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of the limited-convective stratocumuliform cloud altocumulus and the stratiform cloud altostratus. Mid-level clouds form from 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) to 7,000 metres (23,000 ft) in polar areas, 7,000 metres (23,000 ft) in temperate areas, and 7,600 metres (24,900 ft) in tropical areas. The high-level cloud, cirrocumulus, is a stratocumuliform cloud of limited convection. The other clouds in this level are cirrus and cirrostratus. High clouds form 3,000 to 7,600 metres (9,800 to 24,900 ft) in high latitudes, 5,000 to 12,000 metres (16,000 to 39,000 ft) in temperate latitudes, and 6,100 to 18,000 metres (20,000 to 59,100 ft) in low, tropical latitudes. Cumulonimbus clouds, like cumulus congestus, extend vertically rather than remaining confined to one level.
754:
mixture of ice crystals, supercooled water droplets, and water droplets in temperate latitudes. However, the liquid water concentration was almost always significantly greater than the concentration of ice crystals, and the maximum concentration of liquid water tended to be at the top of the cloud while the ice concentrated itself at the bottom. The ice crystals in the base of the altocumulus clouds and in the virga were found to be dendrites or conglomerations of dendrites while needles and plates resided more towards the top. Altocumulus clouds can form via convection or via the forced uplift caused by a
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in from the ends. Towards the top of the cloud, these crystals have a tendency to clump together. These clouds do not last long, and they tend to change into cirrus because as the water vapor continues to deposit on the ice crystals, they eventually begin to fall, destroying the upward convection. The cloud then dissipates into cirrus. Cirrocumulus clouds come in four species which are common to all three genus-types that have limited-convective or stratocumuliform characteristics:
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increased to the maximum concentration near the middle of the cloud. The maximum concentration was found to be anything up to 1.25 grams of water per kilogram of air. The concentration slowly dropped off as altitude increased to the height of the top of the cloud, where it immediately dropped to zero again.
354:, and the second stage takes over. In the accretion phase, the raindrop begins to fall, and other droplets collide and combine with it to increase the size of the raindrop. Langmuir was able to develop a formula which predicted that the droplet radius would grow unboundedly within a discrete time period.
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Altocumulus clouds are a mid-level cloud that forms from 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) high to 4,000 metres (13,000 ft) in polar areas, 7,000 metres (23,000 ft) in temperate areas, and 7,600 metres (24,900 ft) in tropical areas. They can have precipitation and are commonly composed of a
682:
Cumulus clouds are a genus of free-convective low-level cloud along with the related limited-convective cloud stratocumulus. These clouds form from ground level to 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) at all latitudes. Stratus clouds are also low-level. In the middle level are the alto- clouds, which consist
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in diameter. Although smaller droplets may have been present, the measurements were not sensitive enough to detect them. The smallest droplets were found in the lower portions of the clouds, with the percentage of large droplets (around 20 to 30 micrometres) rising dramatically in the upper
327:
In this phase, water vapor condenses on various nuclei present in the air, forming the cumulus cloud. This creates the characteristic flat-bottomed puffy shape associated with cumulus clouds. The height of the cloud (from its bottom to its top) depends on the temperature profile of the atmosphere and
785:. As a result, they flatten out like stratus clouds, giving them a layered appearance. These clouds are extremely common, covering on average around twenty-three percent of the Earth's oceans and twelve percent of the Earth's continents. They are less common in tropical areas and commonly form after
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species and cumulonimbus genus of clouds grow high into the atmosphere, carrying moisture with them, which can lead to the formation of cirrus clouds. The researchers speculated that this might even produce a positive feedback, where the increasing upper atmospheric moisture further warms the earth,
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processes. Significant growth of these patches indicates high-altitude instability and can signal the approach of poorer weather. The ice crystals in the bottoms of cirrocumulus clouds tend to be in the form of hexagonal cylinders. They are not solid, but instead tend to have stepped funnels coming
349:
by a small amount. The increased pressure results in those droplets evaporating and the resulting water vapor condensing on the larger droplets. Due to the extremely small size of the evaporating water droplets, this process becomes largely meaningless after the larger droplets have grown to around
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One study found that in temperate regions, the cloud bases studied ranged from 500 to 1,500 metres (1,600 to 4,900 ft) above ground level. These clouds were normally above 25 °C (77 °F), and the concentration of droplets ranged from 23 to 1,300 droplets per cubic centimetre (380 to
370:
The liquid water density within a cumulus cloud has been found to change with height above the cloud base rather than being approximately constant throughout the cloud. In one particular study, the concentration was found to be zero at cloud base. As altitude increased, the concentration rapidly
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Due to reflectivity, clouds cool the earth by around 12 °C (22 °F), an effect largely caused by stratocumulus clouds. However, at the same time, they heat the earth by around 7 °C (13 °F) by reflecting emitted radiation, an effect largely caused by
415:
areas, the base of the cumulus clouds is usually below 550 metres (1,800 ft) above ground level, but it can range up to 2,400 metres (7,900 ft) in altitude. In arid and mountainous areas, the cloud base can be in excess of 6,100 metres (20,000 ft).
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Cirrocumulus clouds form in patches and cannot cast shadows. They commonly appear in regular, rippling patterns or in rows of clouds with clear areas between. Cirrocumulus are, like other members of the cumuliform and stratocumuliform categories, formed via
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involving two non-discrete stages. The first stage occurs after the droplets coalesce onto the various nuclei. Langmuir writes that surface tension in the water droplets provides a slightly higher pressure on the droplet, raising the
320:(RH) to rise. If convection reaches a certain level the RH reaches one hundred percent, and the "wet-adiabatic" phase begins. At this point a positive feedback ensues: since the RH is above 100%, water vapor condenses, releasing
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A stratocumulus cloud is another type of stratocumuliform cloud. Like cumulus clouds, they form at low levels and via convection. However, unlike cumulus clouds, their growth is almost completely retarded by a strong
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In places, cumulus clouds can have "holes" where there are no water droplets. These can occur when winds tear the cloud and incorporate the environmental air or when strong downdrafts evaporate the water.
400:
Cumulus clouds can form in lines stretching over 480 kilometres (300 mi) long called cloud streets. These cloud streets cover vast areas and may be broken or continuous. They form when
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235:. Normally, cumulus clouds produce little or no precipitation, but they can grow into the precipitation-bearing cumulus congestus or cumulonimbus clouds. Cumulus clouds can be formed from
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Cumulus clouds are part of the larger category of free-convective cumuliform clouds, which include cumulonimbus clouds. The latter genus-type is sometimes categorized separately as
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is ragged in appearance and can form in clear air as a precursor to cumulus humilis and larger cumulus species-types; or it can form in precipitation as the supplementary feature
665:. This averages out to a net loss of 5 °C (9.0 °F). Cumulus clouds, on the other hand, have a variable effect on heating the Earth's surface. The more vertical
443:
21,300 per cubic inch). This data was taken from growing isolated cumulus clouds that were not precipitating. The droplets were very small, ranging down to around 5
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The height at which the cloud forms depends on the amount of moisture in the thermal that forms the cloud. Humid air will generally result in a lower cloud base. In
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at 18,000 metres (59,000 ft) in altitude. Cumulonimbus clouds, commonly called thunderheads, can produce high winds, torrential rain, lightning, gust fronts,
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clouds usually indicate fair weather. Cumulus mediocris clouds are similar, except that they have some vertical development, which implies that they can grow into
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droplets, or a mixture of them. The water droplets form when water vapor condenses on the nuclei, and they may then coalesce into larger and larger droplets.
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2121:
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789:. Additionally, stratocumulus clouds reflect a large amount of the incoming sunlight, producing a net cooling effect. Stratocumulus clouds can produce
2554:
Miyazaki, Ryo; Yoshida, Satoru; Dobashi, Yoshinori; Nishita, Tomoyula (2001). "A method for modeling clouds based on atmospheric fluid dynamics".
1856:
1154:
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Del Genfo, Anthony D.; Lacis, Andrew A.; Ruedy, Reto A. (30 May 1991). "Simulations of the effect of a warmer climate on atmospheric humidity".
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was roughly neutral. Furthermore, large droplet size is roughly inversely proportional to the droplet concentration per unit volume of air.
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clouds have an ice crystal veil over the growing top of the cloud. There are also cumulus cataractagenitus, which are formed by waterfalls.
2370:
Garrett, T. J.; Dean-Day, J.; Liu, C.; Barnett, B.; Mace, G.; Baumgardner, D.; Webster, C.; Bui, T.; Read, W.; Minnis, P. (19 April 2006).
2152:
1754:
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clouds have a cauliflower-like structure and tower high into the atmosphere, hence their alternate name "towering cumulus". The variety
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determined that cumulus clouds near Saturn's south pole were part of a cyclone over 4,000 kilometres (2,500 mi) in diameter. The
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Carey, Lawrence D.; Niu, Jianguo; Yang, Ping; Kankiewicz, J. Adam; Larson, Vincent E.; Haar, Thomas H. Vonder (September 2008).
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Mossop, S. C.; Hallett, J. (November 1974). "Ice
Crystal Concentration in Cumulus Clouds: Influence of the Drop Spectrum".
1900:
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causes horizontal circulation in the atmosphere, producing the long, tubular cloud streets. They generally form during
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208:, meaning "heap" or "pile". Cumulus clouds are low-level clouds, generally less than 2,000 m (6,600 ft) in
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in nature, with peaks at the small and large droplet sizes and a slight trough in the intermediate size range. The
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being the fractional percentage of water droplets accreted per unit volume of air that the drop falls through,
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detected cirrocumulus and stratocumulus clouds forming via convection primarily near the polar icecaps. The
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pilots often pay close attention to cumulus clouds, as they can be indicators of rising air drafts or
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comprise shredded clouds that normally appear beneath the parent cumulus cloud during precipitation.
333:
2908:
2228:"The Vertical Profile of Liquid and Ice Water Content in Midlatitude Mixed-Phase Altocumulus Clouds"
312:
as air warmed by the surface begins to rise. As the air rises, the temperature drops (following the
282:(high-étage). These last three genus-types are sometimes classified separately as stratocumuliform.
199:
and are often described as puffy, cotton-like, or fluffy in appearance. Their name derives from the
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31:
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Proceedings Ninth
Pacific Conference on Computer Graphics and Applications. Pacific Graphics 2001
782:
329:
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2263:"A Model of the Effect of Cumulus Clouds on the Redistribution and Transformation of Pollutants"
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forms in radial bands called cloud streets and can comprise any of the four species of cumulus.
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Some cumuliform and stratocumuliform clouds have been discovered on most other planets in the
251:. They come in many distinct subforms and generally cool the earth by reflecting the incoming
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3474:
3191:
3109:
2490:"The Production of Rain by a Chain Reaction in Cumulus Clouds at Temperatures Above Freezing"
2047:"An incredibly rare 'horseshoe cloud' was spotted in Nevada and it kept the meme-makers busy"
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2761:"The Micro structure of Cumulus Cloud. Part I. General Features of the Droplet Spectrum"
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clouds refer to cumulus clouds that have grown so rapidly as to force the formation of
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and the total mass of the ascending air increases. Rain forms in a cumulus cloud via a
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2794:
Weston, K. J. (October 1980). "An
Observational Study of Convective Cloud Streets".
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that propels their tops higher and higher into the atmosphere until they reach the
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Cumulus supplementary features are most commonly seen with the species congestus.
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Cumulonimbus clouds are the final form of growing cumulus clouds. They form when
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underneath that can suck the plane high into the sky—a phenomenon known as
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204:
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3083:
1907:
1518:"L7 Clouds: Stratus fractus (StFra) and/or Cumulus fractus (CuFra) bad weather"
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clouds that can have noticeable vertical development and clearly defined edges.
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Cho, H. R.; Iribarne, J. V.; Niewiadomski, M.; Melo, O. (20 September 1989).
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when the constituent supercooled water droplets are all about the same size.
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being the concentration of water in the cloud in grams per cubic metre, and
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2441:
Giant
Planets of Our Solar System: Atmospheres, Composition, and Structure
793:, which stabilizes the cloud by warming it and reducing turbulent mixing.
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top. There are also cumuliform clouds of limited convection that comprise
3651:
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form. Cumulus clouds may appear by themselves, in lines, or in clusters.
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2865:
617:, which can produce heavy rain, lightning, severe winds, hail, and even
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clouds look similar, except that they have some vertical development.
219:
Cumulus clouds are often precursors of other types of clouds, such as
3436:
2706:
The
Cloudspotter's Guide: The Science, History, and Culture of Clouds
2663:
Parungo, F. (May 1995). "Ice
Crystals in High Clouds and Contrails".
2333:
2208:
Venus II: Geology, Geophysics, Atmosphere, and Solar Wind
Environment
262:
due to its more complex structure that often includes a cirriform or
93:
1906:. Georgia Institute of Technology. pp. 2, 10–13. Archived from
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379:
228:
209:
2907:
and selected species, supplementary features, and other airborne
908:
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812:
790:
634:
618:
583:
449:
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regions of the cloud. The droplet size distribution was slightly
337:
180:
161:
Low-altitude, fluffy heaps of clouds with cotton-like appearance.
488:; and may be accompanied by up to seven supplementary features,
2421:
Boater's
Bowditch: The Small Craft American Practical Navigator
2153:"Check Out The Most Richly Detailed Image Ever Taken Of Uranus"
904:
889:
394:
390:
48:
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clouds compared against a cumulonimbus cloud in the background
374:
75:
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3490:
Cumulus castellanus (unofficial alternative name for Cu con))
2901:
2553:
1816:
912:
555:
263:
200:
192:
2423:(2nd ed.). International Marine/Ragged Mountain Press.
1522:
JetStream - Online School for
Weather: Cloud Classifications
3022:
No differentiated sub-types; tends to resemble cirrostratus
2786:
10.1175/1520-0469(1969)026<1049:TMOCCP>2.0.CO;2
2751:
10.1175/1520-0469(1947)004<0091:EOAIAC>2.0.CO;2
2515:
10.1175/1520-0469(1948)005<0175:TPORBA>2.0.CO;2
2260:
1188:
866:
176:
172:
2372:"Convective formation of pileus cloud near the tropopause"
1692:
3572:
1185:"The identification of cloud types in LANDSAT MSS images"
674:
clouds carrying more moisture into the upper atmosphere.
531:) which can also include stratus fractus of bad weather.
1798:. Universities Space Research Association. 5 August 2009
1178:
1176:
562:
produce precipitation that reaches the Earth's surface.
1839:
1837:
2983:
1790:
1788:
1173:
1101:
1081:
1061:
1041:
1021:
965:
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clouds, which appear as towers, will often grow into
3496:
term for Cu con and "Cu cas" is
Towering cumulus ))
2929:
2122:"Mysterious Cyclones Seen at Both of Saturn's Poles"
1834:
922:
366:
Cumulus clouds viewed from a plane flying above them
2311:
1779:
915:, however, does not appear to have cumulus clouds.
324:, warming the air and spurring further convection.
3817:(Mother cloud)+mutatus (e.g. cumulomutatus (cumut)
3814:(Mother cloud)+genitus (e.g. cumulogenitus (cugen)
2524:
1785:
1694:
1114:
1087:
1067:
1047:
1027:
1007:
484:. These species may be arranged into the variety,
2459:Junge, C. E. (1960). "Sulfur in the Atmosphere".
2205:Bougher, Stephen Wesley; Phillips, Roger (1997).
1733:International Satellite Cloud Climatology Program
558:(precipitation that evaporates while aloft), and
3845:
1895:
1893:
1363:
1361:
1359:
2527:National Audubon Society Field Guide to Weather
2204:
2188:
2182:
2101:. National Aeronautics and Space Administration
2075:. National Aeronautics and Space Administration
1857:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
1735:. National Aeronautics and Space Administration
1686:
1612:
1498:
1155:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
888:. Cumuliform clouds have also been detected on
2369:
2232:Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology
2087:
1930:
1928:
1666:
880:detected massive cumulonimbus clouds near the
629:storm clouds. They can produce precipitation.
468:Cumulus clouds come in four distinct species,
30:"Cumulus" redirects here. For other uses, see
2886:
2699:
2598:
2144:
2113:
1890:
1757:. National Science Foundation. Archived from
1721:
1709:
1618:
1504:
1356:
1344:
1298:
1296:
1287:
223:, when influenced by weather factors such as
2225:
1997:
1985:
1981:
1979:
1970:
1281:
1182:
332:. During the convection, surrounding air is
2073:"NASA SP-441: Viking Orbiter Views of Mars"
2065:
1952:
1940:
1925:
1901:"Common Cloud Names, Shapes, and Altitudes"
1878:
1846:"Cloud Classifications and Characteristics"
1822:
1755:"Will Clouds Speed or Slow Global Warming?"
1624:
1241:
1239:
677:
2893:
2879:
2648:. Black Mountain Books. pp. 105–108.
1524:. National Weather Service. Archived from
1451:
1439:
1427:
1415:
1403:
1391:
1375:. National Weather Service. Archived from
1308:
1293:
1151:"Cloud Classification and Characteristics"
1145:
1143:
1008:{\displaystyle t={18\eta \over Egwr_{0}}}
535:clouds look like puffy, flattened shapes.
47:
2994:Nacreous polar stratospheric clouds (PSC)
2848:
2784:
2749:
2726:"Entrainment of Air Into a Cumulus Cloud"
2563:
2513:
2405:
2395:
2251:
2170:
2027:
1991:
1976:
1964:
1773:
1693:Thompson, Philip; Robert O'Brien (1965).
1636:
1551:(4th ed.). Oxford University Press.
1332:
1320:
3323:
2915:Latin terminology except where indicated
2487:
2015:
2003:
1648:
1314:
1302:
1269:
1236:
1122:being the initial radius of the droplet.
765:
738:
690:
648:
418:
384:
373:
361:
289:
3218:Mutatus non-height specific (see below)
2723:
2662:
2444:(1st ed.). Springer. p. 115.
2414:
1958:
1946:
1884:
1828:
1810:
1547:Allaby, Michael, ed. (2010). "Pannus".
1326:
1275:
1140:
761:
14:
3846:
3595:
3247:
3182:
3136:
2793:
2758:
2522:
2348:
2119:
2033:
1934:
1654:
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1630:
1584:
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1576:
1546:
1468:
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1433:
1421:
1409:
1397:
1350:
1338:
1212:
953:
796:
686:
2874:
2643:
2458:
2437:
2176:
2150:
1715:
1479:. World Meteorological Organization.
1183:Barrett, E. C.; Grant, C. K. (1976).
734:
670:resulting in an increasing number of
644:
2822:
2021:
2009:
1557:10.1093/acref/9780199567669.001.0001
827:, and tornadoes. They commonly have
695:A large field of cirrocumulus clouds
554:clouds are cumulus clouds producing
3620:Stratocumulus stratiformis (Sc str)
3615:Stratocumulus lenticularis (Sc len)
2765:Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences
2352:The Weather Identification Handbook
2039:
1573:
1463:
1035:being the time to infinite radius,
903:detected whitish cumulus clouds on
856:
834:
24:
3605:Stratocumulus castellanus (Sc cas)
3161:Cirrocumulus stratiformis (Cc str)
3156:Cirrocumulus lenticularis (Cc len)
2816:10.1111/j.2153-3490.1980.tb00970.x
2151:Boyle, Rebecca (18 October 2012).
1215:"Cumuliform Clouds: Some Examples"
431:Cumulus clouds can be composed of
212:unless they are the more vertical
25:
3870:
3277:Altocumulus stratiformis (Ac str)
3272:Altocumulus lenticularis (Ac len)
3146:Cirrocumulus castellanus (Cc cas)
2859:
2523:Ludlum, David McWilliams (2000).
2488:Langmuir, Irving (October 1948).
2376:Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics
1780:Del Genfo, Lacis & Ruedy 1991
1253:. 16 October 2005. Archived from
1219:Resources in Atmospheric Sciences
3382:Cumulonimbus capillatus (Cb cap)
3257:Altocumulus castellanus (Ac cas)
3015:polar stratospheric clouds (PSC)
2120:Minard, Anne (14 October 2008).
1843:
925:
301:Cumulus clouds forming over the
74:
27:Genus of clouds, low-level cloud
3561:St-only genitus cloud and other
3197:Cirrostratus nebulosus (Cs neb)
2461:Journal of Geophysical Research
2415:Hubbard, Richard Keith (2000).
2270:Journal of Geophysical Research
2211:. University of Arizona Press.
2197:
1747:
1701:. New York: Time Inc. pp.
1672:
1660:
1540:
1510:
1486:from the original on 2005-02-26
1225:College of Atmospheric Sciences
3630:Stratocumulus volutus (Sc vol)
3610:Stratocumulus floccus (Sc flo)
3391:Cb-only supplementary features
3192:Cirrostratus fibratus (Cs fib)
1474:"WMO classification of clouds"
1206:
408:, such as after a cold front.
389:Cumulus clouds scattered over
357:
13:
1:
3568:Stratus silvagenitus (St sil)
3426:Cumulonimbus flumen ((Cb flu)
3419:Cb-only accessories and other
3267:Altocumulus lacunosus (Ac la)
3151:Cirrocumulus floccus (Cc flo)
2759:Warner, J. (September 1969).
1129:
378:Lines of Cumulus clouds over
3377:Cumulonimbus calvus (Cb cal)
3282:Altocumulus volutus (Ac vol)
3262:Altocumulus floccus (Ac flo)
2956:Noctilucent type III billows
2823:Wood, Robert (August 2012).
2724:Stommel, Harry (June 1947).
2685:10.1016/0169-8095(94)00096-V
2621:10.1126/science.186.4164.632
2438:Irwin, Patrick (July 2003).
1682:. International Cloud Atlas.
1134:
1055:being the viscosity of air,
911:has methane cumulus clouds.
285:
7:
3331:Nimbostratus virga (Ns vir)
3074:Cirrus castellanus (Ci cas)
2866:AMS Glossary of Meteorology
2349:Dunlop, Storm (June 2003).
2189:Bougher & Phillips 1997
1859:. p. 1. Archived from
918:
601:
594:over the top of the cloud.
463:
10:
3875:
3552:Stratus nebulosus (St neb)
3486:Cumulus congestus (Cu con)
3480:Cumulus mediocris (Cu med)
3115:Cirrus vertebratus (Ci ve)
2959:Noctilucent type IV whirls
838:
800:
773:
746:
698:
29:
3805:
3764:
3718:
3709:
3667:
3642:
3586:
3560:
3537:
3528:
3503:
3460:
3449:
3418:
3409:Cumulonimbus murus ((mur)
3398:Cumulonimbus cauda ((cau)
3390:
3367:
3356:
3347:
3312:
3294:
3238:
3229:
3209:
3173:
3127:
3102:
3089:Cirrus spissatus (Ci spa)
3064:
3055:
3046:
3037:
3011:
2992:
2974:
2953:Noctilucent type II bands
2920:
2574:10.1109/PCCGA.2001.962893
2099:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
2095:"Thunderheads on Jupiter"
1288:Mossop & Hallett 1974
1213:Geerts, B. (April 2000).
853:deforms a cumulus cloud.
165:
157:
147:
137:
123:
92:
82:
70:
62:
46:
41:
3547:Stratus fractus (St fra)
3475:Cumulus humilis (Cu hum)
3454:Variable vertical extent
3404:Cumulonimbus incus (inc)
3079:Cirrus fibratus (Ci fib)
2950:Noctilucent type I veils
2944:Polar mesospheric clouds
2850:10.1175/MWR-D-11-00121.1
2276:(D10): 12, 895–12, 910.
2126:National Geographic News
946:
811:clouds develop a strong
678:Relation to other clouds
308:Cumulus clouds form via
32:Cumulus (disambiguation)
3625:Stratocumulus Undulatus
3110:Cirrus intortus (Ci in)
3094:Cirrus uncinus (Ci unc)
3084:Cirrus floccus (Ci flo)
2481:10.1029/JZ065i001p00227
2397:10.5194/acp-6-1185-2006
2290:10.1029/jd094id10p12895
1549:A Dictionary of Ecology
1369:"Cloud Classifications"
328:of the presence of any
3765:Supplementary features
3645:supplementary features
2829:Monthly Weather Review
2825:"Stratocumulus Clouds"
2730:Journal of Meteorology
2646:The Art of Paragliding
2644:Pagen, Dennis (2001).
2494:Journal of Meteorology
2253:10.1175/2008JAMC1885.1
1116:
1089:
1069:
1049:
1029:
1009:
771:
744:
696:
657:
428:
397:
382:
367:
310:atmospheric convection
305:
203:
3808:and human-made clouds
3304:Altostratus undulatus
3013:Nitric acid and water
1223:University of Wyoming
1117:
1115:{\displaystyle r_{0}}
1090:
1070:
1050:
1048:{\displaystyle \eta }
1030:
1010:
769:
742:
694:
652:
560:cumulus praecipitatio
422:
406:high-pressure systems
388:
377:
365:
300:
247:, depending upon the
2701:Pretor-Pinney, Gavin
2665:Atmospheric Research
1817:Miyazaki et al. 2001
1796:"Cumulonimbus Incus"
1099:
1079:
1059:
1039:
1019:
963:
770:Stratocumulus clouds
762:Stratocumulus clouds
233:temperature gradient
153:Family C (Low-level)
3826:Homomutatus (homut)
3822:Homogenitus (hogen)
3792:Praecipitatio (pra)
3004:Lenticular nacreous
2841:2012MWRv..140.2373W
2808:1980Tell...32..433W
2777:1969JAtS...26.1049W
2742:1947JAtS....4...91S
2677:1995AtmRe..38..249P
2613:1974Sci...186..632M
2531:. Alfred A. Knopf.
2506:1948JAtS....5..175L
2473:1960JGR....65..227J
2388:2006ACP.....6.1185G
2326:1991Natur.351..382G
2282:1989JGR....9412895C
2244:2008JApMC..47.2487C
2132:on 23 November 2012
1729:"Cloud Climatology"
1667:Garrett et al. 2006
1594:The Weather Channel
941:List of cloud types
797:Cumulonimbus clouds
776:Stratocumulus cloud
687:Cirrocumulus clouds
615:cumulonimbus clouds
350:20 to 30
278:(middle-étage) and
249:ambient temperature
243:water droplets, or
3588:Stratocumulus (Sc)
3575:(Fg) Surface level
3516:Trade wind cumulus
3001:Cirriform nacreous
2191:, pp. 127–129
1853:The Science Corner
1761:on 29 January 2013
1718:, pp. 105–108
1680:"Cataractagenitus"
1619:Pretor-Pinney 2007
1600:on 17 October 2012
1590:"Weather Glossary"
1528:on 18 January 2012
1505:Pretor-Pinney 2007
1379:on 7 November 2014
1353:, pp. 437–438
1290:, pp. 632–634
1161:on 17 October 2012
1112:
1085:
1065:
1045:
1025:
1005:
803:Cumulonimbus cloud
772:
745:
743:Altocumulus clouds
735:Altocumulus clouds
701:Cirrocumulus cloud
697:
658:
645:Effects on climate
435:, water droplets,
429:
398:
383:
368:
306:
3841:
3840:
3837:
3836:
3833:
3832:
3751:Translucidus (tr)
3705:
3704:
3638:
3637:
3582:
3581:
3524:
3523:
3445:
3444:
3361:Towering vertical
3358:Cumulonimbus (Cb)
3343:
3342:
3339:
3338:
3314:Nimbostratus (Ns)
3290:
3289:
3225:
3224:
3205:
3204:
3175:Cirrostratus (Cs)
3169:
3168:
3129:Cirrocumulus (Cc)
3123:
3122:
3103:Ci-only varieties
3033:
3032:
3029:
3028:
2970:
2969:
2966:
2965:
2716:978-1-101-20331-6
2709:. Penguin Group.
2655:978-0-936310-14-5
2607:(4164): 632–634.
2583:978-0-7695-1227-3
2538:978-0-679-40851-2
2451:978-3-540-00681-7
2430:978-0-07-136136-1
2362:978-1-58574-857-0
2320:(6325): 382–385.
2299:on 14 August 2014
2218:978-0-8165-1830-2
1998:Carey et al. 2008
1986:Carey et al. 2008
1971:Carey et al. 2008
1566:978-0-19-956766-9
1088:{\displaystyle w}
1068:{\displaystyle E}
1028:{\displaystyle t}
1003:
849:may occur when a
809:cumulus congestus
749:Altocumulus cloud
672:cumulus congestus
667:cumulus congestus
654:Cumulus congestus
623:Cumulus congestus
611:cumulus congestus
541:Cumulus congestus
537:Cumulus mediocris
437:supercooled water
425:cumulus mediocris
336:(mixed) with the
318:relative humidity
303:Congo River basin
298:
214:cumulus congestus
186:
185:
16:(Redirected from
3866:
3716:
3715:
3696:Actinoform cloud
3593:
3592:
3535:
3534:
3458:
3457:
3432:Overshooting top
3365:
3364:
3354:
3353:
3321:
3320:
3296:Altostratus (As)
3245:
3244:
3240:Altocumulus (Ac)
3236:
3235:
3180:
3179:
3134:
3133:
3062:
3061:
3053:
3052:
3044:
3043:
2990:
2989:
2981:
2980:
2936:
2935:
2927:
2926:
2895:
2888:
2881:
2872:
2871:
2854:
2852:
2835:(8): 2373–2423.
2819:
2790:
2788:
2771:(5): 1049–1059.
2755:
2753:
2720:
2696:
2659:
2640:
2601:Science Magazine
2595:
2567:
2550:
2530:
2519:
2517:
2484:
2455:
2434:
2411:
2409:
2407:2060/20080015842
2399:
2382:(5): 1185–1200.
2366:
2345:
2334:10.1038/351382a0
2308:
2306:
2304:
2298:
2292:. Archived from
2267:
2257:
2255:
2238:(9): 2487–2495.
2222:
2192:
2186:
2180:
2174:
2168:
2167:
2165:
2163:
2148:
2142:
2141:
2139:
2137:
2128:. Archived from
2117:
2111:
2110:
2108:
2106:
2091:
2085:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2069:
2063:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2043:
2037:
2031:
2025:
2019:
2013:
2007:
2001:
1995:
1989:
1983:
1974:
1968:
1962:
1956:
1950:
1944:
1938:
1932:
1923:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1912:
1905:
1897:
1888:
1882:
1876:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1866:on July 20, 2004
1865:
1850:
1841:
1832:
1826:
1820:
1814:
1808:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1792:
1783:
1777:
1771:
1770:
1768:
1766:
1751:
1745:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1725:
1719:
1713:
1707:
1706:
1700:
1690:
1684:
1683:
1676:
1670:
1664:
1658:
1652:
1646:
1640:
1634:
1633:, pp. 77–78
1628:
1622:
1616:
1610:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1596:. Archived from
1586:
1571:
1570:
1544:
1538:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1514:
1508:
1502:
1496:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1485:
1478:
1470:
1461:
1455:
1449:
1443:
1437:
1431:
1425:
1419:
1413:
1407:
1401:
1395:
1389:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1365:
1354:
1348:
1342:
1336:
1330:
1324:
1318:
1312:
1306:
1300:
1291:
1285:
1279:
1273:
1267:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1247:"Cumulus clouds"
1243:
1234:
1233:
1231:
1230:
1210:
1204:
1203:
1201:
1200:
1191:. Archived from
1180:
1171:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1157:. Archived from
1147:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1118:
1113:
1111:
1110:
1094:
1092:
1091:
1086:
1074:
1072:
1071:
1066:
1054:
1052:
1051:
1046:
1034:
1032:
1031:
1026:
1014:
1012:
1011:
1006:
1004:
1002:
1001:
1000:
981:
973:
959:The formula was
957:
935:
930:
929:
901:Keck Observatory
857:Extraterrestrial
851:horseshoe vortex
835:Horseshoe clouds
545:Cumulus radiatus
486:cumulus radiatus
299:
143:(1,000–6,600 ft)
78:
51:
39:
38:
21:
3874:
3873:
3869:
3868:
3867:
3865:
3864:
3863:
3844:
3843:
3842:
3829:
3818:
3807:
3801:
3772:Asperitas (asp)
3760:
3741:Perlucidus (pe)
3726:Duplicatus (du)
3711:
3701:
3698:(Stratocumulus)
3671:accessory cloud
3669:
3663:
3644:
3634:
3578:
3556:
3520:
3499:
3453:
3441:
3414:
3386:
3360:
3349:
3335:
3316:
3308:
3286:
3231:
3221:
3211:
3210:High-level-only
3201:
3165:
3119:
3098:
3048:
3025:
3014:
3007:
2985:
2984:Very high-level
2962:
2943:
2931:
2916:
2899:
2862:
2857:
2802:(35): 433–438.
2717:
2656:
2584:
2558:. p. 363.
2539:
2452:
2431:
2363:
2355:. Lyons Press.
2302:
2300:
2296:
2265:
2219:
2200:
2195:
2187:
2183:
2175:
2171:
2161:
2159:
2157:Popular Science
2149:
2145:
2135:
2133:
2118:
2114:
2104:
2102:
2093:
2092:
2088:
2078:
2076:
2071:
2070:
2066:
2056:
2054:
2053:. 12 March 2018
2045:
2044:
2040:
2032:
2028:
2020:
2016:
2008:
2004:
1996:
1992:
1984:
1977:
1969:
1965:
1957:
1953:
1945:
1941:
1933:
1926:
1916:
1914:
1910:
1903:
1899:
1898:
1891:
1883:
1879:
1869:
1867:
1863:
1848:
1842:
1835:
1827:
1823:
1815:
1811:
1801:
1799:
1794:
1793:
1786:
1778:
1774:
1764:
1762:
1753:
1752:
1748:
1738:
1736:
1727:
1726:
1722:
1714:
1710:
1691:
1687:
1678:
1677:
1673:
1665:
1661:
1653:
1649:
1641:
1637:
1629:
1625:
1617:
1613:
1603:
1601:
1588:
1587:
1574:
1567:
1545:
1541:
1531:
1529:
1516:
1515:
1511:
1503:
1499:
1489:
1487:
1483:
1476:
1472:
1471:
1464:
1456:
1452:
1444:
1440:
1432:
1428:
1420:
1416:
1408:
1404:
1396:
1392:
1382:
1380:
1367:
1366:
1357:
1349:
1345:
1337:
1333:
1325:
1321:
1313:
1309:
1301:
1294:
1286:
1282:
1274:
1270:
1260:
1258:
1257:on 28 June 2017
1245:
1244:
1237:
1228:
1226:
1211:
1207:
1198:
1196:
1181:
1174:
1164:
1162:
1149:
1148:
1141:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1126:
1106:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1096:
1080:
1077:
1076:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1040:
1037:
1036:
1020:
1017:
1016:
996:
992:
982:
974:
972:
964:
961:
960:
958:
954:
949:
931:
924:
921:
907:. Like Uranus,
892:. In 2008, the
859:
847:horseshoe cloud
843:
841:Horseshoe cloud
837:
805:
799:
778:
764:
751:
737:
703:
689:
680:
647:
607:Cumulus humilis
604:
533:Cumulus humilis
521:Cumulus fractus
470:cumulus humilis
466:
360:
316:), causing the
290:
288:
260:cumulonimbiform
253:solar radiation
195:that have flat
142:
58:
55:cumulus humilis
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3872:
3862:
3861:
3856:
3839:
3838:
3835:
3834:
3831:
3830:
3828:
3827:
3824:
3819:
3815:
3811:
3809:
3806:Mother clouds
3803:
3802:
3800:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3768:
3766:
3762:
3761:
3759:
3758:
3756:Undulatus (un)
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3731:Lacunosus (la)
3728:
3722:
3720:
3713:
3707:
3706:
3703:
3702:
3700:
3699:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3676:
3674:
3668:Low-level-only
3665:
3664:
3662:
3661:
3655:
3648:
3646:
3643:Low-level-only
3640:
3639:
3636:
3635:
3633:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3601:
3599:
3590:
3584:
3583:
3580:
3579:
3577:
3576:
3570:
3564:
3562:
3558:
3557:
3555:
3554:
3549:
3543:
3541:
3532:
3526:
3525:
3522:
3521:
3519:
3518:
3513:
3507:
3505:
3501:
3500:
3498:
3497:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3466:
3464:
3455:
3447:
3446:
3443:
3442:
3440:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3422:
3420:
3416:
3415:
3413:
3412:
3406:
3401:
3394:
3392:
3388:
3387:
3385:
3384:
3379:
3373:
3371:
3362:
3351:
3345:
3344:
3341:
3340:
3337:
3336:
3334:
3333:
3327:
3325:
3318:
3310:
3309:
3307:
3306:
3300:
3298:
3292:
3291:
3288:
3287:
3285:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3253:
3251:
3242:
3233:
3227:
3226:
3223:
3222:
3220:
3219:
3215:
3213:
3207:
3206:
3203:
3202:
3200:
3199:
3194:
3188:
3186:
3177:
3171:
3170:
3167:
3166:
3164:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3142:
3140:
3131:
3125:
3124:
3121:
3120:
3118:
3117:
3112:
3106:
3104:
3100:
3099:
3097:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3070:
3068:
3059:
3050:
3041:
3035:
3034:
3031:
3030:
3027:
3026:
3024:
3023:
3019:
3017:
3009:
3008:
3006:
3005:
3002:
2998:
2996:
2987:
2978:
2972:
2971:
2968:
2967:
2964:
2963:
2961:
2960:
2957:
2954:
2951:
2947:
2945:
2933:
2924:
2918:
2917:
2898:
2897:
2890:
2883:
2875:
2869:
2868:
2861:
2860:External links
2858:
2856:
2855:
2820:
2791:
2756:
2721:
2715:
2697:
2671:(1): 249–262.
2660:
2654:
2641:
2596:
2582:
2565:10.1.1.76.7428
2551:
2537:
2520:
2500:(5): 175–192.
2485:
2467:(1): 227–237.
2456:
2450:
2435:
2429:
2412:
2367:
2361:
2346:
2309:
2258:
2223:
2217:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2193:
2181:
2169:
2143:
2112:
2086:
2064:
2051:Independent.ie
2038:
2026:
2024:, p. 2398
2014:
2012:, p. 2374
2002:
2000:, p. 2494
1990:
1988:, p. 2491
1975:
1973:, p. 2490
1963:
1951:
1939:
1924:
1913:on 12 May 2011
1889:
1877:
1833:
1821:
1809:
1784:
1772:
1746:
1720:
1708:
1685:
1671:
1659:
1647:
1635:
1623:
1611:
1572:
1565:
1539:
1509:
1497:
1462:
1460:, p. 1058
1450:
1448:, p. 1056
1438:
1436:, p. 1054
1426:
1424:, p. 1052
1414:
1412:, p. 1051
1402:
1400:, p. 1049
1390:
1355:
1343:
1331:
1319:
1307:
1292:
1280:
1268:
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1172:
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1128:
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985:
980:
977:
971:
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951:
950:
948:
945:
944:
943:
937:
936:
933:Weather portal
920:
917:
882:Great Red Spot
871:Viking Orbiter
858:
855:
845:A short-lived
839:Main article:
836:
833:
801:Main article:
798:
795:
774:Main article:
763:
760:
747:Main article:
736:
733:
699:Main article:
688:
685:
679:
676:
646:
643:
603:
600:
588:Cumulus pileus
570:clouds have a
564:Cumulus pannus
490:cumulus pileus
465:
462:
359:
356:
347:vapor pressure
287:
284:
189:Cumulus clouds
184:
183:
169:
163:
162:
159:
155:
154:
151:
149:Classification
145:
144:
139:
135:
134:
133:
132:
127:
121:
120:
119:
118:
113:
108:
103:
96:
90:
89:
88:Cumulus (heap)
86:
80:
79:
72:
68:
67:
64:
60:
59:
52:
44:
43:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3871:
3860:
3857:
3855:
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3849:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3816:
3813:
3812:
3810:
3804:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3782:Fluctus (flu)
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3769:
3767:
3763:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3746:Radiatus (ra)
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3723:
3721:
3717:
3714:
3708:
3697:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3666:
3660:Funnel cloud)
3659:
3656:
3653:
3650:
3649:
3647:
3641:
3631:
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3623:
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3258:
3255:
3254:
3252:
3250:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3237:
3234:
3228:
3217:
3216:
3214:
3212:mutatus cloud
3208:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3189:
3187:
3185:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3172:
3162:
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3149:
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3143:
3141:
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3036:
3021:
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3018:
3016:
3010:
3003:
3000:
2999:
2997:
2995:
2991:
2988:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2976:Stratospheric
2973:
2958:
2955:
2952:
2949:
2948:
2946:
2941:
2937:
2934:
2930:Extreme-level
2928:
2925:
2923:
2919:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2903:
2896:
2891:
2889:
2884:
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2747:
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2735:
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2727:
2722:
2718:
2712:
2708:
2707:
2703:(June 2007).
2702:
2698:
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2209:
2203:
2202:
2190:
2185:
2179:, p. 115
2178:
2173:
2158:
2154:
2147:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2116:
2100:
2096:
2090:
2074:
2068:
2052:
2048:
2042:
2036:, p. 471
2035:
2030:
2023:
2018:
2011:
2006:
1999:
1994:
1987:
1982:
1980:
1972:
1967:
1961:, p. 254
1960:
1955:
1949:, p. 252
1948:
1943:
1937:, p. 448
1936:
1931:
1929:
1909:
1902:
1896:
1894:
1887:, p. 251
1886:
1881:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1847:
1840:
1838:
1831:, p. 340
1830:
1825:
1819:, p. 364
1818:
1813:
1797:
1791:
1789:
1782:, p. 384
1781:
1776:
1760:
1756:
1750:
1734:
1730:
1724:
1717:
1712:
1704:
1699:
1698:
1689:
1681:
1675:
1668:
1663:
1656:
1651:
1645:, p. 473
1644:
1639:
1632:
1627:
1620:
1615:
1599:
1595:
1591:
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1583:
1581:
1579:
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1469:
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1406:
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1394:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1352:
1347:
1341:, p. 433
1340:
1335:
1328:
1323:
1317:, p. 177
1316:
1315:Langmuir 1948
1311:
1305:, p. 175
1304:
1303:Langmuir 1948
1299:
1297:
1289:
1284:
1277:
1272:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1242:
1240:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1209:
1195:on 2013-10-05
1194:
1190:
1186:
1179:
1177:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1146:
1144:
1139:
1107:
1103:
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1062:
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997:
993:
989:
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978:
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966:
956:
952:
942:
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938:
934:
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902:
898:
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891:
887:
883:
879:
877:
872:
868:
864:
854:
852:
848:
842:
832:
830:
826:
825:funnel clouds
822:
818:
814:
810:
804:
794:
792:
788:
784:
777:
768:
759:
757:
750:
741:
732:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
709:
702:
693:
684:
675:
673:
668:
664:
663:cirrus clouds
655:
651:
642:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
599:
597:
596:Cumulus velum
593:
589:
585:
581:
580:funnel clouds
577:
573:
569:
568:Cumulus arcus
565:
561:
557:
553:
552:Cumulus virga
548:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
527:(also called
526:
522:
517:
515:
511:
507:
503:
502:praecipitatio
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
461:
457:
455:
451:
446:
440:
438:
434:
426:
421:
417:
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409:
407:
403:
396:
392:
387:
381:
376:
372:
364:
355:
353:
348:
343:
339:
335:
331:
325:
323:
319:
315:
311:
304:
283:
281:
277:
273:
269:
268:stratocumulus
265:
261:
256:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
217:
215:
211:
207:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
182:
178:
174:
170:
168:
167:Precipitation
164:
160:
156:
152:
150:
146:
140:
136:
130:
129:
128:
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122:
117:
114:
112:
109:
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102:
99:
98:
97:
95:
91:
87:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
56:
50:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
3690:Pannus (pan)
3680:Pileus (pil)
3652:Arcus ((arc)
3530:Stratus (St)
3451:Cumulus (Cu)
3450:
3428:Beaver tail)
3230:Medium-level
3039:Tropospheric
2909:hydrometeors
2832:
2828:
2799:
2795:
2768:
2764:
2736:(3): 91–94.
2733:
2729:
2705:
2668:
2664:
2645:
2604:
2600:
2555:
2526:
2497:
2493:
2464:
2460:
2440:
2420:
2379:
2375:
2351:
2317:
2313:
2301:. Retrieved
2294:the original
2273:
2269:
2235:
2231:
2207:
2198:Bibliography
2184:
2172:
2160:. Retrieved
2156:
2146:
2134:. Retrieved
2130:the original
2125:
2115:
2103:. Retrieved
2098:
2089:
2077:. Retrieved
2067:
2055:. Retrieved
2050:
2041:
2029:
2017:
2005:
1993:
1966:
1959:Parungo 1995
1954:
1947:Parungo 1995
1942:
1915:. Retrieved
1908:the original
1885:Parungo 1995
1880:
1868:. Retrieved
1861:the original
1852:
1829:Hubbard 2000
1824:
1812:
1800:. Retrieved
1775:
1763:. Retrieved
1759:the original
1749:
1737:. Retrieved
1732:
1723:
1711:
1696:
1688:
1674:
1662:
1657:, p. 79
1650:
1638:
1626:
1621:, p. 20
1614:
1602:. Retrieved
1598:the original
1548:
1542:
1530:. Retrieved
1526:the original
1521:
1512:
1507:, p. 17
1500:
1488:. Retrieved
1453:
1441:
1429:
1417:
1405:
1393:
1381:. Retrieved
1377:the original
1372:
1346:
1334:
1329:, p. 94
1327:Stommel 1947
1322:
1310:
1283:
1278:, p. 91
1276:Stommel 1947
1271:
1259:. Retrieved
1255:the original
1250:
1227:. Retrieved
1218:
1208:
1197:. Retrieved
1193:the original
1163:. Retrieved
1159:the original
955:
894:
875:
863:Solar System
860:
844:
829:anvil clouds
808:
806:
779:
752:
724:
720:
717:lenticularis
716:
713:stratiformis
712:
704:
681:
671:
666:
659:
653:
627:cumulonimbus
605:
595:
587:
578:clouds have
576:cumulus tuba
575:
567:
563:
559:
551:
549:
544:
540:
536:
532:
524:
520:
519:The species
518:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
467:
458:
441:
433:ice crystals
430:
424:
410:
399:
369:
326:
307:
280:cirrocumulus
257:
245:ice crystals
237:water vapour
221:cumulonimbus
218:
188:
187:
181:snow pellets
63:Abbreviation
54:
36:
3859:Cloud types
3797:Virga (vir)
3787:Mamma (mam)
3777:Cavum (cav)
3736:Opacus (op)
3685:Velum (vel)
3658:Tuba ((tub)
3411:Wall cloud)
3400:Tail cloud)
3317:Multi-level
3057:Cirrus (Ci)
2940:Noctilucent
2922:Mesospheric
2303:28 November
2034:Ludlum 2000
1935:Ludlum 2000
1917:12 February
1844:Funk, Ted.
1669:, p. i
1655:Dunlop 2003
1643:Ludlum 2000
1631:Dunlop 2003
1532:11 February
1458:Warner 1969
1446:Warner 1969
1434:Warner 1969
1422:Warner 1969
1410:Warner 1969
1398:Warner 1969
1351:Weston 1980
1339:Weston 1980
878:space probe
821:waterspouts
787:cold fronts
727:. They are
721:castellanus
445:micrometres
358:Description
352:micrometres
322:latent heat
276:altocumulus
241:supercooled
225:instability
141:200–2,000 m
3848:Categories
3710:Non-height
3047:High-level
2417:"Glossary"
2177:Irwin 2003
2162:26 January
2136:26 January
2105:26 January
2079:26 January
1870:19 October
1802:23 October
1765:23 October
1716:Pagen 2001
1604:18 October
1490:18 October
1261:16 October
1229:2013-02-11
1199:2012-08-22
1165:18 October
1130:References
897:spacecraft
817:tropopause
756:warm front
729:iridescent
708:convective
639:cloud suck
572:gust front
402:wind shear
330:inversions
314:lapse rate
158:Appearance
18:Cumuliform
3719:Varieties
3673:and other
3511:Horseshoe
3437:Hot tower
3348:Low-level
3324:Varieties
2560:CiteSeerX
2022:Wood 2012
2010:Wood 2012
1373:JetStream
1135:Footnotes
1043:η
979:η
783:inversion
619:tornadoes
584:tornadoes
478:congestus
474:mediocris
413:temperate
334:entrained
286:Formation
171:Uncommon
131:Radiatuse
116:Congestus
111:Mediocris
3712:specific
2986:15–30 km
2932:80–85 km
2693:90987092
2637:19285155
2629:17833720
2547:56559729
2057:12 March
1481:Archived
919:See also
635:thermals
613:or even
602:Forecast
464:Subforms
380:Brittany
229:humidity
210:altitude
138:Altitude
3854:Cumulus
3694:Other-
3597:Species
3539:Species
3470:Fractus
3462:Species
3369:Species
3249:Species
3184:Species
3138:Species
3066:Species
3049:3–18 km
2837:Bibcode
2804:Bibcode
2796:Tell Us
2773:Bibcode
2738:Bibcode
2673:Bibcode
2609:Bibcode
2592:6656499
2502:Bibcode
2469:Bibcode
2384:Bibcode
2342:4274337
2322:Bibcode
2278:Bibcode
2240:Bibcode
1739:12 July
1697:Weather
1383:21 July
1251:Weather
1015:, with
909:Neptune
895:Cassini
886:Jupiter
876:Galileo
813:updraft
791:drizzle
725:floccus
482:fractus
450:bimodal
342:process
338:thermal
205:cumulus
125:Variety
106:Humilis
101:Fractus
94:Species
42:Cumulus
3654:Shelf)
3350:0–2 km
3232:2–8 km
2905:genera
2713:
2691:
2652:
2635:
2627:
2590:
2580:
2562:
2545:
2535:
2448:
2427:
2359:
2340:
2314:Nature
2215:
1563:
905:Uranus
890:Saturn
869:, the
723:, and
631:Glider
592:pileus
574:, and
525:pannus
512:, and
510:pannus
480:, and
427:clouds
395:Rwanda
391:Kigali
231:, and
193:clouds
71:Symbol
53:Small
3504:Other
2942:(NLC)
2902:Cloud
2633:S2CID
2588:S2CID
2338:S2CID
2297:(PDF)
2266:(PDF)
1911:(PDF)
1904:(PDF)
1864:(PDF)
1849:(PDF)
1703:86–87
1484:(PDF)
1477:(PDF)
947:Notes
913:Venus
865:. On
556:virga
506:arcus
498:virga
494:velum
423:Some
272:étage
270:(low-
264:anvil
201:Latin
197:bases
179:, or
84:Genus
3494:ICAO
2711:ISBN
2689:OCLC
2650:ISBN
2625:PMID
2578:ISBN
2543:OCLC
2533:ISBN
2446:ISBN
2425:ISBN
2357:ISBN
2305:2012
2213:ISBN
2164:2013
2138:2013
2107:2013
2081:2013
2059:2018
1919:2011
1872:2012
1804:2012
1767:2012
1741:2011
1606:2012
1561:ISBN
1534:2013
1492:2012
1385:2014
1263:2012
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