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foreign one we incorrectly assume that our previous world has not changed. We expect things to remain exactly the same as when we left them. The realization that life back home is now different, that the world has continued without us, and the process of readjusting to these new conditions as well as actualizing our new perceptions about the world with our old way of living causes discomfort and psychological anguish.
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144:. Excitement may eventually give way to unpleasant feelings of frustration and anger as one continues to experience unfavorable events that may be perceived as strange and offensive to one's cultural attitude. Language barriers, stark differences in public hygiene, traffic safety, food accessibility and quality may heighten the sense of disconnection from the surroundings.
96:
experienced by culture shock has long-lasting effects therefore, universities with well-rounded programs that support students throughout the study abroad program, including preparation and post-program assistance, can alleviate challenges posed by culture shock, allow for global development and assist with the transition back into the home culture.
112:, people will initially have (1) a honeymoon period, followed by (2) a transition period, that is, cultural shock. Over time people will begin to (3) adapt (the dotted line depicted some people hated by new cultures instead), before in some cases (4) returning to their own places and re-adapting to the old culture.
249:
and psychological consequences of the readjustment process to the primary culture. The affected person often finds this more surprising and difficult to deal with than the original culture shock. This phenomenon, the reactions that members of the re-entered culture exhibit toward the re-entrant, and
95:
Culture shock is experienced by students who participate in study abroad programs. Research considering the study abroad experiences states that in-country support for students may assist them in overcoming the challenges and phases of culture shock. As stated in a study by Young et al., the distress
207:
Again, after some time (usually 6 to 12 months), one grows accustomed to the new culture and develops routines. One knows what to expect in most situations and the host country no longer feels all that new. One becomes concerned with basic living again, and things become more "normal". One starts to
186:
In the case of students studying abroad, some develop additional symptoms of loneliness that ultimately affect their lifestyles as a whole. Due to the strain of living in a different country without parental support, international students often feel anxious and feel more pressure while adjusting to
127:
During this period, the differences between the old and new culture are seen in a romantic light. For example, in moving to a new country, an individual might love the new food, the pace of life, and the locals' habits. During the first few weeks, most people are fascinated by the new culture. They
263:
Reverse culture shock is generally made up of two parts: idealization and expectations. When an extended period of time is spent abroad we focus on the good from our past, cut out the bad, and create an idealized version of the past. Secondly, once removed from our familiar setting and placed in a
52:
is an experience a person may have when one moves to a cultural environment which is different from one's own; it is also the personal disorientation a person may feel when experiencing an unfamiliar way of life due to immigration or a visit to a new country, a move between social environments, or
233:
Gary R. Weaver wrote that culture shock has "three basic causal explanations": loss of familiar cues, the breakdown of interpersonal communications, and an identity crisis. Peter S. Adler emphasized the psychological causes. Tema
Milstein wrote that it can have positive effects.
323:
Culture shock is a subcategory of a more universal construct called transition shock. Transition shock is a state of loss and disorientation predicated by a change in one's familiar environment that requires adjustment. There are many symptoms of transition shock, including:
53:
simply transition to another type of life. One of the most common causes of culture shock involves individuals in a foreign environment. Culture shock can be described as consisting of at least one of four distinct phases: honeymoon, negotiation, adjustment, and adaptation.
174:
and homesick because they are not yet used to the new environment and meet people with whom they are not familiar every day. The language barrier may become a major obstacle in creating new relationships: special attention must be paid to one's and others' culture-specific
220:
In the mastery stage individuals are able to participate fully and comfortably in the host culture. Mastery does not mean total conversion; people often keep many traits from their earlier culture, such as accents and languages. It is often referred to as the
294:
Some people manage to adapt to the aspects of the host culture they see as positive, while keeping some of their own and creating their unique blend. They have no major problems returning home or relocating elsewhere. This group can be thought to be
306:
There is evidence to suggest that the psychological influence of culture shock might also have physiological implications. For example, the psycho-social stress experienced during these circumstances is correlated with an early onset of puberty.
284:" and see return to their own culture as the only way out. This group is sometimes known as "Rejectors" and describes approximately 60% of expatriates. These "Rejectors" also have the greatest problems re-integrating back home after return.
245:(also known as "re-entry shock" or "own culture shock") may take place—returning to one's home culture after growing accustomed to a new one can produce the same effects as described above. These are results from the
874:
A New Model of Cross
Cultural Communication: Critically Reviewing, Combining and Further Developing the Basic Models of Permutter, Yoshikawa, Hall, Hofstede, Thomas, Hallpike, and the Social Constructivism
702:
Oberg, Kalervo. "Culture Shock and the problem of
Adjustment to the new cultural environments". World Wide Classroom Consortium for International Education & Multicultural studies. 29 Sept 2009.
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levels and concentrations in food and water; difficulty in seeking treatment for illness, as medicines may have different names from the native country's and the same
711:
Mavrides, Gregory PhD "Culture Shock and
Clinical Depression". Foreign Teachers Guide to Living and Working in China. Middle Kingdom Life, 2009. Web. 29 Sept. 2009.
303:
Culture shock has many different effects, time spans, and degrees of severity. Many people are hampered by its presence and do not recognize why they are bothered.
722:
147:
While being transferred into a different environment puts special pressure on communication skills, there are practical difficulties to overcome, such as
823:
140:
After some time (usually around three months, depending on the individual), differences between the old and new culture become apparent and may create
609:
92:). There is no true way to entirely prevent culture shock, as individuals in any society are personally affected by cultural contrasts differently.
960:
Huff, Jennifer L. (2001). "Parental attachment, reverse culture shock, perceived social support, and college adjustment of missionary children".
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291:. They normally remain in the host country forever. This group is sometimes known as "Adopters" and describes approximately 10% of immigrants.
1753:
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280:. They isolate themselves from the host country's environment, which they come to perceive as hostile, withdraw into an (often mental) "
30:
The encounter with the conquerors with steel and horses shocked the Aztecs, so they confused the
Europeans with prophets from the east.
481:
Macionis, John, and Linda Gerber. "Chapter 3 - Culture." Sociology. 7th edition ed. Toronto, ON: Pearson Canada Inc., 2010. 54. Print.
1186:
Houghton, Lauren C.; Troisi, Rebecca; Sommer, Marni; Katki, Hormuzd A.; Booth, Mark; Choudhury, Osul A.; Hampshire, Kate R. (2020).
882:
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Some people integrate fully and take on all parts of the host culture while losing their original identity. This is called
1112:
1506:
907:
3364:
1155:"You Cannot Go Home Again: A Phenomenological Investigation of Returning to the Sojourn Country After Studying Abroad"
1113:"You Cannot Go Home Again: A Phenomenological Investigation of Returning to the Sojourn Country After Studying Abroad"
2017:
1095:
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1636:
730:
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1736:
34:
20:
752:
Weaver, G.R. (1994). "Understanding and coping with cross-cultural adjustment stress". In Weaver, G.R. (ed.).
170:
Still, the most important change in the period is communication: People adjusting to a new culture often feel
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develop problem-solving skills for dealing with the culture and begins to accept the culture's ways with a
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first proposed his model of cultural adjustment in a talk to the Women's Club of Rio de
Janeiro in 1954.
81:
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212:. The culture begins to make sense, and negative reactions and responses to the culture are reduced.
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the inevitability of the two are encapsulated in the following saying, also the title of a book by
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associate with nationals who speak their language, and who are polite to the foreigners. Like most
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Experience one may have when moving to a cultural environment which is different from one's own
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1278:
779:
Adler, P.S. (1975). "The
Transitional Experience: an Alternative View of Culture Shock".
222:
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1188:""I'm not a freshi": Culture shock, puberty and growing up as British-Bangladeshi girls"
104:
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877:. Comparative cultural science. Vol. 1. Bochum/Berlin: European University Press.
804:
685:
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414:
277:
319:
A local woman does a double-take at a foreigner during the evening rush hour in Japan.
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signs, linguistic faux pas, conversation tone, linguistic nuances and customs, and
148:
61:
1080:
824:"Transformation abroad: Sojourning and the perceived enhancement of self-efficacy"
660:
Oberg, Kalervo (1960). "Cultural Shock: Adjustment to New
Cultural Environments".
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1249:
Management Entity: Office of
International Research, Education, and Development
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187:
new cultures—even more so when the cultural distances are wide, as patterns of
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65:
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1954:
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1984:
1939:
1453:
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755:
Culture, Communication, and
Conflict: Readings in Intercultural Relations
497:. Contributions in Psychology, no. 25. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press.
2327:
2105:
1621:
1606:
1541:
1367:
1346:
1301:
650:
Presented to the Women's Club of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 3 August 1954.
562:
Young, Jennifer T.; Natrajan-Tyagi, Rajeswari; Platt, Jason J. (2014).
462:
409:
171:
85:
3155:
2554:
1969:
1395:
1352:
1335:
1331:
494:
The Five Stages of Culture Shock: Critical Incidents Around the World
439:
156:
129:
77:
39:
276:
Some people find it impossible to accept the foreign culture and to
1974:
1432:
543:
209:
196:
160:
152:
2026:
1922:
1705:
1586:
141:
520:
2337:
1979:
1944:
1546:
1384:
429:
281:
192:
1004:
564:"Identity in Flux: Negotiating Identity While Studying Abroad"
1521:
1340:
1270:
188:
1018:
Winkelman, Michael (1994). "Cultural Shock and Adaptation".
1995:
1153:
Christofi, Victoria; Thompson, Charles L. (January 2007).
1185:
561:
272:
There are three basic outcomes of the adjustment phase:
299:. Approximately 30% of immigrants belong to this group.
758:. Needham Heights, MA: Ginn Press. pp. 169–189.
1111:Christofi, Victoria; Thompson, Charles L. (2007).
1079:
1152:
1110:
959:
72:, skill interdependence, formulation dependency,
3351:
828:International Journal of Intercultural Relations
195:are different and a special emphasis is put on
935:"Expat culture shock boomerangs in the office"
2011:
1286:
1045:
1043:
1041:
908:"How expats cope with losing their identity"
99:
2018:
2004:
1293:
1279:
1754:Obsessive–compulsive personality disorder
1219:
1170:
1038:
1017:
847:
644:
611:Four Common Stages of Cultural Adjustment
821:
490:
314:
237:
103:
33:
25:
1159:Journal of Counseling & Development
1120:Journal of Counseling & Development
1020:Journal of Counseling & Development
870:
536:How Culture Shock Affects Communication
346:Feelings of helplessness and withdrawal
155:and daylight drowsiness; adaptation of
3352:
1074:
932:
905:
751:
334:Compulsive eating/drinking/weight gain
76:(cultural), boredom (job dependency),
1999:
1274:
1086:. New York, NY: Basic Books. p.
933:Garone, Elizabeth (3 November 2014).
778:
720:
659:
634:
533:
132:periods, this stage eventually ends.
3313:
2914:Role of Christianity in civilization
1742:Right-wing authoritarian personality
997:"Dealing with Reverse Culture Shock"
962:Journal of Psychology & Theology
3325:
723:"Adjust To New Cultures Like A Pro"
310:
13:
1172:10.1002/j.1556-6678.2007.tb00444.x
1132:10.1002/j.1556-6678.2007.tb00444.x
1032:10.1002/j.1556-6676.1994.tb01723.x
994:
941:. British Broadcasting Corporation
914:. British Broadcasting Corporation
340:Excessive concern over cleanliness
14:
3396:
906:Clarke, Laura (6 November 2016).
668:(4). SAGE Publications: 177–182.
617:(Factsheet), n.d., archived from
568:Journal of Experiential Education
3324:
3312:
3301:
3300:
2035:
1242:
781:Journal of Humanistic Psychology
358:Hostility towards host nationals
3126:Culture and positive psychology
2036:
1236:
1204:10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113058
1179:
1146:
1104:
1068:
1011:
988:
953:
926:
899:
864:
815:
787:(4). SAGE Publications: 13–23.
772:
745:
714:
376:Suicidal or fatalistic thoughts
337:Desire for home and old friends
151:disruption that often leads to
2565:High- and low-context cultures
1737:Authoritarian leadership style
1300:
840:10.1016/j.ijintrel.2005.05.005
705:
696:
653:
628:
602:
555:
527:
484:
475:
370:Physiological stress reactions
228:
135:
21:Culture shock (disambiguation)
1:
1642:Social construction of gender
1192:Social Science & Medicine
468:
215:
202:
3131:Culture and social cognition
2116:Cross-cultural communication
1637:Rally 'round the flag effect
1245:"Dealing with culture shock"
349:Getting "stuck" on one thing
167:might be hard to recognize.
122:
7:
3213:Intercultural communication
2025:
1840:Asch conformity experiments
1557:Identification (psychology)
834:(2). Elsevier BV: 217–238.
425:Intercultural communication
383:
373:Stereotyping host nationals
267:
10:
3401:
2656:Cross cultural sensitivity
2323:Resistance through culture
1855:Stanford prison experiment
1597:Normative social influence
974:10.1177/009164710102900307
793:10.1177/002216787501500403
674:10.1177/009182966000700405
435:Lost In Translation (film)
18:
3365:Cross-cultural psychology
3296:
3268:Transformation of culture
2961:
2881:
2701:Cultural environmentalism
2638:
2378:
2241:
2131:Cross-cultural psychology
2126:Cross-cultural psychiatry
2121:Cross-cultural leadership
2098:
2047:
2033:
1863:
1832:
1804:Normalization of deviance
1766:
1732:Authoritarian personality
1724:
1484:
1441:
1315:
1308:
100:Oberg's four phases model
56:Common problems include:
42:visiting a small farm in
3228:Living things in culture
3218:Intercultural competence
3121:Culture and menstruation
2620:Trans-cultural diffusion
1814:Preference falsification
580:10.1177/1053825914531920
534:Barna, LaRay M. (1976),
458:Student exchange program
3039:Cultural homogenization
2269:Individualistic culture
2203:Popular culture studies
2188:Intercultural relations
1476:Tyranny of the majority
822:Milstein, Tema (2005).
635:Oberg, Kalervo (1954),
257:You Can't Go Home Again
2974:Archaeological culture
2721:Cultural globalization
2590:Organizational culture
2438:Cultural communication
2396:Cultural appropriation
2183:Intercultural learning
2111:Cross-cultural studies
1779:Communal reinforcement
1532:False consensus effect
662:Practical Anthropology
405:Cultural schema theory
320:
113:
46:
31:
3370:Cultural assimilation
3243:Participatory culture
3034:Cultural evolutionism
2858:Multiracial democracy
2736:Cultural intelligence
2681:Cultural conservatism
2671:Cultural backwardness
2661:Cultural assimilation
2535:Cultural reproduction
2391:Cultural appreciation
2343:Far-right subcultures
2233:Transcultural nursing
2198:Philosophy of culture
2075:Cultural neuroscience
2055:Cultural anthropology
1883:Anti-social behaviour
1878:Anti-authoritarianism
1617:Pluralistic ignorance
1464:National conservatism
1459:Left-wing nationalism
1442:Governmental pressure
1082:The World Is A Ghetto
1001:Breaking Trail Online
849:1959.4/unsworks_77066
721:Sarah (25 May 2016).
491:Pedersen, P. (1995).
400:Cultural intelligence
318:
289:cultural assimilation
243:Reverse culture shock
238:Reverse culture shock
107:
37:
29:
3380:Sociology of culture
3238:Oppositional culture
3208:Emotions and culture
3116:Cultural sensibility
3106:Cultural translation
3044:Cultural institution
3024:Cultural determinism
2746:Cultural nationalism
2731:Cultural imperialism
2691:Cultural deprivation
2585:Non-material culture
2218:Sociology of culture
2213:Semiotics of culture
1845:Breaching experiment
1632:Operant conditioning
1577:Mere exposure effect
871:Woesler, M. (2006).
727:thewanderlanders.com
88:, response ability (
58:information overload
19:For other uses, see
3089:Culture speculation
3084:Cultural relativism
3014:Cultural competence
2904:Cultural Christians
2776:Cultural Revolution
2766:Cultural radicalism
2741:Cultural liberalism
2676:Cultural Bolshevism
2651:Consumer capitalism
2605:Relational mobility
2545:Cultural technology
2453:Cultural dissonance
2370:Culture by location
2333:Alternative culture
2249:Constructed culture
2228:Theology of culture
2168:Cultural psychology
2148:Cultural entomology
1725:Individual pressure
1602:Passing (sociology)
1537:Fear of missing out
1502:Closure (sociology)
1416:Enemy of the people
1126:(1). Wiley: 53–63.
110:acculturation model
3248:Permission culture
3181:Disability culture
3161:Children's culture
3029:Cultural diversity
2989:Circuit of culture
2771:Cultural retention
2751:Cultural pessimism
2706:Cultural exception
2696:Cultural diplomacy
2686:Cultural contracts
2646:Colonial mentality
2575:Manuscript culture
2550:Cultural universal
2520:Cultural pluralism
2500:Cultural landscape
2495:Cultural invention
2463:Cultural framework
2365:Vernacular culture
2163:Cultural mediation
2143:Cultural economics
2138:Cultural analytics
2070:Cultural geography
2060:Cultural astronomy
1893:Civil disobedience
1850:Milgram experiment
1789:Creeping normality
1691:Social integration
1627:Psychosocial issue
1567:Invented tradition
1421:Enemy of the state
415:Fresh off the boat
321:
165:active ingredients
114:
90:cultural skill set
47:
32:
3375:Cultural concepts
3347:
3346:
3176:Death and culture
3069:Cultural movement
3059:Cultural literacy
2919:Eastern Orthodoxy
2831:Dominator culture
2826:Deculturalization
2726:Cultural hegemony
2716:Cultural genocide
2711:Cultural feminism
2530:Cultural property
2525:Cultural practice
2510:Cultural leveling
2505:Cultural learning
2490:Cultural industry
2485:Cultural identity
2468:Cultural heritage
2458:Cultural emphasis
2443:Cultural conflict
2416:Cultural behavior
2406:Cultural artifact
2318:Primitive culture
2294:Political culture
1993:
1992:
1873:Alternative media
1762:
1761:
1701:Spiral of silence
1572:Memory conformity
1512:Consensus reality
1405:Persona non grata
1326:Damnatio memoriae
1255:on 28 August 2009
884:978-3-89966-188-0
765:978-0-536-58482-3
733:on 4 October 2017
504:978-0-313-03073-4
390:Cultural conflict
210:positive attitude
3392:
3328:
3327:
3316:
3315:
3304:
3303:
3193:Drinking culture
3146:Culture industry
3094:Cultural tourism
3074:Cultural mulatto
3049:Cultural jet lag
2984:Cannabis culture
2941:Cultural Muslims
2863:Pluriculturalism
2846:Multiculturalism
2836:Interculturalism
2811:Culture minister
2801:Cultural Zionism
2796:Cultural subsidy
2791:Cultural silence
2666:Cultural attaché
2625:Transculturation
2580:Material culture
2570:Interculturality
2426:Cultural capital
2411:Cultural baggage
2348:Youth subculture
2289:Official culture
2254:Dominant culture
2193:Internet culture
2158:Cultural mapping
2153:Cultural history
2080:Cultural studies
2065:Cultural ecology
2039:
2038:
2020:
2013:
2006:
1997:
1996:
1918:Devil's advocate
1888:Auto-segregation
1784:Countersignaling
1711:Toxic positivity
1686:Social influence
1647:Social contagion
1492:Bandwagon effect
1449:Authoritarianism
1313:
1312:
1295:
1288:
1281:
1272:
1271:
1265:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1251:. Archived from
1240:
1234:
1233:
1223:
1183:
1177:
1176:
1174:
1150:
1144:
1143:
1117:
1108:
1102:
1101:
1085:
1072:
1066:
1065:
1063:
1062:
1053:. Archived from
1047:
1036:
1035:
1015:
1009:
1008:
1003:. Archived from
992:
986:
985:
957:
951:
950:
948:
946:
930:
924:
923:
921:
919:
903:
897:
896:
868:
862:
861:
851:
819:
813:
812:
776:
770:
769:
749:
743:
742:
740:
738:
729:. Archived from
718:
712:
709:
703:
700:
694:
693:
657:
651:
649:
648:
632:
626:
625:
623:
616:
606:
600:
599:
559:
553:
552:
531:
525:
524:
488:
482:
479:
311:Transition shock
149:circadian rhythm
62:language barrier
3400:
3399:
3395:
3394:
3393:
3391:
3390:
3389:
3350:
3349:
3348:
3343:
3292:
3283:Western culture
3278:Welfare culture
3203:Eastern culture
3064:Cultural mosaic
3019:Cultural critic
3009:Cultural center
2957:
2931:Cultural Hindus
2877:
2868:Polyculturalism
2841:Monoculturalism
2816:Culture of fear
2786:Cultural safety
2781:Cultural rights
2761:Cultural racism
2756:Cultural policy
2634:
2540:Cultural system
2515:Cultural memory
2448:Cultural cringe
2374:
2306:Popular culture
2237:
2173:Cultural values
2094:
2043:
2029:
2024:
1994:
1989:
1960:Insubordination
1908:Culture jamming
1898:Cosmopolitanism
1859:
1828:
1799:Internalization
1758:
1720:
1480:
1471:Totalitarianism
1437:
1304:
1299:
1269:
1268:
1258:
1256:
1241:
1237:
1184:
1180:
1151:
1147:
1115:
1109:
1105:
1098:
1073:
1069:
1060:
1058:
1051:"Culture Shock"
1049:
1048:
1039:
1016:
1012:
993:
989:
958:
954:
944:
942:
931:
927:
917:
915:
904:
900:
885:
869:
865:
820:
816:
777:
773:
766:
750:
746:
736:
734:
719:
715:
710:
706:
701:
697:
658:
654:
646:10.1.1.461.5459
633:
629:
621:
614:
608:
607:
603:
560:
556:
532:
528:
505:
489:
485:
480:
476:
471:
395:Cultural cringe
386:
343:Excessive sleep
313:
270:
240:
231:
218:
205:
138:
125:
102:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3398:
3388:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3345:
3344:
3342:
3341:
3334:
3322:
3310:
3297:
3294:
3293:
3291:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3189:
3188:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3102:
3101:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3079:Cultural probe
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3004:Cross-cultural
3001:
2999:Coffee culture
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2969:Animal culture
2965:
2963:
2959:
2958:
2956:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2944:
2943:
2933:
2928:
2927:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2891:
2885:
2883:
2879:
2878:
2876:
2875:
2873:Transculturism
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2854:
2853:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2806:Culture change
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2642:
2640:
2636:
2635:
2633:
2632:
2630:Visual culture
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2610:Safety culture
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2476:
2475:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2434:
2433:
2431:Cross-cultural
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2382:
2380:
2376:
2375:
2373:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2356:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2314:
2313:
2303:
2302:
2301:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2245:
2243:
2239:
2238:
2236:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2134:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2108:
2102:
2100:
2096:
2095:
2093:
2092:
2090:Culture theory
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2051:
2049:
2045:
2044:
2034:
2031:
2030:
2023:
2022:
2015:
2008:
2000:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1931:
1930:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1903:Counterculture
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1869:
1867:
1865:Anticonformity
1861:
1860:
1858:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1836:
1834:
1830:
1829:
1827:
1826:
1824:Social reality
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1770:
1768:
1764:
1763:
1760:
1759:
1757:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1745:
1744:
1739:
1728:
1726:
1722:
1721:
1719:
1718:
1716:Untouchability
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1682:
1681:
1676:
1675:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1654:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1582:Milieu control
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1562:Indoctrination
1559:
1554:
1552:Herd mentality
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1488:
1486:
1485:Group pressure
1482:
1481:
1479:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1467:
1466:
1461:
1451:
1445:
1443:
1439:
1438:
1436:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1424:
1423:
1418:
1408:
1401:
1400:
1399:
1392:
1382:
1377:
1376:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1363:Cancel culture
1360:
1350:
1343:
1338:
1329:
1321:
1319:
1310:
1306:
1305:
1298:
1297:
1290:
1283:
1275:
1267:
1266:
1235:
1178:
1145:
1103:
1096:
1076:Winant, Howard
1067:
1037:
1026:(2): 121–126.
1010:
1007:on 2016-02-24.
995:Martin, Hank.
987:
968:(3): 246–264.
952:
925:
898:
883:
863:
814:
771:
764:
744:
713:
704:
695:
652:
627:
601:
574:(2): 175–188.
554:
526:
503:
483:
473:
472:
470:
467:
466:
465:
460:
455:
453:Paris syndrome
450:
442:
437:
432:
427:
422:
417:
412:
407:
402:
397:
392:
385:
382:
381:
380:
377:
374:
371:
368:
365:
362:
359:
356:
353:
350:
347:
344:
341:
338:
335:
332:
329:
312:
309:
301:
300:
292:
285:
269:
266:
239:
236:
230:
227:
217:
214:
204:
201:
137:
134:
124:
121:
101:
98:
70:technology gap
66:generation gap
38:Traveler from
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3397:
3386:
3385:Urban society
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3357:
3355:
3340:
3339:
3335:
3333:
3332:
3323:
3321:
3320:
3311:
3309:
3308:
3299:
3298:
3295:
3289:
3288:Youth culture
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3273:Urban culture
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3258:Remix culture
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3233:Media culture
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3223:Languaculture
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3187:
3184:
3183:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3151:Culture shock
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3111:Cultural turn
3109:
3107:
3104:
3100:
3097:
3096:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2979:Bennett scale
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2966:
2964:
2960:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2942:
2939:
2938:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2909:Protestantism
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2896:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2886:
2884:
2880:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2852:
2851:Biculturalism
2849:
2848:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2643:
2641:
2637:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2615:Technoculture
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2595:Print culture
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2560:Enculturation
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2480:Cultural icon
2478:
2474:
2471:
2470:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2432:
2429:
2428:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2421:Cultural bias
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2401:Cultural area
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2386:Acculturation
2384:
2383:
2381:
2377:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2360:Super culture
2358:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2330:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2312:
2309:
2308:
2307:
2304:
2300:
2297:
2296:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2274:Legal culture
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2246:
2244:
2240:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2223:Sound culture
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2113:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2103:
2101:
2097:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2052:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2032:
2028:
2021:
2016:
2014:
2009:
2007:
2002:
2001:
1998:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1955:Individualism
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1929:
1926:
1925:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1862:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1837:
1835:
1831:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1794:Herd behavior
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1771:
1769:
1765:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1749:Control freak
1747:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1734:
1733:
1730:
1729:
1727:
1723:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1696:Socialization
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1680:
1677:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1659:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1649:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1612:Peer pressure
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1592:Normalization
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
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3360:Anthropology
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3253:Rape culture
3198:Drug culture
3186:Deaf culture
3171:Cyberculture
3150:
3141:Culture hero
3054:Cultural lag
2994:Civilization
2894:Christianity
2600:Protoculture
2284:Microculture
2264:High culture
2259:Folk culture
2208:Postcritique
1965:Pueblo clown
1950:Idiosyncrasy
1935:Eccentricity
1819:Social proof
1527:Echo chamber
1516:
1507:Collectivism
1497:Brainwashing
1428:Scapegoating
1411:Public enemy
1403:
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1358:Blacklisting
1345:
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1317:Proscription
1259:29 September
1257:. Retrieved
1253:the original
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1165:(1): 53–63.
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420:Future Shock
364:Irritability
355:Homesickness
352:Glazed stare
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297:cosmopolitan
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74:homesickness
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44:Sierra Leone
3331:WikiProject
3263:Tea culture
3166:Culturalism
3136:Culture gap
3099:Pop-culture
2899:Catholicism
2821:Culture war
2279:Low culture
2178:Culturomics
2085:Culturology
1985:Shock value
1940:Eclecticism
1833:Experiments
1454:Nationalism
1390:Civil death
1309:Enforcement
939:BBC Capital
912:BBC Capital
367:Mood swings
361:Impulsivity
229:Development
136:Negotiation
3354:Categories
2328:Subculture
2106:Bioculture
1774:Compliance
1767:Conformity
1667:Hysterical
1657:Behavioral
1622:Propaganda
1607:Patriotism
1542:Groupthink
1368:Censorship
1347:Homo sacer
1302:Conformity
1198:: 113058.
1061:2019-08-08
945:5 December
918:5 December
469:References
463:Xenophobia
446:Outsourced
410:Expatriate
379:Withdrawal
223:bicultural
216:Adaptation
203:Adjustment
86:skin color
3156:Culturgen
2924:Mormonism
2882:Religions
2555:Cultureme
2473:Destroyed
2099:Subfields
1970:Rebellion
1928:Political
1809:Obedience
1679:Emotional
1652:Addiction
1396:Vogelfrei
1353:Ostracism
1336:Dissenter
1332:Dissident
1212:1873-5347
1140:0748-9633
982:142635674
893:180723503
858:0147-1767
809:142937260
801:0022-1678
690:140936758
682:0032-633X
641:CiteSeerX
596:145667333
588:1053-8259
513:0736-2714
440:Neophobia
278:integrate
157:gut flora
130:honeymoon
123:Honeymoon
78:ethnicity
40:Australia
3307:Category
2889:Buddhism
2639:Politics
2048:Sciences
1975:Red team
1913:Deviance
1433:Shunning
1230:32504913
1078:(2001).
737:19 March
544:ED184909
521:93-49711
384:See also
268:Outcomes
197:rhetoric
161:bacteria
153:insomnia
3338:Changes
3319:Commons
2962:Related
2953:Sikhism
2948:Judaism
2379:Aspects
2041:Outline
2027:Culture
1923:Dissent
1706:Teasing
1672:Suicide
1587:Mobbing
1380:Outcast
1221:7369632
550:5380387
331:Boredom
225:stage.
142:anxiety
2338:Fandom
1980:Satire
1945:Hermit
1547:Hazing
1385:Outlaw
1243:CESA.
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448:(film)
430:Jetlag
282:ghetto
193:speech
172:lonely
2936:Islam
2311:Urban
2299:Civic
2242:Types
1662:Crime
1522:Dogma
1341:Exile
1116:(PDF)
978:S2CID
805:S2CID
686:S2CID
622:(PDF)
615:(PDF)
592:S2CID
328:Anger
189:logic
2353:list
1261:2009
1226:PMID
1208:ISSN
1136:ISSN
1092:ISBN
947:2017
920:2017
889:OCLC
879:ISBN
854:ISSN
797:ISSN
760:ISBN
739:2018
678:ISSN
666:os-7
584:ISSN
540:ERIC
517:LCCN
509:ISSN
499:ISBN
191:and
82:race
1216:PMC
1200:doi
1196:258
1167:doi
1128:doi
1088:258
1028:doi
970:doi
844:hdl
836:doi
789:doi
670:doi
576:doi
547:NLA
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