:
2248:
2245:
2241:
2240:
2237:
2234:
2231:
2227:
2226:
2223:
2220:
2217:
2198:Blood sampling
2175:
2172:
2127:
2124:
2067:
2064:
2058:
2053:
2052:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2018:
2017:
2003:
1991:
1990:
1985:
1972:
1962:+ 2 ADP + 2HPO
1959:
1955:
1951:
1943:
1942:
1928:
1915:
1896:
1891:
1890:
1885:
1872:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1805:
1804:
1803:
1802:
1783:Conversion to
1781:
1780:
1779:
1720:
1717:
1706:
1699:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1633:
1630:
1618:carbon dioxide
1601:
1587:
1497:
1494:
1453:
1450:
1382:
1379:
1252:
1248:), which is a
1245:
1188:during normal
1074:
1064:. Compared to
1058:
1049:
1023:conjugate base
993:
989:
985:
971:
968:
967:
962:
940:
939:
935:standard state
932:
929:
928:
926:P305+P351+P338
919:
914:
911:
910:
901:
896:
893:
892:
885:
880:
877:
876:
866:
865:
861:
860:
838:
833:
830:
829:
825:
824:
822:
821:
816:
814:Sodium lactate
811:
806:
801:
796:
790:
788:
785:
782:
781:
779:
778:
773:
768:
763:
758:
756:Propionic acid
753:
748:
742:
740:
734:
731:
730:
727:
721:
718:
717:
713:
712:
703:kcal/mol, 15.1
693:
687:
681:
673:
670:
669:
665:
664:
661:
657:
647:
646:
643:
638:
635:
634:
627:
621:
620:
617:
611:
610:
604:
598:
597:
594:
588:
582:
577:
572:
569:
568:
564:
563:
561:
560:
557:
549:
548:
547:
544:
543:
541:
540:
536:
533:
532:
524:
523:
522:
519:
518:
516:
515:
502:
500:
488:
485:
484:
481:
475:
474:
472:
471:
457:
443:
435:
433:
427:
426:
424:
423:
419:
417:
411:
410:
408:
407:
399:
397:
389:
386:
385:
383:
382:
375:
368:
360:
358:
352:
351:
349:
348:
340:
338:
333:
330:
329:
326:
321:
318:
317:
311:
303:
302:
300:
299:
295:
293:
285:
284:
274:
266:
265:
263:
262:
254:
252:
246:
245:
243:
242:
234:
232:
226:
225:
223:
222:
214:
212:
206:
205:
202:
197:
194:
193:
191:
190:
182:
180:
176:
175:
173:
172:
164:
162:
155:
152:
151:
149:
148:
134:
120:
112:
110:
105:
102:
101:
97:
96:
93:
92:
89:
85:
84:
80:
79:
75:
74:
68:
67:
63:
62:
59:
58:
49:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6750:
6739:
6736:
6734:
6731:
6729:
6728:Preservatives
6726:
6724:
6721:
6719:
6716:
6714:
6711:
6710:
6708:
6689:
6686:
6683:
6681:
6679:
6676:
6674:
6672:
6670:
6650:
6648:
6628:
6626:
6605:
6585:
6583:
6563:
6561:
6541:
6539:
6519:
6516:
6515:
6512:
6492:
6490:
6470:
6468:
6448:
6446:
6426:
6424:
6404:
6402:
6382:
6380:
6360:
6358:
6338:
6336:
6316:
6313:
6311:
6291:
6289:
6269:
6267:
6247:
6245:
6225:
6222:
6221:
6214:
6210:
6207:
6204:
6201:
6198:
6195:
6192:
6189:
6186:
6183:
6180:
6177:
6174:
6171:
6168:
6165:
6162:
6160:
6140:
6137:
6136:
6132:
6130:
6128:
6126:
6124:
6104:
6102:
6086:
6084:
6063:
6039:
6037:
6035:
6015:
6013:
6011:
6009:
6007:
6005:
6003:
5983:
5981:
5961:
5958:
5956:
5936:
5934:
5918:
5917:
5914:
5912:
5910:
5908:
5906:
5886:
5884:
5864:
5862:
5842:
5840:
5824:
5822:
5802:
5800:
5780:
5778:
5758:
5756:
5736:
5734:
5713:
5692:
5672:
5670:
5650:
5648:
5628:
5626:
5606:
5604:
5602:
5582:
5580:
5564:
5563:
5559:
5557:
5555:
5553:
5551:
5549:
5529:
5527:
5507:
5505:
5484:
5468:
5466:
5446:
5444:
5424:
5422:
5401:
5381:
5379:
5359:
5357:
5336:
5316:
5314:
5293:
5273:
5271:
5254:
5252:
5232:
5230:
5228:
5208:
5206:
5190:
5189:
5185:
5183:
5181:
5179:
5177:
5175:
5155:
5153:
5133:
5131:
5115:
5114:
5110:
5108:
5106:
5090:
5088:
5068:
5066:
5064:
5062:
5042:
5040:
5024:
5023:
5019:
5013:
5011:
4995:
4994:
4988:
4984:Lactate salts
4979:
4974:
4972:
4967:
4965:
4960:
4959:
4956:
4944:
4943:Copper usnate
4941:
4939:
4938:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4898:
4896:
4892:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4873:
4871:
4867:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4847:
4845:
4843:
4839:
4833:
4830:
4829:
4827:
4825:
4821:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4794:Propenidazole
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4784:Fenticonazole
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4744:Metronidazole
4742:
4741:
4739:
4737:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4724:
4718:
4717:Sulfatolamide
4715:
4714:
4712:
4710:
4706:
4700:
4699:Ascorbic acid
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4686:
4684:
4682:
4681:Organic acids
4678:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4634:
4628:
4625:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4615:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4570:
4568:
4566:
4562:
4557:
4553:
4549:
4546:
4545:Gynecological
4539:
4534:
4532:
4527:
4525:
4520:
4519:
4516:
4508:
4504:
4500:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4479:
4476:
4473:
4472:
4460:
4454:
4450:
4449:
4441:
4433:
4429:
4422:
4406:
4402:
4396:
4380:
4376:
4370:
4354:
4348:
4346:
4329:
4323:
4307:
4301:
4285:
4279:
4270:
4265:
4261:
4257:
4253:
4246:
4237:
4229:
4225:
4219:
4211:
4209:9789251049495
4205:
4201:
4197:
4190:
4182:
4176:
4165:
4159:
4151:
4147:
4143:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4125:
4121:
4117:
4110:
4101:
4099:
4097:
4095:
4088:Bloodbook.Com
4087:
4083:
4080:
4075:
4073:
4071:
4069:
4060:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4032:
4028:
4024:
4017:
4009:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3981:
3977:
3973:
3966:
3958:
3954:
3950:
3946:
3942:
3938:
3935:(3): 1065β7.
3934:
3930:
3923:
3915:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3897:
3893:
3889:
3885:
3881:
3874:
3866:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3848:
3844:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3824:
3816:
3812:
3808:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3791:(4): 900β12.
3790:
3786:
3782:
3775:
3767:
3763:
3759:
3755:
3751:
3747:
3743:
3739:
3732:
3724:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3706:
3702:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3683:
3675:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3638:
3631:
3623:
3619:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3596:
3594:
3592:
3590:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3557:
3553:
3546:
3538:
3532:
3527:
3526:
3517:
3515:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3478:
3470:
3468:
3466:
3464:
3462:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3434:
3426:
3424:9783527306732
3420:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3407:
3399:
3391:
3385:
3381:
3374:
3366:
3360:
3356:
3349:
3341:
3335:
3331:
3324:
3317:
3313:
3310:. Springer,
3309:
3303:
3295:
3289:
3274:
3273:
3268:
3261:
3252:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3228:
3226:
3217:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3168:
3160:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3119:
3111:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3070:
3062:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3021:
3013:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2970:
2954:
2950:
2943:
2941:
2932:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2915:(2): 269β90.
2914:
2910:
2906:
2899:
2897:
2888:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2863:(4): 558β69.
2862:
2858:
2854:
2847:
2831:
2825:
2817:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2766:
2764:
2748:
2747:www.ebi.ac.uk
2744:
2738:
2731:
2724:
2719:
2717:
2715:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2670:
2662:
2655:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2636:
2634:
2625:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2604:. Cambridge:
2603:
2596:
2594:
2589:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2563:Dental caries
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2553:Alanine cycle
2551:
2549:
2548:Acids in wine
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2535:
2529:
2527:
2523:
2520:for removing
2519:
2509:
2507:
2497:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2485:food additive
2476:
2474:
2469:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2454:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2427:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2369:
2367:
2362:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2338:
2336:
2332:
2329:
2328:biodegradable
2325:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2311:
2305:
2290:
2288:
2284:
2274:
2271:
2268:
2267:
2263:
2260:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2246:
2243:
2242:
2238:
2235:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2215:
2209:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2196:in the body.
2195:
2191:
2184:
2180:
2174:Blood testing
2171:
2167:
2165:
2161:
2156:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2137:
2133:
2123:
2121:
2120:microdialysis
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2063:
2023:
2022:
2021:
2006:O β ADP + HPO
2000:
1999:
1998:
1984:+ 2 ATP + 2 H
1948:
1947:
1946:
1912:
1911:
1910:
1908:
1903:
1848:
1847:
1846:
1844:
1839:
1837:
1833:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1812:, which lack
1811:
1800:
1796:
1795:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1773:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1760:
1759:
1758:
1755:
1754:to continue.
1753:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1726:
1716:
1714:
1710:
1697:
1693:
1690:
1670:
1668:
1664:
1663:vinyl acetate
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1629:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1606:
1592:
1578:
1576:
1572:
1571:
1567:
1562:
1561:
1556:
1555:
1550:
1549:
1544:
1540:
1539:
1535:
1530:
1526:
1525:
1520:
1519:
1514:
1513:Lactobacillus
1510:
1506:
1502:
1493:
1467:
1463:
1462:carbohydrates
1459:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1437:
1436:Louis Pasteur
1433:
1432:
1431:Lactobacillus
1426:
1424:
1420:
1410:
1405:
1404:
1398:
1397:
1392:
1388:
1378:
1375:
1370:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1355:resuscitation
1352:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1334:
1330:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1274:carbohydrates
1271:
1267:
1264:In industry,
1262:
1260:
1256:
1243:
1239:
1236:
1215:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1180:
1176:
1165:
1162:
1133:
1123:
1119:
1109:
1099:
1089:
1085:
1080:
1077:
1073:
1067:
1043:
1038:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
981:
977:
965:
958:
953:
936:
930:
920:
917:
913:
912:
902:
899:
895:
894:
890:
886:
883:
879:
878:
874:
872:
867:
862:
857:
852:
847:
842:
839:
836:
832:
831:
828:Pharmacology
826:
820:
819:Ethyl lactate
817:
815:
812:
810:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
791:
789:
784:
783:
777:
774:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
757:
754:
752:
751:Glycolic acid
749:
747:
744:
743:
741:
738:
733:
732:
728:
725:
720:
719:
714:
699:kJ/mol, 325.5
694:
686:
678:
672:
671:
666:
662:
656:
652:
649:
648:
644:
641:
637:
636:
628:
626:
625:Boiling point
623:
622:
618:
616:
615:Melting point
613:
612:
605:
603:
600:
599:
578:
575:
571:
570:
565:
556:
555:
552:
545:
531:
530:
527:
520:
512:
508:
507:DTXSID7023192
504:
503:
501:
491:
487:
486:
482:
480:
477:
476:
462:
458:
448:
444:
441:
437:
436:
434:
432:
429:
428:
421:
420:
418:
416:
413:
412:
405:
401:
400:
398:
392:
388:
387:
380:
376:
373:
369:
366:
362:
361:
359:
357:
354:
353:
346:
342:
341:
339:
336:
332:
331:
327:
324:
320:
319:
316:
312:
310:
305:
304:
297:
296:
294:
292:
287:
286:
282:
278:
275:
273:
271:ECHA InfoCard
268:
267:
260:
256:
255:
253:
251:
248:
247:
240:
236:
235:
233:
231:
228:
227:
220:
216:
215:
213:
211:
208:
207:
203:
200:
196:
195:
188:
184:
183:
181:
178:
177:
170:
166:
165:
163:
159:
154:
153:
139:
135:
125:
121:
118:
114:
113:
111:
108:
104:
103:
98:
90:
87:
86:
81:
73:
69:
64:
54:
50:
45:
41:
40:
36:
30:
19:
18:Blood lactate
4996:
4935:
4921:Furazolidone
4911:Policresulen
4814:Flutrimazole
4799:Butoconazole
4779:Ketoconazole
4749:Clotrimazole
4709:Sulfonamides
4688:
4671:Oxyquinoline
4507:the original
4502:
4447:
4440:
4431:
4421:
4409:. Retrieved
4404:
4395:
4383:. Retrieved
4379:the original
4369:
4357:. Retrieved
4332:. Retrieved
4322:
4310:. Retrieved
4300:
4288:. Retrieved
4278:
4259:
4255:
4245:
4236:
4227:
4218:
4195:
4189:
4175:
4158:
4123:
4119:
4109:
4030:
4026:
4016:
3979:
3975:
3965:
3932:
3928:
3922:
3887:
3883:
3873:
3841:(1): 34β45.
3838:
3834:
3823:
3788:
3784:
3774:
3741:
3737:
3731:
3696:
3692:
3682:
3647:
3643:
3630:
3605:
3601:
3555:
3551:
3545:
3524:
3480:
3476:
3443:
3439:
3433:
3404:
3398:
3379:
3373:
3354:
3348:
3329:
3323:
3307:
3302:
3288:
3276:. Retrieved
3270:
3260:
3241:
3237:
3181:
3177:
3167:
3132:
3128:
3118:
3083:
3079:
3069:
3037:(2): 89β95.
3034:
3030:
3020:
2983:
2979:
2969:
2957:. Retrieved
2952:
2912:
2908:
2860:
2856:
2846:
2834:. Retrieved
2824:
2779:
2775:
2750:. Retrieved
2746:
2737:
2730:-Lactic acid
2683:(5): 771β8.
2680:
2676:
2669:
2660:
2654:
2601:
2515:
2503:
2482:
2470:
2455:
2447:Flanders red
2429:Some beers (
2428:
2416:In lists of
2415:
2380:
2363:
2361:properties.
2355:disinfectant
2344:
2321:syndiotactic
2307:
2280:
2222:Upper limit
2219:Lower limit
2206:venipuncture
2188:
2168:
2163:
2157:
2129:
2069:
2054:
2019:
1992:
1944:
1892:
1840:
1814:mitochondria
1806:
1756:
1728:
1681:
1646:lactonitrile
1638:acetaldehyde
1635:
1613:
1609:
1579:
1574:
1570:thermophilus
1569:
1565:
1558:
1552:
1546:
1542:
1537:
1533:
1528:
1522:
1516:
1512:
1499:
1466:acetaldehyde
1458:fermentation
1455:
1447:
1429:
1427:
1394:
1384:
1371:
1263:
1186:fermentation
1167:In animals,
1166:
1107:
1097:
1081:
1071:
1039:
1034:
1026:
983:
980:organic acid
975:
974:
870:
771:Butyric acid
766:Malonic acid
684:
654:
415:RTECS number
239:ChEMBL330546
100:Identifiers
83:Other names
33:Lactic acid
29:
27:Organic acid
4832:Terconazole
4809:Oxiconazole
4804:Omoconazole
4789:Azanidazole
4774:Tioconazole
4769:Isoconazole
4727:Antifungals
4694:Acetic acid
4689:Lactic acid
4661:Dequalinium
4639:derivatives
4603:Clindamycin
4598:Mepartricin
4593:Carfecillin
4565:Antibiotics
4552:antiseptics
4262:(1): 4β10.
4256:HortScience
3244:: 141β158.
2836:23 November
2423:food energy
2401:, and some
2359:keratolytic
2324:polylactide
2190:Blood tests
2082:of several
1777:Krebs cycle
1622:acetic acid
1318:intravenous
1122:hygroscopic
1088:enantiomers
1066:acetic acid
1019:biochemical
976:Lactic acid
746:Acetic acid
663:3.86, 15.1
567:Properties
558:CC(O)C(=O)O
277:100.000.017
88:Lactic acid
6707:Categories
4931:Protiofate
4901:Clodantoin
4876:Ciclopirox
4764:Ornidazole
4754:Miconazole
4736:Imidazoles
4651:Clioquinol
4608:Pentamycin
4583:Hachimycin
4573:Candicidin
4334:27 October
4312:27 October
4290:27 October
3316:0792306252
3278:23 January
3135:(1): 2β8.
2585:References
2522:hard water
2491:270 or as
2489:INS number
2458:malic acid
2331:polyesters
2283:childbirth
2149:inhibitory
2134:and early
1843:glycolysis
1793:Cori cycle
1752:glycolysis
1723:See also:
1689:endogenous
1650:hydrolysis
1538:bulgaricus
1515:bacteria:
1452:Production
1235:endogenous
1190:metabolism
1031:acyl group
882:Pictograms
799:2-Propanol
794:1-Propanol
707:kJ/g, 3.61
677:combustion
602:Molar mass
461:3Q6M5SET7W
447:F9S9FFU82N
440:3B8D35Y7S4
335:IUPHAR/BPS
250:ChemSpider
156:3D model (
138:10326-41-7
107:CAS Number
4916:Nifuratel
4855:Natamycin
4824:Triazoles
4759:Econazole
4637:Quinoline
4627:Acetarsol
4620:compounds
4142:0085-2538
3815:205621542
3497:1439-6319
3265:Roth SM.
3198:1555-9041
2986:: 38β48.
2752:5 January
2677:Biometals
2431:sour beer
2411:sourdough
2351:cosmetics
2317:catalysts
2255:Arterial
2141:GABAergic
2136:postnatal
2122:studies.
2084:mammalian
2070:Although
1762:Oxidation
1731:sprinting
1445:in 1895.
1425:in 1873.
1326:potassium
1286:galactose
873:labelling
645:Miscible
479:UN number
422:OD2800000
298:200-018-0
290:EC Number
219:CHEBI:422
91:Milk acid
4850:Nystatin
4842:Polyenes
4478:Archived
4407:. US FDA
4355:. US FDA
4228:MoreBeer
4198:. Rome:
4150:11532105
4082:Archived
4059:21687795
4008:21602909
3957:13966338
3949:21593390
3914:21084619
3865:21209187
3807:19943846
3766:18780083
3758:17659524
3723:15131240
3674:21593331
3622:20633934
3572:15308499
3505:29322250
3296:. NNFCC.
3216:35998977
3207:10101555
3159:17167253
3110:18216213
3061:19239634
3012:19088910
2931:21454438
2887:19885119
2816:23650363
2705:11615864
2697:19288211
2532:See also
2493:E number
2366:oxaluria
2202:arterial
2164:in vitro
2132:prenatal
2041:CH(OH)CO
1975:CH(OH)CO
1931:CH(OH)CO
1799:glycogen
1766:pyruvate
1764:back to
1739:pyruvate
1715:(GPCR).
1709:-coupled
1667:glycerol
1440:pharmacy
1374:ischemia
1344:isotonic
1333:chloride
1316:. These
1306:medicine
1302:cavities
1276:such as
1261:(GPCR).
1255:-coupled
1194:exercise
1177:via the
1175:pyruvate
1132:miscible
1054:CH(OH)CO
1011:carboxyl
1007:hydroxyl
999:miscible
864:Hazards
851:QP53AG02
835:ATC code
809:Acrolein
735:Related
729:Lactate
308:E number
204:1720251
6218:
4906:Inosine
4618:Arsenic
4184:sugars.
4050:3108381
3999:3092068
3905:6633692
3856:6622726
3714:1664920
3665:6622597
3580:2745168
3150:2646165
3101:2292933
3052:2742966
3003:2593047
2959:13 July
2878:2769631
2807:3666691
2784:Bibcode
2646:of the
2642:in the
2640:Record
2506:forgery
2500:Forgery
2435:lambics
2413:bread.
2313:lactide
2310:lactone
2281:During
2275:mmol/L
2250:mmol/L
2230:Venous
2078:in the
2076:neurons
2072:glucose
2037:β 2 CH
2002:ATP + H
1971:β 2 CH
1940:+ 2 NAD
1871:β 2 CH
1801:stores.
1785:glucose
1735:glucose
1692:agonist
1673:Biology
1648:. When
1626:ethanol
1568:subsp.
1536:subsp.
1419:muscles
1381:History
1363:surgery
1329:cations
1282:sucrose
1278:glucose
1238:agonist
1118:racemic
1035:lactoyl
1027:lactate
957:what is
955: (
853: (
849:)
843: (
841:G01AD01
711:kcal/g
651:Acidity
464: (
450: (
391:PubChem
328:362717
141: (
127: (
124:79-33-4
117:50-21-5
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4385:20 May
4359:20 May
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2407:casein
2405:. The
2395:yogurt
2264:mg/dL
2239:mg/dL
2096:humans
2094:, and
2080:brains
1770:muscle
1563:, and
1359:trauma
1336:anions
1322:sodium
1292:; the
1225:
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1179:enzyme
1084:chiral
1068:, its
978:is an
952:verify
949:
724:anions
722:Other
709:
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695:1361.9
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607:90.078
551:SMILES
379:C00256
372:C00186
365:D00111
230:ChEMBL
187:B01180
179:3DMet
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4894:Other
4869:Other
4167:(PDF)
4033:: 4.
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3953:S2CID
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3762:S2CID
3640:(PDF)
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2104:glial
2050:+ 2 H
1820:is a
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1640:with
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1367:burns
1365:, or
1351:blood
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1304:. In
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1290:mouth
1284:, or
1202:blood
633:mmHg
526:InChI
483:3265
313:E270
259:96860
210:ChEBI
158:JSmol
6653:Pu(C
6631:Np(C
6566:Pa(C
6544:Th(C
6522:Ac(C
6495:Yb(C
6473:Tm(C
6451:Er(C
6429:Ho(C
6407:Dy(C
6385:Tb(C
6363:Gd(C
6341:Eu(C
6319:Sm(C
6294:Nd(C
6272:Pr(C
6250:Ce(C
6228:La(C
6143:Ra(C
6107:Pb(C
6067:Hg(C
6018:Pt(C
5986:Hf(C
5964:Lu(C
5939:Ba(C
5889:Sn(C
5867:In(C
5845:Cd(C
5805:Pd(C
5783:Rh(C
5761:Ru(C
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5717:Mo(C
5696:Mo(C
5675:Mo(C
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5631:Zr(C
5585:Sr(C
5532:Ga(C
5510:Zn(C
5488:Cu(C
5449:Ni(C
5427:Co(C
5405:Fe(C
5384:Fe(C
5362:Mn(C
5340:Cr(C
5319:Cr(C
5257:Ti(C
5235:Sc(C
5211:Ca(C
5158:Al(C
5136:Mg(C
5045:Be(C
4550:and
4453:ISBN
4413:2013
4387:2013
4361:2013
4336:2011
4314:2011
4292:2011
4204:ISBN
4146:PMID
4138:ISSN
4055:PMID
4004:PMID
3945:PMID
3910:PMID
3861:PMID
3803:PMID
3754:PMID
3738:Glia
3719:PMID
3670:PMID
3618:PMID
3568:PMID
3531:ISBN
3501:PMID
3493:ISSN
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3384:ISBN
3359:ISBN
3334:ISBN
3312:ISBN
3280:2006
3212:PMID
3194:ISSN
3155:PMID
3106:PMID
3057:PMID
3008:PMID
2961:2018
2927:PMID
2883:PMID
2838:2015
2812:PMID
2754:2024
2693:PMID
2618:ISBN
2568:MCT1
2449:and
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2383:milk
2357:and
2293:Uses
2261:14.4
2236:19.8
2092:rats
2088:mice
1918:COCO
1914:2 CH
1875:COCO
1787:via
1698:(HCA
1620:and
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1509:whey
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1474:and
1391:milk
1324:and
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904:H315
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5297:V(C
5276:V(C
5186:Ar
5118:NaC
5111:Ne
5027:LiC
5020:He
4556:G01
4405:FDA
4264:doi
4200:FAO
4128:doi
4045:PMC
4035:doi
3994:PMC
3984:doi
3937:doi
3933:106
3900:PMC
3892:doi
3851:PMC
3843:doi
3793:doi
3789:112
3746:doi
3709:PMC
3701:doi
3697:558
3660:PMC
3652:doi
3610:doi
3560:doi
3556:287
3485:doi
3481:118
3448:doi
3444:358
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3202:PMC
3186:doi
3145:PMC
3137:doi
3096:PMC
3088:doi
3047:PMC
3039:doi
2998:PMC
2988:doi
2917:doi
2873:PMC
2865:doi
2802:PMC
2792:doi
2780:110
2685:doi
2610:doi
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2272:1.6
2269:0.5
2258:4.5
2247:2.2
2244:0.5
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2114:or
2015:+ H
1743:NAD
1707:i/o
1694:of
1577:).
1545:),
1531:),
1511:by
1507:or
1460:of
1403:lac
1253:i/o
1240:of
1206:1β2
1042:ion
1033:is
871:GHS
856:WHO
846:WHO
688:298
495:EPA
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1827:L
1705:G
1700:1
1684:L
1661:(
1624:/
1602:6
1597:C
1588:5
1583:C
1573:(
1557:,
1541:(
1527:(
1489:D
1483:L
1477:L
1471:D
1414:L
1251:G
1246:1
1230:L
1170:L
1155:L
1149:D
1143:L
1137:D
1108:R
1103:D
1098:S
1093:L
1075:a
1072:K
1070:p
1059:2
1050:3
994:3
992:O
990:6
988:H
986:3
984:C
947:Y
690:)
685:H
682:c
658:a
655:K
595:3
592:O
589:6
586:H
583:3
580:C
497:)
493:(
470:)
467:D
456:)
453:L
160:)
147:)
144:D
133:)
130:L
20:)
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