CubeSat - Knowledge

793: (also called solar pressure) from stars to push large ultra-thin mirrors to high speeds, requiring no propellant. Force from a solar sail scales with the sail's area, this makes sails well suited for use in CubeSats as their small mass results in the greater acceleration for a given solar sail's area. However, solar sails still need to be quite large compared to the satellite, which means useful solar sails must be deployed, adding mechanical complexity and a potential source of failure. This propulsion method is the only one not plagued with restrictions set by the CubeSat Design Specification, as it does not require high pressures, hazardous materials, or significant chemical energy. A small number of CubeSats have employed a solar sail as its main propulsion and stability in deep space, including the 3U 383:

Specification an extra available volume was defined for use on 3U projects. The additional volume is made possible by space typically wasted in the P-POD Mk III's spring mechanism. 3U CubeSats which utilize the space are designated 3U+ and may place components in a cylindrical volume centered on one end of the CubeSat. The cylindrical space has a maximum diameter of 6.4 cm (2.5 in) and a height no greater than 3.6 cm (1.4 in) while not allowing for any increase in mass beyond the 3U's maximum of 4 kg (8.8 lb). Propulsion systems and antennas are the most common components that might require the additional volume, though the payload sometimes extends into this volume. Deviations from the dimension and mass requirements can be waived following application and negotiation with the

416:(orientation), power management, payload operation, and primary control tasks. COTS attitude-control systems typically include their own computer, as do the power management systems. Payloads must be able to interface with the primary computer to be useful, which sometimes requires the use of another small computer. This may be due to limitations in the primary computer's ability to control the payload with limited communication protocols, to prevent overloading the primary computer with raw data handling, or to ensure payload's operation continues uninterrupted by the spacecraft's other computing needs such as communication. Still, the primary computer may be used for payload related tasks, which might include 226:, of the Department of Aeronautics & Astronautics at Stanford University, and currently a member of the space science faculty at Morehead State University in Kentucky, has contributed to the CubeSat community. His efforts have focused on CubeSats from educational institutions. The specification does not apply to other cube-like nanosatellites such as the NASA "MEPSI" nanosatellite, which is slightly larger than a CubeSat. GeneSat-1 was NASA's first fully automated, self-contained biological spaceflight experiment on a satellite of its size. It was also the first U.S.-launched CubeSat. This work, led by John Hines at NASA Ames Research, became the catalyst for the entire NASA CubeSat program. 1364: 1376: 1388: 1281: 1689: 1406: 828: 233:. This standard defines specifications for CubeSats including their physical, mechanical, electrical, and operational requirements. It also provides a specification for the interface between the CubeSat and its launch vehicle, which lists the capabilities required to survive the environmental conditions during and after launch and describes the standard deployment interface used to release the satellites. The development of standards shared by a large number of spacecraft contributes to a significant reduction in the development time and cost of CubeSat missions. 1043: 96: 700: 278: 461: 1510: 626:. This ability to use inert gases is highly advantageous to CubeSats as they are usually restricted from hazardous materials. Only low performance can be achieved with them, preventing high impulse maneuvers even in low mass CubeSats. Due to this low performance, their use in CubeSats for main propulsion is limited and designers choose higher efficiency systems with only minor increases in complexity. Cold gas systems more often see use in CubeSat attitude control. 478:(orientation) for CubeSats relies on miniaturizing technology without significant performance degradation. Tumbling typically occurs as soon as a CubeSat is deployed, due to asymmetric deployment forces and bumping with other CubeSats. Some CubeSats operate normally while tumbling, but those that require pointing in a certain direction or cannot operate safely while spinning, must be detumbled. Systems that perform attitude determination and control include 751:. The high efficiency associated with electric propulsion could allow CubeSats to propel themselves to Mars. Electric propulsion systems are disadvantaged in their use of power, which requires the CubeSat to have larger solar cells, more complicated power distribution, and often larger batteries. Furthermore, many electric propulsion methods may still require pressurized tanks to store propellant, which is restricted by the CubeSat Design Specification. 111:. CubeSats are employed to demonstrate spacecraft technologies intended for small satellites or that present questionable feasibility and are unlikely to justify the cost of a larger satellite. Scientific experiments with unproven underlying theory may also find themselves aboard CubeSats because their low cost can justify higher risks. Biological research payloads have been flown on several missions, with more planned. Several missions to the 141: 1720:) on the International Space Station. While the P-POD is limited to launching a 3U CubeSat at most, the NRCSD can launch a 6U (10 cm × 10 cm × 68.1 cm (3.9 in × 3.9 in × 26.8 in)) CubeSat and the ISIPOD can launch a different form of 6U CubeSat (10 cm × 22.63 cm × 34.05 cm (3.94 in × 8.91 in × 13.41 in)). 1448:. University students have the opportunity to develop and implement their CubeSat mission with support of ESA specialists. Participating student teams can experience the full cycle from designing, building, and testing to eventually, the possibility of launching and operating their CubeSat. The fourth iteration of the Fly Your Satellite! programme closed a call for proposals in February 2022. 251:

0.26 US gal) of useful volume, with each unit weighing no more than 2 kg (4.4 lb). The smallest standard size is 1U, consisting of a single unit, while the most common form factor was the 3U, which comprised over 40% of all nanosatellites launched to date. Larger form factors, such as the 6U and 12U, are composed of 3Us stacked side by side. In 2014, two 6U

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ST-16 star tracker both have applications for CubeSats and have flight heritage. Pumpkin's Colony I Bus uses an aerodynamic wing for passive attitude stabilization. Determination of a CubeSat's location can be done through the use of on-board GPS, which is relatively expensive for a CubeSat, or by relaying radar tracking data to the craft from Earth-based tracking systems.

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CubeSat Deployer (NRCSD) on the International Space Station being the most popular method of CubeSat deployment as of 2014. Some CubeSat deployers are created by companies, such as the ISIPOD (Innovative Solutions In Space BV) or SPL (Astro und Feinwerktechnik Adlershof GmbH), while some have been created by governments or other non-profit institutions such as the X-POD (

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Lithium-ion batteries feature high energy-to-mass ratios, making them well suited to use on mass-restricted spacecraft. Battery charging and discharging is typically handled by a dedicated electrical power system (EPS). Batteries sometimes feature heaters to prevent the battery from reaching dangerously low temperatures which might cause battery and mission failure.

960:. JPL's engineers have also developed a 0.5 m (1 ft 8 in) mesh reflector antenna operating at Ka-band and compatible with the DSN that folds in a 1.5U stowage volume. For MarCO, JPL's antenna engineers designed a Folded Panel Reflectarray (FPR) to fit on a 6U CubeSat bus and supports X-band Mars-to-Earth telecommunications at 8 kbit/s at 1AU. 1478:

sensors for lower thermosphere and re-entry research. 35 CubeSats are envisaged to be provided by universities from 22 countries around the world, among them 4 are from the US, 4 from China, 4 from France, 3 from Australia and 3 from South Korea. Ten 2U or 3U CubeSats are foreseen to serve for in-orbit technology demonstration of new space technologies.

1350:(MRO) flying overhead. MRO forwarded EDL information to Earth using a radio frequency in the X band, but cannot simultaneously receive information in one band if transmitting on another. Confirmation of a successful landing could be received on Earth several hours after, so MarCO was a technology demonstration of real-time telemetry during the landing. 1680:

international organizations over the past decade, for example, proposed in 2012 by NASA and the Jet Propulsion Lab, the INSPIRE spacecraft is an initial attempt at a spacecraft designed to prove the operational abilities of deep space CubeSats. The launch date was expected to be 2014, but has yet to occur and the date is listed by NASA as TBD.

1423:(ELaNa) missions have included: BisonSat the first CubeSat built by a tribal college, TJ3Sat the first CubeSat built by a high school and STMSat-1 the first CubeSat built by an elementary school. NASA releases an Announcement of Opportunity in August of each year with selections made the following February. 874: 847:

The rate at which the batteries decay depends on the number of cycles for which they are charged and discharged, as well as the depth of each discharge: the greater the average depth of discharge, the faster a battery degrades. For LEO missions, the number of cycles of discharge can be expected to be

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used does not reflect the pinout specified in the PCI-104 standard. Stackthrough connectors on the boards allow for simple assembly and electrical interfacing and most manufacturers of CubeSat electronics hardware hold to the same signal arrangement, but some products do not, so care must be taken to

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and is funded by the European Commission as part of the 7th Framework Programme (FP7). Double-unit (2U) CubeSats (10×10×20 cm) are developed, with one unit (the 'functional' unit) providing the usual satellite functions and the other unit (the 'science' unit) accommodating a set of standardised

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The Canadian Space Agency announced the Canadian CubeSat Project (CCP) in 2017, and the participating teams were selected in May of 2018. The programme provides funding and support to one university or college in each province and territory to develop a CubeSat for launch from the ISS. The objective

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to ensure the solar panels remain in their most effective orientation toward the Sun, and further power needs can be met through the addition and orientation of deployable solar arrays, which can be unfolded to a substantially larger area on-orbit. Recent innovations include additional spring-loaded

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that provide power during eclipse as well as during peak load times. These satellites have a limited surface area on their external walls for solar cells assembly, and has to be effectively shared with other parts, such as antennas, optical sensors, camera lens, propulsion systems, and access ports.

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Pointing in a specific direction is necessary for Earth observation, orbital maneuvers, maximizing solar power, and some scientific instruments. Directional pointing accuracy can be achieved by sensing Earth and its horizon, the Sun, or specific stars. Sinclair Interplanetary's SS-411 Sun sensor and

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in stores, Twiggs first settled on the larger ten-centimeter cube as a guideline for the new CubeSat concept. A model of a launcher was developed for the new satellite using the same pusher-plate concept that had been used in the modified OPAL launcher. Twiggs presented the idea to Puig-Suari in the

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Many aspects of CubeSats such as structure, propulsion, material, computing and telecommunications, power, and additional specific instruments or measurement devices pose challenges to the use of CubeSat technology beyond Earth's orbit. These challenges have been increasingly under consideration of

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for any given energy input, but reaction wheel's utility is limited due to saturation, the point at which a wheel cannot spin faster. Examples of CubeSat reaction wheels include the Maryland Aerospace MAI-101 and the Sinclair Interplanetary RW-0.03-4. Reaction wheels can be desaturated with the use

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Protrusions beyond the maximum dimensions are allowed by the standard specification, to a maximum of 6.5 mm (0.26 in) beyond each side. Any protrusions may not interfere with the deployment rails and are typically occupied by antennas and solar panels. In Revision 13 of the CubeSat Design

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Standard CubeSats are made up of 10 cm × 10 cm × 11.35 cm (3.94 in × 3.94 in × 4.47 in) units designed to provide 10 cm × 10 cm × 10 cm (3.9 in × 3.9 in × 3.9 in) or 1 L (0.22 imp gal;

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NASA's CubeSat Launch Initiative created in 2010, provides CubeSat launch opportunities to educational institutions, non-profit organizations and NASA Centers. As of 2016 the CubeSat Launch Initiative had launched 46 CubeSats flown on 12 ELaNa Missions from 28 unique organizations and has selected

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are relatively low-complexity/high-thrust output, low power requirements, and high reliability. Monopropellant motors tend to have high thrust while remaining comparatively simple, which also provides high reliability. These motors are practical for CubeSats due to their low power requirements and

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cannot be used in small engines due to the complexity of gimbaling mechanisms, thrust vectoring must instead be achieved by thrusting asymmetrically in multiple-nozzle propulsion systems or by changing the center of mass relative to the CubeSat's geometry with actuated components. Small motors may

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The CubeSat specification accomplishes several high-level goals. The main reason for miniaturizing satellites is to reduce the cost of deployment: they are often suitable for launch in multiples, using the excess capacity of larger launch vehicles. The CubeSat design specifically minimizes risk to

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while still providing significant capability. Components and methods that are commonly used in larger satellites are disallowed or limited, and the CubeSat Design Specification (CDS) requires a waiver for pressurization above 1.2 atm (120 kPa), over 100 Wh of stored chemical energy, and

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NASA initiated the Cube Quest Challenge in 2015, a competition to foster innovation in the use of CubeSats beyond low Earth orbit. The Cube Quest Challenge offered $ 5 million to teams that met the challenge objectives of designing, building and delivering flight-qualified, small satellites

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Three CubeSats were launched on April 25, 2016, together with Sentinel-1B on a Soyuz rocket VS14 launched from Kourou, French Guiana. The satellites were: AAUSAT4 (Aalborg University, Denmark), e-st@r-II (Politecnico di Torino, Italy) and OUFTI-1 (Université de Liège, Belgium). The CubeSats were

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on large rockets launching much larger spacecraft, at prices starting around $ 100,000 as of 2015. Since CubeSats are deployed by P-PODs and similar deployment systems, they can be integrated and launched into virtually any launch vehicle. However, some launch service providers refuse to launch

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and carry CubeSats into orbit and deploy them once the proper signal is received from the launch vehicle. The P-POD Mk III has capacity for three 1U CubeSats, or other 0.5U, 1U, 1.5U, 2U, or 3U CubeSats combination up to a maximum volume of 3U. Other CubeSat deployers exist, with the NanoRacks

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Desiring to shorten the development cycle experienced on OPAL and inspired by the picosatellites OPAL carried, Twiggs set out to find "how much could you reduce the size and still have a practical satellite". The picosatellites on OPAL were 10.1 cm × 7.6 cm × 2.5 cm

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in a single payload, including the Cartosat-2 series and 103 co-passenger satellites, together weighed over 650 kg (1,430 lb). Of the 104 satellites, all but three were CubeSats. Of the 101 nano satellites, 96 were from the United States and one each from Israel, Kazakhstan, the

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Science Mission Directorate CubeSat Integration Panel, which is focused on doing science with CubeSats. As of 12 July 2016, the minimum mission success criterion (one month of science observations) has been met, but the spacecraft continues to perform nominally and observations continue.

92:(LEO) that perform scientific research and explore new space technologies. Academia accounted for the majority of CubeSat launches until 2013, when more than half of launches were for non-academic purposes, and by 2014 most newly deployed CubeSats were for commercial or amateur projects. 1000:. Analysis and simulation of the spacecraft's thermal model is an important determining factor in applying thermal management components and techniques. CubeSats with special thermal concerns, often associated with certain deployment mechanisms and payloads, may be tested in a 285:

Since nearly all CubeSats are 10 cm × 10 cm (3.9 in × 3.9 in) (regardless of length) they can all be launched and deployed using a common deployment system called a Poly-PicoSatellite Orbital Deployer (P-POD), developed and built by Cal Poly.

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fueled motors have been developed, but may require a waiver to fly due to restrictions on hazardous chemicals set forth in the CubeSat Design Specification. Safer chemical propellants which would not require hazardous chemical waivers are being developed, such as AF-M315

318:(SEU) is very low. Spacecraft in a sustained low Earth orbit lasting months or years are at risk and only fly hardware designed for and tested in irradiated environments. Missions beyond low Earth orbit or which would remain in low Earth orbit for many years must use 1544:

NASA's CubeSat Launch Initiative launched more than 46 CubeSats on its ELaNa missions over the several years prior to 2016, and 57 were planned for flight over the next several years. No matter how inexpensive or versatile CubeSats may be, they must hitch rides as

1021:, launch prices have been about $ 100,000 per unit, but newer operators are offering lower pricing. A typical price to launch a 1U cubesat with a full service contract (including end-to-end integration, licensing, transportation etc.) was about $ 60,000 in 2021. 1008:

are typically placed on different CubeSat components so that action may be taken to avoid dangerous temperature ranges, such as reorienting the craft in order to avoid or introduce direct thermal radiation to a specific part, thereby allowing it to cool or heat.

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along only one axis to fit the forms of 0.5U, 1U, 1.5U, 2U, or 3U. All the standard sizes of CubeSat have been built and launched, and represent the form factors for nearly all launched CubeSats as of 2015. Materials used in the structure must feature the same

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or communications protocols are specified or required by the CubeSat Design Specification, but COTS hardware has consistently used certain features which many treat as standards in CubeSat electronics. Most COTS and custom designed electronics fit the form of

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interface takes away the amount of work that would previously be required for mating a piggyback satellite with its launcher. Unification among payloads and launchers enables quick exchanges of payloads and utilization of launch opportunities on short notice.

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on the spacecraft but inefficiencies in small propulsion systems cause thrusters to run out of fuel rapidly. Commonly found on nearly all CubeSats are magnetorquers which run electricity through a coil to take advantage of Earth's magnetic field to produce a

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hazardous materials. Those restrictions pose great challenges for CubeSat propulsion systems, as typical space propulsion systems utilize combinations of high pressures, high energy densities, and hazardous materials. Beyond the restrictions set forth by

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pin which cuts all power to prevent operation during loading into the P-POD. Additionally, a deployment switch is actuated while the craft is loaded into a P-POD, cutting power to the spacecraft and is deactivated after exiting the P-POD.

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either into space or into the cooler Earth's surface, if it is cooler than the spacecraft. All of these radiative heat sources and sinks are rather constant and very predictable, so long as the CubeSat's orbit and eclipse time are known.

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The low cost of CubeSats has enabled unprecedented access to space for smaller institutions and organizations but, for most CubeSat forms, the range and available power is limited to about 2 W for its communications antennae.

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capable of advanced operations near and beyond the Moon. Teams competed for a variety of prizes in lunar orbit or deep space. 10 CubeSats from different teams were launched to cislunar space as secondary payloads on board the

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invented the CubeSat, they never imagined that the tiny satellites would be adopted by universities, companies and government agencies around the world. They simply wanted to design a spacecraft with capabilities similar to

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rocket, carrying and later deploying four CubeSats. For CubeSat applications beyond Earth's orbit, the method of deploying the satellites from the primary payload will also be adopted. Eleven CubeSats were launched on the

3587: 3056: 1028:, that push their construction cost into the millions of dollars, but a basic 1U CubeSat can cost about $ 50,000 to construct. This makes CubeSats a viable option for some schools, universities, and small businesses. 1640:). The payloads for the three flights under the VCLS contract have not yet been assigned. Other small satellite launch systems are under development that would carry CubeSats alongside a small payload, including the 399:

to ensure that components unsupported by the P-POD remain structurally sound throughout the launch. Despite rarely undergoing the analysis that larger satellites do, CubeSats rarely fail due to mechanical issues.

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CubeSat structures do not have all the same strength concerns as larger satellites do, as they have the added benefit of the deployer supporting them structurally during launch. Still, some CubeSats will undergo

210:(4 in × 3 in × 1 in), a size that was not conducive to covering all sides of the spacecraft with solar cells. Inspired by a 4 in (10 cm) cubic plastic box used to display 3931:

Hodges, R. E.; Chahat, N.; Hoppe, D. J.; Vacchione, J. D. (2017-01-01). "A Deployable High-Gain Antenna Bound for Mars: Developing a new folded-panel reflectarray for the first CubeSat mission to Mars".

727:. Many of these technologies can be made small enough for use in nanosatellites, and several methods are in development. Types of electric propulsion currently being designed for use in CubeSats include 132:, launched either by universities, state-owned, or private companies. The searchable Nanosatellite and CubeSat Database lists over 4,000 CubeSats that have been or are planned to be launched since 1998. 1524:

Unlike full-sized spacecraft, CubeSats can be delivered as cargo to, and deployed by the International Space Station. This presents an alternative method of achieving orbit apart from deployment by a

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before launch. Such testing provides a larger degree of assurance than full-sized satellites can receive, since CubeSats are small enough to fit inside of a thermal vacuum chamber in their entirety.

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was launched and was the first CubeSat able to transmit live video from orbit, also the first 1U CubeSat to achieve more than 100 watts of power as installed capacity. Later in November same year

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The need for such a small-factor satellite became apparent in 1998 as a result of work done at Stanford University's Space System Development Laboratory. At SSDL, students had been working on the

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that graduate student could design, build, test and operate. For size, the professors settled on a ten-centimeter cube because it was large enough to accommodate a basic communications payload,

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Space Systems Development Laboratory, developed the CubeSat specifications to promote and develop the skills necessary for the design, manufacture, and testing of small satellites intended for

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Chahat, N.; Hodges, R. E.; Sauder, J.; Thomson, M.; Rahmat-Samii, Y. (2017-01-01). "Deep Space Network Telecommunication CubeSat Antenna: Using the deployable Ka-band mesh reflector antenna".

1309:(MarCO); each one is a six-unit CubeSat, 14.4 in × 9.5 in × 4.6 in (37 cm × 24 cm × 12 cm). MarCO is an experiment, but not necessary for the 5117: 202:" had resulted in the development of a launcher system that was "hopelessly complicated" and could only be made to work "most of the time". With the project's delays mounting, Twiggs sought 1324:

lander, separated after launch and then traveled in their own trajectories to Mars. After separation, both MarCO spacecraft deployed two radio antennas and two solar panels. The high-gain,

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Chahat, N.; Hodges, R. E.; Sauder, J.; Thomson, M.; Peral, E.; Rahmat-Samii, Y. (2016-06-01). "CubeSat Deployable Ka-Band Mesh Reflector Antenna Development for Earth Science Missions".

2187: 2032:"Space Is Very Big. Some of Its New Explorers Will Be Tiny. – The success of NASA's MarCO mission means that so-called cubesats likely will travel to distant reaches of our solar system" 4344: 851:

Due to size and weight constraints, common CubeSats flying in LEO with body-mounted solar panels have generated less than 10 W. Missions with higher power requirements can make use of

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On October 5, 2015, AAUSAT5 (Aalborg University, Denmark), was deployed from the ISS. launched in the framework of the "Fly Your Satellite!" programme of the European Space Agency.

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As noted in the linked article, Interorbital promised its Neptune 45 – intended to carry ten CubeSats, among other cargo – would launch in 2011, but as of 2014 it had yet to do so.

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Different CubeSat components possess different acceptable temperature ranges, beyond which they may become temporarily or permanently inoperable. Satellites in orbit are heated by

6008: 2733: 375:, and other materials may be used for the structure if a waiver is obtained. Beyond cold welding, further consideration is put into material selection as not all materials can be 222:

that adhere to the standards described in the CubeSat design specification. Cal Poly published the standard in an effort led by aerospace engineering professor Jordi Puig-Suari.

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in most systems, which makes cold gas the simplest useful propulsion technology. Cold gas propulsion systems can be very safe since the gases used do not have to be volatile or

3598: 5986: 1865: 920:, claiming a 7× boost in range—potentially able to reach the Moon—but questions linger concerning survivability after micrometeor impacts. JPL has successfully developed 520:. Attitude-control modules and solar panels typically feature built-in magnetorquers. For CubeSats that only need to detumble, no attitude determination method beyond an 6593: 6588: 996:

techniques in small satellites include specific component placement based on expected thermal output of those components and, rarely, deployed thermal devices such as

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rocket. This was the largest number of CubeSats (and largest volume of 24U) orbited on a single launch so far, made possible by the new NPS CubeSat Launcher system (

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While nearly all CubeSats are deployed from a launch vehicle or the International Space Station, some are deployed by the primary payloads themselves. For example,

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has been commercially launching foreign CubeSats since 2009 as secondary payloads. On 15 Feb 2017, ISRO set the world record by launching 103 CubeSats on board its

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AESP-14 takes an opportunity of Kibo's paid utilization and is deployed by Japan Manned Space Systems Corporation (JAMSS) at the request of Brazilian Space Agency.

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can largely be ignored and standard consumer grade electronics may be used. Consumer electronic devices can survive LEO radiation for that time as the chance of a

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and have a total area of 32 m (340 sq ft). This test will allow a full checkout of the satellite's systems in advance of the main 2016 mission.

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funding that resulted in the redesign of the launching mechanism into a simple pusher-plate concept with the satellites held in place by a spring-loaded door.

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of the CCP is to provide students with direct hands on experience in the space industry, while preparing them to enter into a career in the space domain.

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to Earth during entry and landing. This is the first flight of CubeSats outside of the Earth's direct orbit. The mission CubeSat technology is called

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on October 4, 2012, as a technology demonstration of small satellite deployment from the ISS. They were launched and delivered to ISS as a cargo of

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lists over 2,000 CubeSats that have been launched since 1998. One of the earliest CubeSat launches was on 30 June 2003 from Plesetsk, Russia, with

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The Request for Proposals (RFP) for the QB50 CubeSat was released on February 15, 2012. Two "precursor" QB50 satellites were launched aboard a

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Cubesats use antennas for communication purpose at UHF and S-band. To venture farther in the solar system, larger antennas compatible with the

379:. Structures often feature soft dampers at each end, typically made of rubber, to lessen the effects of impacting other CubeSats in the P-POD. 230: 3445: 6789: 6249: 5623: 4637: 679:) for which motors are being or have been designed. A "Water Electrolysis Thruster" is technically a chemical propulsion system, as it burns 1126:) developed at the Naval Postgraduate School (NPS). The CubeSats were: SMDC-ONE 2.2 (Baker), SMDC-ONE 2.1 (Able), AeroCube 4.0(x3), Aeneas, 6811: 5776: 2972: 2245: 49:

with a form factor of 10 cm (3.9 in) cubes. CubeSats have a mass of no more than 2 kg (4.4 lb) per unit, and often use

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constellation of Earth-imaging CubeSats. Of the other five, two are from other US-based companies, two from Lithuania, and one from Peru.

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A total of thirty-three CubeSats were deployed from the ISS on February 11, 2014. Of those thirty-three, twenty-eight were part of the

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mechanisms that would deploy the panels when commanded. CubeSats may not be powered between launch and deployment, and must feature a

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Athirah, Nur; Afendi, Mohd; Hafizan, Ku; Amin, N.A.M.; Majid, M.S. Abdul (2014). "Stress and Thermal Analysis of CubeSat Structure".

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by implementing multiple primary computers; this could be done on valuable missions to lessen the risk of mission failure. Consumer

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summer of 1999 and then at the Japan–U.S. Science, Technology and Space Applications Program (JUSTSAP) conference in November 1999.

6170: 5616: 5405: 4739: 1123: 180:. The CubeSat, as initially proposed, did not set out to become a standard; rather, it became a standard over time by a process of 4087: 2807: 6355: 6185: 6090: 2660:"Enhancing the electrical and mechanical properties of graphene nanoplatelet composites for 3D printed microsatellite structures" 2124: 153: 73: 4581: 2859: 266:

has constructed and launched two smaller form CubeSats of 0.5U for radiation measurement and technological demonstration, while

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CubeSat forms a cost-effective independent means of getting a payload into orbit. After delays from low-cost launchers such as

5459: 5434: 5378: 3292: 502:. Combinations of these systems are typically seen in order to take each method's advantages and mitigate their shortcomings. 6756: 3670: 3653:

Hodges, R. E.; Chahat, N. E.; Hoppe, D. J.; Vacchione, J. D. (2016-06-01). "The Mars Cube One deployable high gain antenna".

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saw a unique deployment process, when it was deployed by hand during a spacewalk on the International Space Station in 2014.

789: (also called light sails or photon sails) are a form of spacecraft propulsion using the 6645: 6436: 6370: 6259: 6225: 5936: 4494: 1420: 1115:

On September 13, 2012, eleven CubeSats were launched from eight P-PODs, as part of the "OutSat" secondary payload aboard a

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launch vehicle in February 2016, but due to the unavailability of the launch vehicle, 36 satellites were launched aboard

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mission, to add relay communications to space missions in important time durations, in this case from the time of

6821: 6655: 6568: 6495: 6165: 6064: 4812: 4468: 3343: 762:, which relies on an electromagnetic field to act as a sail instead of a solid material. This technology used an 342:

The number of joined units classifies the size of CubeSats and according to the CubeSat Design Specification are

5729: 6804: 6431: 6264: 6059: 1573: 917: 323: 306:

Care must be taken in electronics selection to ensure the devices can tolerate the radiation present. For very

198:(Orbiting Picosatellite Automatic Launcher) microsatellite since 1995. OPAL's mission to deploy daughter-ship " 6220: 5971: 5921: 5677: 4153: 1551: 956:'s engineers developed several deployable high-gain antennas compatible with 6U-class CubeSats for MarCO and 243: 219: 5084: 4318: 1301:

stationary Mars lander included two CubeSats to fly by Mars to provide additional relay communications from

1084:

On February 13, 2012, three P-POD deployers containing seven CubeSats were placed into orbit along with the

807:

successfully deployed on a Falcon Heavy rocket in 2019, while one CubeSat that was planned to launch on the

6548: 6538: 6318: 5672: 4911: 3081: 1699:

P-PODs (Poly-PicoSatellite Orbital Deployers) were designed with CubeSats to provide a common platform for

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systems use a chemical reaction to produce a high-pressure, high-temperature gas that accelerates out of a

5192: 1984: 976:

directly and reflected off Earth, as well as heat generated by the craft's components. CubeSats must also

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Deployable high-gain mesh reflector antenna operating at Ka-band (27–40 GHz) for the radar in a CubeSat (

852: 556:. The biggest challenge with CubeSat propulsion is preventing risk to the launch vehicle and its primary 475: 413: 376: 58: 3392: 1375: 6665: 6563: 6485: 6333: 6230: 6110: 6085: 5871: 5823: 5741: 5734: 5694: 2141: 1387: 1166: 1050: 993: 2659: 2031: 1251:

on 6 December 2015 from where it was deployed on 16 May 2016. It is the first mission launched in the

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for CubeSats, but their deployment and pointing systems are significantly more complex. For example,

816: 464: 263: 889:

Because of tumbling and low power range, radio-communications are a challenge. Many CubeSats use an

574:

methods that allow smaller than fully on thrust, which is important for precision maneuvers such as

6690: 6620: 6553: 6518: 6443: 6130: 6115: 5838: 4988: 4120: 3453: 2296: 2269: 1581: 1062: 819:(NEA Scout). The CubeSat was declared lost when communications were not established within 2 days. 676: 650: 441: 50: 2059: 2005: 6705: 6625: 6610: 6513: 6410: 6387: 6202: 6140: 5916: 5896: 5813: 5651: 5581: 5273: 3792: 2886: 1212: 949: 890: 579: 562: 384: 108: 17: 5598: 4627: 2249: 2160: 1280: 6710: 6685: 6640: 6523: 6415: 6392: 6018: 5943: 5798: 2219: 1802: 1260:

launched in the framework of the "Fly Your Satellite!" programme of the European Space Agency.

1116: 1001: 985: 736: 433: 4676: 4045: 3525:"Optimization of CubeSat System-Level Design and Propulsion Systems for Earth-Escape Missions" 1688: 1328:

antenna is a flat panel to direct radio waves. MarCO navigated to Mars independently from the

856:

solar arrays that deploy as soon as the satellite is released, as well as arrays that feature

408:

Like larger satellites, CubeSats often feature multiple computers handling different tasks in

351:

as the deployer to prevent jamming. Specifically, allowed materials are four aluminum alloys:

6799: 6700: 6630: 6600: 6470: 6328: 5251: 4726: 4429:"The Miniature X-ray Solar Spectrometer (MinXSS) » Minimum mission success criteria met" 4376: 4267: 4237: 2710: 2515: 1768: 1732: 1709: 1660:

rocket. In addition to conventional launch vehicles and facilitators like KSF Space, several

1625: 1550:

CubeSats, whether on all launches or only on specific launches, two examples as of 2015 were

1445: 1405: 1173: 1070: 775: 723:

typically uses electric energy to accelerate propellant to high speed, which results in high

688: 666: 642: 499: 4606: 4124: 827: 641:. Chemical propellant can be liquid, solid or a hybrid of both. Liquid propellants can be a 322:

devices. Further considerations are made for operation in high vacuum due to the effects of

119:

mission, where two CubeSats were launched towards Mars in May 2018 alongside the successful

115:

and beyond are planning to use CubeSats. The first CubeSats in deep space were flown in the

6635: 6405: 6311: 6235: 6105: 5948: 4856: 3941: 3889: 3725: 3539: 2748: 2536: 2298: 1645: 1609: 1474: 1342:

entry, descent and landing (EDL) in November 2018, the lander transmitted telemetry in the

1185: 1018: 861: 728: 708: 611: 364: 360: 356: 352: 331: 290: 103:

Functions typically involve experiments that can be miniaturized or serve purposes such as

2837: 1104:(Warsaw University of Technology, Poland), Robusta (University of Montpellier 2, France), 8: 6448: 6080: 5684: 4025: 2132: 1756: 1713: 1661: 1533: 1042: 840: 808: 619: 578:. CubeSats which require longer life also benefit from propulsion systems; when used for 521: 495: 396: 392: 319: 161: 85: 5413: 5138: 4095: 3945: 3893: 3729: 3543: 2752: 6125: 3965: 3913: 3816: 3749: 3676: 3006: 2811: 2714: 2036: 1444:"Fly Your Satellite!" is the ongoing CubeSats programme of the Education Office of the 790: 512: 409: 315: 271: 267: 2456: 6847: 5709: 5667: 4573: 4528: 3957: 3905: 3820: 3806: 3767: 3741: 3666: 3565: 3010: 2996: 2863: 2718: 2679: 2093: 1700: 1649: 1621: 1593: 1546: 1138: 1085: 977: 969: 901: 900:

built with commercial measuring tape. For more demanding needs, some companies offer

744: 638: 595: 541: 229:

In 2017, this standardization effort led to the publication of ISO 17770:2017 by the

104: 62: 34: 5530:– lists over 2,000 CubeSats that have been and are planned to be launched since 1998 4933: 3969: 3917: 3753: 3680: 2432: 1485:

on June 19, 2014. All 50 CubeSats were supposed to be launched together on a single

1233:. It was launched on 20 May 2015 from Florida. Its four sails are made of very thin 565:, various technical challenges further reduce the usefulness of CubeSat propulsion. 6345: 5863: 3949: 3897: 3798: 3733: 3658: 3555: 3547: 3111: 2988: 2980: 2706: 2671: 2192: 2120: 1812: 1736: 1267:) set a record with the launch of 104 satellites on a single rocket. The launch of 1177: 1037: 984:

Components used to ensure the temperature requirements are met in CubeSats include

893: 747:. Several notable CubeSat missions plan to use electric propulsion, such as NASA's 740: 724: 575: 517: 507: 429: 425: 417: 255:

CubeSats were launched for maritime surveillance, the largest yet at the time. The

169: 165: 149: 77: 5608: 3474: 2413:"Launch of NASA's next Mars mission delayed until at least 2018 | Spaceflight Now" 1536:

are developing means of constructing CubeSats on the International Space Station.

511:

of thrusters or magnetorquers. Thrusters can provide large moments by imparting a

6475: 5803: 4885: 4211: 2297:

Technical Committee ISO/TC 20/SC 14 (Space systems and operations) (June 2017).

2270:

Technical Committee ISO/TC 20/SC 14 (Space systems and operations) (June 2017).

1874: 1633: 1612:

to develop a class of rockets designed to launch very small satellites: the NASA

1584:

also offer launch services for CubeSats. SpaceX beat the record in 2021 with the

1490: 1154: 1096:

Space (Politecnico di Torino, Italy), Goliat (University of Bucharest, Romania),

989: 945: 658: 607: 566: 503: 307: 95: 89: 46: 3239: 2675: 2634: 699: 5808: 5467: 5038: 3499: 3317: 3271: 1704: 1657: 1525: 1514: 1482: 1208: 897: 763: 623: 479: 66: 5274:"NASA Hosts Media Call on Draft Solicitation for New Class of Launch Services" 4240:[On Technical Verification of Releasing Small Satellites from "Kibo"] 3218: 3162: 2975:(2009). "Liquid-Propellant Rocket Engine Throttling: A Comprehensive Review". 1433: 1176:, which was launched April 21, 2013 on the maiden flight of Orbital Sciences' 277: 270:

has built and deployed a constellation of over one hundred 0.25U CubeSats for

6836: 6046: 5547: 5406:"Interplanetary Nano-Spacecraft Pathfinder in Relevant Environment (INSPIRE)" 4532: 3961: 3953: 3909: 3901: 3745: 3737: 3662: 3569: 3186: 2683: 1764: 1629: 1577: 1518: 1306: 1285: 1204: 1105: 1089: 929: 759: 748: 712: 634: 583: 545: 421: 256: 211: 199: 116: 5063: 2992: 2509:"Educational Payload on the Vega Maiden Flight – Call For CubeSat Proposals" 1077:

and DTUSat, the Japanese XI-IV and CUTE-1, the Canadian Can X-1, and the US

460: 5244:"NASA Solicitations: VENTURE CLASS LAUNCH SERVICE – VCLS, SOL NNK15542801R" 5039:"The Space Review: Reusability and other issues facing the launch industry" 1470: 732: 487: 483: 372: 242:

the rest of the launch vehicle and payloads. Encapsulation of the launcher–

5571: 5214:"Sky Skimmer: Rocket Lab Sets Date for Lightweight Spacecraft Test Launch" 3802: 3699:"Dr. Nacer Chahat Interview on High-gain deployable antennas for CubeSats" 3560: 2271: 1509: 839:

to convert solar light to electricity that is then stored in rechargeable

5639: 5592: 4860: 4706: 3862: 2785: 2613: 1728: 1637: 1465:

QB50 is a proposed international network of 50 CubeSats for multi-point,

1226: 1197: 1162: 1074: 1025: 1005: 804: 798: 794: 343: 69:. As of December 2023, more than 2,300 CubeSats have been launched. 54: 5564: 5166: 2984: 2947: 1211:

also transmitted live video from orbit. Both CubeSats were built by the

6365: 4652:"Announcement of Partnership Opportunity for CubeSat Launch Initiative" 4296: 3655:

2016 IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation (APSURSI)

2128: 1827: 1617: 1589: 1555: 1230: 1189: 836: 786: 771: 654: 553: 491: 468: 445: 437: 327: 223: 173: 157: 81: 4816: 873: 310:(LEO) in which atmospheric reentry would occur in just days or weeks, 4180: 3551: 3344:"Meet LightSail 2, The Planetary Society's new solar sailing CubeSat" 3137: 2585:"Space Radiation Effects on Electronic Components in Low Earth Orbit" 2481:"Swarm gets green light from FCC for its 150-satellite constellation" 2224: 2165: 1796: 1774: 1741: 1529: 1486: 1473:(90–350 km) and re-entry research. QB50 is an initiative of the 1165:, and an ISS astronaut prepared the deployment mechanism attached to 1150: 1046: 812: 755: 671: 599: 525: 311: 252: 181: 4495:"India sets record with launch of 104 satellites on a single rocket" 1196:

in CubeSats. The fourth was a 3U satellite, called Dove-1, built by

5833: 5354: 4417:

NASA Briefing to Committee on Achieving Science Goals with CubeSats

4117:"EUROCKOT Successfully Launches MOM – Rockot hits different Orbits" 2323: 1268: 1193: 1181: 1109: 1078: 933: 878: 680: 646: 603: 571: 506:

are commonly utilized for their ability to impart relatively large

449: 303:

ensure consistent signal and power arrangements to prevent damage.

188: 3368:"LightSail 2 Spacecraft Successfully Demonstrates Flight by Light" 2299:"ISO 17770:2017 Space systems — Cube satellites (CubeSats); Scope" 1024:

Some CubeSats have complicated components or instruments, such as

367:. Aluminum used on the structure which contacts the P-POD must be 140: 5576: 4472: 4345:"Planet Labs CubeSats Deployed from ISS with Many More To Follow" 2977:

45th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference & Exhibit

2137: 1749: 1724: 1498: 1297: 1289: 1219: 1146: 1119: 1097: 925: 767: 557: 368: 177: 121: 3089: 2188:"Satellite pioneer joins Morehead State's space science faculty" 831:

Winglet solar panels increase surface area for power generation.

5818: 1669: 1561: 1325: 1142: 1101: 1093: 1092:

rocket launched from French Guiana. The CubeSats launched were

997: 921: 778:

in that the craft only needs to supply electricity to operate.

684: 299: 295: 259:(MarCO) mission in 2018 launched two 6U cubesats towards Mars. 185: 448:

have been used for computing in some CubeSats, such as NASA's

4372:"It's Official: LightSail Test Flight Scheduled for May 2015" 1822: 1786: 1692: 1234: 1127: 913: 704: 670:

because their simplicity allows them to be very small. Small

622:, though some systems opt to feature dangerous gases such as 615: 203: 6636:

R-7 (including Semyorka, Molniya, Vostok, Voskhod and Soyuz)

3839:"Interview: Nacer Chahat Designs Antennas for Mars CubeSats" 1735:

as the primary payload launched on the maiden flight of the

1100:(Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Hungary), 5492:"CubeSat concept – eoPortal Directory – Satellite Missions" 4656: 4632: 4245: 1927: 1753: 1745: 1717: 1605: 1569: 1332:

lander, making their own course adjustments on the flight.

1264: 1252: 1131: 662: 191:, and approximately 75 CubeSats had entered orbit by 2012. 176:

with capabilities similar to that of the first spacecraft,

112: 3930: 3652: 1263:

On February 15, 2017, Indian Space Research Organisation (

5907: 5588: 5520: 4442: 4391: 4145: 3879: 3715: 3293:"Lunar IceCube to Take on Big Mission from Small Package" 1494: 1343: 973: 614:

to produce thrust. Operation is handled by just a single

57:

and structure. CubeSats are deployed into orbit from the

30: 5331:"NASA Picks New Rocket Rides to Launch Small Satellites" 5298:"NASA Issues Request for Proposals for Cubesat Launches" 4553:"NASA Prepares for First Interplanetary CubeSat Mission" 2696: 5460:"NPS CubeSat Launcher Design, Process And Requirements" 5064:"Commercial launch of SpaceX Falcon 1 rocket a success" 4839:"Two QB50 satellites with ham radio payloads delivered" 4447:"Student satellites fly freely on their orbit in_space" 4319:"Antares Test Launch "A-ONE Mission" Overview Briefing" 3791:

Chahat, Nacer (13 December 2020). Chahat, Nacer (ed.).

3624:"Inflatable antennae could give CubeSats greater reach" 1759:, also sent CubeSats beyond Earth orbit to use them as 1275: 1272:

Netherlands, Switzerland and the United Arab Emirates.

2979:. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. 1948: 1439: 5527: 5457: 2088:

Helvajian, Henry; Janson, Siegfried W., eds. (2008).

1767:

A and B, they are the first CubeSats sent beyond the

1599: 912:

are developing an inflatable dish antenna based on a

37:, a Norwegian CubeSat (10 cm (3.9 in) cube) 5237: 5235: 4959:"In-Space Satellite Construction May Be Coming Soon" 4521:"NASA Reschedules Mars InSight Mission for May 2018" 4295:(in Japanese). JAXA. October 5, 2012. Archived from 3995:. Southgate Amateur Radio News. 2013. Archived from 3402:. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics 3390: 2734:"The First One Hundred CubeSats: A Statistical Look" 1493:

on 18 April 2017 and subsequently deployed from the

815:) in November 2022 was set to use a solar sail: the 5638: 5540:

Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (

4265: 1419:119 CubeSat missions from 66 unique organizations. 540:CubeSat propulsion has made rapid advancements in: 5139:"Brazilian AESP-14 CubeSat was deployed from Kibo" 3768:"A Box of 'Black Magic' to Study Earth from Space" 5232: 5193:"FOCUS: CubeSats — A Costing + Pricing Challenge" 4574:"NASA Prepares for First Interplanetary CubeSats" 4363: 4176:"Air Force Launches Secret Spy Satellite NROL-36" 4150:"Seven Cubesats launched on Vega's maiden flight" 4088:"Cubesats explained and why you should build one" 3523:Spangelo, Sara; Longmier, Benjamin (2015-04-20). 1830:, a similar but smaller format measuring 5x5x5 cm 6834: 4469:"India launches record 104 satellites at one go" 4210:. National Reconnaissance Office. Archived from 3522: 3285: 2970: 2083: 2081: 2079: 1497:. A dozen other CubeSats were manifested on the 184:. The first CubeSats launched in June 2003 on a 5565:CubeSat developer resources and regulatory data 5324: 5322: 4311: 4235: 4059:"After letdown, solar-sail project rises again" 3588:"Deployable Helical Antenna for Nano-Satellite" 2087: 1695:next to its P-POD before integration and launch 262:Smaller, non-standard form factors also exist; 6376:Timeline of first Earth observation satellites 5015:"NASA seeks launchers for smallest satellites" 4018:"Commercial Space Launch Schedule and Pricing" 3615: 3581: 3579: 3422:"Status Update: Artemis 1's SmallSat Missions" 3391:McNutt, Leslie; Castillo-Rogez, Julie (2014). 2912:"Small Spacecraft Technology State of the Art" 2277:International Organization for Standardization 2060:"Tiny 'Cubesats' Gaining Bigger Role in Space" 1792:Canadian Advanced Nanospace eXperiment Program 231:International Organization for Standardization 172:to design, build, test and operate in space a 5624: 5061: 3718:IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 2217: 2185: 2158: 2076: 1731:, a 3U CubeSat. This was done again with the 1108:(University of Rome La Sapienza, Italy), and 6812:Timeline of first images of Earth from space 5534:Yeh, Jack; Revay, David; Delahunt, Jackson. 5533: 5319: 5008: 5006: 4342: 3446:"CubeSats: Power System and Budget Analysis" 1974: 1413: 99:Yearly launched CubeSats as of December 2023 4985:"NASA CubeSat Launch Initiative Selections" 4764:"Call for proposals: Fly Your Satellite! 4" 3576: 3335: 3130: 2090:Small Satellites: Past, Present, and Future 1799:, a similar concept applied to small rovers 1451: 5631: 5617: 5190: 4396:"AAUSAT5 CubeSat starts its space mission" 2503: 2501: 2357: 2106: 2023: 1892: 1890: 1888: 1539: 1245:Miniature X-ray Solar Spectrometer CubeSat 5241: 5003: 4268:"「きぼう」からの小型衛星放出実証ミッションに係る搭載小型衛星の選定結果について" 3559: 3419: 2808:"Sinclair Interplanetary Reaction Wheels" 2731: 2161:"CubeSats: Tiny Spacecraft, Huge Payoffs" 2006:"Tiny Cubesats Set to Explore Deep Space" 1592:specializes in launching CubeSats on its 1229:is a 3U CubeSat prototype propelled by a 27:Miniature satellite in 10 cm cube modules 5304:. SpaceRef. 12 June 2015. Archived from 4908:"QB50-ISS CubeSats ready to be launched" 4605:. NASA. 23 February 2015. Archived from 3310: 2353: 2351: 2349: 2347: 2345: 2343: 1687: 1508: 1504: 1404: 1279: 1041: 872: 826: 698: 459: 276: 218:The term "CubeSat" was coined to denote 139: 94: 29: 5569: 5400: 5398: 4740:"Call for Proposals Fly Your Satellite" 4152:. European Space Agency. Archived from 3993:"OSSI-1 Amateur Radio CubeSat launched" 2860:"Sinclair Interplanetary Star Trackers" 2498: 2388:"MarCO: Planetary CubeSats Become Real" 2358:Mehrparvar, Arash (February 20, 2014). 2154: 2152: 2125:California Polytechnic State University 2092:. El Segundo, Calif.: Aerospace Press. 2057: 2029: 1885: 774:to produce thrust. It is similar to an 334:, which may result in mission failure. 154:California Polytechnic State University 74:California Polytechnic State University 14: 6835: 5271: 4789:"What is the Canadian CubeSat Project" 4786: 3934:IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine 3882:IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine 3790: 3696: 3384: 3138:"HYDROS – Water Electrolysis Thruster" 2884: 2711:10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.554.426 2657: 1970: 1968: 1928:"Nanosatellite & CubeSat Database" 1921: 1919: 1917: 1744:, placing them in the vicinity of the 1566:Japan Manned Space Systems Corporation 694: 629: 5612: 5355:"Garvey Spacecraft Corporation – NLV" 4787:Agency, Canadian Space (2018-05-02). 4518: 4514: 4512: 4369: 4266:Mitsumasa Takahashi (June 15, 2011). 4205:"NROL-36 Features Auxiliary Payloads" 3832: 3830: 3692: 3690: 3648: 3646: 3644: 3585: 3341: 3112:"Busek Green monopropellant thruster" 3076: 3074: 3022: 3020: 2909: 2834:"Sinclair Interplanetary Sun Sensors" 2537:"PCI/104-Express – PC/104 Consortium" 2340: 2220:"CubeSat losses spur new development" 1172:Four CubeSats were deployed from the 963: 868: 589: 6193:Spaceflight-related human fatalities 5427: 5395: 5371: 5328: 5012: 4046:"Space Is Open For Business, Online" 3057:"Propulsion Unit for Cubesats (PUC)" 2782:"Maryland Aerospace Reaction Wheels" 2732:Swartwout, Michael (December 2013). 2149: 1925: 1860: 1858: 1856: 1848:CubeSat Design Specification Rev. 13 1421:Educational Launch of Nanosatellites 1320:MarCO launched in May 2018 with the 1276:2018 InSight mission: MarCO CubeSats 1069:. The CubeSats were injected into a 1059:Nanosatellite & Cubesat Database 5599:Open Source CubeSat Workshop (OSCW) 5528:CubeSat Database and Nanosatellites 4441: 4390: 4202: 4144: 3621: 2211: 2051: 1965: 1914: 1850:, The CubeSat Program, Cal Poly SLO 952:(X-band and Ka-band) are required. 455: 281:Scientist holding a CubeSat chassis 24: 6745:Communications satellite companies 5171:Indian Space Research Organisation 4982: 4674: 4628:"NASA's CubeSat Launch Initiative" 4509: 4343:Debra Werner (February 11, 2014). 3836: 3827: 3687: 3641: 3622:Chu, Jennifer (6 September 2015). 3595:Northrop Grumman Aerospace Systems 3071: 3028:"Spacecraft Propulsion – Chemical" 3017: 2030:Stirone, Shannon (18 March 2019). 1808:Israeli Nano Satellite Association 1600:Future and proposed launch systems 1588:carrying 143 spacecraft to orbit. 1317:atmospheric entry to its landing. 1157:) were placed into orbit from the 440:. Some satellites may incorporate 25: 6859: 6790:First orbital launches by country 5595:-platform for developing CubeSats 5512: 5116:. 5 November 2014. Archived from 4931: 4370:Davis, Jason (January 26, 2015). 4324:. Orbital Sciences. 17 April 2013 4236:Kuniaki Shiraki (March 2, 2011). 3532:Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets 2410: 2186:Rob Goldsmith (October 6, 2009). 1977:"Tiny Satellites for Big Science" 1853: 1608:announced a program based at the 1049:CubeSats being launched from the 848:on the order of several hundred. 168:in 1999 with the aim of enabling 6817:Timeline of longest spaceflights 5584:from the original on 2021-12-21. 5484: 5451: 5347: 5290: 5272:Diller, George H. (7 May 2015). 5265: 5206: 5184: 5159: 5131: 5102: 5077: 5055: 5031: 4976: 4951: 4925: 4900: 4874: 4845: 4831: 4805: 4780: 4756: 4732: 4720: 4691: 4677:"NASA CubeSat Launch Initiative" 4668: 4664:from the original on 2022-12-25. 4644: 4640:from the original on 2023-06-27. 4347:. SpaceNews, Inc. Archived from 3264:"Busek Electrothermal Thrusters" 2971:Casiano, Matthew; Hulka, James; 2433:"AeroCube 6A, 6B (CubeRad A, B)" 2367:The CubeSat Program, CalPoly SLO 2321: 2058:Messier, Douglas (22 May 2015). 1949:"Nanosatellites by launch years" 1666:Generation Orbit Launch Services 1386: 1374: 1362: 1031: 349:coefficient of thermal expansion 130:countries' first-ever satellites 6822:Timeline of private spaceflight 6496:Super heavy-lift launch vehicle 6356:Communications satellite firsts 5085:"CubeSATs launched with SpaceX" 4620: 4595: 4584:from the original on 2015-07-17 4566: 4545: 4487: 4461: 4435: 4421: 4410: 4384: 4336: 4285: 4259: 4229: 4196: 4168: 4138: 4109: 4080: 4051: 4039: 4010: 3985: 3976: 3924: 3873: 3855: 3784: 3760: 3709: 3516: 3492: 3467: 3438: 3420:Dickinson, David (2022-12-06). 3413: 3360: 3256: 3232: 3203: 3179: 3155: 3104: 3049: 2964: 2940: 2903: 2887:"Pumkin's Colony I CubeSat Bus" 2878: 2852: 2826: 2800: 2774: 2725: 2699:Applied Mechanics and Materials 2690: 2651: 2627: 2606: 2577: 2553: 2529: 2473: 2449: 2425: 2404: 2380: 2315: 2290: 2263: 2238: 2179: 1761:relay communications satellites 1576:for various foreign companies. 1053:on the ISS on February 25, 2014 687:which it generates by on-orbit 610:and releases the gas through a 5458:Matthew Richard Crook (2009). 5329:Wall, Mike (14 October 2015). 3240:"Busek Electrospray Thrusters" 2360:"CubeSat Design Specification" 1998: 1941: 1898:"CubeSat Database – swartwout" 1841: 1574:Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle 1288:A and B during the descent of 13: 1: 6757:Private spaceflight companies 5700:Rocket and missile technology 5242:Wolfinger, Rob (5 May 2015). 4519:Chang, Kenneth (2016-03-09). 3342:Davis, Jason (1 March 2016). 3163:"Busek Hall Effect Thrusters" 2910:Frost, Chad (February 2014). 2885:Kalman, Andrew (4 Nov 2009). 2658:Thomas, Daniel (2021-11-01). 1926:Kulu, Erik (28 August 2020). 1834: 1683: 1664:vehicles are in the works by 1632:); and $ 4.7 million to 1614:Venture Class Launch Services 781: 582:a propulsion system can slow 535: 6371:Earth observation satellites 6226:Cumulative spacewalk records 4065:. 2009-11-10. Archived from 3697:Chahat, Nacer (2017-02-22). 3318:"Mars missions on the cheap" 1867:Cubesat Design Specification 1426: 403: 337: 53:(COTS) components for their 7: 6795:First satellites by country 5435:"The Potential of CubeSats" 5379:"The Potential of CubeSats" 5013:Dean, James (16 May 2015). 4238:"「きぼう」からの小型衛星放出に係る技術検証について" 3393:"Near-Earth Asteroid Scout" 3082:"Aerojet CubeSat Thrusters" 2921:. NASA Ames. Archived from 2741:Journal of Small Satellites 2676:10.1016/j.addma.2021.102215 1975:Prachi Patel (2010-07-12). 1818:Nanosatellite Launch System 1780: 1586:Transporter-1 (spaceflight) 1400: 1393:Earth and Moon (9 May 2018) 1348:Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter 1295:The May 2018 launch of the 1249:International Space Station 1159:International Space Station 939: 711:will be used to propel the 59:International Space Station 10: 6864: 6486:Medium-lift launch vehicle 6287:Objects at Lagrange points 5604:NEN CubeSat Support (NASA) 4293:"「きぼう」日本実験棟からの小型衛星放出ミッション" 3500:"Lithium Battery Failures" 2117:. 2012-08-13. p. 30. 1703:. P-PODs are mounted to a 1469:measurements in the lower 1188:to demonstrate the use of 1167:Japanese Experiment Module 1134:, CINEMA, and Re (STARE). 1051:NanoRacks CubeSat Deployer 1035: 994:spacecraft thermal control 797:launched in 2010, and the 500:GPS receivers and antennas 135: 128:Some CubeSats have become 6780: 6735: 6719: 6504: 6491:Heavy-lift launch vehicle 6481:Small-lift launch vehicle 6424: 6344: 6270:Landings on other planets 6248: 6201: 6073: 6045: 6017: 5957: 5905: 5862: 5717: 5708: 5660: 5647: 5570:Murphey, Stephen (2012). 5464:Naval Postgraduate School 1624:); $ 5.5 million to 1501:C38 mission in May 2017. 1440:ESA "Fly Your Satellite!" 1414:CubeSat Launch Initiative 1284:An artist's rendering of 958:Near-Earth Asteroid Scout 817:Near-Earth Asteroid Scout 465:Near-Earth Asteroid Scout 274:communication services. 264:The Aerospace Corporation 236: 6772:Spacecraft manufacturers 6307:leaving the Solar System 5167:"ISRO launches CubeSats" 4121:Eurockot Launch Services 3954:10.1109/MAP.2017.2655561 3902:10.1109/MAP.2017.2655576 3738:10.1109/TAP.2016.2546306 3663:10.1109/APS.2016.7696473 1452:Canadian Cubesat Project 1247:is a 3U launched to the 1073:and included the Danish 1063:Eurockot Launch Services 1012: 932:and Radar in a CubeSat ( 822: 760:electric solar-wind sail 677:hydroxylammonium nitrate 563:launch service providers 467:concept: a controllable 51:commercial off-the-shelf 6186:timeline by nationality 5652:Timeline of spaceflight 4882:"QB50 launch campaigns" 4841:. AMSAT-UK. 4 May 2014. 4449:. European Space Agency 4398:. European Space Agency 2457:"SpaceBEE 10, ..., 180" 1540:Existing launch systems 1460: 1369:Mars (24 November 2018) 1213:Ecuadorian Space Agency 1180:. Three of them are 1U 992:for the battery. Other 928:high-gain antennas for 737:pulsed plasma thrusters 570:also not have room for 385:launch service provider 6805:Constellation missions 6432:Orbital launch systems 6324:Timeline of satellites 6265:Interplanetary voyages 5496:directory.eoportal.org 5062:Stephen Clark (2009). 5043:www.thespacereview.com 4987:. NASA. Archived from 4699:"Cube Quest Challenge" 3794:CubeSat Antenna Design 3657:. pp. 1533–1534. 3586:Ochoa, Daniel (2014). 3452:. 2015. Archived from 3142:Tethers Unlimited, Inc 3116:Busek Space Propulsion 2664:Additive Manufacturing 2218:Leonard David (2006). 2159:Leonard David (2004). 1803:Cubesat Space Protocol 1696: 1672:(in the form of their 1654:Nanosat Launch Vehicle 1521: 1517:rocket launching from 1410: 1292: 1117:United Launch Alliance 1067:Multiple Orbit Mission 1054: 1002:thermal vacuum chamber 986:multi-layer insulation 978:cool by radiating heat 882: 832: 741:electrospray thrusters 716: 472: 282: 145: 100: 38: 6720:Launches by spaceport 6329:Sample-return mission 5843:Civilian spaceflight 4603:"InSight Mars Lander" 4377:The Planetary Society 4092:DIY Space Exploration 3803:10.1002/9781119692720 3450:DIY Space Exploration 3348:The Planetary Society 3187:"Busek Ion Thrusters" 2866:on September 24, 2015 2814:on September 24, 2015 2589:DIY Space Exploration 2516:European Space Agency 1981:Astrobiology Magazine 1733:Cygnus Mass Simulator 1710:University of Toronto 1691: 1644:series of rockets by 1626:Firefly Space Systems 1512: 1505:Launch and deployment 1446:European Space Agency 1408: 1381:Mars (2 October 2018) 1346:radio band to NASA's 1283: 1174:Cygnus Mass Simulator 1071:Sun-synchronous orbit 1045: 916:skin inflated with a 876: 841:lithium-ion batteries 830: 776:electrodynamic tether 729:Hall-effect thrusters 702: 689:electrolysis of water 463: 280: 164:proposed the CubeSat 143: 98: 76:(Cal Poly) professor 33: 6444:Sounding rocket list 6383:Geosynchronous orbit 6319:Missions to the Moon 6091:by year of selection 5559:'GitHub' for science 4857:Von Karman Institute 4299:on November 13, 2012 4217:on February 17, 2013 4148:(13 February 2012). 3479:The CubeSat Cookbook 3215:www.mars-space.co.uk 2928:on February 26, 2015 2840:on November 17, 2015 1674:Small Launch Vehicle 1646:Interorbital Systems 1610:Kennedy Space Center 1475:Von Karman Institute 1186:Ames Research Center 1019:Interorbital Systems 862:remove-before-flight 709:gridded ion thruster 496:angular rate sensors 144:1U CubeSat structure 6781:Other mission lists 6762:Rocket launch sites 6736:Agencies, companies 6032:Crewed Spaceflights 5690:Spaceflight records 5642:lists and timelines 5572:"what are cubesats" 5536:"CubeSats projects" 5191:Jos Heyman (2009). 4938:Gunter's Space Page 4888:on 20 December 2016 4813:"QB50 CubeSat List" 4727:Fly Your Satellite! 4156:on 13 November 2013 3946:2017IAPM...59...39H 3894:2017IAPM...59...31C 3863:"NEA Scout mission" 3730:2016ITAP...64.2083C 3544:2015JSpRo..52.1009S 3059:. CU Aerospace, LLC 2985:10.2514/6.2009-5135 2753:2013JSSat...2..213S 2565:www.cubesatshop.com 2461:Gunter's Space Page 2200:on November 3, 2013 2133:Stanford University 2113:"Cubist Movement". 1881:. 2020. p. 12. 1714:University of Tokyo 1662:air launch to orbit 1088:satellite aboard a 1006:Temperature sensors 809:Space Launch System 721:electric propulsion 695:Electric propulsion 635:Chemical propulsion 630:Chemical propulsion 550:electric propulsion 546:chemical propulsion 522:angular rate sensor 397:structural analysis 162:Stanford University 86:Stanford University 6843:Satellites by type 6681:Thor DM-21 Agena-B 6671:Thor DM-18 Agena-A 6584:Falcon 9 and Heavy 6280:artificial objects 6231:Longest spacewalks 5794:Vostok and Voskhod 4991:on 23 October 2016 4525:The New York Times 4497:. 15 February 2017 4475:. 15 February 2017 4394:(9 October 2015). 4048:, rocketlabusa.com 3092:on August 23, 2015 3086:Aerojet Rocketdyne 2762:on 8 December 2015 2639:space.skyrocket.de 2616:. NASA. 2009-08-09 2614:"Whisker Failures" 2437:space.skyrocket.de 2246:"NASA – GeneSat-1" 2037:The New York Times 1716:), or the J-SSOD ( 1701:secondary payloads 1697: 1638:LauncherOne rocket 1596:from New Zealand. 1547:secondary payloads 1522: 1411: 1293: 1203:On April 26, 2013 1055: 964:Thermal management 950:Deep Space Network 918:sublimating powder 902:high-gain antennae 883: 869:Telecommunications 833: 791:radiation pressure 717: 665:. The benefits of 590:Cold gas thrusters 473: 393:vibration analysis 320:radiation-hardened 316:single event upset 283: 268:Swarm Technologies 146: 101: 63:secondary payloads 39: 6830: 6829: 6244: 6243: 5725:Crewed spacecraft 5710:Human spaceflight 5668:Space exploration 5439:www.planetary.org 5383:www.planetary.org 5359:www.garvspace.com 5145:. 5 February 2015 5066:. Spaceflight Now 4793:www.asc-csa.gc.ca 4445:(26 April 2016). 4203:NRO (June 2012). 3837:By (2017-02-22). 3672:978-1-5090-2886-3 3426:Sky&Telescope 3372:www.planetary.org 3324:. USA. 5 May 2014 3002:978-1-60086-972-3 2541:PC/104 Consortium 2487:. 18 October 2019 2392:www.planetary.org 2328:Nanosats Database 2099:978-1-884989-22-3 1769:Earth–Moon system 1650:Garvey Spacecraft 972:emitted from the 811:'s first flight ( 645:passed through a 598:typically stores 596:cold gas thruster 494:, Earth sensors, 430:orbital maneuvers 170:graduate students 105:Earth observation 84:, a professor at 61:, or launched as 16:(Redirected from 6855: 6162:Space travelers 6158:Space scientists 6146:African American 5715: 5714: 5633: 5626: 5619: 5610: 5609: 5585: 5561: 5556: 5555: 5546:. Archived from 5524: 5523: 5521:Official website 5506: 5505: 5503: 5502: 5488: 5482: 5481: 5479: 5478: 5472: 5466:. Archived from 5455: 5449: 5448: 5446: 5445: 5431: 5425: 5424: 5422: 5421: 5412:. Archived from 5402: 5393: 5392: 5390: 5389: 5375: 5369: 5368: 5366: 5365: 5351: 5345: 5344: 5342: 5341: 5326: 5317: 5316: 5314: 5313: 5294: 5288: 5287: 5285: 5284: 5269: 5263: 5262: 5260: 5259: 5250:. Archived from 5239: 5230: 5229: 5227: 5225: 5210: 5204: 5203: 5201: 5200: 5188: 5182: 5181: 5179: 5178: 5163: 5157: 5156: 5151: 5150: 5135: 5129: 5128: 5126: 5125: 5106: 5100: 5099: 5097: 5096: 5089:Citizen Inventor 5081: 5075: 5074: 5072: 5071: 5059: 5053: 5052: 5050: 5049: 5035: 5029: 5028: 5026: 5025: 5010: 5001: 5000: 4998: 4996: 4980: 4974: 4973: 4971: 4970: 4965:. 12 August 2015 4955: 4949: 4948: 4946: 4944: 4929: 4923: 4922: 4920: 4919: 4910:. Archived from 4904: 4898: 4897: 4895: 4893: 4884:. Archived from 4878: 4872: 4871: 4869: 4868: 4859:. Archived from 4849: 4843: 4842: 4835: 4829: 4828: 4826: 4824: 4815:. Archived from 4809: 4803: 4802: 4800: 4799: 4784: 4778: 4777: 4775: 4774: 4760: 4754: 4753: 4751: 4750: 4736: 4730: 4724: 4718: 4717: 4715: 4714: 4705:. Archived from 4695: 4689: 4688: 4686: 4684: 4672: 4666: 4665: 4648: 4642: 4641: 4624: 4618: 4617: 4615: 4614: 4599: 4593: 4592: 4590: 4589: 4580:. 12 June 2015. 4578:www.jpl.nasa.gov 4570: 4564: 4563: 4561: 4560: 4549: 4543: 4542: 4540: 4539: 4516: 4507: 4506: 4504: 4502: 4491: 4485: 4484: 4482: 4480: 4465: 4459: 4458: 4456: 4454: 4439: 4433: 4432: 4425: 4419: 4414: 4408: 4407: 4405: 4403: 4388: 4382: 4381: 4367: 4361: 4360: 4358: 4356: 4351:on March 9, 2014 4340: 4334: 4333: 4331: 4329: 4323: 4315: 4309: 4308: 4306: 4304: 4289: 4283: 4282: 4280: 4278: 4272: 4263: 4257: 4256: 4254: 4252: 4243: 4233: 4227: 4226: 4224: 4222: 4216: 4209: 4200: 4194: 4193: 4191: 4189: 4172: 4166: 4165: 4163: 4161: 4142: 4136: 4135: 4133: 4132: 4123:. Archived from 4113: 4107: 4106: 4104: 4103: 4094:. Archived from 4084: 4078: 4077: 4075: 4074: 4055: 4049: 4043: 4037: 4036: 4034: 4033: 4024:. Archived from 4014: 4008: 4007: 4005: 4004: 3989: 3983: 3980: 3974: 3973: 3928: 3922: 3921: 3877: 3871: 3870: 3859: 3853: 3852: 3850: 3849: 3834: 3825: 3824: 3788: 3782: 3781: 3779: 3778: 3764: 3758: 3757: 3724:(6): 2083–2093. 3713: 3707: 3706: 3694: 3685: 3684: 3650: 3639: 3638: 3636: 3635: 3619: 3613: 3612: 3610: 3609: 3603: 3597:. Archived from 3592: 3583: 3574: 3573: 3563: 3552:10.2514/1.A33136 3538:(4): 1009–1020. 3529: 3520: 3514: 3513: 3511: 3510: 3504:www.mpoweruk.com 3496: 3490: 3489: 3487: 3486: 3471: 3465: 3464: 3462: 3461: 3442: 3436: 3435: 3433: 3432: 3417: 3411: 3410: 3408: 3407: 3397: 3388: 3382: 3381: 3379: 3378: 3364: 3358: 3357: 3355: 3354: 3339: 3333: 3332: 3330: 3329: 3322:The Space Review 3314: 3308: 3307: 3305: 3304: 3289: 3283: 3282: 3280: 3279: 3270:. Archived from 3260: 3254: 3253: 3251: 3250: 3236: 3230: 3229: 3227: 3226: 3217:. Archived from 3207: 3201: 3200: 3198: 3197: 3183: 3177: 3176: 3174: 3173: 3159: 3153: 3152: 3150: 3149: 3134: 3128: 3127: 3125: 3123: 3108: 3102: 3101: 3099: 3097: 3088:. Archived from 3078: 3069: 3068: 3066: 3064: 3053: 3047: 3046: 3044: 3043: 3034:. Archived from 3024: 3015: 3014: 2993:2060/20090037061 2968: 2962: 2961: 2959: 2958: 2944: 2938: 2937: 2935: 2933: 2927: 2916: 2907: 2901: 2900: 2898: 2896: 2891: 2882: 2876: 2875: 2873: 2871: 2862:. Archived from 2856: 2850: 2849: 2847: 2845: 2836:. Archived from 2830: 2824: 2823: 2821: 2819: 2810:. Archived from 2804: 2798: 2797: 2795: 2793: 2788:on July 16, 2015 2784:. Archived from 2778: 2772: 2771: 2769: 2767: 2761: 2755:. Archived from 2738: 2729: 2723: 2722: 2694: 2688: 2687: 2655: 2649: 2648: 2646: 2645: 2631: 2625: 2624: 2622: 2621: 2610: 2604: 2603: 2601: 2600: 2591:. Archived from 2581: 2575: 2574: 2572: 2571: 2557: 2551: 2550: 2548: 2547: 2533: 2527: 2526: 2524: 2523: 2513: 2505: 2496: 2495: 2493: 2492: 2477: 2471: 2470: 2468: 2467: 2453: 2447: 2446: 2444: 2443: 2429: 2423: 2422: 2420: 2419: 2411:Clark, Stephen. 2408: 2402: 2401: 2399: 2398: 2384: 2378: 2377: 2375: 2373: 2364: 2355: 2338: 2337: 2335: 2334: 2319: 2313: 2312: 2310: 2309: 2294: 2288: 2287: 2285: 2284: 2272:"ISO 17770:2017" 2267: 2261: 2260: 2258: 2257: 2248:. Archived from 2242: 2236: 2235: 2233: 2232: 2215: 2209: 2208: 2206: 2205: 2196:. Archived from 2193:Space Fellowship 2183: 2177: 2176: 2174: 2173: 2156: 2147: 2146: 2121:Jordi Puig-Suari 2119:When professors 2110: 2104: 2103: 2085: 2074: 2073: 2071: 2070: 2055: 2049: 2048: 2046: 2044: 2027: 2021: 2020: 2018: 2017: 2002: 1996: 1995: 1993: 1992: 1983:. Archived from 1972: 1963: 1962: 1960: 1959: 1945: 1939: 1938: 1936: 1934: 1923: 1912: 1911: 1909: 1908: 1902:sites.google.com 1894: 1883: 1882: 1872: 1862: 1851: 1845: 1813:List of CubeSats 1390: 1378: 1366: 1356:Views from MarCO 1341: 1184:built by NASA's 1169:'s robotic arm. 1038:List of CubeSats 853:attitude control 725:specific impulse 608:pressurized tank 476:Attitude control 456:Attitude control 426:data compression 418:image processing 414:attitude control 308:low Earth orbits 166:reference design 150:Jordi Puig-Suari 78:Jordi Puig-Suari 21: 6863: 6862: 6858: 6857: 6856: 6854: 6853: 6852: 6833: 6832: 6831: 6826: 6782: 6776: 6737: 6731: 6715: 6666:Thor DM-18 Able 6574:Delta IV Medium 6506: 6500: 6476:Sounding rocket 6420: 6347: 6340: 6251: 6240: 6197: 6171:by first flight 6069: 6041: 6013: 5953: 5901: 5858: 5704: 5656: 5643: 5637: 5553: 5551: 5519: 5518: 5515: 5510: 5509: 5500: 5498: 5490: 5489: 5485: 5476: 5474: 5470: 5456: 5452: 5443: 5441: 5433: 5432: 5428: 5419: 5417: 5404: 5403: 5396: 5387: 5385: 5377: 5376: 5372: 5363: 5361: 5353: 5352: 5348: 5339: 5337: 5327: 5320: 5311: 5309: 5296: 5295: 5291: 5282: 5280: 5270: 5266: 5257: 5255: 5240: 5233: 5223: 5221: 5212: 5211: 5207: 5198: 5196: 5189: 5185: 5176: 5174: 5165: 5164: 5160: 5148: 5146: 5137: 5136: 5132: 5123: 5121: 5120:on 9 March 2015 5108: 5107: 5103: 5094: 5092: 5091:. 18 April 2014 5083: 5082: 5078: 5069: 5067: 5060: 5056: 5047: 5045: 5037: 5036: 5032: 5023: 5021: 5011: 5004: 4994: 4992: 4983:Galica, Carol. 4981: 4977: 4968: 4966: 4957: 4956: 4952: 4942: 4940: 4932:Krebs, Gunter. 4930: 4926: 4917: 4915: 4906: 4905: 4901: 4891: 4889: 4880: 4879: 4875: 4866: 4864: 4851: 4850: 4846: 4837: 4836: 4832: 4822: 4820: 4811: 4810: 4806: 4797: 4795: 4785: 4781: 4772: 4770: 4762: 4761: 4757: 4748: 4746: 4738: 4737: 4733: 4725: 4721: 4712: 4710: 4697: 4696: 4692: 4682: 4680: 4675:Galica, Carol. 4673: 4669: 4650: 4649: 4645: 4626: 4625: 4621: 4612: 4610: 4601: 4600: 4596: 4587: 4585: 4572: 4571: 4567: 4558: 4556: 4551: 4550: 4546: 4537: 4535: 4517: 4510: 4500: 4498: 4493: 4492: 4488: 4478: 4476: 4467: 4466: 4462: 4452: 4450: 4440: 4436: 4431:. 12 July 2016. 4427: 4426: 4422: 4415: 4411: 4401: 4399: 4389: 4385: 4368: 4364: 4354: 4352: 4341: 4337: 4327: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4316: 4312: 4302: 4300: 4291: 4290: 4286: 4276: 4274: 4270: 4264: 4260: 4250: 4248: 4244:(in Japanese). 4241: 4234: 4230: 4220: 4218: 4214: 4207: 4201: 4197: 4187: 4185: 4174: 4173: 4169: 4159: 4157: 4143: 4139: 4130: 4128: 4115: 4114: 4110: 4101: 4099: 4086: 4085: 4081: 4072: 4070: 4069:on May 18, 2015 4057: 4056: 4052: 4044: 4040: 4031: 4029: 4016: 4015: 4011: 4002: 4000: 3991: 3990: 3986: 3981: 3977: 3929: 3925: 3878: 3874: 3861: 3860: 3856: 3847: 3845: 3835: 3828: 3813: 3789: 3785: 3776: 3774: 3766: 3765: 3761: 3714: 3710: 3695: 3688: 3673: 3651: 3642: 3633: 3631: 3620: 3616: 3607: 3605: 3601: 3590: 3584: 3577: 3527: 3521: 3517: 3508: 3506: 3498: 3497: 3493: 3484: 3482: 3473: 3472: 3468: 3459: 3457: 3444: 3443: 3439: 3430: 3428: 3418: 3414: 3405: 3403: 3395: 3389: 3385: 3376: 3374: 3366: 3365: 3361: 3352: 3350: 3340: 3336: 3327: 3325: 3316: 3315: 3311: 3302: 3300: 3291: 3290: 3286: 3277: 3275: 3262: 3261: 3257: 3248: 3246: 3238: 3237: 3233: 3224: 3222: 3209: 3208: 3204: 3195: 3193: 3185: 3184: 3180: 3171: 3169: 3161: 3160: 3156: 3147: 3145: 3136: 3135: 3131: 3121: 3119: 3110: 3109: 3105: 3095: 3093: 3080: 3079: 3072: 3062: 3060: 3055: 3054: 3050: 3041: 3039: 3026: 3025: 3018: 3003: 2969: 2965: 2956: 2954: 2952:www.tethers.com 2946: 2945: 2941: 2931: 2929: 2925: 2914: 2908: 2904: 2894: 2892: 2889: 2883: 2879: 2869: 2867: 2858: 2857: 2853: 2843: 2841: 2832: 2831: 2827: 2817: 2815: 2806: 2805: 2801: 2791: 2789: 2780: 2779: 2775: 2765: 2763: 2759: 2736: 2730: 2726: 2695: 2691: 2656: 2652: 2643: 2641: 2633: 2632: 2628: 2619: 2617: 2612: 2611: 2607: 2598: 2596: 2583: 2582: 2578: 2569: 2567: 2559: 2558: 2554: 2545: 2543: 2535: 2534: 2530: 2521: 2519: 2511: 2507: 2506: 2499: 2490: 2488: 2479: 2478: 2474: 2465: 2463: 2455: 2454: 2450: 2441: 2439: 2431: 2430: 2426: 2417: 2415: 2409: 2405: 2396: 2394: 2386: 2385: 2381: 2371: 2369: 2362: 2356: 2341: 2332: 2330: 2324:"Cubesat types" 2320: 2316: 2307: 2305: 2295: 2291: 2282: 2280: 2268: 2264: 2255: 2253: 2244: 2243: 2239: 2230: 2228: 2216: 2212: 2203: 2201: 2184: 2180: 2171: 2169: 2157: 2150: 2112: 2111: 2107: 2100: 2086: 2077: 2068: 2066: 2056: 2052: 2042: 2040: 2028: 2024: 2015: 2013: 2004: 2003: 1999: 1990: 1988: 1973: 1966: 1957: 1955: 1947: 1946: 1942: 1932: 1930: 1924: 1915: 1906: 1904: 1896: 1895: 1886: 1875:San Luis Obispo 1870: 1864: 1863: 1854: 1846: 1842: 1837: 1783: 1686: 1634:Virgin Galactic 1622:Electron rocket 1604:On 5 May 2015, 1602: 1542: 1507: 1491:Cygnus CRS OA-7 1463: 1454: 1442: 1429: 1416: 1403: 1398: 1397: 1396: 1395: 1394: 1391: 1383: 1382: 1379: 1371: 1370: 1367: 1358: 1357: 1339: 1278: 1137:Five CubeSats ( 1040: 1034: 1015: 966: 946:Low Earth Orbit 944:Traditionally, 942: 891:omnidirectional 871: 825: 784: 697: 667:monopropellants 632: 592: 567:Gimbaled thrust 538: 504:Reaction wheels 480:reaction wheels 458: 406: 377:used in vacuums 340: 289:No electronics 239: 138: 90:low Earth orbit 47:small satellite 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6861: 6851: 6850: 6845: 6828: 6827: 6825: 6824: 6819: 6814: 6809: 6808: 6807: 6797: 6792: 6786: 6784: 6778: 6777: 6775: 6774: 6769: 6767:Space agencies 6764: 6759: 6754: 6753: 6752: 6741: 6739: 6738:and facilities 6733: 6732: 6730: 6729: 6723: 6721: 6717: 6716: 6714: 6713: 6708: 6703: 6698: 6693: 6688: 6683: 6678: 6673: 6668: 6663: 6658: 6656:Thor and Delta 6653: 6648: 6643: 6638: 6633: 6628: 6623: 6618: 6613: 6608: 6603: 6598: 6597: 6596: 6591: 6581: 6576: 6571: 6569:Delta IV Heavy 6566: 6561: 6556: 6551: 6546: 6541: 6536: 6531: 6526: 6521: 6516: 6510: 6508: 6507:by rocket type 6502: 6501: 6499: 6498: 6493: 6488: 6483: 6478: 6473: 6468: 6467: 6466: 6461: 6456: 6446: 6441: 6440: 6439: 6428: 6426: 6422: 6421: 6419: 6418: 6413: 6408: 6403: 6402:Magnetospheric 6400: 6395: 6390: 6385: 6380: 6379: 6378: 6368: 6363: 6358: 6352: 6350: 6346:Earth-orbiting 6342: 6341: 6339: 6338: 6337: 6336: 6326: 6321: 6316: 6315: 6314: 6309: 6304: 6299: 6289: 6284: 6283: 6282: 6277: 6267: 6262: 6256: 6254: 6246: 6245: 6242: 6241: 6239: 6238: 6233: 6228: 6223: 6218: 6213: 6207: 6205: 6199: 6198: 6196: 6195: 6190: 6189: 6188: 6183: 6178: 6176:by nationality 6173: 6168: 6160: 6155: 6154: 6153: 6148: 6143: 6138: 6133: 6128: 6123: 6118: 6113: 6108: 6103: 6098: 6093: 6088: 6077: 6075: 6071: 6070: 6068: 6067: 6062: 6057: 6051: 6049: 6043: 6042: 6040: 6039: 6034: 6029: 6023: 6021: 6015: 6014: 6012: 6011: 6006: 6001: 5996: 5995: 5994: 5989: 5981: 5980: 5979: 5974: 5963: 5961: 5955: 5954: 5952: 5951: 5946: 5941: 5940: 5939: 5934: 5926: 5925: 5924: 5913: 5911: 5903: 5902: 5900: 5899: 5894: 5889: 5888: 5887: 5882: 5874: 5868: 5866: 5860: 5859: 5857: 5856: 5855: 5854: 5849: 5841: 5836: 5831: 5826: 5821: 5816: 5811: 5806: 5801: 5796: 5791: 5786: 5781: 5780: 5779: 5774: 5769: 5764: 5759: 5754: 5749: 5739: 5738: 5737: 5732: 5721: 5719: 5712: 5706: 5705: 5703: 5702: 5697: 5692: 5687: 5682: 5681: 5680: 5675: 5664: 5662: 5658: 5657: 5655: 5654: 5648: 5645: 5644: 5636: 5635: 5628: 5621: 5613: 5607: 5606: 5601: 5596: 5586: 5567: 5562: 5531: 5525: 5514: 5513:External links 5511: 5508: 5507: 5483: 5450: 5426: 5394: 5370: 5346: 5318: 5289: 5264: 5254:on 18 May 2015 5231: 5220:. May 17, 2017 5205: 5183: 5158: 5130: 5101: 5076: 5054: 5030: 5002: 4975: 4950: 4924: 4899: 4873: 4844: 4830: 4819:on 17 May 2018 4804: 4779: 4755: 4731: 4719: 4690: 4667: 4643: 4619: 4594: 4565: 4555:. 12 June 2015 4544: 4508: 4486: 4460: 4434: 4420: 4409: 4383: 4362: 4335: 4310: 4284: 4258: 4228: 4195: 4167: 4137: 4108: 4079: 4050: 4038: 4009: 3984: 3975: 3923: 3872: 3854: 3826: 3811: 3783: 3759: 3708: 3686: 3671: 3640: 3614: 3575: 3561:2027.42/140416 3515: 3491: 3481:. 9 March 2010 3466: 3437: 3412: 3383: 3359: 3334: 3309: 3284: 3255: 3231: 3202: 3178: 3154: 3129: 3103: 3070: 3048: 3016: 3001: 2963: 2939: 2902: 2877: 2851: 2825: 2799: 2773: 2724: 2689: 2650: 2626: 2605: 2576: 2552: 2528: 2497: 2472: 2448: 2424: 2403: 2379: 2339: 2314: 2289: 2262: 2237: 2210: 2178: 2148: 2144:and a battery. 2105: 2098: 2075: 2050: 2022: 1997: 1964: 1940: 1913: 1884: 1852: 1839: 1838: 1836: 1833: 1832: 1831: 1825: 1820: 1815: 1810: 1805: 1800: 1794: 1789: 1782: 1779: 1705:launch vehicle 1685: 1682: 1601: 1598: 1541: 1538: 1526:launch vehicle 1506: 1503: 1462: 1459: 1453: 1450: 1441: 1438: 1428: 1425: 1415: 1412: 1402: 1399: 1392: 1385: 1384: 1380: 1373: 1372: 1368: 1361: 1360: 1359: 1355: 1354: 1353: 1352: 1277: 1274: 1209:NEE-02 Krysaor 1178:Antares rocket 1036:Main article: 1033: 1030: 1014: 1011: 970:radiative heat 965: 962: 941: 938: 898:dipole antenna 870: 867: 824: 821: 783: 780: 764:electric field 696: 693: 643:monopropellant 631: 628: 624:sulfur dioxide 591: 588: 537: 534: 528:is necessary. 524:or electronic 518:turning moment 457: 454: 412:including the 405: 402: 339: 336: 332:metal whiskers 238: 235: 220:nanosatellites 200:picosatellites 137: 134: 67:launch vehicle 45:is a class of 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6860: 6849: 6846: 6844: 6841: 6840: 6838: 6823: 6820: 6818: 6815: 6813: 6810: 6806: 6803: 6802: 6801: 6800:NASA missions 6798: 6796: 6793: 6791: 6788: 6787: 6785: 6783:and timelines 6779: 6773: 6770: 6768: 6765: 6763: 6760: 6758: 6755: 6751: 6748: 6747: 6746: 6743: 6742: 6740: 6734: 6728: 6727:Satish Dhawan 6725: 6724: 6722: 6718: 6712: 6709: 6707: 6704: 6702: 6699: 6697: 6694: 6692: 6689: 6687: 6684: 6682: 6679: 6677: 6674: 6672: 6669: 6667: 6664: 6662: 6659: 6657: 6654: 6652: 6649: 6647: 6644: 6642: 6639: 6637: 6634: 6632: 6629: 6627: 6624: 6622: 6619: 6617: 6614: 6612: 6609: 6607: 6604: 6602: 6599: 6595: 6592: 6590: 6587: 6586: 6585: 6582: 6580: 6577: 6575: 6572: 6570: 6567: 6565: 6562: 6560: 6557: 6555: 6552: 6550: 6547: 6545: 6542: 6540: 6537: 6535: 6532: 6530: 6527: 6525: 6522: 6520: 6517: 6515: 6512: 6511: 6509: 6503: 6497: 6494: 6492: 6489: 6487: 6484: 6482: 6479: 6477: 6474: 6472: 6469: 6465: 6462: 6460: 6457: 6455: 6452: 6451: 6450: 6447: 6445: 6442: 6438: 6435: 6434: 6433: 6430: 6429: 6427: 6423: 6417: 6414: 6412: 6409: 6407: 6404: 6401: 6399: 6396: 6394: 6391: 6389: 6386: 6384: 6381: 6377: 6374: 6373: 6372: 6369: 6367: 6364: 6362: 6359: 6357: 6354: 6353: 6351: 6349: 6343: 6335: 6332: 6331: 6330: 6327: 6325: 6322: 6320: 6317: 6313: 6310: 6308: 6305: 6303: 6300: 6298: 6295: 6294: 6293: 6290: 6288: 6285: 6281: 6278: 6276: 6273: 6272: 6271: 6268: 6266: 6263: 6261: 6258: 6257: 6255: 6253: 6247: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6229: 6227: 6224: 6222: 6219: 6217: 6214: 6212: 6209: 6208: 6206: 6204: 6200: 6194: 6191: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6174: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6163: 6161: 6159: 6156: 6152: 6151:Ibero-America 6149: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6124: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6084: 6083: 6082: 6079: 6078: 6076: 6072: 6066: 6063: 6061: 6058: 6056: 6053: 6052: 6050: 6048: 6044: 6038: 6035: 6033: 6030: 6028: 6025: 6024: 6022: 6020: 6016: 6010: 6007: 6005: 6002: 6000: 5997: 5993: 5990: 5988: 5985: 5984: 5983:Spaceflights 5982: 5978: 5975: 5973: 5970: 5969: 5968: 5965: 5964: 5962: 5960: 5956: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5930: 5929: 5928:Spaceflights 5927: 5923: 5920: 5919: 5918: 5915: 5914: 5912: 5910: 5909: 5904: 5898: 5895: 5893: 5890: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5878: 5877: 5876:Spaceflights 5875: 5873: 5870: 5869: 5867: 5865: 5861: 5853: 5850: 5848: 5845: 5844: 5842: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5832: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5822: 5820: 5817: 5815: 5812: 5810: 5807: 5805: 5802: 5800: 5797: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5778: 5775: 5773: 5770: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5760: 5758: 5755: 5753: 5750: 5748: 5745: 5744: 5743: 5740: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5728: 5727: 5726: 5723: 5722: 5720: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5707: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5683: 5679: 5676: 5674: 5671: 5670: 5669: 5666: 5665: 5663: 5659: 5653: 5650: 5649: 5646: 5641: 5634: 5629: 5627: 5622: 5620: 5615: 5614: 5611: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5594: 5590: 5587: 5583: 5579: 5578: 5573: 5568: 5566: 5563: 5560: 5550:on 2020-07-29 5549: 5545: 5543: 5537: 5532: 5529: 5526: 5522: 5517: 5516: 5497: 5493: 5487: 5473:on 2012-08-25 5469: 5465: 5461: 5454: 5440: 5436: 5430: 5416:on 2019-07-25 5415: 5411: 5410:JPL | CubeSat 5407: 5401: 5399: 5384: 5380: 5374: 5360: 5356: 5350: 5336: 5332: 5325: 5323: 5308:on 2015-06-14 5307: 5303: 5299: 5293: 5279: 5275: 5268: 5253: 5249: 5245: 5238: 5236: 5219: 5215: 5209: 5195:. SatMagazine 5194: 5187: 5172: 5168: 5162: 5155: 5144: 5140: 5134: 5119: 5115: 5111: 5105: 5090: 5086: 5080: 5065: 5058: 5044: 5040: 5034: 5020: 5019:Florida Today 5016: 5009: 5007: 4990: 4986: 4979: 4964: 4960: 4954: 4939: 4935: 4928: 4914:on 2020-07-29 4913: 4909: 4903: 4887: 4883: 4877: 4863:on 2015-04-02 4862: 4858: 4854: 4848: 4840: 4834: 4818: 4814: 4808: 4794: 4790: 4783: 4769: 4765: 4759: 4745: 4741: 4735: 4728: 4723: 4709:on 2016-07-26 4708: 4704: 4700: 4694: 4678: 4671: 4663: 4659: 4658: 4653: 4647: 4639: 4635: 4634: 4629: 4623: 4609:on 2015-06-13 4608: 4604: 4598: 4583: 4579: 4575: 4569: 4554: 4548: 4534: 4530: 4526: 4522: 4515: 4513: 4496: 4490: 4474: 4470: 4464: 4448: 4444: 4438: 4430: 4424: 4418: 4413: 4402:September 28, 4397: 4393: 4387: 4379: 4378: 4373: 4366: 4350: 4346: 4339: 4320: 4314: 4298: 4294: 4288: 4269: 4262: 4247: 4239: 4232: 4213: 4206: 4199: 4183: 4182: 4177: 4171: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4141: 4127:on 2010-03-03 4126: 4122: 4118: 4112: 4098:on 2015-10-13 4097: 4093: 4089: 4083: 4068: 4064: 4060: 4054: 4047: 4042: 4028:on 2015-10-16 4027: 4023: 4019: 4013: 3999:on 2015-09-24 3998: 3994: 3988: 3979: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3959: 3955: 3951: 3947: 3943: 3940:(99): 39–49. 3939: 3935: 3927: 3919: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3895: 3891: 3888:(99): 31–38. 3887: 3883: 3876: 3869:. 2015-10-30. 3868: 3864: 3858: 3844: 3840: 3833: 3831: 3822: 3818: 3814: 3812:9781119692584 3808: 3804: 3800: 3796: 3795: 3787: 3773: 3769: 3763: 3755: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3719: 3712: 3704: 3700: 3693: 3691: 3682: 3678: 3674: 3668: 3664: 3660: 3656: 3649: 3647: 3645: 3629: 3625: 3618: 3604:on 2016-05-13 3600: 3596: 3589: 3582: 3580: 3571: 3567: 3562: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3526: 3519: 3505: 3501: 3495: 3480: 3476: 3470: 3456:on 2015-05-22 3455: 3451: 3447: 3441: 3427: 3423: 3416: 3401: 3394: 3387: 3373: 3369: 3363: 3349: 3345: 3338: 3323: 3319: 3313: 3298: 3294: 3288: 3274:on 2015-12-08 3273: 3269: 3268:www.busek.com 3265: 3259: 3245: 3244:www.busek.com 3241: 3235: 3221:on 2015-12-08 3220: 3216: 3212: 3206: 3192: 3191:www.busek.com 3188: 3182: 3168: 3167:www.busek.com 3164: 3158: 3143: 3139: 3133: 3117: 3113: 3107: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3077: 3075: 3058: 3052: 3038:on 2015-10-04 3037: 3033: 3032:www.sv.vt.edu 3029: 3023: 3021: 3012: 3008: 3004: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2967: 2953: 2949: 2943: 2924: 2920: 2913: 2906: 2888: 2881: 2865: 2861: 2855: 2839: 2835: 2829: 2813: 2809: 2803: 2787: 2783: 2777: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2735: 2728: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2693: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2654: 2640: 2636: 2630: 2615: 2609: 2595:on 2015-10-27 2594: 2590: 2586: 2580: 2566: 2562: 2556: 2542: 2538: 2532: 2517: 2510: 2504: 2502: 2486: 2482: 2476: 2462: 2458: 2452: 2438: 2434: 2428: 2414: 2407: 2393: 2389: 2383: 2368: 2361: 2354: 2352: 2350: 2348: 2346: 2344: 2329: 2325: 2318: 2304: 2300: 2293: 2279: 2278: 2273: 2266: 2252:on 2021-11-14 2251: 2247: 2241: 2227: 2226: 2221: 2214: 2199: 2195: 2194: 2189: 2182: 2168: 2167: 2162: 2155: 2153: 2145: 2143: 2139: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2116: 2109: 2101: 2095: 2091: 2084: 2082: 2080: 2065: 2061: 2054: 2039: 2038: 2033: 2026: 2012:. 11 May 2015 2011: 2007: 2001: 1987:on 2020-11-20 1986: 1982: 1978: 1971: 1969: 1954: 1950: 1944: 1929: 1922: 1920: 1918: 1903: 1899: 1893: 1891: 1889: 1880: 1876: 1869: 1868: 1861: 1859: 1857: 1849: 1844: 1840: 1829: 1826: 1824: 1821: 1819: 1816: 1814: 1811: 1809: 1806: 1804: 1801: 1798: 1795: 1793: 1790: 1788: 1785: 1784: 1778: 1776: 1772: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1727:deployed the 1726: 1721: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1706: 1702: 1694: 1690: 1681: 1677: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1597: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1578:ISC Kosmotras 1575: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1557: 1553: 1548: 1537: 1535: 1534:Made in Space 1531: 1527: 1520: 1519:ISC Kosmotras 1516: 1511: 1502: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1479: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1458: 1449: 1447: 1437: 1435: 1424: 1422: 1407: 1389: 1377: 1365: 1351: 1349: 1345: 1338: 1333: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1318: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1307:Mars Cube One 1304: 1300: 1299: 1291: 1287: 1282: 1273: 1270: 1266: 1261: 1257: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1241: 1238: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1223: 1221: 1216: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1205:NEE-01 Pegaso 1201: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1170: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1135: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1118: 1113: 1111: 1107: 1106:UniCubeSat-GG 1103: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1082: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1039: 1032:Past missions 1029: 1027: 1022: 1020: 1010: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 987: 982: 979: 975: 971: 961: 959: 955: 951: 947: 937: 935: 931: 927: 923: 919: 915: 911: 907: 903: 899: 895: 892: 887: 880: 875: 866: 863: 859: 858:thermal knife 854: 849: 845: 842: 838: 835:CubeSats use 829: 820: 818: 814: 810: 806: 802: 801:in May 2015. 800: 796: 792: 788: 779: 777: 773: 769: 765: 761: 757: 752: 750: 749:Lunar IceCube 746: 742: 738: 734: 733:ion thrusters 730: 726: 722: 714: 713:Lunar IceCube 710: 706: 701: 692: 690: 686: 682: 678: 673: 668: 664: 660: 656: 652: 648: 644: 640: 636: 627: 625: 621: 617: 613: 609: 605: 601: 597: 587: 585: 584:orbital decay 581: 580:orbit keeping 577: 573: 568: 564: 559: 555: 551: 547: 543: 533: 529: 527: 523: 519: 514: 509: 505: 501: 497: 493: 489: 488:star trackers 486:, thrusters, 485: 484:magnetorquers 481: 477: 470: 466: 462: 453: 451: 447: 443: 439: 435: 431: 427: 423: 422:data analysis 419: 415: 411: 401: 398: 394: 388: 386: 380: 378: 374: 370: 366: 362: 358: 354: 350: 345: 335: 333: 329: 325: 321: 317: 313: 309: 304: 301: 297: 292: 287: 279: 275: 273: 269: 265: 260: 258: 257:Mars Cube One 254: 248: 245: 234: 232: 227: 225: 221: 216: 213: 212:Beanie Babies 207: 205: 201: 197: 192: 190: 187: 183: 179: 175: 171: 167: 163: 159: 155: 151: 142: 133: 131: 126: 124: 123: 118: 114: 110: 109:amateur radio 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