Cultured meat - Knowledge

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beef in approximately ten years. In 2018, Memphis Meats reduced the cost of production to $ 1,700 per pound. In 2019, Eat Just said it cost about US$ 50 to produce one chicken nugget. The company's cultured chicken nuggets, now available at Singapore restaurant 1880, retail around US$ 17 as part of a set meal; however, this retail price is below cost. As of 2021, most companies report a production cost of $ 100 or more per meal-sized serving. A 2019 study estimated that, with current technology, the actual production cost of cultured meat was over $ 400,000 per kilogram. A 2022 study estimated that, if dramatic advances drove medium costs down to $ 3.74 per liter, large-scale production costs might optimistically fall to $ 63 per kilogram over the next few years. The main drivers of cost would be growth medium (accounting for $ 19.7/kg), labor ($ 17.7/kg), and bioreactor repairs ($ 5.47/kg). Competing with wholesale beef ($ 6/kg) would require reducing all three of these costs.

3266: 733:(EFSA) that their product is safe. In March 2022, cultured meat producers had reached the level of attempting to gain regulatory approval from European Union supranational institutions coming just before mass goods could be sold to consumers. By February 2023, none had yet submitted a novel food dossier for approval by the EFSA. Legal experts explained this as having to do with the fact that, although the EFSA's novel food procedure has been well-established since 1997 (unlike in other jurisdictions, that still have or had to develop certain regulatory standards), it is a long and complicated process in which companies can have little input once they have submitted their request, unlike cultured meat startups in the United States (who could easily communicate back and forth with the 3700:, meaning acceptable under Jewish law and practice. One factor is the nature of the animal from which the cells are sourced, whether it is a kosher or non-kosher species and whether, if the cells were taken from a dead animal, slaughter in accordance with religious practice had taken place prior to the extraction of cells. Most authorities agree that if the original cells were taken from a religiously slaughtered animal then the meat cultured from it will be kosher. Depending on the nature of the cells, it may be determined to be kosher even when taken from a live animal, and some have argued that it would be kosher even if coming from non-kosher animals such as pigs. In 2023 the issue of lab meat being a non-meat product or "parve" has come up for debate. 3751:

cultured meat; producing cultured meat in bioreactors at the farm level; transitioning into new sectors; new market opportunities for blended and hybrid animal- and alt-meat products; and new value around regenerative or high-animal welfare farming." Some challenges are also identified, with possible "loss of livelihood or income for ranchers and livestock producers and for farmers growing crops for animal feed; barriers to transitioning into emerging alt-meat sectors; and the possibility of exclusion from those sectors." Some farmers already see the potential of cellular agriculture. For instance, Illtud Dunsford comes from a long line of farmers in Wales and established his cultured meat company Cellular Agriculture Ltd in 2016.

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attachment to another surface if microcarriers are included. Fixed bed bioreactors are commonly used for adherent cultures. They feature strips of fibres that are packed together to form a bed to which cells can attach. Aerated culture media is circulated through the bed. In airlift bioreactors, the culture media is aerated into a gaseous form using air bubbles which are then scattered and dispersed amongst the cells. Perfusion bioreactors are common configurations for continuous cultivation. They continuously drain media saturated with lactic acid that is void of nutrients and fill it with replenished media.

1375: 3400:. In 2021, the Spanish government granted €3.7 million for Biotech Foods to investigate the potential health benefits of cellular agriculture. The National Science Foundation awarded a $ 3.55 million grant to a team of researchers at UC Davis for open-access cultured meat research. Non-profits also drive support and interest in the field. Notably, New Harvest has a fellowship program to support the research of specific graduate students and groups at various academic institutions and the Good Food Institute funds open-access research through its Research Grant Program. 790: 2868: 2965: 2355: 1879: 1488: 1817: 1008: 33: 2226: 6852: 3280:. Such a technique was perfected for industrial applications in manufacturing objects made out of plastic, metal, glass and other synthetic materials. The most common variation of the process involves incrementally depositing a filament in layers onto a bed until the object is completed. This method will most likely lend itself best to the application of cultured meat as opposed to other types such as binder jetting, material jetting or stereolithography that require a specific kind of resin or powder. 1843: 1194: 15962: 3393:

Harvest has a fellowship program to support graduate students and groups at various academic institutions. Additionally, a growing number of governments are funding research in cellular agriculture. In August 2020, the Grant Management Services of the European Commission awarded a €2.5 million grant to ORF Genetics. That same month, the Japanese Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry granted Integriculture $ 2.2 million through their New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization.

2888:. Stem cells are undifferentiated cells which have the potential to become many or all of the required kinds of specialized cell types. Totipotent stem cells have the capacity to differentiate into all the different cell types found within the body. Pluripotent stem cells can mature into all cell types save those in the placenta, and multipotent stem cells can differentiate into several specialized cell types within one lineage. Unipotent stem cells can differentiate into one specific cell fate. 18168: 2892: 2049: 1662: 18120: 1955: 1773: 2400: 2317: 2088: 2009: 1913: 1736: 1586: 1530: 1294: 1259: 1107: 1040: 18108: 3372:

attached to a surface to support growth. As such, cells must be grown in confluent monolayers only one cell thick which necessitates a lot of surface area. This poses practical challenges on large scales. As such, systems may incorporate microcarriers—small spherical beads of glass or other compatible material that are suspended in the culture medium. Cells adhere to these microcarriers as they would to the sides of the bioreactor, which increases the amount of surface area.

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extracted from fetal cows. Besides the argument that its production is unethical, it also violates the notion that the cultured meat is produced independent of the use of animals. It is also the most costly constituent of cultured meat, priced at around $ 1000 per litre. Furthermore, chemical composition varies greatly depending on the animal, so it cannot be uniformly quantified chemically. FBS is employed because it conveniently mimics the process of muscle development

448:, a food researcher from the Future Food Studio, and Josh Schonwald. Rützler stated, "There is really a bite to it, there is quite some flavour with the browning. I know there is no fat in it so I didn't really know how juicy it would be, but there is quite some intense taste; it's close to meat, it's not that juicy, but the consistency is perfect. This is meat to me... It's really something to bite on and I think the look is quite similar." Rützler added that even in a 18192: 3297: 3209:. One challenge with these proteins is that they can not be modified post translation. However, an alternative fibrillar protein has been isolated in microbes that lack collagen's biochemical cues, but has its kind of gene customizability. One focus of recombinant collagen production is yield optimization—how it can be produced most effectively. Plants, in particular, tobacco look like the best option, however, bacteria and yeast are also viable alternatives. 17246: 18144: 3409:

identified. Healthiness, safety, nutritional characteristics, sustainability, taste, and lower price, are all contributing factors. One study found that the use of highly technical language to explain cultured meat led to significantly more negative public attitude towards the concept. One study suggested that describing cultured meat in a way that emphasizes the final product rather than the production method was an effective way to improve acceptance.

2162: 1073: 128: 18204: 18132: 3822: 871: 18080: 2270: 2214: 2126: 1629: 1227: 1150: 972: 761:, Israel, right next to its pilot plant; journalists, experts and a small number of consumers could book an appointment to taste the novel food there, while looking through a glass window into the production facility on the other side. The restaurant was not yet fully open to the public, because as of June 2021 SuperMeat still needed to wait for regulatory approval to start mass production for public consumption, and because the 18156: 3463:(USDA) have agreed to jointly regulate cultured meat. Under the agreement, the FDA oversees cell collection, cell banks, and cell growth and differentiation, while the USDA oversees the production and labeling of food products derived from the cells that are meant for human consumption. Several U.S. states, such as Missouri, South Carolina, Texas, and Washington, have passed legislation limiting the use of the term 1696: 1455: 1414: 1337: 3617:, such as insertion, deletion, silencing, activation, or mutation of a gene, are not required to produce cultured meat. Cultured meat production allows the biological processes that normally occur within an animal to occur without the animal. Since cultured meat is grown in a controlled, artificial environment, some have commented that cultured meat more closely resembles hydroponic vegetables, rather than 18180: 17235: 101: 15956: 2940: 627:, food industry innovation centre Flanders Food, and Bio Base Europe Pilot Plant). Peace of Meat stated in December 2019 that it intended to complete its proof of concept in 2020, to produce its first prototype in 2022, and to go to market in 2023. That month, the Foieture project received a research grant of almost 3.6 million euros from the Innovation and Enterprise Agency of the 3625:

through genetic modification. The same improvement can be made without genetic modification, by manipulating the conditions of the culture medium. Genetic modification may be able to enhance muscle cell proliferation. The introduction of myogenic regulatory factors, growth factors, or other gene products into muscle cells may increase production over that of conventional meat.

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elongates and aligns as it crosses the air gap. The jet is directed into a vortex-controlled precipitation bath that chemically cross links or precipitates polymer nanofibers. Adjusting air gap, rotation and the solution changes the diameter of the resulting fibres. This method can spin scaffolds out of PPTA, nylon, DNA and nanofiber sheets. A nanofibrous scaffold made from

3511:. Some of its proponents have predicted that it will have similar benefits in terms of reducing exposure to dangerous chemicals like pesticides and fungicides, severe injuries, and wildlife. There is also a lack of research on the comparison on the health effects of production cultured meat with the industrial meat or the biologic organic meat ways of production. 3239:. London-based Biomimetic Solutions is leveraging nanomaterials in order to create scaffolds. Cass Materials in Perth, Australia, is using a dietary fibre called Nata de Coco (derived from coconuts) to create nanocellulose sponges for their BNC scaffold. Nata de Coco is biocompatible, has high porosity, facilitates cell adhesion and is biodegradable. 3422:

Low percentages of older adult populations have been reported to show acceptance for cultured meat. Green eating behavior, educational status, and food business, were cited as most important factors for this population. There is also a lack of studies relating the methods of producing cultured meat with its taste for the consuming public.

2907:(iPSCs)—essentially multipotent blood and skin cells that have been regressed to a pluripotent state enabling them to differentiate into a greater range of cells. The alternative is using multipotent adult stem cells that give rise to muscle cell lineages or unipotent progenitors which differentiate into muscle cells. 631:. In May 2020, Peace of Meat's Austrian-born cofounder and scientific researcher Eva Sommer stated that the startup was then able to produce 20 grams of cultured fat at a cost of about 300 euros (€15,000/kg); the goal was to reduce the price to 6 euros per kilogram by 2030. Piece of Meat built two laboratories in the 3486:

antimicrobial resistance represents "an increasingly serious threat to global public health that requires action across all government sectors and society" – predicting up to 10 million deaths annually by 2050. Cultured meat could provide an effective solution to help mitigate this major risk to human health.

3536:, or other factors, it may not be commercially competitive with conventionally produced meat. The lack of bone and cardiovascular system is a disadvantage for dishes where these parts make appreciable culinary contributions. The lack of bones and/or blood may make many traditional meat preparations, such as 131: 4139:, where users tweeted at celebrities asking them to donate muscle cells to the project. Media reactions to BiteLabs variously identified the startup as a satire on startup culture, celebrity culture, or as a discussion prompt on bioethical concerns. While BiteLabs claimed to be inspired by the success of 4217:, is then inserted into a bacterial specimen. For this to happen, the bacteria needs to be competent (i.e. able to accept foreign, extracellular DNA) and able to horizontally transfer genes (i.e. integrate the foreign genes into its own DNA). Horizontal gene transfer is significantly more challenging in 130: 135: 134: 129: 4197:

Acellular agriculture is producing animal products synthesized from non-living material. Such products include milk, honey, eggs, cheese, and gelatin which are made of various proteins rather than cells. These proteins must be fermented much like in recombinant protein production, alcohol brewing and

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Multiple venture capital firms and accelerator/incubator programs focus on assisting cultured technology startups, or plant-based protein companies in general. The Big Idea Ventures (BIV) Venture Capital firm launched their New Protein Fund to invest in emerging cell and plant-based food companies in

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to be added to the culture for meat production. As cultured meat is grown in a sterile environment, there is no need for antibiotics. Today, the widespread use of antibiotics in conventional agriculture is the main driver of antibiotic resistance in humans. According to the World Health Organization,

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Regulatory matters must also be sorted out. Prior to being available for sale, the European Union, Australia, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and Canada require approved novel food applications. Additionally, the European Union requires that cultured animal products and production must prove safety,

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In 2020, Singapore became the first country in the world to approve cultured meat for sale. The Singapore Food Agency has published guidance on its requirements for the safety assessment of novel foods, including specific requirements on the information to be submitted for approval of cultivated meat

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Global market acceptance has not been assessed. Studies are attempting to determine the current levels of consumer acceptance and identify methods to improve this value. Clear answers are not available, although one recent study reported that consumers were willing to pay a premium for cultured meat.

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cultivation. It is responsible for providing the macromolecules, nutrients and growth factors necessary for cell proliferation. Sourcing growth factors is one of the most challenging tasks of cellular agriculture. Traditionally, it involves the use of fetal bovine serum (FBS) which is a blood product

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More research is underway on cultured meat, and although cultured meat does not require genetic engineering, researchers may employ such techniques to improve quality and sustainability. Fortifying cultured meat with nutrients such as beneficial fatty acids is one improvement that can be facilitated

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speculates that the energy and fossil fuel requirements of large-scale cultured meat production may be more environmentally destructive than producing food off the land. S. L. Davis speculated that both vertical farming in urban areas and the activity of cultured meat facilities may cause relatively

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Textured soy protein is a soy flour product often used in plant-based meat that supports the growth of bovine cells. Its spongy texture enables efficient cell seeding and its porosity encourages oxygen transfer. Additionally, it degrades during cell differentiation into compounds that are beneficial

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that allow it to retain more moisture and have smaller pores. The substance can be produced using waste carbohydrates (which may allow it to be produced less expensively) and it adds juiciness and chewiness to emulsified meat (which would mean that even if it can't be taken out of the final product,

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An advantage of decellularized plant tissue is the natural topography afforded by the leaf vasculature. This helps replicate the natural physiological state of the myoblasts which promotes cell alignment. The other ways of doing this are usually quite a bit more expensive including 3D printing, soft

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Once differentiation begins, muscle fibres begin to contract and generate lactic acid. Cells' ability to absorb nutrients and proliferate in part depends on the pH of their environment. As lactic acid accumulates within the media, the environment will become progressively more acidic and falls below

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approved the "chicken bites" produced by Eat Just for commercial sale. It marked the first time that a cultured meat product passed the safety review (which took 2 years) of a food regulator, and was widely regarded as a milestone for the industry. The chicken bits were scheduled for introduction in

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was the first in the EU to receive regulatory approval from the EFSA for a public proof of concept tasting of cultured meat, in this case sausage, amid much international and national media attention. Meatable CTO Daan Luining cautioned it would take several years to scale up production to serve all

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in May 2020, 60 start-ups were developing cultured meat. Some of these were technology suppliers. Growth media reportedly still cost "hundreds of dollars per litre, but for clean meat production to scale this needs to drop to around $ 1 a litre." In June 2020, Chinese government officials called for

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Shiok's proto-shrimp costs $ 5,000 a kilogram, which is about $ 2,268 a pound, mostly due to the price of the nutrient fluids needed to feed the cells. Access to more affordable nutrients has reduced the cost of Shiok's meat to $ 3,500 a kilogram, or about $ 1,588 a pound. (...) Shiok's shumai, for

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Some have proposed independent inquiries into the standards, laws, and regulations for cultured meat. Just as with many other foods, cultured meat needs technically sophisticated production methods that may be difficult for some communities, meaning they would lack self-sufficiency and be dependent

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One study reported that cultured meat was "potentially ... much more efficient and environmentally-friendly". It generated only 4% of greenhouse gas emissions, reduced the energy needs of meat production by up to 45%, and required only 2% of the land that the global meat/livestock industry does. In

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fatty acid content of conventional meat can be increased by altering what the animals are fed. Research is currently underway in Spain to develop cultivated meat with healthier fats, which could reduce cholesterol and the risk of colon cancer typically associated with red meat consumption. An issue

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Immersion Jet Spinning is a method of creating scaffolds by spinning polymers into fibres. It was developed by the Parker Group at Harvard. Their platform uses centrifugal force to extrude a polymer solution through an opening in a rotating reservoir. During extrusion, the solution forms a jet that

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If scaffolds are unable to be removed from the animal tissue, they must be edible to ensure consumer safety. It would be beneficial if they were to be made out of nutritious ingredients. Since 2010, academic research groups and companies have emerged in order to identify raw materials that have the

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It's just a matter of time before this is gonna happen, I'm absolutely convinced of that. In our case, I estimate the time to be about 3 years before we are ready to enter the market on a small scale, about 5 years to enter the market on a larger scale, and if you'd ask me: "When will be

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patty was created by Mark Post at Maastricht University in 2013. It was made from over 20,000 thin strands of muscle tissue, cost over $ 325,000 and needed 2 years to produce. The burger was tested on live television in London on 5 August 2013. It was cooked by chef Richard McGeown of Couch's Great

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addresses the social and economic opportunities and challenges of cultured and plant-based meat for rural producers. According to this research, cellular agriculture offers "opportunities such as growing crops as ingredients for feedstock for cultured meat; raising animals for genetic material for

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Animal production for food is a major cause of air/water pollution and carbon emissions. Significant questions have been raised about whether the traditional industry can meet the rapidly increasing demands for meat. Cultured meat may provide an environmentally conscious alternative to traditional

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Similarly, scaffolds must simulate many of the other characteristics of the extracellular matrix, most notably porosity, crystallinity, degradation, biocompatibility and functionality. Few materials that emulate all these characteristics have been identified, leading to the possibility of blending

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The ideal medium would be chemically quantifiable and accessible to ensure simplicity in production, cheap and not dependent on animals. It will most likely be derived from plants; and while this may reduce the possibility of transmitting infectious agents, it may induce allergic reactions in some

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A filament of muscle cells can be printed into a structure meant to resemble a finished meat product which can then be further processed for cell maturation. This technique has been demonstrated in a collaboration between 3D bioprinting solutions and Aleph Farms that used additive manufacturing to

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The degree of a material's crystallinity determines qualities such as rigidity. High crystallinity can be attributed to hydrogen bonding which in turn increases thermal stability, tensile strength (important for maintaining the scaffold's shape), water retention (important for hydrating the cells)

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offered a $ 1 million prize to the first company to bring cultured chicken meat to consumers by 2012. The contestant was required to complete two tasks to earn the prize, namely to produce a cultured chicken meat product that was indistinguishable from real chicken and produce the product in large

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Cultured meat is significantly more costly than conventional meat. In a March 2015 interview, Post said that the marginal cost of his team's original €250,000 burger was now €8.00. He estimated that technological advancements would allow the product to be cost-competitive to traditionally sourced

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A scaffold's biochemical properties should be similar to those of the ECM. It must facilitate cell adhesion through textural qualities or chemical bonding. Additionally, it must produce the chemical cues that encourage cell differentiation. Alternatively, the material should be able to blend with

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to induce them to proliferate. Culture media are typically formulated from basal media that provide cells with necessary carbohydrates, fats, proteins and salts. Once a cell consumes a sufficient amount, it divides and the population increases exponentially. Culture media can be supplemented with

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In the cell differentiation phase, the cells may be seeded to a scaffold and so do not require the use of microcarriers. However, in these instances, the density of the cells on the scaffold means that not all cells have an interface with culture media, leading to cell death and necrotic centers

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A common challenge to bioreactors and scaffolds is developing system configurations that enable all cells to gain exposure to culture media while simultaneously optimizing spatial requirements. In the cell proliferation phase, prior to the introduction of the scaffold, many cell types need to be

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The current alternative is to generate each growth factor individually using recombinant protein production. In this process, the genes coding for the specific factor are integrated into bacteria which are then fermented. Due to the added complexity of this process, it is particularly expensive.

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raised against the protein of interest that will kill bacteria cells that do not contain the protein. Through centrifugation, the solution can be spun around an axis with sufficient force to separate solids from liquids. Alternatively it could be soaked in a buffered ionic solution that employs

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organisms because the former have both a cell membrane and a nuclear membrane which the plasmid needs to penetrate whereas prokaryotic organisms only have a cell membrane. For this reason, prokaryotic bacteria are often favoured. In order to make such a bacteria temporarily competent, it can be

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groups are generally in favor of cultured meat, because the culture process does not include a nervous system and therefore does not involve pain or infringement of rights. Reactions of vegetarians to cultured meat vary. Some feel the cultured meat presented to the public in August 2013 was not

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The latest study by independent research firm CE Delft shows that—compared with conventional beef—cultured meat may cause up to 92% less greenhouse gas emissions if renewable energy is used in the production process, 93% less pollution, up to 95% less land use and 78% less water. There are many

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Although cultured meat consists of animal muscle cells, fat and support cells, as well as blood vessels, that are the same as in traditional meat, some consumers may find the high-tech production process unacceptable. Cultured meat has been described as fake or "Frankenmeat". On the other hand,

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conditions. In the case of mammalian cells, this requires heating to 37 °C (99 °F). Alternatively, insect cells can be grown at room temperature. Most bioreactors are maintained at 5% carbon dioxide. Cells can be cultivated in either continuous or fed-batch systems. The former entails

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has been proposed to produce the main ingredients for the culture media, as opposed to fetal bovine or horse serum. Some researchers propose that the ability of algae and cyanobacteria to produce ingredients for culture media can be improved with certain technologies, most likely not excluding

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on cultured meat packaging. Full bans on cultured meat have been enacted in Florida and Alabama: in Florida the law makes it a criminal offense to manufacture and sell, and in Alabama cultured meat will be illegal to manufacture, sell, or distribute starting in October 2024. The governments of

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that "cell-based" and "cell-cultured" were suitable terms to differentiate it from conventional meat whilst being clear about the process by which it was made. There also exists a challenge in how to use these descriptions in labelling. For example, in the United States there is no overarching

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Consumer acceptance of the product is critical. A study looking at acceptance of cultured meat in China, India, and the US "found high levels of acceptance of clean meat in the three most populous countries worldwide." Several potential factors of consumer acceptance of cultured meat have been

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Cellular agriculture research does not have a significant basis of academic interest or funding streams. Consequently, the majority of research has been undertaken and funded by independent institutions. This is incrementally changing as not for profits drive support and interest. Notably, New

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on the Techno-Economic Analysis of cultivated meat. Another proposed approach is to subject the cell lines to a magnetic field, which can stimulate the release of molecules that have regenerative, metabolic, anti-inflammatory and immunity-boosting properties, acting as an alternative to serum.

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sources. Cellular agriculture overcomes this dependency through the use of transgenic organisms that are capable of producing the amino acid repeats that make up the collagen. Collagen naturally exists as collagen type I. It has been produced as porous hydrogels, composites and substrates with

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Pores are minute openings on the surface of the scaffold. They can be created on the surface of the biomaterial in order to release cellular components that could interfere with tissue development. They also help diffuse gas and nutrients to the innermost layers of adherent cells, preventing a

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restricted restaurant operations. By February 2023, Israeli authorities had established a regulatory structure similar to that of Singapore, and shown a general willingness to work towards approval (as well as financing research for cultivated food innovation), but were still in the process of

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Stirred tank bioreactors are the most widely used configuration. An impeller increases the flow, thereby homogenizing the culture media and a diffuser facilitates the exchange of oxygen into the media. This system is generally used for suspended cultures but can be used for cells that require

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between individual polymer chains to hold them together) the plant tissue's mechanical properties can be changed so that it more closely resembles muscle tissue. This can also be done by blending plant tissue with other materials. On the other hand, decellularized plant tissue typically lacks

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Vascular tissue found in plants contains the organs responsible for internally transporting fluids. It forms natural topographies that provide a low cost way to promote cell alignment by replicating the natural physiological state of myoblasts. It may also help with gas and nutrient exchange.

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approved a draft bill banning the production and commercialization of cultivated meat for human and animal consumption; this move, which the government said was intended to protect food heritage, was criticized, including by scientists, for being at odds with global trends of openness and

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In the case of structured meat products—products that are characterized by their overall configuration as well as cell type—cells must be seeded to scaffolds. Scaffolds are essentially molds meant to reflect and encourage the cells to organize into a larger structure. When cells develop

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Next, the bacteria is fermented in sugar, which encourages it to grow and duplicate. In the process it expresses its DNA as well as the transferred plasmid resulting in protein. Finally, the solution is purified to separate out the residual protein. This can be done by introducing an

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and visited a factory chicken farm. He was appalled by the implications of this system. Matheny later teamed up with three scientists involved in NASA's efforts. In 2004, Matheny founded New Harvest to encourage development by funding research. In 2005, the four published the first

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federal legislation that regulates how cultured meat should be labeled for the consumer. While traditional meat producers are attempting to prevent cultured meat companies from using the term "meat," cultured meat producers argue that the word is necessary for consumer acceptance.

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While most efforts focus on common meats such as pork, beef, and chicken which constitute the bulk of consumption in developed countries, companies such as Orbillion Bio focused on high-end or unusual meats including elk, lamb, bison, and Wagyu beef. Avant Meats brought cultured

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meat has been discussed only in terms of convenience. Alvaro proposes a virtue-oriented approach, suggesting that the determination to produce cultured meat stems from unvirtuous motives, i.e., "lack of temperance and misunderstanding of the role of food in human flourishing."

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Dave Riley states that "being meatless and guiltless seems seductively simple while environmental destruction rages around us", and writes that Mollison "insists that vegetarianism drives animals from the edible landscape so that their contribution to the food chain is lost".

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and similar organizations in Canada, France, Australia, and New Zealand were founded to advocate for cultured meat in their respective countries. Publications such as Cell Agri and Protein Report have also provided updates concerning technology and business within the field.

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Certain materials degrade into compounds that are beneficial to cells, although this degradation can also be irrelevant or detrimental. Degradation allows easy removal of the scaffold from the finished product leaving only animal tissue—thereby increasing its resemblance to

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In August 2019, five American startups announced the formation of the Alliance for Meat, Poultry & Seafood Innovation (AMPS Innovation), a coalition seeking to work with regulators to create a pathway to market for cultured meat and seafood. The founding members include

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The use of standardized descriptions would improve future research about consumer acceptance of cultured meat. Current studies have often reported drastically different rates of acceptance, despite similar survey populations. Lou Cooperhouse, CEO of BlueNalu, shared on the

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Favourable characteristics of stem cells include immortality, proliferative ability, unreliance on adherence, serum independence and easy differentiation into tissue. The natural presence of such characteristics are likely to differ across cell species and origin. As such,

3443:. By October 2023, it was reported the Italian government had retired the draft bill, and withdrew the Technical Regulation Information System notification, a procedure aimed at preventing the creation of barriers within the European Union's internal market, for the bill. 6021: 3099:

lithography and photolithography. Vascularization can also help overcome the 100–200 nm diffusion limit of culture medium into cells that usually produce necrotic centres in muscle conglomerates. Another way to do this is by having a porous scaffold which supports

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and food delivery services since 2020, and was constructing the bioreactors for its new facility in Singapore. This world-first approval was said to be a milestone in making cultivated meat production more scalable and efficient. In April 2024, Australian start-up

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Gržinić, Goran; Piotrowicz-Cieślak, Agnieszka; Klimkowicz-Pawlas, Agnieszka; Górny, Rafał L.; Ławniczek-Wałczyk, Anna; Piechowicz, Lidia; Olkowska, Ewa; Potrykus, Marta; Tankiewicz, Maciej; Krupka, Magdalena; Siebielec, Grzegorz; Wolska, Lidia (1 February 2023).

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bases added to the end of their chromosomes. With each division, the telomere cap progressively shortens until nothing remains, at which time the cells cease to divide. Induced pluripotency can lengthen telomere cap such that the cells divide indefinitely.

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and gelatin was able to support the growth of C2C12 cells. Rabbit and bovine aortic smooth muscle myoblasts were able to adhere to the gelatin fibres. They formed aggregates on shorter fibres, and aligned tissue on the longer ones. Matrix Meats is using

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In January 2023, the SFA also granted regulatory approval for the production of cultured meat with serum-free media to Eat Just' subsidiary GOOD Meat, which had introduced its clean chicken product in several more Singaporese restaurants as well as

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cultured meat can be produced without the artificial hormones, antibiotics, steroids, medicine, and GMOs commonly used in factory farmed meat and seafood, though not used on organic biologic production. If a cultured meat product is different in

9587: 5486: 8351: 492:, now known as Upside Foods, launched a video in February 2016, showcasing its cultured beef meatball. In March 2017, it showcased chicken tenders and duck a l'orange, the first cultured poultry shown to the public. An Israeli company, 7304: 228:, the terms healthy meat, slaughter-free meat, in vitro meat, vat-grown meat, lab-grown meat, cell-based meat, clean meat, cultivated meat and synthetic meat have been used to describe the product. Although it has multiple meanings, 9137: 3649:

said, "Artificial meat stops cruelty to animals, is better for the environment, could be safer and more efficient, and even healthier. We have a moral obligation to support this kind of research. It gets the ethical two thumbs up."

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are large machines similar to brewery tanks which expose the cells to a large variety of environmental factors that are necessary to promote either proliferation or differentiation. The temperature of the bioreactor must replicate

3185:. This is not entirely negative, as the byproducts produced through degradation have anti-inflammatory and anti-bacterial properties. It is important to match the level that cells rely on the matrix for structure with degradation. 9195: 8022: 13292: 5787: 11369:

Kang, Dong-Hee; Louis, Fiona; Liu, Hao; Shimoda, Hiroshi; Nishiyama, Yasutaka; Nozawa, Hajime; Kakitani, Makoto; Takagi, Daisuke; Kasa, Daijiro; Nagamori, Eiji; Irie, Shinji; Kitano, Shiro; Matsusaki, Michiya (24 August 2021).

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the technology was already there. JUST had about 130 employees and a research department of 55 scientists, where cultured meat from poultry, pork and beef was researched. JUST has received investments from Chinese billionaire

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that is used for vertical farming and/or cultured meat manufacturing, anywhere between 10 and 20 hectares of land may be returned to its natural state. Vertical farms (in addition to cultured meat facilities) could exploit

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dietary practices must also be considered. The Islamic Institute of Orange County, California, said, "There does not appear to be any objection to eating this type of cultured meat." In addition, Abdul Qahir Qamar of the

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Chen, Lu; Guttieres, Donovan; Koenigsberg, Andrea; Barone, Paul W.; Sinskey, Anthony J.; Springs, Stacy L. (2022). "Large-scale cultured meat production: Trends, challenges and promising biomanufacturing technologies".

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that too can be reduced by cultivating their meat instead of farming animals. These concerns include microorganism and pharmaceutical-containing manure entering the water and soil, emission of greenhouse gasses such as

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consumers. Such culture sera may also require modifications specific to the cell line to which they are applied. Companies currently invested in developing effective plant based culture include Multus Media and Biftek.

9049: 12001: 10233: 3721:, which excludes eating meat in certain days along the year (Lent, Holy Week), has not pronounced on whether cultivated meat is banned (as it happens with meat) or not (as with any other food as vegetables or fish). 3679:

Establishing a similar parallel with cultured meat, some environmental activists claim that adopting a vegetarian diet may be a way of focusing on personal actions and righteous gestures rather than systemic change.

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supermarkets, that cultured meat was just an alternative that would gradually become more widely available, giving consumers more choices, and that the traditional meat industry would not be replaced any time soon.

386:, which they cooked and ate. The goal was to start a conversation surrounding the ethics of cultured meat—"was it ever alive?", "was it ever killed?", "is it in any way disrespectful to an animal to throw it away?" 268:

is sufficiently descriptive and differentiating, possesses a high degree of neutrality, and ranks highly for consumer appeal. A September 2021 poll indicated that the majority of industry CEOs have a preference for

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maps of cardiac tissue, substrate design, scaffold design, nutritional profile, reaction kinetics, transport phenomena, mass transfer limitations and metabolic stoichiometric requirements, and bioprinting process.

9621: 3808:, Actual Veggies, Biftek.co, Orbillion Bio, Yoconut, Evo, WildFor and Novel Farms. Indie Bio is a biology oriented accelerator program that has invested in Memphis Meats, Geltor, New Age Meats and Finless Foods. 3772:

host annual conferences to convene industry leaders, scientists, investors, and potential collaborators. The two organizations also fund public research and produce educational content. Organizations such as the

9974: 580:, and Vital Meat) established Cellular Agriculture Europe, a Belgium-based association that sought to 'find common ground and speak with a shared voice for the good of the industry, consumers, and regulators'. 373:

began conducting cultured meat experiments, with the intent of allowing astronauts to grow meat instead of transporting it. In partnership with Morris Benjaminson, they cultivated goldfish and turkey. In 2003,

12759: 9526: 9226: 8321: 6914: 540:. Although such cells are reportedly difficult to work with, Meatable claimed to be able to direct them to behave to become muscle or fat cells as needed. The major advantage is that this technique bypasses 531:

Dutch startup Meatable, consisting of Krijn de Nood, Daan Luining, Ruud Out, Roger Pederson, Mark Kotter and Gordana Apic among others, reported in September 2018 that it had succeeded in growing meat using

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heads as well as the negative charges on the plasmid to prevent the two from repelling. The bacteria can incubate in warm water, opening large pores on the cell surface through which the plasmid can enter.

3314:

inoculating and harvesting cells in a constant process so that there are always cells in the bioreactor. Fed-batch systems mean inoculating the cells, culturing them and harvesting them in a single period.

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found that in 2021 cultivated meat companies attracted $ 140 million in Europe. The first restaurant to serve cultured meat opened in Singapore in 2021. However, cultured meat is not yet widely available.

7655: 309:, Van Eelen suffered from starvation, leaving him passionate about food production and food security. He attended a university lecture discussing the prospects of preserved meat. The earlier discovery of 8251: 132: 7980: 8822: 4119:, "vat-grown" meat is produced to feed the people who live on spaceships/space stations away from Earth, due to the exorbitant cost of importing real meat. Cultured meat was a subject on an episode of 10696: 8890: 660:

According to a November 2023 report by Oghma Partners, 46.9% of all funds – over 2.6 billion British pounds – raised for cultivated meat start-ups between 2016 and 2023 went to a top five, comprising

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that creates pores. These pores release the plant's cellular components, and it becomes decellularized plant tissue. This material has been extensively studied by the Pelling and Gaudette Groups at

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speculated that natural resources may be spared from depletion due to vertical farming and cultured meat. One study reported that conventional farming kills ten wild animals per hectare each year.

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Tuomisto's life cycle analysis claimed that producing 1,000 kg of meat conventionally requires "26–33 GJ energy, 367–521 m water, 190–230 m land, and emits 1900–2240 kg CO

413:

has invested $ 4 million into experiments regarding cultured meat. The In Vitro Meat Consortium, a group formed by international researchers, held the first international conference hosted by the

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make it highly biocompatible. It can easily blend with other polymers in order to select for more bioactive factors. One potential disadvantage of chitosan is that it degrades in the presence of

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cultivation must be adjusted to fill the exact needs of a specific cell line. The immortality issue is that cells have a limit on the number of times they can divide that is dictated by their

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Wiete Westerhof along with van Eelen and businessperson Willem van Kooten announced that they had filed for a worldwide patent on a process to produce cultured meat. The process employed a

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of plant leaves. Due to its abundance, it can be obtained at a relatively low cost. It is also versatile and biocompatible. Through a process called "decellularization", it is coated in a

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are the roots of mushrooms. Altast Foods Co. is using solid state fermentation to grow mushroom tissue on mycelium scaffolds. They harvest this tissue and use it to create bacon analogs.

3107:, not all plants are nearly as porous. The alternative to plant cellulose is bacterial cellulose which is typically more pure than plant cellulose as it is free from contaminants such as 13284: 9115: 9018: 8859: 7422: 5779: 3451:. He added that the bill was not going to be retired and would move forward. Italy became the first country to ban cultured meat in November 2023, when the government approved the bill. 3340:. The growth factors needed for tissue development are predominantly provided through an animal's bloodstream, and no other known fluid can single-handedly deliver all these components. 3257:—a process that uses electric force to turn charged polymers into fibres for scaffolds. Their scaffolds allowed meat marbling, are compatible with multiple cell lines, and are scalable. 3147:

groups). The degree of this process determines the physical and chemical properties of the chitosan. Chitosan has antibacterial properties; in particular, it has bactericidal effects on

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Gonzalez, Grant M.; MacQueen, Luke A.; Lind, Johan U.; Fitzgibbons, Stacey A.; Chantre, Christophe O.; Huggler, Isabelle; Golecki, Holly M.; Goss, Josue A.; Parker, Kevin Kit (2017).

9437: 9077: 14641: 12971: 11911: 10876: 10363: 8600: 7949: 507:(in 2011 founded as Hampton Creek in San Francisco, later known as Just, Inc.) claimed to be able to offer a consumer product from cultured meat by the end of 2018. According to CEO 14954: 11881: 11672: 8314:"Andreessen Horowitz leads $ 22m series A at SCiFi Foods: 'The first [cultivated meat co] we felt truly has the potential to both scale quickly and drastically reduce cost'" 8290: 8221: 7918: 6945: 6667: 5326: 12183: 10996: 10405: 8480: 6019:, van Eelen, Willem Frederik; van Kooten, Willem Jan & Westerhof, Wiete, "Industrial scale production of meat from in vitro cell cultures", published 1999-06-24 3380:, this issue is circumvented as the extracellular matrix delivers nutrients into the muscle through blood vessels. As such, many emerging scaffolds aim to replicate such networks. 3344:

Future Fields, a Canadian company focused on overcoming the economic and environmental costs of traditional growth media, is developing serum-free growth factors from fruit flies.

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has been used to produce steak-like cultured meat, composed of three types of bovine cell fibers and with a structure of assembled of cell fibers that is similar to original meat.

9876: 9557: 8792: 8762: 8084: 7689: 7616: 7477: 6540: 5264: 4396: 12932: 10832: 8924: 5994: 10971: 4646:

Post, Mark J.; Levenberg, Shulamit; Kaplan, David L.; Genovese, Nicholas; Fu, Jianan; Bryant, Christopher J.; Negowetti, Nicole; Verzijden, Karin; Moutsatsou, Panagiota (2020).

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The theoretical possibility of growing meat in an industrial setting has long been of interest. In a 1931 essay published by various periodicals and later included in his work

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additives—for instance sera—that supply additional growth factors. Growth factors can be secreted proteins or steroids that are crucial in regulating cellular processes.

172:

called The Chicken to test consumer reaction to its cultured chicken burger, while the "world's first commercial sale of cell-cultured meat" occurred in December 2020 at

13888: 11971: 7241: 7120: 7003: 5903: 5421: 843:(formerly Memphis Meats), concluding that its products were safe to eat, a first for cultivated meat companies in the United States. Approval from the final agency, the 12375:

3.7. Dairy and fish vs. cultured meat: the difference in perception, production and promotion with Raffael Wolgensinger CEO of FORMO and Lou Cooperhouse CEO of BlueNalu

9966: 6318: 5360: 17778: 14230: 13797: 12415: 10727: 9256: 3002:"necrotic center" from forming. A necrotic center is a phenomenon in which cells that are not in direct contact with the culture medium die from a lack of nutrients. 406:

enough quantities to be competitively sold in at least 10 states. The contest was later extended until 4 March 2014. The deadline eventually expired without a winner.

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on an animal under local anesthesia. They could also be established from secondary sources such as cryopreserved cultures (cultures frozen after previous research).

9218: 8313: 7517: 6906: 6414: 5932: 5594:"Cell-based, cell-cultured, cell-cultivated, cultured, or cultivated. What is the best name for meat, poultry, and seafood made directly from the cells of animals?" 10505: 3139:. As cellular agriculture is attempting to end reliance on animals, chitin derived from fungi is of greater interest. It has mostly been studied by Pelling Group. 13322: 11550: 9647: 5391: 737:

to clarify any issues), and in the UK, Singapore and Israel (where governments have implemented a 'single point of contact' responsible for the overall process).

11788: 7647: 257:" in media mentions and Google searches. Some industry stakeholders felt that the term unnecessarily tarnished conventional meat producers, continuing to prefer 14546: 13032: 9398: 6883: 6605: 7972: 3201:

topographical cues and biochemical properties. Synthetic kinds of collagen have been produced through recombinant protein production—collagen type II and III,

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Gaydhane, Mrunalini K.; Mahanta, Urbashi; Sharma, Chandra S.; Khandelwal, Mudrika; Ramakrishna, Seeram (2018). "Cultured meat: state of the art and future".

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Gaydhane, Mrunalini K.; Mahanta, Urbashi; Sharma, Chandra S.; Khandelwal, Mudrika; Ramakrishna, Seeram (2018). "Cultured meat: state of the art and future".

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Siegrist, Michael; Sütterlin, Bernadette; Hartmann, Christina (May 2018). "Perceived naturalness and evoked disgust influence acceptance of cultured meat".

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said that cultured meat "will not be considered meat from live animals, but will be cultured meat." As long as the cells are not from pigs, dogs, and other

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for the production of tissue-engineered meat for human consumption, wherein muscle and fat would be grown in an integrated fashion to create food products.

14027: 13857: 13705:"Omega-3 enriched broiler meat: The influence of dietary alpha-linolenic omega-3 fatty acid sources on growth, performance and meat fatty acid composition" 9944: 6579: 3888:, where "synthetic meat" is one of the varieties of synthetic food introduced on Earth by Martians. Other notable books mentioning artificial meat include 8434: 8374: 14579: 13403: 12598: 10631: 8631: 7174: 13153: 5104: 5052: 294:

wrote: "We shall escape the absurdity of growing a whole chicken to eat the breast or wing, by growing these parts separately under a suitable medium."

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Valente, Júlia de Paula Soares; Fiedler, Rodrigo Alonso; Sucha Heidemann, Marina; Molento, Carla Forte Maiolino (30 August 2019). Gao, Zhifeng (ed.).

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to generate a portion of its electrical needs. Methane digesters could be built on site to transform the organic waste generated at the facility into

9138:"Smart Fat: Novel technology to transform liquid oils into solid fats could boost juiciness in plant-based meats, reduce sat fat, claims Cubiq Foods" 6729: 6541:"Memphis Meats rebrands as UPSIDE Foods, gears up to launch cell-cultured chicken by year-end: 'This is a big historic step for the entire industry'" 6260: 5649: 342: 13606: 12777: 10322: 10288: 9749: 6088: 5879: 5848: 15206: 13736: 12442:"To What Extent Are Consumers' Perception and Acceptance of Alternative Meat Production Systems Affected by Information? The Case of Cultured Meat" 11161:

Ben-Arye, Tom; Shandalov, Yulia; Ben-Shaul, Shahar; Landau, Shira; Zagury, Yedidya; Ianovici, Iris; Lavon, Neta; Levenberg, Shulamit (April 2020).

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the optimal pH. As a result, culture media must be frequently refreshed. This helps refresh the concentration of nutrients from the basal media.

14663: 9360: 5705: 694:, one in the Netherlands and one in Israel. I think that's because these three places have firstly, a great agricultural university – we've got 15526:

Singh, Satnam; Yap, Wee Swan; Ge, Xiao Yu; Min, Veronica Lee Xi; Choudhury, Deepak (2022). "Cultured meat production fuelled by fermentation".

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was used in the growth medium. However, since then, cultured meat has been grown with a medium that does not involve bovine serum. Philosopher

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which is generally composed of 65% methane. This biogas could be burned to generate electricity for the greenhouse or a series of bioreactors.

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Garrison, Greg L.; Biermacher, Jon T.; Brorsen, B. Wade (December 2022). "How much will large-scale production of cell-cultured meat cost?".

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acquired Peace of Meat for 15 million euros, and announced in May 2021 that it would build a new large-scale pilot plant in Antwerp by 2022.

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Hamdan, Mohammad Naqib; Post, Mark J.; Ramli, Mohd Anuar; Mustafa, Amin Rukaini (1 December 2018). "Cultured Meat in Islamic Perspective".

14633: 12955: 11903: 10868: 10355: 10167: 8979: 8957: 7941: 5753: 3729:, said about cultured beef that he would "not accept it being traded in a marketplace in any form or being used for a commercial purpose." 14981: 14074: 11873: 11669: 9289: 8282: 7910: 6937: 6659: 5318: 4964: 17090: 15179: 14375: 13629:"UN, global health agencies sound alarm on drug-resistant infections; new recommendations to reduce 'staggering number' of future deaths" 12152: 10938: 10393: 8464: 5226: 3555:

meat production. The environmental impacts of cultured meat are expected to be significantly lower than from animal husbandry. For every

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is a family of proteins that makes up the primary structure of human connective tissue. It is typically derived from bovine, porcine and

402: 12924: 12153:"Consumers' willingness to purchase three alternatives to meat proteins in the United Kingdom, Spain, Brazil and the Dominican Republic" 10007: 9549: 8784: 8754: 8074: 7681: 7151: 5256: 17331: 14005: 8916: 7850: 5986: 3708: 3359: 14715: 10963: 10103: 4597: 500:, a San Francisco-based company working on cultured fish, was founded in June 2016. In March 2017 it commenced laboratory operations. 14736: 12379: 11757: 10899: 7811: 7548: 6636: 6448: 6383: 6119: 5675: 3914: 3115:. Bacterial cellulose has more hydrogen bonding between its polymer strands and so it has greater crystallinity. It also has smaller 2993:

responsible for transmitting mechanical and biochemical cues to the cell. Scaffolds need to simulate the characteristics of the ECM.

15717: 12494: 10593:"Vow Begins Regulatory Approval Process to Launch Cultivated Quail in Australia by 2024 - vegconomist - the vegan business magazine" 7731: 4868:"Is "cultured meat" a viable alternative to slaughtering animals and a good comprise between animal welfare and human expectations?" 17506: 13947: 10562: 10289:"SuperMeat founder: 'The first company that gets to market with cultured meat that is cost effective is going to change the world'" 10069: 8404: 8114: 7090: 706:

on the engineering side. Those three combined gives you a firm basis to , and that exists in Israel, the Netherlands and America.

615:(the name is a portmanteau of 'foie' and 'future') by a consortium of 3 companies (cultured-meat startup Peace of Meat, small meat- 14097: 10474: 9712: 7769: 5163: 17586: 13345: 12855: 9460: 7266: 3460: 2968:

Muscle tissue is developed from the growth medium and organized in a three-dimensional structure by the scaffold for end product.

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magazine declared cultured meat production to be one of the 50 breakthrough ideas of 2009. In November 2009, scientists from the

82: 13377: 13054: 12832: 11821: 69:. Jason Matheny popularized the concept in the early 2000s after he co-authored a paper on cultured meat production and created 18239: 17934: 15093: 13974: 13115: 11198: 10757: 9906: 7576: 6221: 860: 729:

such as cultured meat products have to go through a testing period of about 18 months during which a company must prove to the

13880: 11963: 7297:"Chinese Official Calls for National Strategy to Allow China to Keep up With Other Countries Making Progress in Cultured Meat" 7233: 6999: 5900: 5413: 806:

Singaporean restaurants. Restaurant "1880" became the first to serve cultured meat to customers on Saturday 19 December 2020.

16902: 15844: 15820: 15796: 15776: 15756: 15731: 15706: 15681: 15528: 13923: 11163:"Textured soy protein scaffolds enable the generation of three-dimensional bovine skeletal muscle tissue for cell-based meat" 8937:

is also working on a pilot plant. Companies such as BioTech Foods, SuperMeat and Eat Just have already started testing sites.

6328: 5352: 14222: 13793: 13213: 12901: 12404: 10719: 9907:"Student team tackling unsustainability of meat industry win Imperial competition | Imperial News | Imperial College London" 9248: 16907: 14443: 13481: 11103:

Adamski, Michal; Fontana, Gianluca; Gershlak, Joshua R.; Gaudette, Glenn R.; Le, Hau D.; Murphy, William L. (31 May 2018).

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growth was not shown to change significantly between the bare scaffold and the same scaffold with a coating of collagen or

642:

In November 2020, Indian start-up Clear Meat claimed it had managed to cultivate chicken mince at the cost of only 800–850

556:, Finless Foods, BlueNalu, and Fork & Goode. Similarly in December 2021, a group of 13 European and Israeli companies ( 148:

explaining the development of cultured meat and a "post-animal bio-economy" driven by lab-grown protein (meat, eggs, milk)

15006: 13636: 10539: 7202: 4172:, multiple cultured meat products are for sale, due to the high cost of natural meat. This includes "EEZYBEEF", made from 18023: 17835: 17501: 14831: 14610: 14148: 13767: 9322: 7509: 6406: 5924: 10497: 10202: 9853: 15581: 13314: 13285:"USDA/FDA Launches Joint Webinar on Roles and Responsibilities for Cultured Animal Cell Human and Animal Food Products" 10332: 10258: 8115:"Breaking: Upside Foods, Eat Just Earn First USDA Approval To Sell Cultivated Meat in The U.S.: 'A Giant Step Forward'" 8015:"World first: Singapore gives GOOD Meat approval to to[sic] commercialise serum-free media for cultivated meat" 5383: 695: 11780: 10181:

example, cost $ 300 apiece. (...) The goal is to make Shiok's shrimp 100 times cheaper by the first half of next year.

15407: 14532: 13024: 10327: 10126:"Upside Foods approved to sell cell-cultivated chicken in US; Shiok Meats pauses cell-cultivated seafood development" 9391: 6875: 6601: 5187: 4430:"Cultured Meat: The Upcoming Meat Production having Sustainable Benefits over Conventional Meat Production: A Review" 4083: 3861: 910: 771: 414: 10031:"We tried the first lab-grown sausage made without killing animals. It was smoky, savory, and tasted like breakfast" 8252:"Global Cultured Meat Market 2020-2024| Evolving Opportunities with Aleph Farms Ltd. and Appleton Meats | Technavio" 18264: 17601: 17341: 17276: 15354: 15124: 14501: 14305:

S.L. Davis (2001). "The least harm principle suggests that humans should eat beef, lamb, dairy, not a vegan diet".

11964:"BioTech Food tests on synthetic meat for € 5.2 million – Spanish government allocates 3.7 million for the project" 9681: 6782: 5562: 4273: 3549: 651: 230: 16959: 13084: 12493:

Bryant, Christopher J.; Anderson, Joanna E.; Asher, Kathryn E.; Green, Che; Gasteratos, Kristopher (August 2019).

9580:"Cell-cultured meat gamechanger? Matrix Meats to showcase nanofiber scaffolding in 'solid meat product' this year" 5479:"'Cultivated' meat could be the most-consumer-friendly term for cell-cultured meat, suggests Mattson/GFI research" 3504:

magazine suggested that the cell-cultured process may also decrease exposure of the meat to bacteria and disease.

17743: 17511: 13237:"Bringing cultured meat to market: Technical, socio-political, and regulatory challenges in cellular agriculture" 11933: 7052: 5911: 4467: 3079: 13850: 10658:"Sushi grown in a lab? A S.F. startup just unveiled the world's first cell-cultured seafood production facility" 9936: 6571: 4669: 3396:

The European Union's Horizon 2020 R&D funding framework awarded a €2.7 million grant to a consortium led by

36:

Presentation of the world's first cultured hamburger being fried at a news conference in London on 5 August 2013

17828: 17707: 15875: 15698: 15667: 15482: 8344:"'At first it seemed like science fiction…' Cell-cultured meat startup Artemys Foods emerges from stealth mode" 7478:"UE approva raccolta firme per togliere i sussidi agli allevamenti e incentivare la carne vegetale e coltivata" 7144:"Cellular Agriculture Europe Offers a Powerful Voice to the Cultivated Meat, Seafood, and Ingredients Industry" 4366: 3843: 3839: 2904: 892: 888: 730: 703: 464: 14569: 12687:"First glimpse on attitudes of highly educated consumers towards cell-based meat and related issues in Brazil" 12559: 11372:"Engineered whole cut meat-like tissue by the assembly of cell fibers using tendon-gel integrated bioprinting" 10623: 4209:

Proteins are coded for by specific genes, the genes coding for the protein of interest are synthesized into a

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on global food corporations. Some projects are focusing on making cellular agriculture accessible to all. The

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Edelman, P. D; McFarland, D. C.; Mironov, V. A.; Matheny, J. G. (2005). "In vitro-cultured meat production".

13176:"Carne coltivata: il divieto è legge. Rissa sfiorata tra i deputati di +Europa e il presidente di Coldiretti" 13145: 12626:

Grasso, Alessandra C.; Hung, Yung; Olthof, Margreet R.; Verbeke, Wim; Brouwer, Ingeborg A. (15 August 2019).

5100: 5048: 4073: 3597: 17: 12151:

Gómez-Luciano, Cristino Alberto; de Aguiar, Luis Kluwe; Vriesekoop, Frank; Urbano, Beatriz (December 2019).

8375:"Hong Kong protein alternatives start-up eyes juicy cut of sector forecast to reach US$ 630 billion by 2040" 6821: 5727: 3580:

has "7–45% lower energy use... 78–96% lower GHG emissions, 99% lower land use, and 82–96% lower water use".

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meat. This degradation can be induced by exposure to certain enzymes which do not impact the muscle tissue.

17606: 17531: 17486: 17189: 8510: 8186: 4257: 3774: 3540:, more palatable to some people. Furthermore, blood and bones could potentially be cultured in the future. 3456: 2943:

Myoblasts are one precursor to muscle cells, and their fibers are shown in yellow and nuclei shown in blue.

2439: 836: 14758: 14477:. 7th International Conference on Life Cycle Assessment in the Agri-Food Sector. p. 5. Archived from 12628:"Older Consumers' Readiness to Accept Alternative, More Sustainable Protein Sources in the European Union" 11851: 11647: 11336: 6721: 5645: 3507:

Due to the strictly controlled and predictable environment, cultured meat production has been compared to

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which—due to ethical issues—are controversial for use in research. As a result, scientists have developed

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Note: data in italics refer to unfinished projects or projected capacities in the future; they may shift.

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typically excludes the consumption of beef, such as steak and burgers. Chandra Kaushik, president of the

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While pluripotent stem cells would be an ideal source, the most prominent example of this subcategory is

767: 584: 15806: 11260: 11231: 7336: 5780:"Cultured meat cos agree to replace term 'clean meat' with 'cell-based meat' and form trade association" 4201: 3676:, for instance, has a bottom-up approach, teaching participants to cultivate DIY cultured meat at home. 646:(US$ 10.77–11.44), while a slaughtered processed chicken cost about 1,000 rupees. On 27 April 2022, the 18269: 18098: 18055: 17991: 17473: 17366: 16618: 14955:"'A major milestone for lab-grown meat': Could Eat Just's approval in Asia hurry the market in Europe?" 14118: 11697: 11498: 11467: 10356:"Why Richard Branson, Bill Gates and Jack Welch all invested in this start-up that grows meat in a lab" 8155: 6296: 4115: 793:

Pasta dish with strips of Good Meat's cultivated chicken meat, served to the public in a restaurant in

453: 245:(GFI) coined the term in 2016, and in late 2018, the institute published research claiming that use of 15742: 6752: 6690: 6016: 5698:""Clean Meat," "Cell-Based Meat," "Slaughter-Free Meat": How We Talk About Meat Grown without Animals" 338: 18259: 18038: 17998: 17894: 17809: 17736: 17596: 17481: 16954: 15961: 15445: 12107:

Bryant, Christopher; Szejda, Keri; Parekh, Nishant; Desphande, Varun; Tse, Brian (27 February 2019).

11051:"Scaffolds for 3D Cell Culture and Cellular Agriculture Applications Derived From Non-animal Sources" 4697: 4109: 827:

would be introducing its cultivated pork sausages in several restaurants in Singapore later in 2024.

12994: 11435: 10160:"The first lab-grown meat for sale could come from this Singapore startup that's re-creating shrimp" 8724: 7617:"Dissecting cultivated meat regulation part 1: What's working in Europe and Israel, and what's not?" 766:

developing safety regulations in consultations with researchers and other experts. For example, the

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In February 2014, a biotech startup called BiteLabs ran a campaign to generate popular support for

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In January 2024, the Ministry of Health in Israel granted regulatory approval for cultured beef to

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to market in 2021, while other companies have pursued different species of fish and other seafood.

120: 15376: 11582:"Making the Switch: Alternatives to Fetal Bovine Serum for Adipose-Derived Stromal Cell Expansion" 7112: 5955: 18229: 18003: 17976: 17566: 17316: 17075: 16876: 11287:"Production of Synthetic, Para-Aramid and Biopolymer Nanofibers by Immersion Rotary Jet-Spinning" 11286: 6505: 6180: 6149: 4593: 4091: 3963: 3832: 3769: 3440: 3351: 881: 774:(FAO) co-organised a convention of cultivated food safety regulation experts in September 2022. 242: 74: 12995:"Italy Wants to be the First Country to Ban Lab-Grown Meat. That Would be a Big Climate Problem" 11727: 10159: 8949: 3715:

animals, the meat would be considered vegetative and "similar to yogurt and fermented pickles."

18249: 18234: 18224: 18013: 18008: 17981: 17792: 17621: 17356: 16886: 16861: 16829: 14664:"A new lab-grown meat startup may have overcome a key barrier to making meat without slaughter" 14399: 14397: 14379: 14071: 13444: 9078:"Clear Meat seeks to solve the problem of animal slaughter through its cell-based meat culture" 6969:"A new lab-grown meat startup may have overcome a key barrier to making meat without slaughter" 6145: 5757: 4956: 4920: 4544: 4156: 4150:

In late 2016, cultured meat was involved in a case in the episode "How The Sausage Is Made" of

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In October 2019, Aleph Farms collaborated with 3D Bioprinting Solutions to culture meat on the

533: 525: 10930: 10833:"DSM stapt in kweekvlees met start-up Meatable: groen, diervriendelijk en (hopelijk) rendabel" 9279: 8601:"Future Meat Technologies Launches World's First Industrial Cultured Meat Production Facility" 3358:

could be produced at the same cost as ground beef and in 2021 they commissioned a report from

3143:

is derived from chitin in a process known as alkaline deacetylation (substituting out certain

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Note: dates in italics refer to projected dates of achievement in the future; they may shift.

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in the supermarket around the corner?" That'll be closer to 10 than to 5 years, I think.

18148: 17939: 17899: 17851: 17750: 17712: 17162: 17105: 17037: 16939: 16465: 13378:"Alabama bans lab-grown meat, joining Florida among US states outlawing alternative proteins" 12109:"A Survey of Consumer Perceptions of Plant-Based and Clean Meat in the USA, India, and China" 12080:

Xiang, Ning; Zhang, Ximing (2023). "The challenges of bringing cultured meat to the market".

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proteins; however, seeding efficiency (rate at which cells attach to the scaffold) improved.

1980: 1942: 954: 802: 587:. This was done by extruding meat cells onto a scaffold using a 3D printer. In January 2020, 196: 66: 14929:"Mark Post of Maastricht University in the Netherlands has developed synthetic beef patties" 14394: 14104:, H. Scott Matthews, Green Design Initiative, Carnegie Mellon University. Retrieved 07.02.09 13997: 7842: 6503:

Choudhury, Deepak; Tseng, Ting Wei; Swartz, Elliot (2020). "The Business of Cultured Meat".

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Kadim, Isam T; Mahgoub, Osman; Baqir, Senan; Faye, Bernard; Purchas, Roger (February 2015).

5185:

Chauvet, David J. (2018). "Should cultured meat be refused in the name of animal dignity?".

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mammalian biochemical cues, so it needs to be coated with compensatory functional proteins.

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In 2015, Maastricht University hosted the first International Conference on Cultured Meat.

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Cultivated Meat to Secure Our Future: Hope for Animals, Food Security, and the Environment

15266:"Meet the 13 Companies Chosen for Cohort II of Big Idea Ventures' Alt-Protein Accelerator" 14307:

Proceedings of the Third Congress of the European Society for Agricultural and Food Ethics

12373: 11994:"UC Davis receives $ 3.55m grant to investigate long-term viability of cell-cultured meat" 11749: 9648:"Delftse slimmeriken Daan en Krijn komen in 2025 met kweekvlees: 'We willen voorop lopen'" 7540: 7083:"Meatable becomes a founding member of newly created association for cellular agriculture" 6440: 6375: 6111: 3304:

Scaffolds are placed inside bioreactors so that cell growth and specialization can occur.

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that assembles cell fibers could be used to produce a variety of steak-like cultured meat.

789: 8: 18043: 18018: 17611: 17172: 16866: 16849: 16844: 16839: 16834: 16824: 16816: 14574: 6628: 5671: 5598: 5514: 4052: 3900: 3618: 3614: 3561: 3448: 2431: 647: 212: 15465:"Ellen DeGeneres salami? One company's quest to make meat from celebrity tissue samples" 15239: 15067: 14336: 14185: 14043: 13939: 13688: 13659: 12702: 11387: 11105:"Two Methods for Decellularization of Plant Tissues for Tissue Engineering Applications" 10061: 9361:"The cell-cultivated meat revolution is starting, and these Bay Area startups are ready" 7082: 6055: 5622: 5593: 5155: 2867: 18172: 18112: 18060: 17874: 17692: 17652: 17637: 17591: 17556: 17526: 17311: 17292: 17214: 16854: 16744: 16545: 15868: 15640: 15607: 15049: 14878: 14541: 14320: 14255:"Intensive poultry farming: A review of the impact on the environment and human health" 14094: 13575: 13543:"Antibiotics Overuse in Animal Agriculture: A Call to Action for Health Care Providers" 13542: 13261: 13236: 12824: 12729: 12686: 12662: 12627: 12590: 12525: 12470: 12441: 12340: 12247: 12212: 12175: 12057: 12024: 11616: 11581: 11532: 11412: 11371: 11190: 11133: 11104: 11080: 10464: 9814:"This New Animal-Free Ingredient Company Just Raised Another $ 27.5 Million In Funding" 9614:"Cell-based meat in focus: In conversation with Meatable, Finless Foods, New Age Meats" 9284: 8222:"Aleph Farms' Space Program Has Lift Off as the Cultivated Steak Leader Reveals New HQ" 7684:[First cultured meat tasting in Netherlands: 'It's just an ordinary sausage']. 7113:"Cellular Agriculture Europe Launches to Become the "Voice of the Cultivated Industry"" 6844: 5538: 5509: 5204: 4933: 4894: 4867: 4843: 4808: 4784: 4751: 4727: 4692: 4314: 4121: 3933: 3924: 3909: 3673: 3656: 3602: 3490: 3170: 3030: 2833: 669: 628: 541: 62: 15174: 14344: 11781:"New technique from Singapore makes lab-grown meat cheaper, greener, and more ethical" 8632:"Lab-grown meat could be on store shelves by 2022, thanks to Future Meat Technologies" 7234:"As the US meat supply chain fumbles, cultured meat startups consider a better system" 6064: 6039: 5810:"'Cell-based meat' not the most consumer-friendly term, reveals GFI consumer research" 4135:

made with meat cultured from celebrity tissue samples. The campaign became popular on

18208: 17729: 17581: 17576: 17452: 17417: 17392: 17306: 17140: 17042: 16647: 16498: 16211: 15840: 15816: 15792: 15772: 15752: 15727: 15723: 15702: 15677: 15645: 15627: 15149: 15053: 14870: 14862: 14478: 14356: 14348: 14284: 14276: 14197: 14055: 13919: 13580: 13562: 13462: 13266: 12963: 12863: 12828: 12808: 12734: 12716: 12667: 12649: 12582: 12529: 12517: 12475: 12446: 12332: 12290: 12252: 12234: 12179: 12130: 12062: 12044: 11904:"IntegriCulture Awarded $ 2.2 Million Grant to Build New Commercial Cell Ag Facility" 11813: 11621: 11603: 11536: 11524: 11417: 11399: 11306: 11194: 11182: 11138: 11120: 11084: 11072: 10469: 9429: 8472: 6938:"Een écht stukje vlees, zonder dat daar dode dieren aan te pas komen: het komt eraan" 6522: 5627: 5543: 5208: 4937: 4899: 4848: 4830: 4789: 4771: 4750:

Hong, Tae Kyung; Shin, Dong-Min; Choi, Joonhyuk; Do, Jeong Tae; Han, Sung Gu (2021).

4732: 4714: 4562: 4513: 3988: 3521: 3435: 2964: 2738: 2197: 762: 699: 291: 16764: 16166: 15101: 15007:"Eat Just is racing to put 'no-kill meat' on your plate. Is it too good to be true?" 14271: 14254: 13970: 12594: 12344: 11162: 6213: 4318: 4045:. Most recently, it was also featured prominently as the central theme of the movie 3103:(the development of new blood vessels). While this has been shown to work for apple 18028: 17944: 17904: 17771: 17422: 17412: 17351: 17209: 17110: 17004: 16999: 16508: 16420: 16346: 16331: 16281: 15635: 15619: 15537: 15041: 14882: 14854: 14811: 14340: 14266: 14189: 14047: 13716: 13683: 13673: 13570: 13554: 13454: 13256: 13248: 12816: 12724: 12706: 12657: 12639: 12574: 12509: 12465: 12455: 12324: 12282: 12242: 12224: 12171: 12167: 12120: 12089: 12052: 12036: 11611: 11593: 11514: 11407: 11391: 11298: 11174: 11128: 11112: 11062: 10401: 7377: 6514: 6348: 6059: 5617: 5607: 5533: 5523: 5196: 4988:"At the first lab-grown meat restaurant, you can eat a 'cultured chicken' sandwich" 4929: 4889: 4879: 4838: 4822: 4779: 4763: 4722: 4706: 4661: 4628: 4554: 4532: 4505: 4476: 4441: 4358: 4306: 4227: 4047: 3681: 3646: 3508: 944: 410: 355: 306: 298: 160:

patty made from tissue grown outside of an animal. Since then, other cultured meat

15692: 14169: 12513: 12328: 12286: 9550:"Japanese Government Part of $ 2.7 Million Investment in Slaughter-Free Foie Gras" 6722:"This lab-grown chicken and duck meat looks surprisingly delicious March 15, 2017" 6518: 3895: 3165:. This is important as it neutralizes potentially harmful compounds without using 2567: 2538: 468: 445: 17541: 17516: 17336: 17145: 17047: 16485: 16440: 16430: 16271: 16048: 15905: 15623: 15427:"The Guy Who Wants to Sell Lab-Grown Salami Made of Kanye West Is "100% Serious"" 14719: 14155: 14114: 14101: 14078: 13350: 13205: 12893: 12856:"Giorgia Meloni risks going the way of Liz Truss if she keeps defying the market" 12711: 11676: 9967:"New Age Meats Raises $ 2M Seed Extension to Continue Developing Cultivated Pork" 9785: 8815:"BlueNalu just months from first batch of yellowtail, mahi mahi grown from cells" 8785:"In Texas, BioBQ is Betting on Brisket as the Next Big Thing for Cell-Based Meat" 8755:"In Texas, BioBQ is Betting on Brisket as the Next Big Thing for Cell-Based Meat" 6323: 6291: 5907: 4214: 4162: 4144: 4113:, the player characters investigate a cultured meat company called Real Meat. In 4107:'s character refers to his steak tasting like "real Iowa beef". In the videogame 4087: 3997: 3953: 3875: 3726: 3585: 3500: 3455:

by an approved company application, as of 1 January 2018. In September 2020, the

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There is a handful . It's quite interesting to see, there are three hubs: one in

632: 419: 302: 32: 14982:"This multibillion-dollar company is selling lab-grown chicken in a world-first" 13085:"Dopo tanto rumore il governo ritira in silenzio il 'ban' sulla carne coltivata" 12578: 9182: 8046:"FDA gives safety nod to 'no kill' meat, bringing it closer to sale in the U.S." 5075:"Investors eat up Orbillion Bio's plans for lab-grown Wagyu beef, elk and bison" 4362: 204: 18196: 18160: 18136: 18124: 18033: 17697: 17687: 17672: 17642: 17616: 17561: 17407: 17371: 17326: 17115: 16992: 16987: 16982: 16638: 16470: 16326: 16151: 16116: 16091: 16083: 16028: 15993: 15836: 15812: 15541: 15045: 14602: 14251: 14123: 13678: 13628: 13252: 12820: 12560:"What's in a name? Consumer perceptions of in vitro meat under different names" 12093: 11395: 9848: 6255: 5612: 5528: 4826: 4481: 4462: 4278: 4168: 4129: 4078: 3978: 3973: 3948: 3943: 3651: 3533: 3482: 3285: 3083: 2499: 2389: 2054: 1848: 1667: 1544: 1199: 1135: 722: 691: 665: 537: 366: 249:

better reflected the production process and benefits. By 2018 it had surpassed

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Alvaro, C. (2019) Lab‐Grown Meat and Veganism: A Virtue‐Oriented Perspective.

13771: 13404:"Florida bans lab-grown meat, adding to similar efforts in three other states" 12040: 11178: 9314: 9108:"ClearMeat, India: "Our Target is to Accelerate Clean Meat Adoption in India"" 8435:"Hong Kong cultivated seafood start-up CEO on expansion plans, sustainability" 7942:"This restaurant will be the first ever to serve lab-grown chicken (for $ 23)" 6473: 5200: 4665: 4632: 4310: 4198:

the generation of many plant-based products like tofu, tempeh and sauerkraut.

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Arizona, Kentucky, Tennessee, and West Virginia are considering similar laws.

593:

found around 30 cultured meat startups, and that Memphis Meats, Just Inc. and

18254: 18218: 18167: 18065: 17667: 17571: 17250: 17062: 16977: 16949: 16799: 16699: 16550: 16513: 16400: 16306: 16301: 16276: 16136: 16121: 15955: 15935: 15920: 15861: 15673: 15631: 15408:"Hunger Game? Startup Whets Public Appetite For Salami Made From Celebrities" 14866: 14816: 14799: 14697: 14352: 14280: 13566: 13558: 12967: 12867: 12720: 12653: 12495:"Strategies for overcoming aversion to unnaturalness: The case of clean meat" 12238: 12134: 12125: 12108: 12048: 11607: 11598: 11528: 11519: 11502: 11403: 11310: 11186: 11124: 11076: 11067: 11050: 10194: 9843: 9433: 8565:"Will Cultured Meat Soon Be A Common Sight In Supermarkets Across The Globe?" 8476: 7541:"Krijn de Nood (Meatable): 'Wij pionieren een nieuwe manier van vlees maken'" 6246: 6176: 4866:

Chriki, Sghaier; Ellies-Oury, Marie-Pierre; Hocquette, Jean-François (2022).

4834: 4775: 4718: 4267: 4008: 3993: 3919: 3905: 3885: 3787: 3633: 3590: 3397: 3232: 3174: 3131:

is nature's second most abundant polymer. It is found in the exoskeletons of

3112: 2982: 2948: 2838: 2660: 2636: 2596: 2525: 2405: 2365: 2344: 2322: 2093: 2014: 1918: 1741: 1591: 1575: 1562: 1535: 1318: 1299: 1264: 1112: 1045: 816: 811: 599: 597:

were the most advanced because they were building pilot plants. According to

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In the early 2000s, American public health student Jason Matheny traveled to

351: 90: 13703:

Azcona, J.O.; Schang, M.J.; Garcia, P.T.; Gallinger, C.; Ayerza, R. (2008).

13541:

Martin, Michael J.; Thottathil, Sapna E; Newman, Thomas B. (December 2015).

13458: 13116:"Italy withdraws from EU process studying plan to ban cultivated-meat sales" 12229: 12023:

Sharma, Shruti; Thind, Sukhcharanjit Singh; Kaur, Amarjeet (December 2015).

10532:"Cell-based meat startups in Asia-Pacific show prototypes and raise funding" 10266: 9937:"New Age Meats Re-Brands to New Age Eats in Preparation for Consumer Launch" 8156:"As Meat Shortages Spread Globally, These 6 Startups Offer Alternative Cuts" 8075:"USDA approves 1st ever 'cell-cultivated meat' for 2 American manufacturers" 6040:"Cultured meat from muscle stem cells: A review of challenges and prospects" 4752:"Current Issues and Technical Advances in Cultured Meat Production: AReview" 4558: 2891: 18119: 17969: 17546: 17468: 17442: 17437: 17427: 17402: 17179: 17167: 17135: 17019: 16704: 16643: 16608: 16568: 16366: 16203: 16191: 16101: 15998: 15910: 15748: 15649: 14874: 14360: 14288: 14201: 14059: 13658:

Anomaly, Jonny; Browning, Heather; Fleischman, Diana; Veit, Walter (2024).

13584: 13466: 13315:"Texas governor signs new labeling law for plant-based and cultivated meat" 13270: 12738: 12671: 12586: 12521: 12479: 12336: 12294: 12256: 12066: 11625: 11421: 11302: 11142: 8665:"Czech firm Bene Meat gets EU registration for lab-grown meat for pet food" 8405:"Avant Meats Has First Public Taste Test of Cultured Fish Maw in Hong Kong" 7682:"Eerste proeverij kweekvlees in Nederland: 'Het is een doodgewoon worstje'" 6526: 5631: 5547: 4941: 4903: 4852: 4793: 4767: 4736: 4566: 4517: 4213:—a closed loop of double helical genetic information. This plasmid, called 4099: 3890: 3660: 3576:-eq GHG emissions". On the other hand, producing the same quantity of meat 3537: 3202: 3116: 3100: 3067: 2805: 2302: 1428: 840: 661: 643: 508: 329: 322: 94: 52: 14502:"Synthetic meat: how the world's costliest burger made it on to the plate" 10465:"Lab-grown meat also creates an unexpected benefit: ethical zebra burgers" 10062:"New Age Meats To Launch Cell-Based Sausages By 2022 After $ 25M Series A" 9492:"UK startup Higher Steaks creates world's first lab-grown bacon prototype" 5563:"Synthetic meat: how the world's costliest burger made it on to the plate" 5019:"Hello Cultured Meat, Goodbye to the Cruelty of Industrial Animal Farming" 4710: 3481:

Large-scale production of cultured meat may or may not require artificial

18184: 17964: 17959: 17866: 17521: 17346: 17239: 17150: 17100: 17085: 17070: 16789: 16779: 16749: 16679: 16674: 16613: 16598: 16540: 16535: 16520: 16341: 16321: 16246: 16236: 16221: 16216: 16171: 16141: 16131: 16096: 16073: 15945: 15940: 15483:"Elementary - How the Sausage is Made - Review: "Fake Meat, Real Murder"" 14784: 8883:"The €250,000 lab-grown burger could be a more palatable €9 in two years" 7577:"'Everybody accepts the cultured meat trend is happening': Biotech Foods" 6907:"Lab-grown food: 'the goal is to remove the animal from meat production'" 4884: 4652: 4140: 4036: 4022: 3983: 3968: 3938: 3929: 3880: 3791: 3765: 3718: 3493:

could be added to cultured meat as a health bonus. In a similar way, the

3354:(GFI) put out a report in 2019 in support of the concept that cell-based 3305: 3269: 3206: 3182: 3166: 3132: 2716: 2669: 2470: 2427: 1960: 1884: 1868: 1778: 1612: 1566: 1493: 961: 949: 778: 673: 557: 513: 496:, ran a crowdfunding campaign in 2016, for its work on cultured chicken. 449: 424: 333: 141: 70: 17820: 15669:

How Growing Meat Without Animals Will Revolutionize Dinner and the World

15327: 13940:"How Eating Less Meat Could Help Protect the Planet From Climate Change" 13055:"Il governo ha ritirato il divieto sulla carne coltivata in laboratorio" 13025:"Carne coltivata: Italia fa retromarcia e non si oppone più. Figuraccia" 12778:"Italy's waging a crusade against lab-grown meat. Does it have a point?" 12460: 10758:"Lab to table: Israeli tech kitchens cook up future of animal-free food" 9188:"Migros, Givaudan und Bühler gründen ein Labor für kultiviertes Fleisch" 6845:"The Israeli Startup That Lets You Eat Meat - Without Eating the Animal" 264:

In September 2019, GFI announced new research which found that the term

176:

restaurant 1880, where cultured meat manufactured by United States firm

17924: 17397: 17219: 17194: 16714: 16709: 16628: 16475: 16336: 16043: 16038: 16003: 15744:

Technically food: inside Silicon Valley's mission to change what we eat

12925:"Italy is set to ban lab-grown meat – here's why it should think again" 12644: 10802:"JBS Breaks Ground on $ 62M Cultivated Meat R&D Facility in Brazil" 10096:"Singapore's Shiok Meats bags $ 3m in bridge funding ahead of series A" 9392:"Finless Foods's Pokè-Style Plant-Based Tuna Now Available Across U.S." 9219:"Out of the lab and into your frying pan: the advance of cultured meat" 8980:"A Chinese Biotech Startup Could Best Conventional Meat Prices by 2025" 8636: 7973:"Eat Just Makes History (Again) with Restaurant Debut of Cultured Meat" 7812:"Lab-grown chicken 'food revolution' gathers pace at Ness Ziona eatery" 7482: 4648:"Scientific, sustainability and regulatory challenges of cultured meat" 4446: 4429: 4401: 4222: 4041: 3846: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 3296: 3144: 3104: 3071: 2920: 2881: 2842: 2788: 2712: 2600: 895: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 758: 726: 521: 383: 379: 375: 369:

bathed in a nutritious solution and induced to divide. That same year,

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The production process is constantly evolving, driven by companies and

18191: 15201: 14468:

Tuomisto, Hanna L.; Teixeira de Mattos, M. J. (22–24 September 2010).

14193: 14051: 13998:"You Will Be Eating Lab-Grown Meat Soon: Here's What You Need to Know" 13721: 13704: 13291:. FDA Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition. 9 September 2020. 13146:"Divieto carne sintetica in Italia, Lollobrigida smentisce ritiro ddl" 12150: 10720:"CAS Wants You (and Everyone Else) to Know About Cellular Agriculture" 9877:"Motif FoodWorks preps commercial production for its first ingredient" 7648:"EU Bites Into Cultivated Meat As Meatable Sets First Sausage Tasting" 7053:"Cell-cultured meat companies just created a brand-new lobbying group" 5319:"Slaughter-Free Meat Is An Answer To Our Cruel And Broken Food System" 4509: 17954: 17447: 17261: 17032: 16754: 16662: 16652: 16633: 16603: 16455: 16415: 16381: 16351: 16286: 16146: 16111: 16033: 16013: 15970: 15900: 14430: 14030:(17 June 2011), "Environmental Impacts of Cultured Meat Production", 13915: 11468:"Japanese scientists produce first 3D-bioprinted, marbled Wagyu beef" 10689:"Slaughter-Free Food Is The New And The Now Way Of Feeding The World" 6563: 5840: 5257:"Diners enjoy world's first restaurant meal made from lab-grown meat" 4231: 4218: 4104: 4060: 3958: 3236: 3178: 3063: 2885: 2783: 2707: 2688: 2620: 2360: 2259: 2167: 1936: 1078: 848: 794: 754: 677: 624: 620: 616: 612: 577: 569: 493: 436: 427:

announced they had managed to grow meat using cells from a live pig.

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Cellular Agriculture Technology, Society, Sustainability and Science

15719:

Billion dollar burger: inside big tech's race for the future of food

13794:"World's first lab-grown steak is made from beef but slaughter-free" 12684: 11750:"TEA of cultivated meat. Future projections for different scenarios" 11679:, Innovative Food Science and Emerging Technologies 11 (2010) at 17. 10997:"Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPS) | UCLA Broad Stem Cell Center" 10434:"11 Plant-Based And Alternative Protein Trends To Watch For In 2022" 10323:"Documentary 'Meat the Future' shows us the possible future of meat" 10226:"Singapore's Shiok Meats hopes to hook diners with lab-grown shrimp" 7448:"Indian Cell-Based Meat Company Claims it Has Achieved Price Parity" 4647: 4496:

Post, Mark (4 December 2013). "Medical technology to Produce Food".

4397:"Dutch Parliament Approves Cultured Meat Tasting In The Netherlands" 4346: 3821: 870: 18131: 17682: 17551: 17432: 17204: 17199: 17009: 16759: 16739: 16734: 16724: 16719: 16588: 16578: 16530: 16493: 16296: 16251: 16226: 16186: 16156: 16106: 16018: 16008: 15512: 14832:"Will Lab Cultivated Meat break kosher guidelines? - Green Prophet" 13660:"Flesh Without Blood: The Public Health Benefits of Lab‐Grown Meat" 13408: 10394:"World's Most Advanced Lab-Grown Meat Facility Opens In California" 10259:"Peace of Meat: "We gaan 100.000 ton kweekvet per jaar produceren"" 9178: 7203:"A startup says it's building a US pilot plant for cell-based meat" 6691:"A San Francisco Startup Is Serving Chicken That Was Made in a Lab" 5353:"Rabbi: Lab-grown pork could be kosher for Jews to eat – with milk" 4240: 4181: 4160:. Cultured meat was profiled in the 2020 Canadian documentary film 3722: 3628:

To avoid the use of any animal products, the use of photosynthetic

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Cell lines can be collected from a primary source, i.e., through a

2916: 2656: 2587: 2531: 1762: 1515: 1324: 824: 741: 565: 549: 504: 441: 359: 208: 177: 169: 57: 18203: 15446:"No, This Website Won't Actually Make Salami Out Of Famous People" 13737:"Spanish government invests €5.2 million in cultured meat project" 11116: 10869:"Food for thought: cultured meat maker brings in $ 55m in funding" 9750:"Mosa Meats Announces it Has Reduced Production Costs by 88 Times" 9011:"Chinese firm serves up lab-grown pork in world's top meat market" 7732:"Exclusive: Meatable Hosts EU-First Cultivated Meat Tasting Event" 6142:"Paper Says Edible Meat Can be Grown in a Lab on Industrial Scale" 5414:"USDA and FDA to Host Joint Meeting On Cell-Based Meat Regulation" 4957:"Feature: Israeli cultured meat company aims to redefine industry" 657:

to shift subsidies from animal husbandry to cellular agriculture.

623:-producing company Nauta) and 3 non-profit institutes (university 488:

Between 2011 and 2017, many cultured meat startups were launched.

200: 17080: 16944: 16794: 16774: 16657: 16583: 16450: 16425: 16395: 16387: 16371: 16356: 16266: 16261: 16256: 16241: 16231: 16181: 16126: 15988: 15925: 15892: 15791:(1st ed.). London: Burleigh Dodds Science Publishing. 2023. 15290: 14467: 11440: 7417: 4245: 4210: 4136: 3805: 3693: 3556: 3494: 3197: 3161: 3092: 2990: 2768: 2764: 2751: 2747: 2508: 2475: 2426:

In addition to these companies, non-profit organizations such as

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discussions. Data published by the non-governmental organization

185: 14431:

Haagsman, H.P.; K.J. HelIingwerf; B.A.J. Roelen (October 2009).

11160: 5925:"The idea for lab-grown meat was born in a prisoner-of-war camp" 4230:, which neutralizes the negative charges on the cell membrane's 16769: 16669: 16623: 16524: 16503: 16445: 16435: 16405: 16291: 16176: 16023: 15978: 15832:

Cultivated Meat: Technologies, Commercialization and Challenges

11843: 11639: 11344: 11284: 9523:"Start-up dreams of feeding world with cheap lab-cultured meat" 9174: 8950:"3D-Printed Meat Startup CellX Raises $ 4.3 Million in Funding" 8569: 8283:"Lab-grown meat companies see opportunity for growth in Canada" 6480:(in Dutch). Dutch House of Representatives. 26 September 2018. 5728:"Lab-made meat rebranded 'clean meat' to address 'yuck' factor" 4618: 4428:

Patil, R. Akshay; Bhavana, A.; Patil, B. Roopa; Deepak (2024).

4296: 4177: 4132: 3697: 3565: 3181:(naturally occurring enzymes). But, this can be resisted using 3128: 3108: 2928: 2895:

Stem cells can differentiate into a range of specialized cells.

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meat research. Cultured meat has the potential to mitigate the

13434: 11580:

Dessels, Carla; Potgieter, Marnie; Pepper, Michael S. (2016).

11364: 11362: 11102: 5127:"Seafood Without The Sea: Will Lab-Grown Fish Hook Consumers?" 4916: 4461:

Hubalek, Sophie; Post, Mark J.; Moutsatsou, Panagiota (2022).

650:

approved the request for the collection of signatures for the

17184: 16784: 16729: 16694: 16689: 16593: 16573: 16361: 16311: 16053: 15930: 13657: 11551:"What Are the Different Types of Bioreactors? - Biotech Blog" 11503:"Possibilities for Engineered Insect Tissue as a Food Source" 11256: 11223: 9717: 7877:"Israel Becomes First Country to Allow Sale of Cultured Beef" 7770:"I tried the world's first no-kill, lab-grown chicken burger" 6474:"Kweekvlees en vleesvervangers - Rondetafelgesprek 26-9-2018" 5510:"Nomenclature of cell-cultivated meat & seafood products" 4463:"Towards resource-efficient and cost-efficient cultured meat" 3712: 3703: 3629: 3601:

little harm to the wildlife that live around the facilities.

3525: 3136: 3088: 2727:

100 kilograms per month (1,200 kg/y) per 200L bioreactor

2675: 2542: 1701: 1460: 1419: 1380: 1342: 820: 390: 18179: 17234: 12956:"Italian plan to ban lab-grown food criticised as misguided" 12894:"Italy moves to ban lab-grown meat to protect food heritage" 11689: 10931:"MeaTech Is Now Churning Out 100% Pure Cultured Chicken Fat" 9713:"Van het lab naar een bord is een lange weg voor kweekvlees" 7410: 7026: 6015: 4205:

The Impossible Burger was made with fermented heme proteins.

2939: 301:

independently came up with the idea for cultured meat. As a

16410: 16316: 16161: 16063: 16058: 15983: 15884: 15125:"Catch Video from the New Harvest Cultured Meat Conference" 13702: 13346:"Florida Just Became the First State to Ban Lab-Grown Meat" 12310:"Consumer acceptance of cultured meat: A systematic review" 12106: 11640:"Future Fields Cellular Agriculture & Biomanufacturing" 11359: 8108: 8106: 8104: 8102: 7610: 7608: 7606: 7604: 7602: 7000:"Future Fields is tackling cultured meat's biggest problem" 5754:""Clean meat" is catching on: a reflection on nomenclature" 4645: 3529: 3284:

structure turkey cells on the International Space Station.

471:

tastes the world's first cultured hamburger, 5 August 2013.

370: 6814:"Would you eat lab grown chicken? SuperMeat sure hopes so" 4865: 4064:

apparently provides a synthetic meat, although crews from

321:

was first performed successfully in 1971 when pathologist

16684: 16068: 15915: 15031: 14570:"I'll Have My Burger Petri-Dish Bred, With Extra Omega-3" 12272: 11445: 9461:"Higher Steaks Makes World's First Cell-Based Pork Belly" 8917:"Lab-Grown Meat Is Getting Closer to Supermarket Shelves" 6753:"SuperMeat wants you to try its lab-grown chicken breast" 4184:

culture based "Orgiatic" which comes in several flavors.

4151: 3696:

rabbinical authorities disagree whether cultured meat is

3593:

and methane, and the volatilization of manure particles.

734: 15068:"Artificial meat: UK scientists growing 'bacon' in labs" 14800:"A Jewish Religious Perspective on Cellular Agriculture" 12492: 12146: 12144: 9422:"Reinventing the eel: first lab-grown eel meat revealed" 8099: 7870: 7868: 7599: 3439:

legalization, as misguided, and for possibily worsening

3169:, which many consumers avoid. Chitosan's resemblance to 3066:

is the most abundant polymer in nature and provides the

3020:

other substances which have these functional qualities.

2947:

Once cell lines are established, they are immersed in a

382:

exhibited a few centimeters of "steak", grown from frog

195:

institutions. The applications for cultured meat led to

15853: 15384: 14567: 12625: 12558:

Bryant, Christopher J.; Barnett, Julie C. (June 2019).

9607: 9605: 6876:"No harm, no fowl: Startup to grow chickenless chicken" 6629:"You Could Be Eating Lab-Grown Meat in Just Five Years" 4427: 698:; secondly, a great medical university – for us that's 607:

In December 2019, the Foieture project was launched in

15608:"Overview of the Purification of Recombinant Proteins" 14844: 14733:"In Vitro Meat: Power, Authenticity and Vegetarianism" 14568:

Kruglinski, Susan; Wright, Karen (22 September 2008).

14461: 13540: 12308:

Bryant, Christopher; Barnett, Julie (September 2018).

12213:"The Impact of Framing on Acceptance of Cultured Meat" 12211:

Bryant, Christopher; Dillard, Courtney (3 July 2019).

11874:"Icelandic Biotech Firm Receives Large European Grant" 11579: 11496: 10900:"How will Mosa Meat spend its latest $ 55m injection?" 7911:"No-kill, lab-grown meat to go on sale for first time" 7679: 6660:"Startup Serves Up Chicken Produced From Cells in Lab" 5756:. The Good Food Institute. 24 May 2018. Archived from 4347:"Possibilities for an in vitro meat production system" 452:

she would have taken the product for meat rather than

18096: 17658:

Existential risk from artificial general intelligence

14798:

Kenigsberg, Joel; Zivotofsky, Ari (22 January 2020).

14634:"Can Vegetarians Eat In-Vitro Meat? The Debate Rages" 14424: 12141: 11719: 11497:

Rubio, Natalie R.; Fish, Kyle D.; Trimmer, Barry A.;

10964:"Frequently asked questions about stem cell research" 9383: 8534:"There are now lab-grown mouse-meat cookies for cats" 8311: 8216: 8214: 8212: 7865: 6037: 4533:"Commentary: In Vitro-Cultured Meat Productionsystem" 4460: 4007:

In film, artificial meat has featured prominently in

3471: 3276:

Another proposed way of structuring muscle tissue is

2977:, they are influenced by their interactions with the 854: 17478:

All-Party Parliamentary Group for Future Generations

15694:

Meat Planet: Artificial Flesh and the Future of Food

14896: 14894: 14892: 14797: 14440:

Universiteit Utrecht: Faculty of Veterinary Medicine

14149:

Lab-grown meat would 'cut emissions and save energy'

12440:

Mancini, Maria Cecilia; Antonioli, Federico (2020).

12403:

Spring, Alexandra; Bence, Cydnee (18 October 2022).

12268: 12266: 11670:

Possibilities for an in vitro meat production system

10224:

Aravindan, Aradhana; Teo, Travis (28 January 2020).

10195:"Could synthetic fish be a better catch of the day?" 9602: 9169: 9167: 9165: 9163: 9075: 8694: 7175:"First meat grown in space lab 248 miles from Earth" 6502: 5841:"Cultivated Meat: Why GFI Is Embracing New Language" 3300:

Potential bioreactor configuration for cultured meat

3173:

and internal interactions between glycoproteins and

15771:. Woodstock: Lantern Publishing & Media. 2023. 14170:"Environmental Impacts of Cultured Meat Production" 13995: 12809:"Scientists protest Italy's ban on cultivated meat" 11934:"EU's Horizon 2020 invests in cellular agriculture" 11814:"How it's made: the science behind cultivated meat" 11368: 10621: 10563:"The new factory making meat that's illegal to eat" 10029:Brodwin, Erin; Canales, Katie (22 September 2018). 9040:Chow, Emily; Patton, Dominique (3 September 2021). 9009:Chow, Emily; Patton, Dominique (4 September 2021). 7570: 7568: 7566: 7413:"Plannen voor Belgische proeffabriek voor kweekvet" 6376:"World's first lab-grown burger is eaten in London" 6134: 5987:"The Future of the Cultured Meats Industry in 2040" 5872:"Cultivated meat: A growing nomenclature consensus" 5445:"7 Predictions On The Future Of Clean Meat in 2019" 4351:

Innovative Food Science & Emerging Technologies

3663:argues that the question of the morality of eating 3384:different materials with complementary properties. 14999: 14759:"Shojinmeat is Growing a DIY Clean Meat Community" 12405:"WHAT'S THE BEEF? DEBATES OVER CELL-CULTURED MEAT" 10866: 10498:"Lab-grown kangaroo meat: it's what's for dinner?" 9309: 9307: 8914: 8209: 7510:"Consolidation on the way in cultured meat sector" 14889: 14471:Life cycle assessment of cultured meat production 13512:"Could lab-grown meat prevent the next pandemic?" 12263: 10253: 10251: 9744: 9742: 9740: 9675: 9673: 9280:"Silicon Valley and the Search for Meatless Meat" 9160: 7908: 7373:"Belgisch bedrijf bouwt 2 labo's voor kweekvlees" 7177:. Guardian News & Media Limited. The Guardian 604:a national strategy to compete in cultured meat. 273:, with 75 percent of 44 companies preferring it. 18216: 15094:"International Conference on Cultured Meat 2015" 14493: 13881:"How do you grow bone in a lab? Good vibrations" 12439: 11049:Campuzano, Santiago; Pelling, Andrew E. (2019). 11048: 10824: 10795: 10793: 10791: 10789: 10787: 10785: 10783: 10089: 10087: 9994: 9992: 8846: 8844: 8842: 8840: 8184: 8150: 8148: 8146: 8144: 8142: 8140: 8112: 8012: 7563: 7334: 6181:"Lab-Grown Meat a Reality, But Who Will Eat It?" 5592:Hallman, William K.; Hallman, Eileen E. (2023). 5554: 4248:to leach the water from bacteria and kill them. 4143:'s burger, the company is seen as an example of 15353:. Comedy Central. 17 March 2009. Archived from 15343: 14561: 14433:"Production of Animal Proteins by Cell Systems" 14367: 14323:(November 2009). "The Rise of Vertical Farms". 13996:Rodríguez Fernández, Clara (18 December 2018). 12853: 12621: 12619: 12025:"In vitro meat production system: why and how?" 12022: 10830: 10755: 9710: 9304: 8008: 8006: 8004: 8002: 8000: 7998: 7574: 7196: 7194: 7192: 6935: 6783:"Lab-Grown Chicken Could Soon Be On Your Plate" 5508:Malerich, Marlana; Bryant, Christopher (2022). 3608: 3331:The culture media is an essential component of 3082:, respectively. Through cross-linking (forming 2442:advocate for, fund and research cultured meat. 839:(FDA) completed the pre-market consultation of 819:obtained Singaporean approval for its cultured 27:Animal flesh produced by culturing animal cells 17497:Centre for Enabling EA Learning & Research 15351:"The Colbert Report: World of Nahlej – Shmeat" 13969:Morris, Regan; Cook, James (15 October 2018). 13759: 12206: 12204: 10717: 10615: 10391: 10248: 10028: 9778: 9737: 9670: 9249:"Kweekvlees is er, maar het eten mag nog niet" 8043: 7904: 7902: 6109: 5591: 5507: 5049:"What is the most consumed meat in the world?" 4749: 4498:Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 3798: 2871:Diagram of cultured meat's production process. 2850:50,000 pounds (22,680 kg) salmon per year 17836: 17786:Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers, Strategies 17277: 15869: 15665: 15525: 14946: 14603:"Could vegetarians eat a 'test tube' burger?" 14524: 13910:Pigott, George M.; Tucker, Barbee W. (1990). 13479: 13206:"Italy bans lab-grown meat in nod to farmers" 12775: 12557: 12307: 12210: 10897: 10780: 10751: 10749: 10747: 10745: 10655: 10431: 10265:(in Dutch). GAIA. 3 June 2020. Archived from 10157: 10084: 9989: 9682:"Swiss start-up: laboratory meat from Zurich" 9358: 9071: 9069: 9067: 8837: 8137: 7939: 7767: 7614: 7442: 7440: 7370: 7330: 7328: 7326: 7324: 7322: 6602:"'World's first' lab-grown meatball revealed" 6241: 6239: 6110:Catts, Oron; Zurr, Ionat (Winter 2004–2005). 5646:"Bill Gates wants you to eat artificial meat" 3786:Research continues on many fronts, including 2800:"Hundreds of kilograms" per week (June 2021) 851:, both for cultivated chicken, in June 2023. 17362:Psychological barriers to effective altruism 13909: 13851:"Lab-Grown Blood To Be Trialled in the U.K." 12616: 10651: 10649: 10387: 10385: 10383: 10381: 10223: 9959: 9354: 9352: 9350: 9348: 9346: 9344: 9342: 9340: 8880: 8465:"Pets may soon be fed laboratory-grown meat" 7995: 7970: 7809: 7675: 7673: 7411:Bert Broens, Jens Cardinaels (14 May 2021). 7225: 7189: 7044: 7025:Evich, Helena Bottemiller (29 August 2019). 6434: 6432: 3550:Environmental vegetarianism § Criticism 3120:it will contribute to the texture profile). 2981:(ECM). The ECM is the 3-dimensional mesh of 14791: 14300: 14298: 14095:Case Study – Landfill Power Generation 12854:Evans-Pritchard, Ambrose (10 August 2023). 12402: 12201: 11586:Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology 10862: 10860: 10858: 10427: 10425: 10423: 10153: 10151: 7899: 7843:"לראשונה בעולם: ישראל מאשרת בשר בקר מתורבת" 7366: 7364: 7362: 7267:"Accelerating the cultured meat revolution" 6407:"Engineering the $ 325,000 In Vitro Burger" 6344:"Scientists grow pork meat in a laboratory" 5346: 5344: 5101:"Lab-grown fish makes a debut in Hong Kong" 3768:—a 501(c)(3) research institute—as well as 3688: 3376:within the meat. When muscle is cultivated 18079: 17843: 17829: 17332:Distributional cost-effectiveness analysis 17284: 17270: 15876: 15862: 15666:Shapiro, Paul; Harari, Yuval Noaḥ (2018). 14703: 14698:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10806-019-09759-2 14319: 14304: 13968: 13903: 13765: 13289:United States Food and Drug Administration 12079: 10742: 10320: 10192: 9645: 9419: 9064: 9039: 9008: 8725:"Turkey's first lab-grown meat on its way" 8598: 7805: 7803: 7801: 7799: 7797: 7795: 7763: 7761: 7759: 7757: 7725: 7723: 7721: 7719: 7717: 7715: 7713: 7711: 7709: 7707: 7645: 7538: 7437: 7319: 7166: 7141: 6929: 6441:"What does a stem cell burger taste like?" 6284: 6236: 6171: 6169: 6167: 5672:""Clean Meat": The "Clean Energy" of Food" 4394: 2520:500 kilograms per day (182,625 kg/y) 17850: 15740: 15639: 15605: 14979: 14815: 14270: 14020: 13821:"Lab-grown food: It's what's for dinner!" 13720: 13687: 13677: 13574: 13448: 13260: 12953: 12728: 12710: 12661: 12643: 12469: 12459: 12246: 12228: 12124: 12056: 11615: 11597: 11518: 11411: 11132: 11066: 10646: 10597:vegconomist - the vegan business magazine 10378: 9941:Vegconomist - the vegan business magazine 9704: 9641: 9639: 9489: 9337: 9315:"Inside the Quest to Make Lab Grown Meat" 8910: 8908: 8594: 8592: 7670: 7406: 7404: 7402: 7400: 7261: 7259: 6468: 6466: 6438: 6429: 6245: 6063: 5869: 5838: 5621: 5611: 5537: 5527: 4893: 4883: 4842: 4783: 4726: 4591: 4548: 4480: 4445: 3915:The Restaurant at the End of the Universe 3862:Learn how and when to remove this message 3804:New York and Singapore. They invested in 3754: 3260: 3014: 2822:22,680 kilograms (50,000 pounds) per year 911:Learn how and when to remove this message 17507:Centre for the Study of Existential Risk 15424: 15405: 15122: 15034:Journal of Agriculture and Food Research 14952: 14499: 14295: 14167: 14107: 14026: 13428: 13234: 12922: 11291:Macromolecular Materials and Engineering 10928: 10855: 10624:"The Fish Is Boneless. (Fishless, Too.)" 10525: 10523: 10489: 10420: 10353: 10316: 10314: 10148: 10059: 10000:"Four Challenges Facing Cultivated Meat" 9811: 9679: 9520: 9514: 9076:Deepsekhar Choudhury (25 January 2020). 8503:"Read about our cultured meat cat treat" 7680:Judith van de Hulsbeek (17 April 2024). 7359: 7172: 6404: 5381: 5341: 5224: 4954: 4809:"Cultured Meat: Promises and Challenges" 4200: 4147:rather than an actual business venture. 3295: 3264: 2963: 2938: 2890: 2866: 2826:scalable to 400,000 lbs/y / 181,440 kg/y 847:(USDA) was received by Upside Foods and 788: 463: 126: 99: 31: 17587:Machine Intelligence Research Institute 15690: 15529:Trends in Food Science & Technology 15263: 15234: 15232: 15230: 15228: 15226: 15224: 14113: 13878: 13241:Trends in Food Science & Technology 13113: 12806: 12398: 12396: 11280: 11278: 11251: 11249: 11218: 11216: 11156: 11154: 11152: 11098: 11096: 11094: 11044: 11042: 10495: 10463:Bronner, Stephen J. (24 October 2019). 10462: 10053: 9874: 9772: 9547: 9458: 9271: 9210: 9042:"Chinese firm serves up lab-grown pork" 8915:Agnieszka de Sousa (10 December 2020). 8662: 8629: 8562: 8178: 8037: 7792: 7754: 7704: 7027:"Cell-based meat companies join forces" 6966: 6960: 6572:"Sizzling Steaks May Soon Be Lab-Grown" 6368: 6280: 6278: 6164: 5953: 5285: 5184: 4530: 4390: 4388: 4386: 4384: 3584:environmental concerns about intensive 3461:United States Department of Agriculture 3055:characteristics of suitable scaffolds. 2854:scalable to 200,000 lbs/y / 90,718 kg/y 1976: 845:United States Department of Agriculture 716: 459: 83:environmental impact of meat production 14: 18217: 17935:Differential technological development 17291: 15462: 15443: 15325: 14600: 14530: 14313: 14174:Environmental Science & Technology 14119:"Annals of Science, Test-Tube Burgers" 14032:Environmental Science & Technology 13343: 12874:from the original on 19 September 2023 12029:Journal of Food Science and Technology 11808: 11806: 11778: 11478:from the original on 21 September 2021 11040: 11038: 11036: 11034: 11032: 11030: 11028: 11026: 11024: 11022: 10991: 10989: 10958: 10956: 10867:Louis Gore Langton (19 October 2020). 10799: 10354:Clifford, Catherine (24 August 2017). 9692:from the original on 19 September 2020 9636: 9611: 9590:from the original on 24 September 2020 9420:Carrington, Damian (22 January 2024). 9389: 9277: 9216: 8905: 8589: 8531: 8385:from the original on 28 September 2020 8197:from the original on 29 September 2020 8187:"Wanneer ligt kweekvlees op ons bord?" 7874: 7729: 7397: 7256: 6688: 6626: 6463: 6341: 6175: 6078: 5935:from the original on 24 September 2017 5870:Friedrich, Bruce (29 September 2021). 5839:Friedrich, Bruce (13 September 2019). 5476: 5384:"A Lab-Grown Burger Gets a Taste Test" 5317:Anthis, Jacy Reese (19 October 2018). 5316: 5220: 5218: 5150: 5148: 5016: 4985: 4806: 4690: 4596:. The University of Chicago Magazine. 4035:). "Man-made" chickens also appear in 3403: 861:List of vegetarian and vegan companies 830: 17824: 17265: 15857: 15715: 14804:Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems 14631: 14582:from the original on 10 November 2012 14223:"CE_Delft_LCA_of_cultivated_meat.pdf" 13639:from the original on 26 December 2021 13401: 13216:from the original on 18 November 2023 13186:from the original on 16 November 2023 13156:from the original on 16 November 2023 13126:from the original on 16 November 2023 13005:from the original on 16 November 2023 12992: 12935:from the original on 16 November 2023 12765:from the original on 4 December 2020. 12604:from the original on 12 February 2023 12113:Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems 11507:Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems 11055:Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems 10831:Pepijn de Lange (13 September 2021). 10554: 10520: 10408:from the original on 29 December 2021 10311: 10299:from the original on 24 November 2020 9977:from the original on 7 September 2020 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original on 11 February 2021 4395:De Lorenzo, Daniela (17 March 2022). 4369:from the original on 27 December 2022 4344: 3811: 668:(formerly Future Meat Technologies), 611:with the goal of developing cultured 430: 15788:Advances in cultured meat technology 15612:Current Protocols in Protein Science 15508:"Are We Ready to 'Meat the Future'?" 15425:Merchant, Brian (26 February 2014). 15264:Marston, Jennifer (13 August 2020). 15221: 14953:Morrison, Oliver (4 December 2020). 14926: 14601:Izundu, Chi Chi (23 February 2012). 14412:from the original on 4 February 2014 14373: 14233:from the original on 30 January 2022 13977:from the original on 30 January 2020 13971:"Would you eat slaughter-free meat?" 13950:from the original on 5 December 2019 13818: 13747:from the original on 26 October 2021 13522:from the original on 30 January 2022 13295:from the original on 28 October 2020 13095:from the original on 30 October 2023 13065:from the original on 23 October 2023 13035:from the original on 30 October 2023 12835:from the original on 25 October 2023 12788:from the original on 31 October 2023 12421:from the original on 25 October 2022 12393: 12189:from the original on 26 October 2020 11974:from the original on 20 January 2022 11944:from the original on 30 January 2022 11914:from the original on 30 January 2022 11884:from the original on 30 January 2022 11854:from the original on 20 October 2020 11824:from the original on 19 October 2020 11791:from the original on 12 October 2022 11760:from the original on 26 January 2022 11730:from the original on 30 October 2020 11700:from the original on 28 October 2020 11650:from the original on 30 October 2020 11561:from the original on 22 October 2020 11317:from the original on 19 October 2020 11275: 11263:from the original on 19 October 2020 11246: 11234:from the original on 21 October 2020 11213: 11201:from the original on 2 November 2020 11149: 11091: 11007:from the original on 18 October 2020 10974:from the original on 18 October 2020 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January 2018 6904: 6898: 6732:from the original on 3 December 2018 6701:from the original on 5 December 2022 6670:from the original on 5 December 2022 6639:from the original on 5 December 2022 6582:from the original on 8 November 2020 6551:from the original on 29 January 2022 6451:from the original on 3 November 2019 6439:Hogenboom, Melissa (5 August 2013). 6287:"In Search of a Test-Tube Hamburger" 6275: 6251:"Test-tube meat science's next leap" 6224:from the original on 25 January 2020 6195:from the original on 30 October 2019 6122:from the original on 30 October 2019 6091:from the original on 4 November 2023 5984: 5730:. GlobalMeatNews. 8 September 2016. 5678:from the original on 18 January 2021 5477:Watson, Elaine (12 September 2019). 5375: 5133:from the original on 29 October 2021 5107:from the original on 21 October 2021 5081:from the original on 27 October 2021 5055:from the original on 21 October 2021 5029:from the original on 17 January 2021 4814:Environmental and Resource Economics 4600:from the original on 16 October 2013 4495: 4381: 4340: 4338: 4336: 4334: 4332: 4330: 4328: 4187: 3874:Cultured meat has often featured in 3844:adding citations to reliable sources 3815: 2631:Unknown number of 6000L bioreactors 2379:April 2024: restaurants in Singapore 893:adding citations to reliable sources 864: 564:, Gourmey, Higher Steaks, Ivy Farm, 168:opened a farm-to-fork restaurant in 18024:Future-oriented technology analysis 17502:Center for High Impact Philanthropy 15606:Wingfield, Paul T. 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Archived from 6285:Siegelbaum, D.J. (23 April 2008). 6044:Journal of Integrative Agriculture 6028: 5978: 5923:Purdy, Chase (24 September 2017). 5467: 5443:Banis, Davide (14 December 2018). 5363:from the original on 31 March 2018 5298:from the original on 21 March 2023 5267:from the original on 22 April 2023 4934:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.121274 4693:"Culture, meat, and cultured meat" 3709:International Islamic Fiqh Academy 3472:Differences from conventional meat 3005: 1675:£'Thousands'/kg (July 2020 claim) 855:Companies working on cultured meat 784: 740:In April 2024, the Dutch start-up 444:, Cornwall, and tasted by critics 61:. Cultured meat is produced using 25: 18281: 15444:Knibbs, Kate (28 February 2014). 15406:Jauregui, Andres (3 March 2014). 15326:Fresco, Michael (25 March 2009), 15175:"April 2023: The Month in Review" 14980:Gilchrist, Karen (1 March 2021). 14644:from the original on 3 March 2016 14613:from the original on 3 April 2015 14345:10.1038/scientificamerican1109-80 13891:from the original on 4 April 2023 13800:from the original on 28 June 2023 13547:American Journal of Public Health 12354:from the original on 9 March 2023 11109:Journal of Visualized Experiments 10668:from the original on 25 June 2021 10530:Klar, Michal (20 November 2019). 10328:Canadian Broadcasting Corporation 9529:from the original on 14 July 2020 9502:from the original on 24 July 2020 9359:Alex Barreira (14 October 2021). 9278:Kowitt, Beth (19 December 2017). 9259:from the original on 12 June 2018 8663:Lopatka, Jan (10 November 2023). 8113:Green Queen Team (22 June 2023). 8087:from the original on 24 June 2023 7971:Andrew Noyes (21 December 2020). 7768:Oliver Holmes (4 December 2021). 7615:Flora Southey (8 February 2023). 7307:from the original on 20 July 2020 6936:Mac van Dinther (31 March 2018). 6342:Rogers, Lois (29 November 2009). 6112:"Ingestion / Disembodied Cuisine" 5652:from the original on 8 April 2022 5455:from the original on 5 April 2023 5382:Fountain, Henry (6 August 2013). 5329:from the original on 5 April 2023 5286:Zaraska, Marta (19 August 2013). 5188:Ethical Theory and Moral Practice 4986:Peters, Adele (5 November 2020). 4524: 4409:from the original on 7 April 2022 4325: 4176:cultured muscle cells taken from 3878:. The earliest mention may be in 3326: 3235:exhibit unique properties at the 3155:and a bacteria static effects on 2560:scalable to 4,000 tonnes annually 1892:'Small car'/kg (June 2020 claim) 1393:with conventionally sourced pork 985:Over $ 3,000/kg (Nov 2019 claim) 772:Food and Agriculture Organization 664:(21.5%; formerly Memphis Meats), 560:, Bluu Biosciences, Cubiq Foods, 524:and according to Tetrick also by 483:Peter Verstrate, Mosa Meat (2018) 415:Norwegian Food Research Institute 313:provided the basis for the idea. 18202: 18190: 18178: 18166: 18154: 18142: 18130: 18118: 18106: 18078: 17342:Equal consideration of interests 17245: 17244: 17233: 15960: 15954: 15691:Wurgaft, Benjamin Aldes (2019). 15599: 15582:"CaCl2 Transformation Technique" 15574: 15548: 15519: 15500: 15475: 15456: 15437: 15418: 15399: 15369: 15319: 15308: 15283: 15257: 15194: 15167: 15142: 15123:Albrecht, Chris (20 July 2018). 15116: 15086: 15060: 15025: 14973: 14920: 14838: 14824: 14777: 14751: 14725: 14686: 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2022 11986: 11956: 11926: 11896: 11866: 11836: 11779:Andrei, Mihai (4 October 2022). 11772: 11742: 11712: 11682: 11662: 11632: 11573: 11543: 11460: 11428: 11329: 10922: 10891: 10711: 10680: 10585: 10561:Sier, Jessica (2 October 2022). 10456: 10366:from the original on 26 May 2020 10347: 10335:from the original on 13 May 2024 10281: 10217: 10186: 10158:David Pierson (8 October 2020). 10118: 10106:from the original on 4 July 2020 10022: 9929: 9899: 9868: 9836: 9824:from the original on 13 May 2024 9805: 9725:from the original on 5 July 2018 9572: 9541: 9521:Nakamura, Keita (15 July 2019). 9490:Petzinger, Jill (21 July 2020). 9483: 9471:from the original on 13 May 2024 9452: 9440:from the original on 13 May 2024 9413: 9229:from the original on 13 May 2024 9194:(in German). 15 September 2021. 9130: 9100: 9033: 9002: 8990:from the original on 13 May 2024 8972: 8960:from the original on 13 May 2024 8942: 8893:from the original on 13 May 2024 8862:from the original on 13 May 2024 8825:from the original on 13 May 2024 8807: 8777: 8747: 8717: 8687: 8656: 8644:from the original on 27 May 2020 8623: 8577:from the original on 30 May 2020 8556: 8532:Peters, Adele (16 August 2021). 8525: 8495: 8483:from the original on 19 May 2021 8457: 8427: 8397: 8336: 8305: 8274: 8244: 8232:from the original on 17 May 2022 8166:from the original on 6 June 2020 8067: 8025:from the original on 30 May 2023 7964: 7933: 7875:Mridul, Anay (17 January 2024). 7834: 7780:from the original on 13 May 2024 7639: 7490:from the original on 31 May 2022 7277:from the original on 30 May 2020 7244:from the original on 28 May 2020 7213:from the original on 28 May 2020 7201:Purdy, Chase (22 January 2020). 7123:from the original on 13 May 2024 6948:from the original on 21 May 2018 6855:from the original on 13 May 2024 6570:Bunge, Jacob (1 February 2016). 6319:"The 50 Best Inventions of 2009" 5997:from the original on 1 June 2019 5966:from the original on 11 May 2019 5954:Specter, Michael (16 May 2011). 5851:from the original on 13 May 2024 5820:from the original on 28 May 2019 5734:from the original on 24 May 2017 5708:from the original on 13 May 2024 5573:from the original on 4 June 2023 5424:from the original on 8 June 2023 5288:"Is Lab-Grown Meat Good for Us?" 4967:from the original on 5 July 2021 4756:Food Science of Animal Resources 4672:from the original on 13 May 2024 4573:from the original on 13 May 2024 4274:Timeline of cellular agriculture 4058:from the TV and movie franchise 3925:Le Transperceneige (Snowpiercer) 3820: 3746:A scientific paper published in 3514: 3489:Researchers have suggested that 3227: 3023: 2934: 2493:Fully operational by summer 2022 2398: 2353: 2315: 2268: 2224: 2212: 2160: 2124: 2086: 2047: 2007: 1973:'88x cheaper' (July 2020 claim) 1953: 1911: 1877: 1841: 1815: 1794:April 2024: public tasting in EU 1771: 1734: 1694: 1660: 1627: 1584: 1528: 1486: 1453: 1412: 1373: 1335: 1292: 1257: 1225: 1192: 1148: 1105: 1071: 1038: 1006: 970: 869: 47:among other names, is a form of 17744:Famine, Affluence, and Morality 17512:Development Media International 15556:"What is Cellular Agriculture?" 14272:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160014 13819:Kerr, Dara (19 February 2016). 13770:. Vertical Farm. Archived from 13416:from the original on 4 May 2024 13344:Conrad, Jennifer (3 May 2024). 13152:(in Italian). 18 October 2023. 13091:(in Italian). 18 October 2023. 13061:(in Italian). 17 October 2023. 13031:(in Italian). 16 October 2023. 11968:EFA News – European Food Agency 10718:Catherine Lamb (20 June 2018). 10496:Cherney, Mike (8 August 2019). 9401:from the original on 3 May 2023 9217:Corbyn, Zoë (19 January 2020). 8852:"JBS takes over Bio Tech Foods" 8055:from the original on 3 May 2023 7502: 7470: 7135: 7105: 7075: 7051:Purdy, Chase (29 August 2019). 7018: 6991: 6867: 6836: 6805: 6775: 6744: 6713: 6682: 6651: 6620: 6594: 6533: 6496: 6405:Fountain, Henry (12 May 2013). 6398: 6335: 6311: 6206: 6103: 6072: 6009: 5947: 5912:International Churchill Society 5894: 5863: 5832: 5802: 5772: 5746: 5720: 5690: 5664: 5638: 5585: 5501: 5436: 5406: 5350: 5310: 5279: 5249: 5178: 5119: 5093: 5067: 5041: 5010: 4979: 4948: 4910: 4859: 4800: 4743: 4684: 4639: 4468:Current Opinion in Food Science 4192: 4094:) trying to grow cowless beef. 3831:needs additional citations for 3596:Skeptic Margaret Mellon of the 3366: 3080:Worcester Polytechnic Institute 2695:5,000 kilograms per day by 2025 2445: 1559:Dec 2020: restaurants Singapore 880:needs additional citations for 748: 683: 297:In the 1950s, Dutch researcher 219: 17708:Risk of astronomical suffering 15699:University of California Press 14847:Journal of Religion and Health 12172:10.1016/j.foodqual.2019.103732 10929:Sally Ho (20 September 2021). 10656:Alex Barreira (25 June 2021). 9548:Marvell, Helen (5 June 2018). 9255:(in Dutch). NOS. 22 May 2018. 8373:Sito, Peggy (17 August 2020). 7730:Mridul, Anay (17 April 2024). 7142:Amy Buxton (8 December 2021). 6874:Tobin, Andrew (13 July 2016). 6843:Tobin, Andrew (13 July 2016). 6658:Bunge, Jacob (15 March 2017). 4955:Kolyohin, Nick (2 July 2021). 4691:Bryant, Christopher J (2020). 4612: 4585: 4489: 4454: 4421: 4290: 3543: 3425: 3291: 3036: 2905:induced pluripotent stem cells 2880:Cellular agriculture requires 731:European Food Safety Authority 711:Krijn de Nood, Meatable (2020) 13: 1: 18240:Bright green environmentalism 18051:Technology in science fiction 17492:Centre for Effective Altruism 17322:Disability-adjusted life year 16903:Countries by meat consumption 15463:Harris, Jenn (5 March 2014). 14961:. William Reed Business Media 14632:Hines, Nico (7 August 2013). 13665:Journal of Bioethical Inquiry 13402:Kainz, Natalie (2 May 2024). 12993:Baker, Aryn (12 April 2023). 12514:10.1016/j.meatsci.2019.04.004 12329:10.1016/j.meatsci.2018.04.008 12287:10.1016/j.meatsci.2018.02.007 12082:Nature Reviews Bioengineering 9844:"Biotech: The future of food" 9680:Schuller, Jil (8 June 2020). 8881:Vincent West (10 July 2019). 7810:Jonah Mandel (23 June 2021). 7089:. Meatable. 3 December 2021. 6519:10.1016/j.tibtech.2020.02.012 6148:. 6 July 2005. Archived from 6079:Sample, Ian (20 March 2020). 6065:10.1016/S2095-3119(14)60881-9 5156:"Future Food - In Vitro Meat" 4284: 3598:Union of Concerned Scientists 3321: 2875: 2759:700 grams per production run 2370:US$ 1350/kg (Aug 2019 claim) 2283:$ 35/burger (Dec 2020 claim) 2112:March 2023: company shutdown 1709:¥20,000/kg (July 2019 claim) 1479:Cultured Food Innovation Hub 652:European Citizens' Initiative 164:have gained media attention: 85:and address issues regarding 17607:Raising for Effective Giving 17532:Future of Humanity Institute 17190:Non-vegetarian food in India 16908:Countries by meat production 15624:10.1002/0471140864.ps0601s80 14927:Post, Mark (26 March 2015). 13235:Stephens, N (21 July 2018). 12712:10.1371/journal.pone.0221129 10662:San Francisco Business Times 9646:Till Behne (24 April 2021). 9365:San Francisco Business Times 7841:מן, יובל (17 January 2024). 7371:Yves Degroote (8 May 2020). 7232:Purdy, Chase (13 May 2020). 6812:Chang, Lulu (11 July 2016). 6751:Chang, Lulu (11 July 2016). 5985:Frey, Thomas (30 May 2019). 4592:Schonwald, Josh (May 2009). 4258:Cellular agriculture society 3775:Cellular Agriculture Society 3759: 3609:Role of genetic modification 3457:Food and Drug Administration 3058: 3049: 2440:Cellular Agriculture Society 2330:$ 1,700/lb (Feb 2018 claim) 2239:€15,000/kg (May 2020 claim) 2179:$ 3,500/kg (Oct 2020 claim) 1599:$ 7,000/lb (Feb 2018 claim) 837:Food and Drug Administration 757:opened a test restaurant in 7: 17758:Living High and Letting Die 17703:Neglected tropical diseases 16913:Food and drink prohibitions 15741:Zimberoff, Larissa (2021). 15586:MyBioSource Learning Center 15240:"Current Research Projects" 12579:10.1016/j.appet.2019.02.021 12160:Food Quality and Preference 10567:Australian Financial Review 10060:Sally Ho (4 October 2021). 9390:Buxton, Amy (17 May 2022). 8599:Ally Dunne (23 June 2021). 7539:Gijs Vroom (4 March 2020). 6081:"Fish fillets grow in tank" 5561:Jha, Alok (5 August 2013). 4363:10.1016/j.ifset.2009.10.007 4251: 4039:'s 1977 surrealist horror, 3799:Accelerators and incubators 3781: 3732: 3242: 3216: 3188: 2996: 2959: 585:International Space Station 10: 18286: 18056:Technology readiness level 17992:Technological unemployment 17474:Against Malaria Foundation 17367:Quality-adjusted life year 15952: 15542:10.1016/j.tifs.2021.12.028 15150:"The Good Food Conference" 15046:10.1016/j.jafr.2022.100358 14785:"Does meat make the meal?" 14500:Alok Jha (5 August 2013). 13679:10.1007/s11673-023-10254-7 13253:10.1016/j.tifs.2018.04.010 12821:10.1038/d43978-023-00050-7 12094:10.1038/s44222-023-00075-z 11396:10.1038/s41467-021-25236-9 10094:Yu, Doris (24 June 2020). 9525:. Kyodo News. Kyodo News. 8984:interestingengineering.com 6905:Card, Jon (24 July 2017). 6017:WO application 9931222 5613:10.1038/s41538-023-00234-x 5529:10.1038/s41538-022-00172-0 5261:BBC Science Focus Magazine 4827:10.1007/s10640-021-00551-3 4531:Edelman, PD (3 May 2005). 4482:10.1016/j.cofs.2022.100885 4226:exposed to a salt such as 4082:(2009–2010), the episode " 3748:Front. Sustain. Food Syst. 3741: 3640: 3547: 2862: 2504:(Future Meat Technologies) 2204:subsidiary: Peace of Meat) 1611:May 2022 (restaurants and 1431:/chicken (Nov 2020 claim) 1350:€100/kg (July 2019 claim) 858: 619:company Solina, and small 276: 261:as a neutral alternative. 51:where meat is produced by 18074: 18039:Technological singularity 17999:Technological convergence 17917: 17895:Genetically modified food 17885:Closed ecological systems 17865: 17858: 17810:Effective Altruism Global 17802: 17737:The End of Animal Farming 17721: 17630: 17597:Nuclear Threat Initiative 17482:Animal Charity Evaluators 17461: 17385: 17299: 17228: 17126: 17061: 17018: 16970: 16955:Psychology of eating meat 16930: 16895: 16815: 16808: 16559: 16499:Black soldier fly maggots 16484: 16380: 16202: 16082: 15969: 15891: 14859:10.1007/s10943-017-0403-3 12041:10.1007/s13197-015-1972-3 11179:10.1038/s43016-020-0046-5 10321:Chris Dart (4 May 2020). 8191:Eos Wetenschap (magazine) 7341:Eos Wetenschap (magazine) 5225:Rohrheim, A (June 2016). 5201:10.1007/s10677-018-9888-4 4698:Journal of Animal Science 4666:10.1038/s43016-020-0112-z 4633:10.1007/s40898-018-0005-1 4345:Datar, I (January 2010). 4311:10.1007/s40898-018-0005-1 4166:. In the 2020 video game 4103:during the dinner scene, 3476: 3123: 2743:(MeaTech / Peace of Meat) 2737: 2586: 2524: 2339:June 2023: United States 2297:Test restaurant Nov 2020 2033:Q4 2021 (beef flavouring) 1570:June 2023: United States 17765:The Most Good You Can Do 17678:Intensive animal farming 17663:Global catastrophic risk 17537:Future of Life Institute 17028:Beef hormone controversy 15883: 15315:"Star Trek 'Charlie X'". 15154:The Good Food Conference 14817:10.3389/fsufs.2019.00128 14718:21 November 2011 at the 13559:10.2105/AJPH.2015.302870 12126:10.3389/fsufs.2019.00011 11599:10.3389/fcell.2016.00115 11520:10.3389/fsufs.2019.00024 11068:10.3389/fsufs.2019.00038 8439:South China Morning Post 8379:South China Morning Post 6352:. London. Archived from 4807:Treich, Nicolas (2021). 4621:Biomanufacturing Reviews 4299:Biomanufacturing Reviews 4263:List of meat substitutes 4014:La morte ha fatto l'uovo 3689:Religious considerations 2731:scalable to 180,000 kg/y 2307:(formerly Memphis Meats) 1520:(formerly Hampton Creek) 1166:(Feb 2020 goal by 2022) 801:On 2 December 2020, the 702:; and finally we've got 595:Future Meat Technologies 435:The first cultured beef 396:peer-reviewed literature 121:University of Maastricht 65:techniques pioneered in 18265:Sustainable food system 18004:Technological evolution 17977:Exploratory engineering 17567:The Good Food Institute 17317:Demandingness objection 14442:: 13–14. Archived from 14154:25 October 2020 at the 14100:3 December 2008 at the 14077:14 October 2019 at the 13768:"Vertical Farm Essay I" 13766:Despommier, D. (2008). 13599:"Antibiotic resistance" 13459:10.1089/ten.2005.11.659 12230:10.3389/fnut.2019.00103 11690:"Multus | feeding food" 9781:"De race om kweekvlees" 6664:The Wall Street Journal 6576:The Wall Street Journal 6506:Trends in Biotechnology 5876:The Good Food Institute 5845:The Good Food Institute 5702:The Good Food Institute 4559:10.1089/ten.2005.11.659 3770:The Good Food Institute 3645:Australian bioethicist 3441:climate change in Italy 3434:In March 2023, Italy's 3352:The Good Food Institute 2698:200-litre bioreactors; 2076:(New Age Meats 2018–22) 1971:(Feb 2017 goal by 2020) 823:; while Dutch start-up 768:Israeli Health Ministry 288:Thoughts and Adventures 243:The Good Food Institute 237:Between 2016 and 2019, 75:non-profit organization 18014:Technology forecasting 18009:Technological paradigm 17982:Proactionary principle 17793:What We Owe the Future 17622:Wild Animal Initiative 17357:Moral circle expansion 17053:Water holding capacity 14722:at Food Ethics Council 14694:J Agric Environ Ethics 12217:Frontiers in Nutrition 11675:7 October 2016 at the 11303:10.1002/mame.201600365 6146:University of Maryland 4768:10.5851/kosfa.2021.e14 4206: 3755:Continuing development 3445:Francesco Lollobrigida 3301: 3278:additive manufacturing 3273: 3261:Additive manufacturing 3015:Biochemical properties 2969: 2944: 2896: 2872: 2815:Emeryville, California 2642:Emeryville, California 2546:(production facility) 2146:Mid-2021 (restaurants) 1391:aiming for cost-parity 1184:Bene Meat Technologies 835:In November 2022, the 798: 708: 534:pluripotent stem cells 526:Heineken International 480: 472: 234:is occasionally used. 149: 124: 37: 17940:Disruptive innovation 17900:Precision agriculture 17852:Emerging technologies 17751:The Life You Can Save 17713:Wild animal suffering 17038:Feed conversion ratio 16940:Ethics of eating meat 15716:Purdy, Chase (2020). 14670:. 28 September 2018. 14072:A Farm on Every Floor 12000:. 28 September 2020. 11998:foodnavigator-usa.com 11376:Nature Communications 10293:foodnavigator-usa.com 9584:foodnavigator-usa.com 9144:. 19 September 2019. 9142:foodnavigator-usa.com 8956:. 13 September 2021. 8348:foodnavigator-usa.com 8318:foodnavigator-usa.com 7514:Foodservice Footprint 6545:foodnavigator-usa.com 6189:National Public Radio 5816:. 30 September 2018. 5814:foodnavigator-usa.com 5786:. 10 September 2018. 5784:foodnavigator-usa.com 5704:. 27 September 2018. 4204: 4033:The Wing or the Thigh 3637:genetic engineering. 3299: 3268: 2967: 2942: 2894: 2870: 2700:scalable to 500-litre 2613:20+ 1200L bioreactors 2556:1,000 tonnes annually 1943:Maastricht University 1687:IntegriCulture, Inc. 803:Singapore Food Agency 792: 688: 655:End The Slaughter Age 475: 467: 139: 111: 67:regenerative medicine 35: 18245:Cellular agriculture 17987:Technological change 17930:Collingridge dilemma 17880:Cellular agriculture 17377:Venture philanthropy 17091:Environmental impact 13796:. 18 December 2018. 13212:. 17 November 2023. 11668:I. Datar, M. Betti, 10599:. 28 February 2023. 9321:. 16 February 2018. 8731:. 28 November 2019. 8411:. 25 November 2019. 8258:. 22 November 2019. 8256:www.businesswire.com 8228:. 17 February 2022. 7454:. 30 November 2020. 6331:on 15 November 2009. 5760:on 16 September 2018 5674:. 6 September 2016. 4434:Agricultural Reviews 4002:Lois McMaster Bujold 3840:improve this article 3619:genetically modified 3415:Red to Green Podcast 3076:University of Ottawa 2979:extracellular matrix 2901:embryonic stem cells 2436:ProVeg International 889:improve this article 717:European Union entry 460:Industry development 290:, British statesman 119:by Mark Post of the 117:World Economic Forum 73:, the world's first 49:cellular agriculture 18044:Technology scouting 18019:Accelerating change 17612:Sentience Institute 15412:The Huffington Post 15387:on 25 February 2014 14902:"But Is It Kosher?" 14787:. 5 September 2016. 14668:UK Business Insider 14449:on 12 November 2013 14374:Sandhana, Lakshmi. 14337:2009SciAm.301e..80D 14325:Scientific American 14321:Despommier, Dickson 14309:. pp. 449–450. 14186:2011EnST...45.6117T 14044:2011EnST...45.6117T 13743:. 20 January 2021. 13518:. 14 January 2021. 13029:Il Fatto Alimentare 12703:2019PLoSO..1421129V 12461:10.3390/ani10040656 11970:. 22 January 2021. 11940:. 14 October 2020. 11644:www.futurefields.io 11388:2021NatCo..12.5059K 10762:The Times of Israel 10542:on 24 November 2020 10502:Wall Street Journal 9913:. 25 October 2019. 8858:. 7 December 2021. 8791:. 12 October 2020. 8761:. 12 October 2020. 8471:. 28 January 2021. 7516:. 2 November 2023. 7119:. 7 December 2021. 6998:Shieber, Jonathan. 6880:The Times of Israel 6249:(20 January 2007). 6056:2015JIAgr..14..222K 5956:"Test-Tube Burgers" 5906:26 May 2022 at the 5599:npj Science of Food 5515:npj Science of Food 5323:The Huffington Post 5103:. 29 January 2021. 4711:10.1093/jas/skaa172 4066:The Next Generation 4028:L'aile ou la cuisse 3901:The Space Merchants 3655:vegetarian because 3615:genetic engineering 3491:omega-3 fatty acids 3449:European Commission 3404:Consumer acceptance 2582:(R&D facility) 2432:Good Food Institute 2192:(March 2020 claim) 1801:2025: United States 831:United States entry 648:European Commission 213:Good Food Institute 123:about in vitro meat 115:, a lecture at the 113:The Meat Revolution 18061:Technology roadmap 17875:Agricultural robot 17693:Malaria prevention 17653:Economic stability 17638:Biotechnology risk 17592:Malaria Consortium 17557:Giving What We Can 17527:Fistula Foundation 17312:Charity assessment 17293:Effective altruism 17215:Warmed-over flavor 16983:Semi-vegetarianism 15104:on 9 February 2017 14542:The New York Times 14481:on 3 February 2014 14406:"Patent US6835390" 14083:The New York Times 13437:Tissue Engineering 13376:Robledo, Anthony. 12645:10.3390/nu11081904 11910:. 28 August 2020. 11474:. 25 August 2021. 11448:on 1 November 2020 11347:on 19 October 2020 10628:The New York Times 9852:. 27 August 2020. 9586:. 10 August 2020. 8986:. 1 October 2021. 6411:The New York Times 6299:on 22 January 2010 6263:on 2 November 2011 6220:. 6 October 2008. 5388:The New York Times 5237:on 1 December 2018 5231:Sentience Politics 4961:Xinhua News Agency 4885:10.1093/af/vfac002 4537:Tissue Engineering 4447:10.18805/ag.R-2333 4270:(meat alternative) 4207: 4125:on 17 March 2009. 4122:The Colbert Report 3934:Jean-Marc Rochette 3812:In popular culture 3674:Shojinmeat Project 3657:fetal bovine serum 3603:Dickson Despommier 3302: 3274: 3213:to certain cells. 3171:glycosaminoglycans 2970: 2945: 2919:cap—supplementary 2897: 2873: 2774:Constructing plant 2756:2 labs March 2020 2626:Constructing plant 2246:Constructing; 2022 2202:(formerly MeaTech; 1720:(July 2020 claim) 1508:(Sept 2021 claim) 799: 753:In November 2020, 629:Flemish Government 542:fetal bovine serum 473: 440:House Restaurant, 431:First public trial 150: 125: 63:tissue engineering 38: 18270:Synthetic biology 18094: 18093: 17913: 17912: 17818: 17817: 17730:Doing Good Better 17602:Open Philanthropy 17582:Mercy for Animals 17577:The Humane League 17453:Eliezer Yudkowsky 17418:William MacAskill 17393:Sam Bankman-Fried 17307:Aid effectiveness 17259: 17258: 16926: 16925: 15846:978-3-031-55968-6 15822:978-0-443-18767-4 15798:978-1-003-41209-0 15778:978-1-59056-697-8 15758:978-1-4197-4709-0 15733:978-0-525-53694-9 15708:978-0-520-29553-7 15683:978-1-5011-8908-1 15506:Dorothy Woodend, 15487:www.spoilertv.com 15469:Los Angeles Times 14959:foodnavigator.com 14382:on 19 August 2013 14194:10.1021/es200130u 14180:(14): 6117–6123. 14052:10.1021/es200130u 14038:(14): 6117–6123, 13925:978-0-8247-7922-1 13741:foodnavigator.com 13722:10.4141/cjas07081 13635:. 29 April 2019. 13553:(12): 2409–2410. 13180:MF Milano Finanza 12900:. 29 March 2023. 12035:(12): 7599–7607. 11001:stemcell.ucla.edu 10687:Gülsöken, Deniz. 10164:Los Angeles Times 10130:seafoodsource.com 10006:. 23 March 2023. 9173:Joint ventrue of 9082:Financial Express 8887:Irish Independent 8819:Undercurrent News 8019:foodnavigator.com 7621:foodnavigator.com 6382:. 5 August 2013. 6356:on 6 January 2010 6144:(Press release). 5483:FoodNavigator-USA 5162:. November 2018. 5077:. 26 April 2021. 4510:10.1002/jsfa.6474 4188:Related processes 4086:" features Phil ( 4019:Death Laid an Egg 3872: 3871: 3864: 3562:methane digesters 3436:Meloni government 3159:bacteria such as 2860: 2859: 2811: 2744: 2739:Steakholder Foods 2679: 2593: 2535: 2505: 2424: 2423: 2384:(Feb 2023 claim) 2382:2024: AU & NZ 2308: 2254:(Dec 2019 claim) 2248:(May 2021 claim) 2205: 2198:Steakholder Foods 2148:(May 2020 claim) 2077: 2035:(Oct 2020 claim) 2027:(Aug 2020 claim) 1995:(Feb 2020 claim) 1946: 1803:(Apr 2024 claim) 1547:(Jan 2020 claim) 1521: 1441:(May 2019 claim) 1361:(Dec 2021 claim) 1328: 1178:(Oct 2019 claim) 1141: 1130:(Aug 2021 claim) 921: 920: 913: 763:COVID-19 pandemic 292:Winston Churchill 241:gained traction. 137: 109: 16:(Redirected from 18277: 18260:Meat substitutes 18207: 18206: 18195: 18194: 18183: 18182: 18171: 18170: 18159: 18158: 18157: 18147: 18146: 18145: 18135: 18134: 18123: 18122: 18111: 18110: 18109: 18102: 18082: 18081: 18029:Horizon scanning 17945:Ephemeralization 17905:Vertical farming 17863: 17862: 17845: 17838: 17831: 17822: 17821: 17772:Practical Ethics 17423:Dustin Moskovitz 17413:Holden Karnofsky 17352:Marginal utility 17286: 17279: 17272: 17263: 17262: 17248: 17247: 17238: 17237: 17210:Roadkill cuisine 17005:Meat alternative 17000:Plant-based diet 16918:Meat substitutes 16813: 16812: 15964: 15958: 15878: 15871: 15864: 15855: 15854: 15850: 15826: 15802: 15782: 15762: 15737: 15712: 15687: 15654: 15653: 15643: 15618:: 6.1.1–6.1.35. 15603: 15597: 15596: 15594: 15592: 15578: 15572: 15571: 15569: 15567: 15562:. 16 August 2016 15552: 15546: 15545: 15523: 15517: 15504: 15498: 15497: 15495: 15493: 15479: 15473: 15472: 15460: 15454: 15453: 15441: 15435: 15434: 15422: 15416: 15415: 15403: 15397: 15396: 15394: 15392: 15383:. Archived from 15373: 15367: 15366: 15364: 15362: 15347: 15341: 15340: 15339: 15337: 15332:, Better Off Ted 15323: 15317: 15316: 15312: 15306: 15305: 15303: 15301: 15287: 15281: 15280: 15278: 15276: 15261: 15255: 15254: 15252: 15250: 15236: 15219: 15218: 15216: 15214: 15198: 15192: 15191: 15189: 15187: 15171: 15165: 15164: 15162: 15160: 15146: 15140: 15139: 15137: 15135: 15120: 15114: 15113: 15111: 15109: 15100:. Archived from 15090: 15084: 15083: 15081: 15079: 15064: 15058: 15057: 15029: 15023: 15022: 15020: 15018: 15003: 14997: 14996: 14994: 14992: 14977: 14971: 14970: 14968: 14966: 14950: 14944: 14943: 14941: 14939: 14924: 14918: 14917: 14915: 14913: 14898: 14887: 14886: 14853:(6): 2193–2206. 14842: 14836: 14835: 14828: 14822: 14821: 14819: 14795: 14789: 14788: 14781: 14775: 14774: 14772: 14770: 14755: 14749: 14748: 14746: 14744: 14739:on 5 August 2013 14735:. Archived from 14729: 14723: 14707: 14701: 14690: 14684: 14683: 14681: 14679: 14660: 14654: 14653: 14651: 14649: 14629: 14623: 14622: 14620: 14618: 14598: 14592: 14591: 14589: 14587: 14565: 14559: 14558: 14556: 14554: 14528: 14522: 14521: 14519: 14517: 14497: 14491: 14490: 14488: 14486: 14476: 14465: 14459: 14458: 14456: 14454: 14448: 14437: 14428: 14422: 14421: 14419: 14417: 14401: 14392: 14391: 14389: 14387: 14378:. Archived from 14371: 14365: 14364: 14317: 14311: 14310: 14302: 14293: 14292: 14274: 14265:(Pt 3): 160014. 14249: 14243: 14242: 14240: 14238: 14219: 14213: 14212: 14210: 14208: 14165: 14159: 14146: 14140: 14139: 14138: 14136: 14115:Specter, Michael 14111: 14105: 14092: 14086: 14085:, 23 August 2009 14069: 14063: 14062: 14028:Tuomisto, Hannah 14024: 14018: 14017: 14015: 14013: 13993: 13987: 13986: 13984: 13982: 13966: 13960: 13959: 13957: 13955: 13936: 13930: 13929: 13907: 13901: 13900: 13898: 13896: 13876: 13870: 13869: 13867: 13865: 13856:. 27 June 2015. 13847: 13841: 13840: 13838: 13836: 13816: 13810: 13809: 13807: 13805: 13790: 13784: 13783: 13781: 13779: 13763: 13757: 13756: 13754: 13752: 13733: 13727: 13726: 13724: 13700: 13694: 13693: 13691: 13681: 13655: 13649: 13648: 13646: 13644: 13625: 13619: 13618: 13616: 13614: 13595: 13589: 13588: 13578: 13538: 13532: 13531: 13529: 13527: 13508: 13502: 13501: 13499: 13497: 13477: 13471: 13470: 13452: 13443:(5–6): 659–662. 13432: 13426: 13425: 13423: 13421: 13399: 13393: 13392: 13390: 13388: 13373: 13367: 13366: 13364: 13362: 13341: 13335: 13334: 13332: 13330: 13311: 13305: 13304: 13302: 13300: 13281: 13275: 13274: 13264: 13232: 13226: 13225: 13223: 13221: 13202: 13196: 13195: 13193: 13191: 13172: 13166: 13165: 13163: 13161: 13142: 13136: 13135: 13133: 13131: 13111: 13105: 13104: 13102: 13100: 13081: 13075: 13074: 13072: 13070: 13051: 13045: 13044: 13042: 13040: 13021: 13015: 13014: 13012: 13010: 12990: 12984: 12983: 12981: 12979: 12951: 12945: 12944: 12942: 12940: 12929:The Conversation 12920: 12914: 12913: 12911: 12909: 12890: 12884: 12883: 12881: 12879: 12851: 12845: 12844: 12842: 12840: 12804: 12798: 12797: 12795: 12793: 12773: 12767: 12766: 12764: 12757: 12749: 12743: 12742: 12732: 12714: 12682: 12676: 12675: 12665: 12647: 12623: 12614: 12613: 12611: 12609: 12603: 12564: 12555: 12549: 12548: 12546: 12544: 12538: 12499: 12490: 12484: 12483: 12473: 12463: 12437: 12431: 12430: 12428: 12426: 12420: 12412:Labels Unwrapped 12409: 12400: 12391: 12390: 12389: 12387: 12370: 12364: 12363: 12361: 12359: 12353: 12314: 12305: 12299: 12298: 12270: 12261: 12260: 12250: 12232: 12208: 12199: 12198: 12196: 12194: 12188: 12157: 12148: 12139: 12138: 12128: 12104: 12098: 12097: 12077: 12071: 12070: 12060: 12020: 12014: 12013: 12011: 12009: 11990: 11984: 11983: 11981: 11979: 11960: 11954: 11953: 11951: 11949: 11930: 11924: 11923: 11921: 11919: 11900: 11894: 11893: 11891: 11889: 11870: 11864: 11863: 11861: 11859: 11840: 11834: 11833: 11831: 11829: 11818:A Bit of Science 11810: 11801: 11800: 11798: 11796: 11776: 11770: 11769: 11767: 11765: 11746: 11740: 11739: 11737: 11735: 11716: 11710: 11709: 11707: 11705: 11686: 11680: 11666: 11660: 11659: 11657: 11655: 11636: 11630: 11629: 11619: 11601: 11577: 11571: 11570: 11568: 11566: 11547: 11541: 11540: 11522: 11499:Kaplan, David L. 11494: 11488: 11487: 11485: 11483: 11464: 11458: 11457: 11455: 11453: 11444:. Archived from 11432: 11426: 11425: 11415: 11366: 11357: 11356: 11354: 11352: 11343:. Archived from 11333: 11327: 11326: 11324: 11322: 11282: 11273: 11272: 11270: 11268: 11257:"Cass Materials" 11253: 11244: 11243: 11241: 11239: 11224:"Atlast Food Co" 11220: 11211: 11210: 11208: 11206: 11158: 11147: 11146: 11136: 11100: 11089: 11088: 11070: 11046: 11017: 11016: 11014: 11012: 10993: 10984: 10983: 10981: 10979: 10960: 10951: 10950: 10948: 10946: 10926: 10920: 10919: 10917: 10915: 10895: 10889: 10888: 10886: 10884: 10864: 10853: 10852: 10850: 10848: 10828: 10822: 10821: 10819: 10817: 10797: 10778: 10777: 10775: 10773: 10753: 10740: 10739: 10737: 10735: 10715: 10709: 10708: 10706: 10704: 10684: 10678: 10677: 10675: 10673: 10653: 10644: 10643: 10641: 10639: 10619: 10613: 10612: 10610: 10608: 10589: 10583: 10582: 10580: 10578: 10558: 10552: 10551: 10549: 10547: 10538:. Archived from 10527: 10518: 10517: 10515: 10513: 10493: 10487: 10486: 10484: 10482: 10460: 10454: 10453: 10451: 10449: 10429: 10418: 10417: 10415: 10413: 10402:LabX Media Group 10389: 10376: 10375: 10373: 10371: 10351: 10345: 10344: 10342: 10340: 10318: 10309: 10308: 10306: 10304: 10295:. 19 July 2016. 10285: 10279: 10278: 10276: 10274: 10255: 10246: 10245: 10243: 10241: 10221: 10215: 10214: 10212: 10210: 10190: 10184: 10183: 10177: 10175: 10155: 10146: 10145: 10143: 10141: 10122: 10116: 10115: 10113: 10111: 10091: 10082: 10081: 10079: 10077: 10057: 10051: 10050: 10048: 10046: 10035:Business Insider 10026: 10020: 10019: 10017: 10015: 9996: 9987: 9986: 9984: 9982: 9973:. 30 July 2020. 9963: 9957: 9956: 9954: 9952: 9943:. 28 June 2022. 9933: 9927: 9926: 9924: 9922: 9903: 9897: 9896: 9894: 9892: 9872: 9866: 9865: 9863: 9861: 9840: 9834: 9833: 9831: 9829: 9809: 9803: 9802: 9800: 9798: 9776: 9770: 9769: 9767: 9765: 9756:. 23 July 2020. 9746: 9735: 9734: 9732: 9730: 9708: 9702: 9701: 9699: 9697: 9677: 9668: 9667: 9665: 9663: 9652:Algemeen Dagblad 9643: 9634: 9633: 9631: 9629: 9609: 9600: 9599: 9597: 9595: 9576: 9570: 9569: 9567: 9565: 9545: 9539: 9538: 9536: 9534: 9518: 9512: 9511: 9509: 9507: 9496:Yahoo Finance UK 9487: 9481: 9480: 9478: 9476: 9456: 9450: 9449: 9447: 9445: 9417: 9411: 9410: 9408: 9406: 9387: 9381: 9380: 9378: 9376: 9356: 9335: 9334: 9332: 9330: 9311: 9302: 9301: 9299: 9297: 9275: 9269: 9268: 9266: 9264: 9245: 9239: 9238: 9236: 9234: 9214: 9208: 9207: 9205: 9203: 9192:Luzerner Zeitung 9171: 9158: 9157: 9155: 9153: 9134: 9128: 9127: 9125: 9123: 9104: 9098: 9097: 9095: 9093: 9073: 9062: 9061: 9059: 9057: 9037: 9031: 9030: 9028: 9026: 9006: 9000: 8999: 8997: 8995: 8976: 8970: 8969: 8967: 8965: 8946: 8940: 8939: 8934: 8932: 8912: 8903: 8902: 8900: 8898: 8878: 8872: 8871: 8869: 8867: 8848: 8835: 8834: 8832: 8830: 8811: 8805: 8804: 8802: 8800: 8781: 8775: 8774: 8772: 8770: 8751: 8745: 8744: 8742: 8740: 8721: 8715: 8714: 8712: 8710: 8691: 8685: 8684: 8682: 8680: 8660: 8654: 8653: 8651: 8649: 8627: 8621: 8620: 8618: 8616: 8596: 8587: 8586: 8584: 8582: 8560: 8554: 8553: 8551: 8549: 8529: 8523: 8522: 8520: 8518: 8509:. Archived from 8499: 8493: 8492: 8490: 8488: 8461: 8455: 8454: 8452: 8450: 8431: 8425: 8424: 8422: 8420: 8401: 8395: 8394: 8392: 8390: 8370: 8364: 8363: 8361: 8359: 8350:. 28 July 2020. 8340: 8334: 8333: 8331: 8329: 8309: 8303: 8302: 8300: 8298: 8278: 8272: 8271: 8269: 8267: 8248: 8242: 8241: 8239: 8237: 8218: 8207: 8206: 8204: 8202: 8182: 8176: 8175: 8173: 8171: 8152: 8135: 8134: 8132: 8130: 8110: 8097: 8096: 8094: 8092: 8071: 8065: 8064: 8062: 8060: 8041: 8035: 8034: 8032: 8030: 8010: 7993: 7992: 7990: 7988: 7968: 7962: 7961: 7959: 7957: 7937: 7931: 7930: 7928: 7926: 7906: 7897: 7896: 7894: 7892: 7872: 7863: 7862: 7860: 7858: 7838: 7832: 7831: 7829: 7827: 7807: 7790: 7789: 7787: 7785: 7765: 7752: 7751: 7749: 7747: 7727: 7702: 7701: 7699: 7697: 7677: 7668: 7667: 7665: 7663: 7643: 7637: 7636: 7634: 7632: 7612: 7597: 7596: 7594: 7592: 7572: 7561: 7560: 7558: 7556: 7536: 7530: 7529: 7527: 7525: 7506: 7500: 7499: 7497: 7495: 7474: 7468: 7467: 7465: 7463: 7444: 7435: 7434: 7432: 7430: 7408: 7395: 7394: 7392: 7390: 7368: 7357: 7356: 7354: 7352: 7332: 7317: 7316: 7314: 7312: 7303:. 25 June 2020. 7293: 7287: 7286: 7284: 7282: 7263: 7254: 7253: 7251: 7249: 7229: 7223: 7222: 7220: 7218: 7198: 7187: 7186: 7184: 7182: 7170: 7164: 7163: 7161: 7159: 7139: 7133: 7132: 7130: 7128: 7109: 7103: 7102: 7100: 7098: 7079: 7073: 7072: 7070: 7068: 7048: 7042: 7041: 7039: 7037: 7022: 7016: 7015: 7013: 7011: 6995: 6989: 6988: 6986: 6984: 6973:Business Insider 6964: 6958: 6957: 6955: 6953: 6933: 6927: 6926: 6924: 6922: 6902: 6896: 6895: 6893: 6891: 6871: 6865: 6864: 6862: 6860: 6840: 6834: 6833: 6831: 6829: 6824:on 9 August 2016 6820:. Archived from 6809: 6803: 6802: 6800: 6798: 6789:. 12 July 2016. 6779: 6773: 6772: 6770: 6768: 6748: 6742: 6741: 6739: 6737: 6720:Kooser, Amanda. 6717: 6711: 6710: 6708: 6706: 6686: 6680: 6679: 6677: 6675: 6655: 6649: 6648: 6646: 6644: 6624: 6618: 6617: 6615: 6613: 6598: 6592: 6591: 6589: 6587: 6567: 6561: 6560: 6558: 6556: 6537: 6531: 6530: 6500: 6494: 6493: 6491: 6489: 6470: 6461: 6460: 6458: 6456: 6436: 6427: 6426: 6424: 6422: 6402: 6396: 6395: 6393: 6391: 6372: 6366: 6365: 6363: 6361: 6349:The Sunday Times 6339: 6333: 6332: 6315: 6309: 6308: 6306: 6304: 6295:. Archived from 6282: 6273: 6272: 6270: 6268: 6259:. Archived from 6243: 6234: 6233: 6231: 6229: 6210: 6204: 6203: 6202: 6200: 6173: 6162: 6161: 6159: 6157: 6138: 6132: 6131: 6129: 6127: 6116:Cabinet Magazine 6107: 6101: 6100: 6098: 6096: 6076: 6070: 6069: 6067: 6035: 6026: 6025: 6024: 6020: 6013: 6007: 6006: 6004: 6002: 5991:Futurist Speaker 5982: 5976: 5975: 5973: 5971: 5951: 5945: 5944: 5942: 5940: 5920: 5914: 5898: 5892: 5891: 5889: 5887: 5867: 5861: 5860: 5858: 5856: 5836: 5830: 5829: 5827: 5825: 5806: 5800: 5799: 5797: 5795: 5776: 5770: 5769: 5767: 5765: 5750: 5744: 5743: 5741: 5739: 5724: 5718: 5717: 5715: 5713: 5694: 5688: 5687: 5685: 5683: 5668: 5662: 5661: 5659: 5657: 5642: 5636: 5635: 5625: 5615: 5589: 5583: 5582: 5580: 5578: 5558: 5552: 5551: 5541: 5531: 5505: 5499: 5498: 5496: 5494: 5474: 5465: 5464: 5462: 5460: 5440: 5434: 5433: 5431: 5429: 5410: 5404: 5403: 5401: 5399: 5379: 5373: 5372: 5370: 5368: 5348: 5339: 5338: 5336: 5334: 5314: 5308: 5307: 5305: 5303: 5283: 5277: 5276: 5274: 5272: 5253: 5247: 5246: 5244: 5242: 5233:. Archived from 5222: 5213: 5212: 5182: 5176: 5175: 5173: 5171: 5152: 5143: 5142: 5140: 5138: 5123: 5117: 5116: 5114: 5112: 5097: 5091: 5090: 5088: 5086: 5071: 5065: 5064: 5062: 5060: 5045: 5039: 5038: 5036: 5034: 5014: 5008: 5007: 5005: 5003: 4983: 4977: 4976: 4974: 4972: 4952: 4946: 4945: 4914: 4908: 4907: 4897: 4887: 4872:Animal Frontiers 4863: 4857: 4856: 4846: 4804: 4798: 4797: 4787: 4747: 4741: 4740: 4730: 4688: 4682: 4681: 4679: 4677: 4643: 4637: 4636: 4616: 4610: 4609: 4607: 4605: 4589: 4583: 4582: 4580: 4578: 4552: 4543:(5–6): 659–662. 4528: 4522: 4521: 4504:(6): 1039–1041. 4493: 4487: 4486: 4484: 4458: 4452: 4451: 4449: 4425: 4419: 4418: 4416: 4414: 4392: 4379: 4378: 4376: 4374: 4342: 4323: 4322: 4294: 4228:calcium chloride 3867: 3860: 3856: 3853: 3847: 3824: 3816: 3682:Environmentalist 3647:Julian Savulescu 3509:vertical farming 3388:Research support 2819:4 November 2021 2809: 2742: 2673: 2591: 2529: 2503: 2453: 2452: 2404: 2402: 2401: 2359: 2357: 2356: 2336:4 November 2021 2321: 2319: 2318: 2306: 2295:(May 2020 claim) 2274: 2272: 2271: 2230: 2228: 2227: 2218: 2216: 2215: 2201: 2166: 2164: 2163: 2130: 2128: 2127: 2092: 2090: 2089: 2075: 2053: 2051: 2050: 2013: 2011: 2010: 2000:Motif FoodWorks 1959: 1957: 1956: 1940: 1917: 1915: 1914: 1883: 1881: 1880: 1847: 1845: 1844: 1821: 1819: 1818: 1777: 1775: 1774: 1740: 1738: 1737: 1700: 1698: 1697: 1666: 1664: 1663: 1633: 1631: 1630: 1590: 1588: 1587: 1534: 1532: 1531: 1519: 1492: 1490: 1489: 1459: 1457: 1456: 1418: 1416: 1415: 1379: 1377: 1376: 1341: 1339: 1338: 1322: 1298: 1296: 1295: 1263: 1261: 1260: 1231: 1229: 1228: 1198: 1196: 1195: 1154: 1152: 1151: 1139: 1111: 1109: 1108: 1098:Because Animals 1077: 1075: 1074: 1044: 1042: 1041: 1012: 1010: 1009: 976: 974: 973: 945:Proof of concept 926: 925: 916: 909: 905: 902: 896: 873: 865: 712: 635:. In late 2020, 484: 411:Dutch government 398:on the subject. 346: 345: 341: 307:Second World War 299:Willem van Eelen 282:Initial research 207:, cultural, and 138: 110: 43:, also known as 21: 18285: 18284: 18280: 18279: 18278: 18276: 18275: 18274: 18215: 18214: 18213: 18201: 18189: 18177: 18165: 18155: 18153: 18143: 18141: 18129: 18117: 18107: 18105: 18097: 18095: 18090: 18070: 17909: 17854: 17849: 17819: 17814: 17798: 17717: 17683:Land use reform 17626: 17542:Founders Pledge 17517:Evidence Action 17457: 17381: 17337:Earning to give 17295: 17290: 17260: 17255: 17240:Food portal 17232: 17224: 17146:Case-ready meat 17128: 17122: 17096:Factory farming 17057: 17014: 16966: 16932: 16922: 16891: 16804: 16561: 16555: 16480: 16385: 16376: 16198: 16078: 16049:Lamb and mutton 15965: 15959: 15950: 15887: 15882: 15847: 15829: 15823: 15805: 15799: 15785: 15779: 15765: 15759: 15734: 15709: 15684: 15662: 15660:Further reading 15657: 15604: 15600: 15590: 15588: 15580: 15579: 15575: 15565: 15563: 15554: 15553: 15549: 15524: 15520: 15516:, May 15, 2020. 15505: 15501: 15491: 15489: 15481: 15480: 15476: 15461: 15457: 15442: 15438: 15423: 15419: 15404: 15400: 15390: 15388: 15375: 15374: 15370: 15360: 15358: 15357:on 9 March 2016 15349: 15348: 15344: 15335: 15333: 15324: 15320: 15314: 15313: 15309: 15299: 15297: 15289: 15288: 15284: 15274: 15272: 15262: 15258: 15248: 15246: 15238: 15237: 15222: 15212: 15210: 15200: 15199: 15195: 15185: 15183: 15173: 15172: 15168: 15158: 15156: 15148: 15147: 15143: 15133: 15131: 15121: 15117: 15107: 15105: 15092: 15091: 15087: 15077: 15075: 15074:. 19 March 2019 15066: 15065: 15061: 15030: 15026: 15016: 15014: 15005: 15004: 15000: 14990: 14988: 14978: 14974: 14964: 14962: 14951: 14947: 14937: 14935: 14925: 14921: 14911: 14909: 14908:. 9 August 2013 14900: 14899: 14890: 14843: 14839: 14834:. 27 July 2023. 14830: 14829: 14825: 14796: 14792: 14783: 14782: 14778: 14768: 14766: 14765:. 16 April 2018 14757: 14756: 14752: 14742: 14740: 14731: 14730: 14726: 14720:Wayback Machine 14708: 14704: 14691: 14687: 14677: 14675: 14662: 14661: 14657: 14647: 14645: 14638:The Daily Beast 14630: 14626: 14616: 14614: 14599: 14595: 14585: 14583: 14566: 14562: 14552: 14550: 14529: 14525: 14515: 14513: 14498: 14494: 14484: 14482: 14474: 14466: 14462: 14452: 14450: 14446: 14435: 14429: 14425: 14415: 14413: 14402: 14395: 14385: 14383: 14372: 14368: 14318: 14314: 14303: 14296: 14250: 14246: 14236: 14234: 14221: 14220: 14216: 14206: 14204: 14166: 14162: 14156:Wayback Machine 14147: 14143: 14134: 14132: 14117:(23 May 2011), 14112: 14108: 14102:Wayback Machine 14093: 14089: 14079:Wayback Machine 14070: 14066: 14025: 14021: 14011: 14009: 13994: 13990: 13980: 13978: 13967: 13963: 13953: 13951: 13938: 13937: 13933: 13926: 13918:. p. 236. 13908: 13904: 13894: 13892: 13877: 13873: 13863: 13861: 13849: 13848: 13844: 13834: 13832: 13817: 13813: 13803: 13801: 13792: 13791: 13787: 13777: 13775: 13764: 13760: 13750: 13748: 13735: 13734: 13730: 13701: 13697: 13656: 13652: 13642: 13640: 13627: 13626: 13622: 13612: 13610: 13597: 13596: 13592: 13539: 13535: 13525: 13523: 13510: 13509: 13505: 13495: 13493: 13478: 13474: 13433: 13429: 13419: 13417: 13400: 13396: 13386: 13384: 13374: 13370: 13360: 13358: 13342: 13338: 13328: 13326: 13313: 13312: 13308: 13298: 13296: 13283: 13282: 13278: 13233: 13229: 13219: 13217: 13204: 13203: 13199: 13189: 13187: 13174: 13173: 13169: 13159: 13157: 13144: 13143: 13139: 13129: 13127: 13112: 13108: 13098: 13096: 13083: 13082: 13078: 13068: 13066: 13053: 13052: 13048: 13038: 13036: 13023: 13022: 13018: 13008: 13006: 12991: 12987: 12977: 12975: 12952: 12948: 12938: 12936: 12921: 12917: 12907: 12905: 12892: 12891: 12887: 12877: 12875: 12852: 12848: 12838: 12836: 12805: 12801: 12791: 12789: 12774: 12770: 12762: 12755: 12751: 12750: 12746: 12697:(8): e0221129. 12683: 12679: 12624: 12617: 12607: 12605: 12601: 12562: 12556: 12552: 12542: 12540: 12536: 12497: 12491: 12487: 12438: 12434: 12424: 12422: 12418: 12407: 12401: 12394: 12385: 12383: 12378:, 26 May 2021, 12372: 12371: 12367: 12357: 12355: 12351: 12312: 12306: 12302: 12271: 12264: 12209: 12202: 12192: 12190: 12186: 12155: 12149: 12142: 12105: 12101: 12088:(11): 791–792. 12078: 12074: 12021: 12017: 12007: 12005: 11992: 11991: 11987: 11977: 11975: 11962: 11961: 11957: 11947: 11945: 11932: 11931: 11927: 11917: 11915: 11902: 11901: 11897: 11887: 11885: 11878:Iceland Monitor 11872: 11871: 11867: 11857: 11855: 11842: 11841: 11837: 11827: 11825: 11812: 11811: 11804: 11794: 11792: 11777: 11773: 11763: 11761: 11748: 11747: 11743: 11733: 11731: 11718: 11717: 11713: 11703: 11701: 11688: 11687: 11683: 11677:Wayback Machine 11667: 11663: 11653: 11651: 11638: 11637: 11633: 11578: 11574: 11564: 11562: 11549: 11548: 11544: 11495: 11491: 11481: 11479: 11466: 11465: 11461: 11451: 11449: 11434: 11433: 11429: 11367: 11360: 11350: 11348: 11335: 11334: 11330: 11320: 11318: 11283: 11276: 11266: 11264: 11255: 11254: 11247: 11237: 11235: 11222: 11221: 11214: 11204: 11202: 11159: 11150: 11101: 11092: 11047: 11020: 11010: 11008: 10995: 10994: 10987: 10977: 10975: 10962: 10961: 10954: 10944: 10942: 10927: 10923: 10913: 10911: 10896: 10892: 10882: 10880: 10865: 10856: 10846: 10844: 10829: 10825: 10815: 10813: 10798: 10781: 10771: 10769: 10754: 10743: 10733: 10731: 10716: 10712: 10702: 10700: 10685: 10681: 10671: 10669: 10654: 10647: 10637: 10635: 10620: 10616: 10606: 10604: 10591: 10590: 10586: 10576: 10574: 10559: 10555: 10545: 10543: 10528: 10521: 10511: 10509: 10494: 10490: 10480: 10478: 10461: 10457: 10447: 10445: 10430: 10421: 10411: 10409: 10390: 10379: 10369: 10367: 10352: 10348: 10338: 10336: 10319: 10312: 10302: 10300: 10287: 10286: 10282: 10272: 10270: 10269:on 5 April 2023 10257: 10256: 10249: 10239: 10237: 10222: 10218: 10208: 10206: 10191: 10187: 10173: 10171: 10156: 10149: 10139: 10137: 10124: 10123: 10119: 10109: 10107: 10092: 10085: 10075: 10073: 10058: 10054: 10044: 10042: 10027: 10023: 10013: 10011: 9998: 9997: 9990: 9980: 9978: 9965: 9964: 9960: 9950: 9948: 9935: 9934: 9930: 9920: 9918: 9905: 9904: 9900: 9890: 9888: 9873: 9869: 9859: 9857: 9842: 9841: 9837: 9827: 9825: 9810: 9806: 9796: 9794: 9786:NRC Handelsblad 9777: 9773: 9763: 9761: 9748: 9747: 9738: 9728: 9726: 9709: 9705: 9695: 9693: 9678: 9671: 9661: 9659: 9644: 9637: 9627: 9625: 9610: 9603: 9593: 9591: 9578: 9577: 9573: 9563: 9561: 9546: 9542: 9532: 9530: 9519: 9515: 9505: 9503: 9488: 9484: 9474: 9472: 9457: 9453: 9443: 9441: 9418: 9414: 9404: 9402: 9388: 9384: 9374: 9372: 9357: 9338: 9328: 9326: 9313: 9312: 9305: 9295: 9293: 9276: 9272: 9262: 9260: 9247: 9246: 9242: 9232: 9230: 9215: 9211: 9201: 9199: 9186: 9172: 9161: 9151: 9149: 9136: 9135: 9131: 9121: 9119: 9106: 9105: 9101: 9091: 9089: 9074: 9065: 9055: 9053: 9038: 9034: 9024: 9022: 9007: 9003: 8993: 8991: 8978: 8977: 8973: 8963: 8961: 8948: 8947: 8943: 8930: 8928: 8913: 8906: 8896: 8894: 8879: 8875: 8865: 8863: 8850: 8849: 8838: 8828: 8826: 8813: 8812: 8808: 8798: 8796: 8783: 8782: 8778: 8768: 8766: 8753: 8752: 8748: 8738: 8736: 8723: 8722: 8718: 8708: 8706: 8693: 8692: 8688: 8678: 8676: 8661: 8657: 8647: 8645: 8628: 8624: 8614: 8612: 8597: 8590: 8580: 8578: 8561: 8557: 8547: 8545: 8530: 8526: 8516: 8514: 8507:Because Animals 8501: 8500: 8496: 8486: 8484: 8463: 8462: 8458: 8448: 8446: 8433: 8432: 8428: 8418: 8416: 8403: 8402: 8398: 8388: 8386: 8371: 8367: 8357: 8355: 8342: 8341: 8337: 8327: 8325: 8310: 8306: 8296: 8294: 8279: 8275: 8265: 8263: 8250: 8249: 8245: 8235: 8233: 8220: 8219: 8210: 8200: 8198: 8183: 8179: 8169: 8167: 8162:. 10 May 2020. 8154: 8153: 8138: 8128: 8126: 8111: 8100: 8090: 8088: 8073: 8072: 8068: 8058: 8056: 8042: 8038: 8028: 8026: 8011: 7996: 7986: 7984: 7969: 7965: 7955: 7953: 7938: 7934: 7924: 7922: 7907: 7900: 7890: 7888: 7873: 7866: 7856: 7854: 7839: 7835: 7825: 7823: 7816:Times of Israel 7808: 7793: 7783: 7781: 7766: 7755: 7745: 7743: 7728: 7705: 7695: 7693: 7678: 7671: 7661: 7659: 7644: 7640: 7630: 7628: 7613: 7600: 7590: 7588: 7573: 7564: 7554: 7552: 7537: 7533: 7523: 7521: 7508: 7507: 7503: 7493: 7491: 7476: 7475: 7471: 7461: 7459: 7446: 7445: 7438: 7428: 7426: 7409: 7398: 7388: 7386: 7369: 7360: 7350: 7348: 7333: 7320: 7310: 7308: 7295: 7294: 7290: 7280: 7278: 7273:. 20 May 2020. 7265: 7264: 7257: 7247: 7245: 7230: 7226: 7216: 7214: 7199: 7190: 7180: 7178: 7171: 7167: 7157: 7155: 7140: 7136: 7126: 7124: 7111: 7110: 7106: 7096: 7094: 7081: 7080: 7076: 7066: 7064: 7049: 7045: 7035: 7033: 7023: 7019: 7009: 7007: 6996: 6992: 6982: 6980: 6965: 6961: 6951: 6949: 6934: 6930: 6920: 6918: 6903: 6899: 6889: 6887: 6872: 6868: 6858: 6856: 6841: 6837: 6827: 6825: 6810: 6806: 6796: 6794: 6781: 6780: 6776: 6766: 6764: 6749: 6745: 6735: 6733: 6718: 6714: 6704: 6702: 6687: 6683: 6673: 6671: 6656: 6652: 6642: 6640: 6625: 6621: 6611: 6609: 6600: 6599: 6595: 6585: 6583: 6568: 6564: 6554: 6552: 6547:. 12 May 2021. 6539: 6538: 6534: 6501: 6497: 6487: 6485: 6472: 6471: 6464: 6454: 6452: 6437: 6430: 6420: 6418: 6403: 6399: 6389: 6387: 6374: 6373: 6369: 6359: 6357: 6340: 6336: 6317: 6316: 6312: 6302: 6300: 6283: 6276: 6266: 6264: 6244: 6237: 6227: 6225: 6212: 6211: 6207: 6198: 6196: 6179:(20 May 2008), 6174: 6165: 6155: 6153: 6152:on 25 July 2005 6140: 6139: 6135: 6125: 6123: 6108: 6104: 6094: 6092: 6077: 6073: 6036: 6029: 6022: 6014: 6010: 6000: 5998: 5983: 5979: 5969: 5967: 5952: 5948: 5938: 5936: 5921: 5917: 5908:Wayback Machine 5899: 5895: 5885: 5883: 5868: 5864: 5854: 5852: 5837: 5833: 5823: 5821: 5808: 5807: 5803: 5793: 5791: 5778: 5777: 5773: 5763: 5761: 5752: 5751: 5747: 5737: 5735: 5726: 5725: 5721: 5711: 5709: 5696: 5695: 5691: 5681: 5679: 5670: 5669: 5665: 5655: 5653: 5644: 5643: 5639: 5590: 5586: 5576: 5574: 5559: 5555: 5506: 5502: 5492: 5490: 5475: 5468: 5458: 5456: 5441: 5437: 5427: 5425: 5412: 5411: 5407: 5397: 5395: 5380: 5376: 5366: 5364: 5357:Times Of Israel 5349: 5342: 5332: 5330: 5315: 5311: 5301: 5299: 5284: 5280: 5270: 5268: 5255: 5254: 5250: 5240: 5238: 5227:"Cultured Meat" 5223: 5216: 5183: 5179: 5169: 5167: 5154: 5153: 5146: 5136: 5134: 5125: 5124: 5120: 5110: 5108: 5099: 5098: 5094: 5084: 5082: 5073: 5072: 5068: 5058: 5056: 5047: 5046: 5042: 5032: 5030: 5023:National Review 5015: 5011: 5001: 4999: 4984: 4980: 4970: 4968: 4953: 4949: 4915: 4911: 4864: 4860: 4805: 4801: 4748: 4744: 4689: 4685: 4675: 4673: 4644: 4640: 4617: 4613: 4603: 4601: 4594:"Future Fillet" 4590: 4586: 4576: 4574: 4529: 4525: 4494: 4490: 4459: 4455: 4426: 4422: 4412: 4410: 4393: 4382: 4372: 4370: 4343: 4326: 4295: 4291: 4287: 4254: 4221:organisms than 4215:recombinant DNA 4195: 4190: 4163:Meat the Future 4145:critical design 4092:Malcolm Barrett 4088:Jonathan Slavin 4025:'s 1976 comedy 4000:(1986–2018) by 3998:Vorkosigan Saga 3954:Margaret Atwood 3876:science fiction 3868: 3857: 3851: 3848: 3837: 3825: 3814: 3801: 3784: 3762: 3757: 3744: 3735: 3727:Hindu Mahasabha 3691: 3643: 3611: 3586:poultry farming 3575: 3552: 3546: 3517: 3483:growth hormones 3479: 3474: 3428: 3406: 3390: 3369: 3329: 3324: 3294: 3263: 3255:electrospinning 3245: 3230: 3219: 3191: 3126: 3061: 3052: 3039: 3031:Young's modulus 3026: 3017: 3008: 3006:Vascularization 2999: 2962: 2937: 2878: 2865: 2851: 2823: 2810:(Memphis Meats) 2808: 2741: 2728: 2697: 2686: 2672: 2592:(Hampton Creek) 2590: 2557: 2550: 2545: 2528: 2502: 2448: 2399: 2397: 2380: 2354: 2352: 2316: 2314: 2305: 2296: 2269: 2267: 2225: 2223: 2222: 2213: 2211: 2203: 2200: 2183: 2175: 2161: 2159: 2125: 2123: 2087: 2085: 2081: 2074: 2048: 2046: 2008: 2006: 1972: 1954: 1952: 1939: 1912: 1910: 1878: 1876: 1842: 1840: 1816: 1814: 1799: 1795: 1772: 1770: 1735: 1733: 1695: 1693: 1661: 1659: 1628: 1626: 1585: 1583: 1569: 1560: 1529: 1527: 1518: 1487: 1485: 1454: 1452: 1413: 1411: 1392: 1374: 1372: 1336: 1334: 1321: 1293: 1291: 1258: 1256: 1226: 1224: 1193: 1191: 1149: 1147: 1138: 1106: 1104: 1072: 1070: 1039: 1037: 1007: 1005: 999:Appleton Meats 971: 969: 917: 906: 900: 897: 886: 874: 863: 857: 833: 787: 785:Singapore entry 751: 719: 714: 710: 686: 633:Port of Antwerp 568:, Mirai Foods, 538:umbilical cords 503:In March 2018, 486: 482: 462: 433: 417:in April 2008. 343: 337: 336:secured patent 317:cultivation of 303:prisoner of war 284: 279: 271:cultivated meat 266:cultivated meat 259:cell-based meat 231:artificial meat 222: 127: 100: 45:cultivated meat 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 18283: 18273: 18272: 18267: 18262: 18257: 18252: 18247: 18242: 18237: 18232: 18230:Animal welfare 18227: 18212: 18211: 18199: 18187: 18175: 18163: 18151: 18149:Climate change 18139: 18127: 18115: 18092: 18091: 18089: 18088: 18075: 18072: 18071: 18069: 18068: 18063: 18058: 18053: 18048: 18047: 18046: 18041: 18036: 18031: 18026: 18021: 18011: 18006: 18001: 17996: 17995: 17994: 17984: 17979: 17974: 17973: 17972: 17967: 17962: 17957: 17947: 17942: 17937: 17932: 17927: 17921: 17919: 17915: 17914: 17911: 17910: 17908: 17907: 17902: 17897: 17892: 17887: 17882: 17877: 17871: 17869: 17860: 17856: 17855: 17848: 17847: 17840: 17833: 17825: 17816: 17815: 17813: 17812: 17806: 17804: 17800: 17799: 17797: 17796: 17789: 17782: 17775: 17768: 17761: 17754: 17747: 17740: 17733: 17725: 17723: 17719: 17718: 17716: 17715: 17710: 17705: 17700: 17698:Mass deworming 17695: 17690: 17688:Life extension 17685: 17680: 17675: 17673:Global poverty 17670: 17665: 17660: 17655: 17650: 17645: 17643:Climate change 17640: 17634: 17632: 17628: 17627: 17625: 17624: 17619: 17617:Unlimit Health 17614: 17609: 17604: 17599: 17594: 17589: 17584: 17579: 17574: 17569: 17564: 17562:Good Food Fund 17559: 17554: 17549: 17544: 17539: 17534: 17529: 17524: 17519: 17514: 17509: 17504: 17499: 17494: 17489: 17484: 17479: 17476: 17471: 17465: 17463: 17459: 17458: 17456: 17455: 17450: 17445: 17440: 17435: 17430: 17425: 17420: 17415: 17410: 17408:Hilary Greaves 17405: 17400: 17395: 17389: 17387: 17383: 17382: 17380: 17379: 17374: 17372:Utilitarianism 17369: 17364: 17359: 17354: 17349: 17344: 17339: 17334: 17329: 17327:Disease burden 17324: 17319: 17314: 17309: 17303: 17301: 17297: 17296: 17289: 17288: 17281: 17274: 17266: 17257: 17256: 17254: 17253: 17251:Category: Meat 17242: 17229: 17226: 17225: 17223: 17222: 17217: 17212: 17207: 17202: 17197: 17192: 17187: 17182: 17177: 17176: 17175: 17165: 17160: 17155: 17154: 17153: 17143: 17138: 17132: 17130: 17124: 17123: 17121: 17120: 17119: 17118: 17116:Slaughterhouse 17108: 17103: 17098: 17093: 17088: 17083: 17078: 17073: 17067: 17065: 17059: 17058: 17056: 17055: 17050: 17045: 17040: 17035: 17030: 17024: 17022: 17016: 17015: 17013: 17012: 17007: 17002: 16997: 16996: 16995: 16993:Pollotarianism 16990: 16988:Pescetarianism 16980: 16974: 16972: 16968: 16967: 16965: 16964: 16963: 16962: 16952: 16947: 16942: 16936: 16934: 16928: 16927: 16924: 16923: 16921: 16920: 16915: 16910: 16905: 16899: 16897: 16893: 16892: 16890: 16889: 16884: 16879: 16874: 16869: 16864: 16859: 16858: 16857: 16847: 16842: 16837: 16832: 16827: 16821: 16819: 16810: 16806: 16805: 16803: 16802: 16797: 16792: 16787: 16782: 16777: 16772: 16767: 16762: 16757: 16752: 16747: 16742: 16737: 16732: 16727: 16722: 16717: 16712: 16707: 16702: 16697: 16692: 16687: 16682: 16677: 16672: 16667: 16666: 16665: 16660: 16650: 16641: 16636: 16631: 16626: 16621: 16616: 16611: 16606: 16601: 16596: 16591: 16586: 16581: 16576: 16571: 16565: 16563: 16557: 16556: 16554: 16553: 16548: 16543: 16538: 16533: 16528: 16518: 16517: 16516: 16506: 16501: 16496: 16490: 16488: 16482: 16481: 16479: 16478: 16473: 16468: 16463: 16458: 16453: 16448: 16443: 16438: 16433: 16428: 16423: 16418: 16413: 16408: 16403: 16398: 16392: 16390: 16378: 16377: 16375: 16374: 16369: 16364: 16359: 16354: 16349: 16344: 16339: 16334: 16329: 16324: 16319: 16314: 16309: 16304: 16299: 16294: 16289: 16284: 16279: 16274: 16269: 16264: 16259: 16254: 16249: 16244: 16239: 16234: 16229: 16224: 16219: 16214: 16208: 16206: 16200: 16199: 16197: 16196: 16195: 16194: 16184: 16179: 16174: 16169: 16164: 16159: 16154: 16149: 16144: 16139: 16134: 16129: 16124: 16119: 16114: 16109: 16104: 16099: 16094: 16088: 16086: 16080: 16079: 16077: 16076: 16071: 16066: 16061: 16056: 16051: 16046: 16041: 16036: 16031: 16026: 16021: 16016: 16011: 16006: 16001: 15996: 15991: 15986: 15981: 15975: 15973: 15967: 15966: 15953: 15951: 15949: 15948: 15943: 15938: 15933: 15928: 15923: 15918: 15913: 15908: 15903: 15897: 15895: 15889: 15888: 15881: 15880: 15873: 15866: 15858: 15852: 15851: 15845: 15827: 15821: 15813:Academic Press 15803: 15797: 15783: 15777: 15763: 15757: 15738: 15732: 15713: 15707: 15688: 15682: 15661: 15658: 15656: 15655: 15598: 15573: 15547: 15518: 15499: 15474: 15455: 15436: 15417: 15398: 15368: 15342: 15318: 15307: 15282: 15256: 15220: 15207:Protein Report 15193: 15166: 15141: 15115: 15085: 15059: 15024: 15013:. 16 June 2021 14998: 14972: 14945: 14919: 14888: 14837: 14823: 14790: 14776: 14750: 14724: 14702: 14685: 14655: 14624: 14593: 14560: 14523: 14492: 14460: 14423: 14393: 14366: 14312: 14294: 14244: 14214: 14160: 14158:, 21 June 2011 14141: 14124:The New Yorker 14106: 14087: 14064: 14019: 13988: 13961: 13931: 13924: 13902: 13871: 13842: 13811: 13785: 13774:on 1 July 2009 13758: 13728: 13715:(2): 257–269. 13695: 13650: 13620: 13590: 13533: 13503: 13472: 13450:10.1.1.179.588 13427: 13394: 13368: 13336: 13306: 13276: 13227: 13197: 13167: 13137: 13106: 13076: 13046: 13016: 12985: 12946: 12915: 12885: 12846: 12799: 12768: 12744: 12677: 12615: 12550: 12485: 12432: 12392: 12365: 12300: 12262: 12200: 12140: 12099: 12072: 12015: 11985: 11955: 11925: 11895: 11865: 11835: 11802: 11771: 11741: 11711: 11681: 11661: 11631: 11572: 11542: 11489: 11459: 11427: 11358: 11337:"Matrix Meats" 11328: 11297:(1): 1600365. 11274: 11245: 11228:Atlast Food Co 11212: 11173:(4): 210–220. 11148: 11090: 11018: 10985: 10952: 10921: 10904:Food Navigator 10890: 10854: 10823: 10779: 10741: 10710: 10679: 10645: 10614: 10584: 10553: 10519: 10488: 10455: 10419: 10377: 10346: 10310: 10280: 10247: 10216: 10185: 10147: 10117: 10083: 10052: 10021: 9988: 9958: 9928: 9898: 9867: 9849:Business Daily 9835: 9804: 9771: 9736: 9703: 9669: 9635: 9618:Food Navigator 9601: 9571: 9540: 9513: 9482: 9451: 9412: 9382: 9336: 9303: 9270: 9240: 9209: 9159: 9129: 9114:. 6 May 2019. 9099: 9063: 9032: 9001: 8971: 8941: 8904: 8873: 8836: 8806: 8776: 8746: 8716: 8686: 8655: 8622: 8588: 8555: 8524: 8513:on 19 May 2021 8494: 8456: 8426: 8396: 8365: 8335: 8304: 8273: 8243: 8208: 8177: 8136: 8098: 8066: 8036: 7994: 7963: 7932: 7898: 7864: 7833: 7791: 7753: 7703: 7669: 7638: 7598: 7581:Food Navigator 7562: 7531: 7501: 7486:(in Italian). 7469: 7436: 7396: 7358: 7318: 7288: 7255: 7224: 7188: 7165: 7134: 7104: 7074: 7043: 7017: 7002:. TechCrunch. 6990: 6959: 6928: 6897: 6866: 6835: 6804: 6774: 6757:Digital Trends 6743: 6712: 6681: 6650: 6619: 6593: 6562: 6532: 6513:(6): 573–577. 6495: 6462: 6428: 6397: 6367: 6334: 6310: 6274: 6256:The Australian 6247:Macintyre, Ben 6235: 6205: 6177:Levine, Ketzel 6163: 6133: 6102: 6071: 6050:(2): 222–233. 6027: 6008: 5977: 5960:The New Yorker 5946: 5915: 5893: 5862: 5831: 5801: 5771: 5745: 5719: 5689: 5663: 5637: 5584: 5553: 5500: 5466: 5435: 5405: 5374: 5340: 5309: 5278: 5248: 5214: 5195:(2): 387–411. 5177: 5160:futurefood.org 5144: 5129:. 5 May 2019. 5118: 5092: 5066: 5040: 5009: 4978: 4947: 4909: 4858: 4799: 4762:(3): 355–372. 4742: 4705:(8): skaa172. 4683: 4660:(7): 403–415. 4638: 4611: 4584: 4550:10.1.1.179.588 4523: 4488: 4453: 4420: 4380: 4324: 4288: 4286: 4283: 4282: 4281: 4279:Tissue culture 4276: 4271: 4265: 4260: 4253: 4250: 4194: 4191: 4189: 4186: 4169:Cyberpunk 2077 4079:Better Off Ted 4068:and later use 4011:'s 1968 drama 3979:Ware Tetralogy 3974:Charles Stross 3964:Jeffrey Thomas 3949:Oryx and Crake 3944:William Gibson 3910:C.M. Kornbluth 3870: 3869: 3828: 3826: 3819: 3813: 3810: 3800: 3797: 3783: 3780: 3761: 3758: 3756: 3753: 3743: 3740: 3734: 3731: 3690: 3687: 3652:Animal welfare 3642: 3639: 3613:Techniques of 3610: 3607: 3573: 3545: 3542: 3516: 3513: 3478: 3475: 3473: 3470: 3459:(FDA) and the 3427: 3424: 3405: 3402: 3389: 3386: 3368: 3365: 3328: 3327:Growth factors 3325: 3323: 3320: 3293: 3290: 3286:3D bioprinting 3262: 3259: 3244: 3241: 3229: 3226: 3218: 3215: 3190: 3187: 3125: 3122: 3084:covalent bonds 3060: 3057: 3051: 3048: 3038: 3035: 3025: 3022: 3016: 3013: 3007: 3004: 2998: 2995: 2961: 2958: 2936: 2933: 2877: 2874: 2864: 2861: 2858: 2857: 2848: 2845: 2836: 2830: 2829: 2820: 2817: 2812: 2802: 2801: 2798: 2797:November 2020 2795: 2786: 2780: 2779: 2777: 2771: 2761: 2760: 2757: 2754: 2745: 2735: 2734: 2725: 2719: 2710: 2704: 2703: 2692: 2680: 2663: 2653: 2652: 2650: 2644: 2639: 2633: 2632: 2629: 2623: 2617: 2616: 2609: 2603: 2594: 2584: 2583: 2580: 2574: 2564: 2563: 2554: 2547: 2536: 2522: 2521: 2518: 2515: 2506: 2500:Believer Meats 2496: 2495: 2485: 2482: 2473: 2467: 2466: 2463: 2460: 2457: 2447: 2444: 2422: 2421: 2419: 2416: 2413: 2411: 2408: 2395: 2392: 2390:Wildtype Foods 2386: 2385: 2377: 2374: 2371: 2368: 2363: 2350: 2347: 2341: 2340: 2337: 2334: 2331: 2328: 2325: 2312: 2309: 2299: 2298: 2290: 2289:November 2020 2287: 2284: 2281: 2278: 2265: 2262: 2256: 2255: 2249: 2243: 2240: 2237: 2234: 2209: 2206: 2194: 2193: 2187: 2185: 2180: 2177: 2170: 2157: 2154: 2150: 2149: 2143: 2141: 2139: 2137: 2134: 2121: 2118: 2114: 2113: 2110: 2104: 2101: 2099: 2096: 2083: 2078: 2070: 2069: 2067: 2065: 2062: 2060: 2059:Culture media 2057: 2055:United Kingdom 2044: 2041: 2037: 2036: 2030: 2028: 2022: 2020: 2017: 2004: 2001: 1997: 1996: 1990: 1984: 1974: 1966: 1963: 1950: 1947: 1941:(emerged from 1933: 1932: 1930: 1928: 1926: 1924: 1921: 1908: 1905: 1904:Mission Barns 1901: 1900: 1898: 1896: 1893: 1890: 1887: 1874: 1871: 1865: 1864: 1861: 1859: 1856: 1854: 1851: 1849:Czech Republic 1838: 1835: 1831: 1830: 1828: 1825: 1812: 1809: 1805: 1804: 1792: 1789: 1786: 1784: 1781: 1768: 1765: 1759: 1758: 1756: 1754: 1749: 1747: 1744: 1731: 1728: 1724: 1723: 1721: 1715: 1710: 1707: 1704: 1691: 1688: 1684: 1683: 1681: 1679: 1676: 1673: 1670: 1668:United Kingdom 1657: 1654: 1653:Higher Steaks 1650: 1649: 1647: 1645: 1642: 1640: 1637: 1624: 1621: 1617: 1616: 1609: 1603: 1600: 1597: 1594: 1581: 1578: 1572: 1571: 1563:hawker centres 1557: 1551: 1548: 1541: 1538: 1525: 1522: 1512: 1511: 1509: 1503: 1501: 1499: 1496: 1483: 1480: 1476: 1475: 1473: 1471: 1468: 1466: 1463: 1450: 1447: 1443: 1442: 1436: 1434: 1432: 1425: 1422: 1409: 1406: 1402: 1401: 1399: 1397: 1394: 1386: 1383: 1370: 1367: 1363: 1362: 1356: 1353: 1351: 1348: 1345: 1332: 1329: 1315: 1314: 1312: 1310: 1307: 1305: 1302: 1289: 1286: 1282: 1281: 1279: 1277: 1272: 1270: 1267: 1254: 1251: 1247: 1246: 1244: 1242: 1240: 1238: 1237:Culture media 1235: 1222: 1219: 1215: 1214: 1211: 1209: 1207: 1205: 1202: 1200:Czech Republic 1189: 1186: 1180: 1179: 1173: 1170: 1167: 1161: 1158: 1145: 1142: 1136:Believer Meats 1132: 1131: 1125: 1123: 1120: 1118: 1115: 1102: 1099: 1095: 1094: 1092: 1089: 1086: 1084: 1081: 1068: 1065: 1061: 1060: 1058: 1056: 1053: 1051: 1048: 1035: 1032: 1031:Artemys Foods 1028: 1027: 1025: 1023: 1021: 1019: 1016: 1003: 1000: 996: 995: 992: 989: 986: 983: 980: 967: 964: 958: 957: 952: 947: 942: 939: 936: 933: 930: 919: 918: 877: 875: 868: 856: 853: 832: 829: 812:hawker centres 786: 783: 750: 747: 723:European Union 718: 715: 692:Silicon Valley 687: 685: 682: 666:Believer Meats 474: 461: 458: 432: 429: 283: 280: 278: 275: 221: 218: 87:animal welfare 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 18282: 18271: 18268: 18266: 18263: 18261: 18258: 18256: 18253: 18251: 18250:Food politics 18248: 18246: 18243: 18241: 18238: 18236: 18235:Biotechnology 18233: 18231: 18228: 18226: 18225:Animal rights 18223: 18222: 18220: 18210: 18205: 18200: 18198: 18193: 18188: 18186: 18181: 18176: 18174: 18169: 18164: 18162: 18152: 18150: 18140: 18138: 18133: 18128: 18126: 18121: 18116: 18114: 18104: 18103: 18100: 18087: 18086: 18077: 18076: 18073: 18067: 18066:Transhumanism 18064: 18062: 18059: 18057: 18054: 18052: 18049: 18045: 18042: 18040: 18037: 18035: 18032: 18030: 18027: 18025: 18022: 18020: 18017: 18016: 18015: 18012: 18010: 18007: 18005: 18002: 18000: 17997: 17993: 17990: 17989: 17988: 17985: 17983: 17980: 17978: 17975: 17971: 17968: 17966: 17963: 17961: 17958: 17956: 17953: 17952: 17951: 17948: 17946: 17943: 17941: 17938: 17936: 17933: 17931: 17928: 17926: 17923: 17922: 17920: 17916: 17906: 17903: 17901: 17898: 17896: 17893: 17891: 17890:Cultured meat 17888: 17886: 17883: 17881: 17878: 17876: 17873: 17872: 17870: 17868: 17864: 17861: 17857: 17853: 17846: 17841: 17839: 17834: 17832: 17827: 17826: 17823: 17811: 17808: 17807: 17805: 17801: 17795: 17794: 17790: 17788: 17787: 17783: 17781: 17780: 17779:The Precipice 17776: 17774: 17773: 17769: 17767: 17766: 17762: 17760: 17759: 17755: 17753: 17752: 17748: 17746: 17745: 17741: 17739: 17738: 17734: 17732: 17731: 17727: 17726: 17724: 17720: 17714: 17711: 17709: 17706: 17704: 17701: 17699: 17696: 17694: 17691: 17689: 17686: 17684: 17681: 17679: 17676: 17674: 17671: 17669: 17668:Global health 17666: 17664: 17661: 17659: 17656: 17654: 17651: 17649: 17648:Cultured meat 17646: 17644: 17641: 17639: 17636: 17635: 17633: 17629: 17623: 17620: 17618: 17615: 17613: 17610: 17608: 17605: 17603: 17600: 17598: 17595: 17593: 17590: 17588: 17585: 17583: 17580: 17578: 17575: 17573: 17572:Good Ventures 17570: 17568: 17565: 17563: 17560: 17558: 17555: 17553: 17550: 17548: 17545: 17543: 17540: 17538: 17535: 17533: 17530: 17528: 17525: 17523: 17520: 17518: 17515: 17513: 17510: 17508: 17505: 17503: 17500: 17498: 17495: 17493: 17490: 17488: 17487:Animal Ethics 17485: 17483: 17480: 17477: 17475: 17472: 17470: 17467: 17466: 17464: 17462:Organizations 17460: 17454: 17451: 17449: 17446: 17444: 17441: 17439: 17436: 17434: 17431: 17429: 17426: 17424: 17421: 17419: 17416: 17414: 17411: 17409: 17406: 17404: 17401: 17399: 17396: 17394: 17391: 17390: 17388: 17384: 17378: 17375: 17373: 17370: 17368: 17365: 17363: 17360: 17358: 17355: 17353: 17350: 17348: 17345: 17343: 17340: 17338: 17335: 17333: 17330: 17328: 17325: 17323: 17320: 17318: 17315: 17313: 17310: 17308: 17305: 17304: 17302: 17298: 17294: 17287: 17282: 17280: 17275: 17273: 17268: 17267: 17264: 17252: 17243: 17241: 17236: 17231: 17230: 17227: 17221: 17218: 17216: 17213: 17211: 17208: 17206: 17203: 17201: 17198: 17196: 17193: 17191: 17188: 17186: 17183: 17181: 17178: 17174: 17171: 17170: 17169: 17166: 17164: 17161: 17159: 17158:Cultured meat 17156: 17152: 17149: 17148: 17147: 17144: 17142: 17139: 17137: 17134: 17133: 17131: 17125: 17117: 17114: 17113: 17112: 17109: 17107: 17104: 17102: 17099: 17097: 17094: 17092: 17089: 17087: 17084: 17082: 17079: 17077: 17074: 17072: 17069: 17068: 17066: 17064: 17063:Meat industry 17060: 17054: 17051: 17049: 17046: 17044: 17041: 17039: 17036: 17034: 17031: 17029: 17026: 17025: 17023: 17021: 17017: 17011: 17008: 17006: 17003: 17001: 16998: 16994: 16991: 16989: 16986: 16985: 16984: 16981: 16979: 16978:Vegetarianism 16976: 16975: 16973: 16969: 16961: 16958: 16957: 16956: 16953: 16951: 16950:Animal rights 16948: 16946: 16943: 16941: 16938: 16937: 16935: 16929: 16919: 16916: 16914: 16911: 16909: 16906: 16904: 16901: 16900: 16898: 16894: 16888: 16885: 16883: 16880: 16878: 16875: 16873: 16870: 16868: 16865: 16863: 16860: 16856: 16853: 16852: 16851: 16848: 16846: 16843: 16841: 16838: 16836: 16833: 16831: 16828: 16826: 16823: 16822: 16820: 16818: 16814: 16811: 16809:List articles 16807: 16801: 16798: 16796: 16793: 16791: 16788: 16786: 16783: 16781: 16778: 16776: 16773: 16771: 16768: 16766: 16763: 16761: 16758: 16756: 16753: 16751: 16748: 16746: 16743: 16741: 16738: 16736: 16733: 16731: 16728: 16726: 16723: 16721: 16718: 16716: 16713: 16711: 16710:Luncheon meat 16708: 16706: 16703: 16701: 16698: 16696: 16693: 16691: 16688: 16686: 16683: 16681: 16678: 16676: 16673: 16671: 16668: 16664: 16661: 16659: 16656: 16655: 16654: 16651: 16649: 16645: 16642: 16640: 16637: 16635: 16632: 16630: 16627: 16625: 16622: 16620: 16617: 16615: 16612: 16610: 16607: 16605: 16602: 16600: 16597: 16595: 16592: 16590: 16587: 16585: 16582: 16580: 16577: 16575: 16572: 16570: 16567: 16566: 16564: 16558: 16552: 16549: 16547: 16544: 16542: 16539: 16537: 16534: 16532: 16529: 16526: 16522: 16519: 16515: 16512: 16511: 16510: 16507: 16505: 16502: 16500: 16497: 16495: 16492: 16491: 16489: 16487: 16483: 16477: 16474: 16472: 16469: 16467: 16464: 16462: 16459: 16457: 16454: 16452: 16449: 16447: 16444: 16442: 16439: 16437: 16434: 16432: 16429: 16427: 16424: 16422: 16419: 16417: 16414: 16412: 16409: 16407: 16404: 16402: 16399: 16397: 16394: 16393: 16391: 16389: 16383: 16379: 16373: 16370: 16368: 16365: 16363: 16360: 16358: 16355: 16353: 16350: 16348: 16345: 16343: 16340: 16338: 16335: 16333: 16330: 16328: 16325: 16323: 16320: 16318: 16315: 16313: 16310: 16308: 16307:Pacific saury 16305: 16303: 16302:Orange roughy 16300: 16298: 16295: 16293: 16290: 16288: 16285: 16283: 16280: 16278: 16275: 16273: 16270: 16268: 16265: 16263: 16260: 16258: 16255: 16253: 16250: 16248: 16245: 16243: 16240: 16238: 16235: 16233: 16230: 16228: 16225: 16223: 16220: 16218: 16215: 16213: 16210: 16209: 16207: 16205: 16201: 16193: 16190: 16189: 16188: 16185: 16183: 16180: 16178: 16175: 16173: 16170: 16168: 16165: 16163: 16160: 16158: 16155: 16153: 16150: 16148: 16145: 16143: 16140: 16138: 16135: 16133: 16130: 16128: 16125: 16123: 16120: 16118: 16115: 16113: 16110: 16108: 16105: 16103: 16100: 16098: 16095: 16093: 16090: 16089: 16087: 16085: 16081: 16075: 16072: 16070: 16067: 16065: 16062: 16060: 16057: 16055: 16052: 16050: 16047: 16045: 16042: 16040: 16037: 16035: 16032: 16030: 16027: 16025: 16022: 16020: 16017: 16015: 16012: 16010: 16007: 16005: 16002: 16000: 15997: 15995: 15992: 15990: 15987: 15985: 15982: 15980: 15977: 15976: 15974: 15972: 15968: 15963: 15957: 15947: 15944: 15942: 15939: 15937: 15934: 15932: 15929: 15927: 15924: 15922: 15919: 15917: 15914: 15912: 15909: 15907: 15904: 15902: 15899: 15898: 15896: 15894: 15890: 15886: 15879: 15874: 15872: 15867: 15865: 15860: 15859: 15856: 15848: 15842: 15838: 15837:Springer Cham 15834: 15833: 15828: 15824: 15818: 15814: 15810: 15809: 15804: 15800: 15794: 15790: 15789: 15784: 15780: 15774: 15770: 15769: 15764: 15760: 15754: 15750: 15746: 15745: 15739: 15735: 15729: 15725: 15721: 15720: 15714: 15710: 15704: 15700: 15696: 15695: 15689: 15685: 15679: 15675: 15674:Gallery Books 15671: 15670: 15664: 15663: 15651: 15647: 15642: 15637: 15633: 15629: 15625: 15621: 15617: 15613: 15609: 15602: 15587: 15583: 15577: 15561: 15557: 15551: 15543: 15539: 15535: 15531: 15530: 15522: 15515: 15514: 15509: 15503: 15488: 15484: 15478: 15470: 15466: 15459: 15451: 15447: 15440: 15432: 15428: 15421: 15413: 15409: 15402: 15386: 15382: 15378: 15372: 15356: 15352: 15346: 15331: 15330: 15322: 15311: 15296: 15292: 15286: 15271: 15267: 15260: 15245: 15241: 15235: 15233: 15231: 15229: 15227: 15225: 15209: 15208: 15203: 15197: 15182: 15181: 15176: 15170: 15155: 15151: 15145: 15130: 15126: 15119: 15103: 15099: 15098:Cultured Beef 15095: 15089: 15073: 15069: 15063: 15055: 15051: 15047: 15043: 15039: 15035: 15028: 15012: 15008: 15002: 14987: 14983: 14976: 14960: 14956: 14949: 14934: 14930: 14923: 14907: 14903: 14897: 14895: 14893: 14884: 14880: 14876: 14872: 14868: 14864: 14860: 14856: 14852: 14848: 14841: 14833: 14827: 14818: 14813: 14809: 14805: 14801: 14794: 14786: 14780: 14764: 14760: 14754: 14738: 14734: 14728: 14721: 14717: 14714: 14712: 14706: 14699: 14695: 14689: 14673: 14669: 14665: 14659: 14643: 14639: 14635: 14628: 14612: 14608: 14604: 14597: 14581: 14577: 14576: 14571: 14564: 14548: 14544: 14543: 14538: 14536: 14527: 14511: 14507: 14503: 14496: 14480: 14473: 14472: 14464: 14445: 14441: 14434: 14427: 14411: 14407: 14400: 14398: 14381: 14377: 14370: 14362: 14358: 14354: 14350: 14346: 14342: 14338: 14334: 14330: 14326: 14322: 14316: 14308: 14301: 14299: 14290: 14286: 14282: 14278: 14273: 14268: 14264: 14260: 14256: 14248: 14232: 14228: 14224: 14218: 14203: 14199: 14195: 14191: 14187: 14183: 14179: 14175: 14171: 14164: 14157: 14153: 14150: 14145: 14130: 14126: 14125: 14120: 14116: 14110: 14103: 14099: 14096: 14091: 14084: 14080: 14076: 14073: 14068: 14061: 14057: 14053: 14049: 14045: 14041: 14037: 14033: 14029: 14023: 14007: 14003: 13999: 13992: 13976: 13972: 13965: 13949: 13945: 13941: 13935: 13927: 13921: 13917: 13913: 13906: 13890: 13886: 13882: 13875: 13859: 13855: 13852: 13846: 13830: 13826: 13822: 13815: 13799: 13795: 13789: 13773: 13769: 13762: 13746: 13742: 13738: 13732: 13723: 13718: 13714: 13710: 13706: 13699: 13690: 13685: 13680: 13675: 13671: 13667: 13666: 13661: 13654: 13638: 13634: 13630: 13624: 13608: 13604: 13600: 13594: 13586: 13582: 13577: 13572: 13568: 13564: 13560: 13556: 13552: 13548: 13544: 13537: 13521: 13517: 13513: 13507: 13491: 13487: 13483: 13476: 13468: 13464: 13460: 13456: 13451: 13446: 13442: 13438: 13431: 13415: 13411: 13410: 13405: 13398: 13383: 13379: 13372: 13356: 13353: 13352: 13347: 13340: 13324: 13320: 13316: 13310: 13294: 13290: 13286: 13280: 13272: 13268: 13263: 13258: 13254: 13250: 13246: 13242: 13238: 13231: 13215: 13211: 13207: 13201: 13185: 13181: 13177: 13171: 13155: 13151: 13147: 13141: 13125: 13121: 13117: 13110: 13094: 13090: 13086: 13080: 13064: 13060: 13056: 13050: 13034: 13030: 13026: 13020: 13004: 13000: 12996: 12989: 12973: 12969: 12965: 12961: 12957: 12950: 12934: 12930: 12926: 12919: 12903: 12899: 12895: 12889: 12873: 12869: 12865: 12861: 12860:The Telegraph 12857: 12850: 12834: 12830: 12826: 12822: 12818: 12814: 12810: 12803: 12787: 12783: 12779: 12772: 12761: 12754: 12748: 12740: 12736: 12731: 12726: 12722: 12718: 12713: 12708: 12704: 12700: 12696: 12692: 12688: 12681: 12673: 12669: 12664: 12659: 12655: 12651: 12646: 12641: 12637: 12633: 12629: 12622: 12620: 12600: 12596: 12592: 12588: 12584: 12580: 12576: 12572: 12568: 12561: 12554: 12535: 12531: 12527: 12523: 12519: 12515: 12511: 12507: 12503: 12496: 12489: 12481: 12477: 12472: 12467: 12462: 12457: 12453: 12449: 12448: 12443: 12436: 12417: 12413: 12406: 12399: 12397: 12381: 12377: 12376: 12369: 12350: 12346: 12342: 12338: 12334: 12330: 12326: 12322: 12318: 12311: 12304: 12296: 12292: 12288: 12284: 12280: 12276: 12269: 12267: 12258: 12254: 12249: 12244: 12240: 12236: 12231: 12226: 12222: 12218: 12214: 12207: 12205: 12185: 12181: 12177: 12173: 12169: 12165: 12161: 12154: 12147: 12145: 12136: 12132: 12127: 12122: 12118: 12114: 12110: 12103: 12095: 12091: 12087: 12083: 12076: 12068: 12064: 12059: 12054: 12050: 12046: 12042: 12038: 12034: 12030: 12026: 12019: 12003: 11999: 11995: 11989: 11973: 11969: 11965: 11959: 11943: 11939: 11938:Food Frontier 11935: 11929: 11913: 11909: 11905: 11899: 11883: 11879: 11875: 11869: 11853: 11849: 11845: 11844:"New Harvest" 11839: 11823: 11819: 11815: 11809: 11807: 11790: 11786: 11782: 11775: 11759: 11755: 11754:CE Delft - EN 11751: 11745: 11729: 11725: 11721: 11715: 11699: 11695: 11691: 11685: 11678: 11674: 11671: 11665: 11649: 11645: 11641: 11635: 11627: 11623: 11618: 11613: 11609: 11605: 11600: 11595: 11591: 11587: 11583: 11576: 11560: 11556: 11552: 11546: 11538: 11534: 11530: 11526: 11521: 11516: 11512: 11508: 11504: 11500: 11493: 11477: 11473: 11469: 11463: 11447: 11443: 11442: 11437: 11431: 11423: 11419: 11414: 11409: 11405: 11401: 11397: 11393: 11389: 11385: 11381: 11377: 11373: 11365: 11363: 11346: 11342: 11338: 11332: 11316: 11312: 11308: 11304: 11300: 11296: 11292: 11288: 11281: 11279: 11262: 11258: 11252: 11250: 11233: 11229: 11225: 11219: 11217: 11200: 11196: 11192: 11188: 11184: 11180: 11176: 11172: 11168: 11164: 11157: 11155: 11153: 11144: 11140: 11135: 11130: 11126: 11122: 11118: 11117:10.3791/57586 11114: 11110: 11106: 11099: 11097: 11095: 11086: 11082: 11078: 11074: 11069: 11064: 11060: 11056: 11052: 11045: 11043: 11041: 11039: 11037: 11035: 11033: 11031: 11029: 11027: 11025: 11023: 11006: 11002: 10998: 10992: 10990: 10973: 10969: 10965: 10959: 10957: 10940: 10936: 10932: 10925: 10909: 10905: 10901: 10894: 10878: 10874: 10870: 10863: 10861: 10859: 10842: 10838: 10837:de Volkskrant 10834: 10827: 10811: 10807: 10803: 10796: 10794: 10792: 10790: 10788: 10786: 10784: 10767: 10763: 10759: 10752: 10750: 10748: 10746: 10729: 10725: 10721: 10714: 10698: 10694: 10690: 10683: 10667: 10663: 10659: 10652: 10650: 10633: 10629: 10625: 10618: 10602: 10598: 10594: 10588: 10572: 10568: 10564: 10557: 10541: 10537: 10533: 10526: 10524: 10507: 10503: 10499: 10492: 10476: 10472: 10471: 10466: 10459: 10443: 10439: 10435: 10428: 10426: 10424: 10407: 10403: 10399: 10395: 10388: 10386: 10384: 10382: 10365: 10361: 10357: 10350: 10334: 10330: 10329: 10324: 10317: 10315: 10298: 10294: 10290: 10284: 10268: 10264: 10263:Kweekvlees.be 10260: 10254: 10252: 10235: 10231: 10227: 10220: 10204: 10200: 10196: 10189: 10182: 10169: 10165: 10161: 10154: 10152: 10135: 10131: 10127: 10121: 10105: 10101: 10097: 10090: 10088: 10071: 10067: 10063: 10056: 10040: 10036: 10032: 10025: 10009: 10005: 10001: 9995: 9993: 9976: 9972: 9968: 9962: 9946: 9942: 9938: 9932: 9916: 9912: 9911:Imperial News 9908: 9902: 9886: 9882: 9878: 9871: 9855: 9851: 9850: 9845: 9839: 9823: 9819: 9815: 9808: 9792: 9788: 9787: 9782: 9775: 9759: 9755: 9751: 9745: 9743: 9741: 9724: 9720: 9719: 9714: 9707: 9691: 9688:(in German). 9687: 9686:Bauernzeitung 9683: 9676: 9674: 9657: 9653: 9649: 9642: 9640: 9623: 9619: 9615: 9608: 9606: 9589: 9585: 9581: 9575: 9559: 9555: 9551: 9544: 9528: 9524: 9517: 9501: 9497: 9493: 9486: 9470: 9466: 9462: 9455: 9439: 9435: 9431: 9427: 9423: 9416: 9400: 9396: 9393: 9386: 9370: 9366: 9362: 9355: 9353: 9351: 9349: 9347: 9345: 9343: 9341: 9324: 9320: 9316: 9310: 9308: 9291: 9287: 9286: 9281: 9274: 9258: 9254: 9250: 9244: 9228: 9224: 9220: 9213: 9197: 9193: 9189: 9184: 9180: 9176: 9170: 9168: 9166: 9164: 9147: 9143: 9139: 9133: 9117: 9113: 9109: 9103: 9087: 9083: 9079: 9072: 9070: 9068: 9051: 9047: 9043: 9036: 9020: 9016: 9012: 9005: 8989: 8985: 8981: 8975: 8959: 8955: 8951: 8945: 8938: 8926: 8922: 8918: 8911: 8909: 8892: 8888: 8884: 8877: 8861: 8857: 8853: 8847: 8845: 8843: 8841: 8824: 8820: 8816: 8810: 8794: 8790: 8786: 8780: 8764: 8760: 8756: 8750: 8734: 8730: 8726: 8720: 8704: 8700: 8696: 8690: 8674: 8670: 8666: 8659: 8643: 8639: 8638: 8633: 8626: 8610: 8606: 8602: 8595: 8593: 8576: 8572: 8571: 8566: 8559: 8543: 8539: 8535: 8528: 8512: 8508: 8504: 8498: 8482: 8478: 8474: 8470: 8469:The Economist 8466: 8460: 8444: 8440: 8436: 8430: 8414: 8410: 8406: 8400: 8384: 8380: 8376: 8369: 8353: 8349: 8345: 8339: 8323: 8319: 8315: 8308: 8292: 8288: 8284: 8277: 8261: 8257: 8253: 8247: 8231: 8227: 8223: 8217: 8215: 8213: 8196: 8192: 8188: 8181: 8165: 8161: 8157: 8151: 8149: 8147: 8145: 8143: 8141: 8124: 8120: 8116: 8109: 8107: 8105: 8103: 8086: 8082: 8081: 8076: 8070: 8054: 8050: 8047: 8040: 8024: 8020: 8016: 8009: 8007: 8005: 8003: 8001: 7999: 7982: 7978: 7977:Business Wire 7974: 7967: 7951: 7947: 7943: 7936: 7920: 7916: 7912: 7905: 7903: 7886: 7882: 7878: 7871: 7869: 7852: 7849:(in Hebrew). 7848: 7844: 7837: 7821: 7817: 7813: 7806: 7804: 7802: 7800: 7798: 7796: 7779: 7775: 7771: 7764: 7762: 7760: 7758: 7741: 7737: 7733: 7726: 7724: 7722: 7720: 7718: 7716: 7714: 7712: 7710: 7708: 7691: 7687: 7683: 7676: 7674: 7657: 7653: 7649: 7642: 7626: 7622: 7618: 7611: 7609: 7607: 7605: 7603: 7586: 7582: 7578: 7571: 7569: 7567: 7550: 7546: 7542: 7535: 7519: 7515: 7511: 7505: 7489: 7485: 7484: 7479: 7473: 7457: 7453: 7449: 7443: 7441: 7424: 7420: 7419: 7414: 7407: 7405: 7403: 7401: 7384: 7380: 7379: 7374: 7367: 7365: 7363: 7346: 7342: 7338: 7331: 7329: 7327: 7325: 7323: 7306: 7302: 7298: 7292: 7276: 7272: 7271:New Scientist 7268: 7262: 7260: 7243: 7239: 7235: 7228: 7212: 7208: 7204: 7197: 7195: 7193: 7176: 7169: 7153: 7149: 7145: 7138: 7122: 7118: 7114: 7108: 7092: 7088: 7084: 7078: 7062: 7058: 7054: 7047: 7032: 7028: 7021: 7005: 7001: 6994: 6978: 6974: 6970: 6963: 6947: 6943: 6942:de Volkskrant 6939: 6932: 6916: 6912: 6908: 6901: 6885: 6881: 6877: 6870: 6854: 6850: 6846: 6839: 6823: 6819: 6815: 6808: 6792: 6788: 6784: 6778: 6762: 6758: 6754: 6747: 6731: 6727: 6723: 6716: 6700: 6696: 6692: 6685: 6669: 6665: 6661: 6654: 6638: 6634: 6630: 6623: 6607: 6603: 6597: 6581: 6577: 6573: 6566: 6550: 6546: 6542: 6536: 6528: 6524: 6520: 6516: 6512: 6508: 6507: 6499: 6483: 6479: 6475: 6469: 6467: 6450: 6446: 6442: 6435: 6433: 6416: 6412: 6408: 6401: 6385: 6381: 6377: 6371: 6355: 6351: 6350: 6345: 6338: 6330: 6326: 6325: 6320: 6314: 6298: 6294: 6293: 6288: 6281: 6279: 6262: 6258: 6257: 6252: 6248: 6242: 6240: 6223: 6219: 6215: 6209: 6194: 6190: 6186: 6182: 6178: 6172: 6170: 6168: 6151: 6147: 6143: 6137: 6121: 6117: 6113: 6106: 6090: 6086: 6082: 6075: 6066: 6061: 6057: 6053: 6049: 6045: 6041: 6034: 6032: 6018: 6012: 5996: 5992: 5988: 5981: 5965: 5961: 5957: 5950: 5934: 5930: 5926: 5919: 5913: 5909: 5905: 5902: 5897: 5881: 5877: 5873: 5866: 5850: 5846: 5842: 5835: 5819: 5815: 5811: 5805: 5789: 5785: 5781: 5775: 5759: 5755: 5749: 5733: 5729: 5723: 5707: 5703: 5699: 5693: 5677: 5673: 5667: 5651: 5647: 5641: 5633: 5629: 5624: 5619: 5614: 5609: 5605: 5601: 5600: 5595: 5588: 5572: 5568: 5564: 5557: 5549: 5545: 5540: 5535: 5530: 5525: 5521: 5517: 5516: 5511: 5504: 5488: 5484: 5480: 5473: 5471: 5454: 5450: 5446: 5439: 5423: 5419: 5415: 5409: 5393: 5389: 5385: 5378: 5362: 5358: 5354: 5347: 5345: 5328: 5324: 5320: 5313: 5297: 5293: 5289: 5282: 5266: 5262: 5258: 5252: 5236: 5232: 5228: 5221: 5219: 5210: 5206: 5202: 5198: 5194: 5190: 5189: 5181: 5165: 5161: 5157: 5151: 5149: 5132: 5128: 5122: 5106: 5102: 5096: 5080: 5076: 5070: 5054: 5050: 5044: 5028: 5024: 5020: 5013: 4997: 4993: 4989: 4982: 4966: 4962: 4958: 4951: 4943: 4939: 4935: 4931: 4927: 4923: 4922: 4913: 4905: 4901: 4896: 4891: 4886: 4881: 4877: 4873: 4869: 4862: 4854: 4850: 4845: 4840: 4836: 4832: 4828: 4824: 4820: 4816: 4815: 4810: 4803: 4795: 4791: 4786: 4781: 4777: 4773: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4757: 4753: 4746: 4738: 4734: 4729: 4724: 4720: 4716: 4712: 4708: 4704: 4700: 4699: 4694: 4687: 4671: 4667: 4663: 4659: 4655: 4654: 4649: 4642: 4634: 4630: 4626: 4622: 4615: 4599: 4595: 4588: 4572: 4568: 4564: 4560: 4556: 4551: 4546: 4542: 4538: 4534: 4527: 4519: 4515: 4511: 4507: 4503: 4499: 4492: 4483: 4478: 4474: 4470: 4469: 4464: 4457: 4448: 4443: 4439: 4435: 4431: 4424: 4408: 4404: 4403: 4398: 4391: 4389: 4387: 4385: 4368: 4364: 4360: 4356: 4352: 4348: 4341: 4339: 4337: 4335: 4333: 4331: 4329: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4304: 4300: 4293: 4289: 4280: 4277: 4275: 4272: 4269: 4268:Meat analogue 4266: 4264: 4261: 4259: 4256: 4255: 4249: 4247: 4242: 4236: 4233: 4229: 4224: 4220: 4216: 4212: 4203: 4199: 4185: 4183: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4170: 4165: 4164: 4159: 4158: 4153: 4148: 4146: 4142: 4138: 4134: 4131: 4126: 4124: 4123: 4118: 4117: 4112: 4111: 4106: 4102: 4101: 4097:In the movie 4095: 4093: 4089: 4085: 4081: 4080: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4062: 4057: 4056: 4050: 4049: 4044: 4043: 4038: 4034: 4030: 4029: 4024: 4020: 4016: 4015: 4010: 4009:Giulio Questi 4005: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3994:Veronica Roth 3991: 3990: 3985: 3981: 3980: 3975: 3971: 3970: 3965: 3961: 3960: 3955: 3951: 3950: 3945: 3941: 3940: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3926: 3921: 3920:Douglas Adams 3917: 3916: 3911: 3907: 3906:Frederik Pohl 3903: 3902: 3897: 3896:René Barjavel 3893: 3892: 3887: 3886:Kurd Lasswitz 3883: 3882: 3877: 3866: 3863: 3855: 3845: 3841: 3835: 3834: 3829:This section 3827: 3823: 3818: 3817: 3809: 3807: 3796: 3793: 3789: 3788:entomoculture 3779: 3776: 3771: 3767: 3752: 3749: 3739: 3730: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3714: 3710: 3705: 3701: 3699: 3695: 3686: 3683: 3677: 3675: 3669: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3653: 3648: 3638: 3635: 3634:cyanobacteria 3631: 3626: 3622: 3620: 3616: 3606: 3604: 3599: 3594: 3592: 3591:nitrous oxide 3587: 3581: 3579: 3569: 3567: 3563: 3558: 3551: 3541: 3539: 3538:buffalo wings 3535: 3531: 3527: 3523: 3515:Artificiality 3512: 3510: 3505: 3503: 3502: 3496: 3492: 3487: 3484: 3469: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3452: 3450: 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Oakland: 15560:New Harvest 15431:Motherboard 15291:"Companies" 15244:New Harvest 15017:30 November 14227:Google Docs 14207:12 November 13672:: 167–175. 13603:www.who.int 13516:ZME Science 13247:: 155–166. 13220:18 November 13190:16 November 13160:16 November 13130:16 November 13009:16 November 12978:16 November 12939:16 November 12908:16 November 12638:(8): 1904. 12608:17 December 12573:: 104–113. 12543:17 December 12358:17 December 12281:: 213–219. 11848:New Harvest 11785:ZME Science 11720:"biftek.co" 11452:28 February 11382:(1): 5059. 11167:Nature Food 10968:Mayo Clinic 10935:Green Queen 10806:Green Queen 10066:Green Queen 9971:PR Newswire 9754:Vegconomist 9465:Green Queen 9395:Green Queen 9202:13 December 9112:Vegconomist 9048:. Reuters. 8889:. Reuters. 8695:"Biftek.co" 8679:15 November 8605:PR Newswire 8226:Vegconomist 8119:Green Queen 7881:Green Queen 7736:Green Queen 7452:Vegconomist 7301:Vegconomist 7158:10 December 7148:Green Queen 7127:10 December 7117:Vegconomist 7097:10 December 7010:12 February 6267:26 November 6001:20 November 5738:9 September 5682:6 September 5428:26 November 5418:VegNews.com 5241:26 November 5170:26 November 4653:Nature Food 4223:prokaryotic 4141:Sergey Brin 4116:The Expanse 4090:) and Lem ( 4070:replicators 4037:David Lynch 4023:Claude Zidi 3984:Rudy Rucker 3969:Accelerando 3939:Neuromancer 3930:Jacques Lob 3881:Two Planets 3792:interactome 3766:New Harvest 3719:Catholicism 3544:Environment 3426:Regulations 3306:Bioreactors 3292:Bioreactors 3270:Bioprinting 3207:fibronectin 3167:antibiotics 3133:crustaceans 3037:Degradation 2776:(May 2021) 2724:(May 2020) 2717:Netherlands 2702:(Apr 2024) 2670:Netherlands 2649:(Oct 2021) 2628:(Jan 2023) 2608:(Jan 2020) 2579:(Sep 2023) 2471:Aleph Farms 2462:In service 2428:New Harvest 2109:(Oct 2021) 1989:(May 2020) 1961:Netherlands 1885:Switzerland 1869:Mirai Foods 1779:Netherlands 1608:(Oct 2021) 1556:(Jan 2020) 1494:Switzerland 1405:Clear Meat 962:Aleph Farms 950:Pilot plant 779:Aleph Farms 727:novel foods 674:Aleph Farms 562:Future Meat 558:Aleph Farms 520:co-founder 514:Li Ka-shing 454:a soya copy 450:blind trial 425:Netherlands 334:Jon F. Vein 332:. In 1991, 323:Russel Ross 305:during the 142:New Harvest 140:A video by 71:New Harvest 18219:Categories 18209:Technology 17925:Automation 17722:Literature 17398:Liv Boeree 17220:White meat 17195:Pink slime 17173:Artificial 17048:Tenderness 16933:psychology 16931:Ethics and 16765:Salt-cured 16471:Sea urchin 16039:Guinea pig 15591:28 October 15566:28 October 15492:25 October 15391:20 October 15377:"BiteLabs" 15361:1 December 15336:25 October 15300:28 October 15275:28 October 15249:21 October 15078:12 January 15040:: 100358. 14991:12 January 14912:5 December 14769:12 January 14648:2 February 14617:2 February 14516:2 February 14485:27 January 14453:27 January 14416:27 January 14386:27 January 14237:12 January 14012:5 December 13981:5 December 13954:5 December 13854:IFLScience 13751:12 January 13643:12 January 13613:12 January 13526:12 January 13496:2 February 13299:19 October 13099:25 October 13089:Typo Media 13069:25 October 13039:25 October 12878:25 October 12839:25 October 12792:25 October 12454:(4): 656. 12425:25 October 12193:23 October 12166:: 103732. 11858:19 October 11828:19 October 11795:12 October 11734:28 October 11704:28 October 11654:28 October 11565:19 October 11351:18 October 11321:19 October 11267:18 October 11238:18 October 11205:19 October 11011:17 October 10978:17 October 10945:7 December 10914:6 December 10883:6 December 10847:9 December 10772:5 December 10734:24 October 10672:6 December 10638:6 December 10546:10 October 10512:10 October 10481:10 October 10448:5 December 10412:5 December 10398:IFLScience 10303:22 October 10273:7 December 10174:10 October 10076:7 December 9921:22 October 9891:11 October 9881:TechCrunch 9860:11 October 9828:11 October 9662:9 December 9594:22 October 9564:22 October 9554:LIVEKINDLY 9444:22 January 9375:6 December 9152:22 October 9122:8 December 9092:8 December 8931:8 December 8897:7 December 8866:8 December 8829:22 October 8799:22 October 8769:9 December 8739:8 February 8709:8 February 8637:TechCrunch 8615:6 December 8548:27 October 8419:22 October 8389:11 October 8358:22 October 8328:9 December 8266:9 December 7987:6 December 7956:6 December 7925:2 December 7857:17 January 7826:6 December 7784:6 December 7483:Fanpage.it 7462:8 December 7429:7 December 7067:14 October 7036:14 October 6921:13 January 6818:Yahoo News 6643:4 February 6612:4 February 6586:4 February 6488:23 October 6455:2 February 6390:2 February 6360:8 December 6228:5 December 6199:10 January 6156:12 October 6095:4 November 5970:9 February 5939:9 February 5901:"No Bull". 5855:14 October 5824:14 October 5794:14 October 5712:14 October 5577:2 February 5398:2 February 5302:25 October 5137:14 October 5111:14 October 5085:14 October 5059:14 October 5033:18 January 5002:18 January 4928:: 121274. 4475:: 100885. 4402:Forbes.com 4285:References 4219:eukaryotic 4180:, and the 4157:Elementary 4055:Enterprise 4042:Eraserhead 3996:; and the 3992:(2011) by 3972:(2005) by 3962:(2007) by 3952:(2003) by 3942:(1984) by 3928:(1982) by 3918:(1980) by 3904:(1952) by 3894:(1943) by 3884:(1897) by 3548:See also: 3522:appearance 3431:products. 3322:Challenges 3149:planktonic 3145:amino acid 3105:Hypanthium 3072:surfactant 2921:nucleotide 2886:stem cells 2882:cell lines 2876:Cell lines 2843:California 2789:Ness Ziona 2722:Installing 2713:Maastricht 2682:Nov 2023 ( 2601:California 2517:June 2021 2415:June 2019 2236:Foie gras 1987:Installing 1895:June 2020 1706:Foie gras 1678:July 2020 1309:Fall 2019 1172:June 2021 1055:Fall 2020 859:See also: 759:Ness Ziona 696:Wageningen 522:Jerry Yang 384:stem cells 380:Ionat Zurr 376:Oron Catts 339:US 6835390 327:guinea-pig 311:cell lines 239:clean meat 180:was sold. 162:prototypes 156:created a 17955:Bioethics 17448:Cari Tuna 17111:Slaughter 17033:Drip loss 16755:Rillettes 16715:Marinated 16653:Forcemeat 16639:Fermented 16579:Barbecued 16551:Palm grub 16382:Shellfish 16352:Swordfish 16287:Mahi Mahi 16117:Crocodile 16092:Alligator 15971:Livestock 15901:Cassowary 15724:Portfolio 15632:1934-3655 15536:: 48–58. 15270:The Spoon 15180:Cell Agri 15129:The Spoon 15054:251688429 14867:1573-6571 14763:The Spoon 14353:0036-8733 14281:0048-9697 13916:CRC Press 13567:0090-0036 13445:CiteSeerX 13382:USA TODAY 13329:9 January 13319:Food Dive 13120:Just Food 12968:0261-3077 12868:0307-1235 12829:257991805 12721:1932-6203 12654:2072-6643 12632:Nutrients 12530:117717742 12508:: 37–45. 12239:2296-861X 12180:198753926 12135:2571-581X 12049:0022-1155 12008:7 January 11978:7 January 11948:7 January 11918:7 January 11908:The Spoon 11888:7 January 11764:7 January 11724:biftek.co 11608:2296-634X 11537:116877741 11529:2571-581X 11472:New Atlas 11404:2041-1723 11311:1439-2054 11195:216199677 11187:2662-1355 11125:1940-087X 11085:157058210 11077:2571-581X 10724:The Spoon 10703:7 January 10577:6 October 10536:Get Revue 10240:21 August 10209:21 August 10110:21 August 10045:22 August 9981:22 August 9764:20 August 9696:22 August 9628:21 August 9506:21 August 9475:21 August 9434:0261-3077 9329:22 August 9253:Nieuwsuur 9056:4 October 9025:4 October 8994:4 October 8964:4 October 8954:3Dnatives 8921:Bloomberg 8789:The Spoon 8759:The Spoon 8729:TRT World 8699:biftek.co 8477:0013-0613 8409:The Spoon 8170:22 August 7311:12 August 6555:5 January 5886:9 October 5606:(1): 62. 5522:(1): 56. 5493:7 October 5209:254464563 4835:1573-1502 4776:2636-0772 4719:0021-8812 4545:CiteSeerX 4373:3 January 4232:phosphate 4130:artisanal 4105:Tim Allen 4072:. In the 4061:Star Trek 4053:Starship 4048:Antiviral 3989:Divergent 3959:Deadstock 3760:Education 3237:nanoscale 3179:lysozymes 3064:Cellulose 3059:Cellulose 3050:Edibility 2784:SuperMeat 2708:Mosa Meat 2689:Singapore 2621:Singapore 2484:Feb 2022 2465:Capacity 2459:Location 2376:Oct 2022 2373:Aug 2019 2361:Australia 2333:Feb 2016 2260:SuperMeat 2184:(shrimp) 2168:Singapore 2117:SavorEat 2103:Sep 2018 1937:Mosa Meat 1858:mid 2022 1791:Nov 2023 1788:End 2020 1644:Jan 2024 1602:Sep 2017 1550:Dec 2017 1470:Sep 2019 1389:(by 2025) 1285:BlueNalu 1213:Nov 2023 1204:Pet food 1122:May 2019 1117:Pet food 1091:Nov 2023 1088:Nov 2019 1079:Hong Kong 994:Jan 2024 991:Feb 2022 988:Dec 2018 849:Good Meat 795:Singapore 755:SuperMeat 678:Mosa Meat 625:KU Leuven 617:seasoning 613:foie gras 578:SuperMeat 570:Mosa Meat 494:SuperMeat 350:In 2001, 325:cultured 174:Singapore 166:SuperMeat 158:hamburger 154:Mark Post 152:In 2013, 53:culturing 17552:GiveWell 17433:Toby Ord 17300:Concepts 17205:Red meat 17200:Raw meat 17129:subjects 17010:Veganism 16877:Meatball 16740:Pemmican 16725:Meatloaf 16720:Meatball 16560:Cuts and 16541:Silkworm 16531:Mealworm 16509:Crickets 16421:Crayfish 16401:Calamari 16297:Milkfish 16282:Mackerel 16277:Kingfish 16252:Flounder 16152:Pangolin 16137:Kangaroo 16122:Elephant 16107:Bushmeat 15839:. 2024. 15815:. 2024. 15650:25829302 15513:The Tyee 15295:IndieBio 15159:10 April 15134:10 April 15108:10 April 15072:BBC News 14965:10 April 14906:HuffPost 14875:28456853 14743:5 August 14716:Archived 14711:In vitro 14700:, p. 17. 14672:Archived 14642:Archived 14611:Archived 14607:BBC News 14586:8 August 14580:Archived 14575:Discover 14553:7 August 14547:Archived 14535:In Vitro 14510:Archived 14410:Archived 14361:19873908 14289:36368402 14231:Archived 14202:21682287 14152:Archived 14129:archived 14098:Archived 14075:Archived 14060:21682287 14006:Archived 13975:Archived 13948:Archived 13895:28 March 13889:Archived 13885:Wired UK 13864:28 March 13858:Archived 13829:Archived 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7305:Archived 7275:Archived 7242:Archived 7211:Archived 7152:Archived 7121:Archived 7091:Archived 7061:Archived 7031:Politico 7004:Archived 6977:Archived 6946:Archived 6915:Archived 6890:5 August 6884:Archived 6859:5 August 6853:Archived 6828:5 August 6797:5 August 6791:Archived 6787:Sky News 6767:17 March 6761:Archived 6736:17 March 6730:Archived 6705:17 March 6699:Archived 6674:17 March 6668:Archived 6637:Archived 6606:Archived 6580:Archived 6549:Archived 6527:32407686 6482:Archived 6449:Archived 6445:BBC News 6415:Archived 6384:Archived 6380:BBC News 6303:30 April 6222:Archived 6193:archived 6120:Archived 6089:Archived 5995:Archived 5964:Archived 5933:Archived 5904:Archived 5880:Archived 5849:Archived 5818:Archived 5788:Archived 5732:Archived 5706:Archived 5676:Archived 5650:Archived 5632:38057390 5623:10700563 5571:Archived 5548:36496502 5487:Archived 5459:10 April 5453:Archived 5422:Archived 5392:Archived 5367:22 March 5361:Archived 5333:10 April 5327:Archived 5296:Archived 5271:22 April 5265:Archived 5164:Archived 5131:Archived 5105:Archived 5079:Archived 5053:Archived 5027:Archived 4996:Archived 4965:Archived 4942:34871881 4904:35311183 4853:33758465 4794:34017947 4737:32745186 4670:Archived 4598:Archived 4571:Archived 4567:15998207 4518:24214798 4407:Archived 4367:Archived 4319:85513225 4252:See also 4241:antibody 4182:flatworm 4174:in vitro 3852:May 2020 3782:Research 3733:Economic 3723:Hinduism 3665:in vitro 3578:in vitro 3360:CE Delft 3333:in vitro 3250:alginate 3243:Spinning 3222:Mycelium 3217:Mycelium 3194:Collagen 3189:Collagen 3153:biofilms 3141:Chitosan 2997:Porosity 2987:collagen 2960:Scaffold 2917:telomere 2913:in vitro 2834:Wildtype 2657:Meatable 2588:Eat Just 2552:mid-2024 2456:Company 2438:and the 2366:Kangaroo 2327:Poultry 2280:Poultry 2025:End 2020 1977:Aug 2013 1808:Meatleo 1763:Meatable 1639:Seafood 1516:Eat Just 1424:Poultry 1359:mid-2024 1304:Seafood 932:Founded 825:Meatable 742:Meatable 670:Wildtype 566:Meatable 550:Eat Just 505:Eat Just 442:Polperro 360:collagen 315:In vitro 255:in vitro 251:cultured 224:Besides 209:economic 193:research 178:Eat Just 170:Tel Aviv 79:in-vitro 58:in vitro 18197:Science 18161:Ecology 18137:Biology 18125:Animals 18099:Portals 17168:Marbled 17127:Related 17106:Packing 17081:Butcher 16945:Carnism 16887:Sausage 16862:Seafood 16830:Chicken 16800:Tartare 16795:Tandoor 16775:Sausage 16760:Roasted 16745:Poached 16735:Pickled 16658:Cretons 16648:supreme 16589:Braised 16584:Biltong 16486:Insects 16451:Scallop 16441:Octopus 16431:Lobster 16426:Dolphin 16396:Abalone 16388:seafood 16372:Walleye 16357:Tilapia 16332:Sardine 16322:Pollock 16272:Herring 16267:Halibut 16262:Haddock 16257:Grouper 16242:Crappie 16232:Catfish 16212:Anchovy 16182:Venison 15999:Buffalo 15989:Beefalo 15926:Ostrich 15906:Chicken 15893:Poultry 15641:4410719 15433:. Vice. 14883:9217711 14333:Bibcode 14182:Bibcode 14135:28 June 14040:Bibcode 13912:Seafood 13778:26 June 13633:UN News 13576:4638249 13262:6078906 12730:6716657 12699:Bibcode 12663:6723411 12471:7223365 12447:Animals 12248:6616100 12223:: 103. 12058:4648904 11617:5065960 11592:: 115. 11441:MeaTech 11413:8385070 11384:Bibcode 11134:6101437 11111:(135). 10470:Inverse 10230:Reuters 9533:14 July 9285:Fortune 9015:Reuters 8669:Reuters 8287:CTVNews 8091:24 June 7591:24 July 7418:De Tijd 7181:12 July 6849:Haaretz 6695:Fortune 6633:Fortune 6421:12 June 6185:NPR.org 6052:Bibcode 5656:9 April 5539:9734853 4895:8929989 4844:7977488 4785:8112310 4728:7398566 4676:8 April 4604:9 April 4577:8 April 4413:8 April 4246:osmosis 4211:plasmid 4137:Twitter 4076:sitcom 3806:MeliBio 3742:Farmers 3704:Islamic 3641:Ethical 3557:hectare 3534:texture 3495:omega-3 3378:in vivo 3338:in vivo 3311:in vivo 3162:E. coli 3093:gelatin 3044:in vivo 2991:enzymes 2975:in vivo 2863:Process 2769:Belgium 2765:Antwerp 2752:Belgium 2748:Antwerp 2509:Rehovot 2489:3,000 m 2476:Rehovot 2410:Salmon 2293:By 2022 2232:Belgium 1834:Mewery 1543:C. €50/ 1427:c. 825 1218:Biftek 1164:$ 10/lb 770:and UN 721:In the 637:MeaTech 609:Belgium 277:History 197:ethical 186:grouper 17950:Ethics 17918:Topics 17859:Fields 17803:Events 17249: 17101:Jobber 17086:Cutter 17071:Broker 16872:Steaks 16790:Stewed 16780:Smoked 16770:Salumi 16750:Potted 16700:Kidney 16680:Ground 16675:Frozen 16644:Fillet 16624:Cutlet 16614:Corned 16609:Confit 16594:Burger 16525:locust 16504:Cicada 16446:Oyster 16436:Mussel 16406:Chiton 16386:other 16327:Salmon 16292:Marlin 16177:Turtle 16167:Rabbit 16142:Monkey 16132:Iguana 16074:Żubroń 16029:Snails 16024:Donkey 15979:Alpaca 15946:Turkey 15931:Pigeon 15843: 15819: 15795: 15775: 15755: 15730: 15705: 15680: 15648: 15638: 15630: 15329:Heroes 15213:3 June 15202:"Meat" 15186:3 June 15052: 14938:14 May 14881: 14873: 14865: 14359: 14351: 14287: 14279: 14200: 14058: 13922: 13835:8 July 13686: 13583: 13573: 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