305:
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20:
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258:, which had for decades procured heavy satellites on decade-long procurement cycles, is making a transition to smallsats in the 2020s. The office of space acquisition and integration said in January 2023 that "the era of massive satellites needs to be in the rear view mirror for the Department of Defense" with small satellites being procured for DoD needs in all orbital regimes, regardless of "whether it's
722:
disaster response, which was the purpose of the RapidEye constellation. Additionally, the nanosat option would allow more nations to own their own satellite for off-peak (non-disaster) imaging data collection. As costs lower and production times shorten, nanosatellites are becoming increasingly feasible ventures for companies.
379:
Although smallsats have traditionally been launched as secondary payloads on larger launch vehicles, a number of companies began development of launch vehicles specifically targeted at the smallsat market. In particular, with larger numbers of smallsats flying, the secondary payload paradigm does not
2415:
On
November 19th Orbital Sciences, an American company, launched a rocket from the Wallops Flight Facility in Virginia. It carried 29 satellites aloft and released them into low-Earth orbit, a record for a single mission. Thirty hours later, Kosmotras, a Russian joint-venture, carried 32 satellites
191:
One rationale for miniaturizing satellites is to reduce the cost; heavier satellites require larger rockets with greater thrust that also have greater cost to finance. In contrast, smaller and lighter satellites require smaller and cheaper launch vehicles and can sometimes be launched in multiples.
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combustion systems for propulsion and attitude control; these systems are complex and require a minimal amount of volume to surface area to dissipate heat. These systems may be used on larger small satellites, while other micro/nanosats have to use electric propulsion, compressed gas, vaporizable
938:
series of microsatellites) is usually applied to artificial satellites with a wet mass between 0.1 and 1 kg (0.22 and 2.2 lb), although it is sometimes used to refer to any satellite that is under 1 kg in launch mass. Again, designs and proposed designs of these types usually have
991:
rocket with the intention of releasing 104 femtosatellite-sized chipsats, or "Sprites". In the event, they were unable to complete the deployment on time due to a failure of an onboard clock and the deployment mechanism reentered the atmosphere on 14 May 2014, without having deployed any of the
441:
The term "microsatellite" or "microsat" is usually applied to the name of an artificial satellite with a wet mass between 10 and 100 kg (22 and 220 lb). However, this is not an official convention and sometimes those terms can refer to satellites larger than that, or smaller than that
1105:
Small satellites can use conventional radio systems in UHF, VHF, S-band and X-band, although often miniaturized using more up-to-date technology as compared to larger satellites. Tiny satellites such as nanosats and small microsats may lack the power supply or mass for large conventional radio
721:
Earth-imaging satellites, at the same mission cost, with significantly increased revisit times: every area of the globe can be imaged every 3.5 hours rather than the once per 24 hours with the RapidEye constellation. More rapid revisit times are a significant improvement for nations performing
556:"optimized to the design of LauncherOne". Virgin Orbit has been working on the LauncherOne concept since late 2008, and as of 2015, is making it a larger part of Virgin's core business plan as the Virgin human spaceflight program has experienced multiple delays and a fatal accident in 2014.
1113:
Electronics need to be rigorously tested and modified to be "space hardened" or resistant to the outer space environment (vacuum, microgravity, thermal extremes, and radiation exposure). Miniaturized satellites allow for the opportunity to test new hardware with reduced expense in testing.
946:
kitbuilders. Picosatellites are currently commercially available across the full range of 0.1–1 kg (0.22–2.2 lb). Launch opportunities are now available for $ 12,000 to $ 18,000 for sub-1 kg picosat payloads that are approximately the size of a soda can.
685:
is a common type of nanosatellite, built in cube form based on multiples of 10 cm Ă— 10 cm Ă— 10 cm, with a mass of no more than 1.33 kilograms (2.9 lb) per unit. The CubeSat concept was first developed in 1999 by a collaborative team of
673:
between 1 and 10 kg (2.2 and 22.0 lb). Designs and proposed designs of these types may be launched individually, or they may have multiple nanosatellites working together or in formation, in which case, sometimes the term "satellite swarm" or
1114:
Furthermore, since the overall cost risk in the mission is much lower, more up-to-date but less space-proven technology can be incorporated into micro and nanosats than can be used in much larger, more expensive missions with less appetite for risk.
2071:
955:
The term "femtosatellite" or "femtosat" is usually applied to artificial satellites with a wet mass below 100 g (3.5 oz). Like picosatellites, some designs require a larger "mother" satellite for communication with ground controllers.
1892:
939:
multiple picosatellites working together or in formation (sometimes the term "swarm" is applied). Some designs require a larger "mother" satellite for communication with ground controllers or for launching and docking with picosatellites.
228:
segments of the satellite launch industry have been growing rapidly in the 2010s. Development activity in the 1–50 kg (2.2–110.2 lb) range has been significantly exceeding that in the 50–100 kg (110–220 lb) range.
1003:
In March 2019, the CubeSat KickSat-2 deployed 105 femtosats called "ChipSats" into Earth orbit. Each of the ChipSats weighed 4 grams. The satellites were tested for 3 days, and they then reentered the atmosphere and burned up.
1110:, and various miniaturized or innovative communications systems have been proposed, such as laser receivers, antenna arrays and satellite-to-satellite communication networks. Few of these have been demonstrated in practice.
678:" may be applied. Some designs require a larger "mother" satellite for communication with ground controllers or for launching and docking with nanosatellites. Over 2300 nanosatellites have been launched as of December 2023.
2402:
2294:
780:
In the ten years of nanosat launches prior to 2014, only 75 nanosats were launched. Launch rates picked up substantially when in the three-month period from
November 2013–January 2014 94 nanosats were launched.
808:
to support private spaceflight initiatives in the 2010s, several startups have been formed to pursue opportunities with developing a variety of small-payload
Nanosatellite Launch Vehicle (NLV) technologies.
269:" while aiming for procurements in under three years. The smaller satellites are deemed to be harder for an enemy to target, as well as providing more resilience through redundancy in the design of a large
236:
range alone, fewer than 15 satellites were launched annually in 2000 to 2005, 34 in 2006, then fewer than 30 launches annually during 2007 to 2011. This rose to 34 launched in 2012 and 92 launched in 2013.
2063:
296:, it is the world's first quantum communication satellite. TAU's nanosatellite is designed to form a quantum communication network as well as communicate with Earth through an optical ground station.
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microsats—massing just 13.5 kg (30 lb) each—became the first CubeSats to leave Earth orbit for use in interplanetary space. They flew on their way to Mars alongside the successful Mars
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concept aimed to launch small payloads of 45 kg (100 lb) into low Earth orbit. The program is proposed to drive down launch costs for U.S. military small satellites to as low as
49:
of low mass and size, usually under 1,200 kg (2,600 lb). While all such satellites can be referred to as "small", different classifications are used to categorize them based on
1806:"Space Is Very Big. Some of Its New Explorers Will Be Tiny. - The success of NASA's MarCO mission means that so-called cubesats likely will travel to distant reaches of our solar system"
1000:
is another project intending to launch femtosatellites in the late 2010s. ThumbSat announced a launch agreement with CubeCat in 2017 to launch up to 1000 of the very small satellites.
505:, the secondary payload paradigm does not provide the specificity required for many increasingly sophisticated small satellites that have unique orbital and launch-timing requirements.
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launch vehicle technology into an orbital nanosat launch vehicle capable of delivering a 10 kg (22 lb) payload into a 250 km (160 mi) orbit to an even-more-capable
1467:
1719:
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Small satellites are difficult to track with ground-based radar, so it is difficult to predict if they will collide with other satellites or human-occupied spacecraft. The U.S.
1696:
2009:
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1978:
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and the costs associated with construction. Miniature satellites, especially in large numbers, may be more useful than fewer, larger ones for some purposes – for example,
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suborbital launch vehicle technology into an orbital nanosat launch vehicle capable of delivering a 10 kg (22 lb) payload into a 250 km (160 mi) orbit.
2302:
2619:
281:
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into a similar orbit. Then, in
January 2014, Orbital Sciences carried 33 satellites up to the International Space Station (ISS), where they were cast off a month later.
192:
They can also be launched 'piggyback', using excess capacity on larger launch vehicles. Miniaturized satellites allow for cheaper designs and ease of mass production.
2791:
1866:
2911:
2222:
1590:
1317:
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324:(including fuel) between 100 and 500 kg (220 and 1,100 lb), but in other usage has come to mean any satellite under 500 kg (1,100 lb).
2524:
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of Mars in
November 2018, and both continued communicating with ground stations on Earth through late December. Both went silent by early January 2019.
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761:
2332:
1916:
1273:
980:
1425:
788:. By late 2014, proposals were being developed for larger spacecraft specifically designed to deliver swarms of nanosats to trajectories that are
195:
Another major reason for developing small satellites is the opportunity to enable missions that a larger satellite could not accomplish, such as:
2734:
1727:
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1510:
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launch requirements of microsatellites. While microsatellites have been carried to space for many years as secondary payloads aboard larger
285:
1459:
597:"20/450 Nano/Micro Satellite Launch Vehicle" (NMSLV) capable of delivering 20 kg (44 lb) payloads into 450 km (280 mi)
442:(e.g., 1–50 kg (2.2–110.2 lb)). Sometimes, designs or proposed designs from some satellites of these types have microsatellites
2468:
1653:
529:
2032:
997:
2765:
1688:
705:, nanosatellites are increasingly capable of performing commercial missions that previously required microsatellites. For example, a
2555:
2191:
2033:"Spaceport Colorado lands agreement with Swiss space company Read more: Spaceport Colorado lands agreement with Swiss space company"
1539:
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that would launch a microsat launch vehicle capable of putting a payload of up to 250 kg (550 lb) into low Earth orbit.
2578:
2233:
1970:
687:
2001:
2610:
2813:
1371:
694:, and the specifications, for use by anyone planning to launch a CubeSat-style nanosatellite, are maintained by this group.
240:
European analyst
Euroconsult projects more than 500 smallsats being launched in 2015–2019 with a market value estimated at
2787:
2437:
1863:
528:, with launches projected to begin in 2016. Several commercial customers have already contracted for launches, including
2903:
564:
832:
1438:
1123:
1065:
2836:
2295:"Why self-organizing companies take off - How 2 employees at a Finnish tech firm invented and built a space program"
1601:
1047:
380:
provide the specificity required for many small satellites that have unique orbital and launch-timing requirements.
2701:
1198:
1039:
1309:
383:
Some USA-based private companies that at some point in time have launched smallsat launch vehicles commercially:
266:
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program would provide the microsatellite rocket booster for the DARPA SeeMe program that intended to release a "
292:
were launched into space. In 2023, SpaceX launched a 20cm quantum communication nano satellite developed by the
2641:
2516:
1043:
907:
launched 14 nanosatellites on 22 June 2016, 2 for Indian universities and 12 for the United States under the
620:
per launch ($ 7,000/kg) and, if the development program was funded, as of 2012 could be operational by 2020.
521:
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1340:
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One challenge of using nanosats has been the economic delivery of such small satellites to anywhere beyond
387:
225:
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1237:
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320:
The term "small satellite", or sometimes "minisatellite", often refers to an artificial satellite with a
1397:
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853:
789:
255:
2724:
1805:
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2165:
1838:
1540:"Small Satellites & Small Launchers: Rocket Builders Scramble To Capture Growing Microsat Market"
549:
1499:
1028:
65:. Technical challenges in the construction of small satellites may include the lack of sufficient
1885:"Virgin Galactic boldly goes into small satellites, telling future astronauts 'you have to wait'"
1032:
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447:
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1948:
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344:
1749:
Merayo, J.M.G.; Brauer, P.; Primdahl, F.; Joergensen, P.S.; Risbo, T.; Cain, J. (April 2002).
849:
2725:"Chip satellites -- designed to blow in the solar wind -- depart on Endeavour's final launch"
70:
2869:
1279:(Report). annual market assessment series. Atlanta, Georgia: SEI. January 2014. p. 18.
2757:
2138:
1762:
450:. The generic term "small satellite" or "smallsat" is also sometimes used, as is "satlet".
2547:
304:
8:
2122:
Verhoeven, C.J.M.; Bentum, M.J.; Monna, G.L.E.; Rotteveel, J.; Guo, J. (April–May 2011).
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By mid-2015, many more launch options had become available for smallsats, and rides as
2887:"Stanford and NASA Ames researchers put inexpensive chip-size satellites into orbit".
2064:"PLD Space, la empresa española camino de lanzar satélites e incluso alcanzar la Luna"
1833:
921:
launched 103 nanosatellites on 15 February 2017. This launch was performed during the
2729:
2279:
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launched three satellites on 21 April 2013 based on smart phones. Two phones use the
865:
805:
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579:
572:
426:
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352:
248:
2904:"California Startup Accused of Launching Unauthorized Satellites Into Orbit: Report"
2150:
2668:"ISRO sets new world record, successfully places 104 satellites into Earth's orbit"
2461:"Dauria Aerospace lands $ 20M to grow its earth-monitoring nano satellite platform"
2267:
2258:
Tsitas, S. R.; Kingston, J. (February 2012). "6U CubeSat commercial applications".
2146:
1770:
1751:"The spinning Astrid-2 satellite used for modeling the Earth's main magnetic field"
1439:
https://www.jns.org/israeli-nanosatellite-a-breakthrough-in-quantum-communications/
879:
669:
The term "nanosatellite" or "nanosat" is applied to an artificial satellite with a
420:
391:
356:
270:
2123:
1426:"Israeli quantum communication nanosatellite launched into orbit by SpaceX rocket"
1126:
has rejected at least one small satellite launch request on these safety grounds.
58:
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801:
785:
726:
661:
598:
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Testing or qualifying new hardware before using it on a more expensive spacecraft
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533:
502:
54:
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1774:
1626:
1398:"In First, 3 Israeli Nanosatellites Launch Into Space For Geolocation Mission"
718:
642:
born in 2011 with the objective of developing low cost launch vehicles called
571:
of 24 micro-satellites (~20 kg (44 lb) range) each with 1-m imaging
251:
had become both greater in quantity and easier to schedule on shorter notice.
2956:
1782:
965:
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66:
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or other innovative propulsion systems that are simple, cheap and scalable.
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2858:
https://www.bizjournals.com/prnewswire/press_releases/2017/07/24/SF48269
2697:
1917:"DARPA developing microsat constellation orbited with air-launch system"
1214:
1209:
670:
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with the capacity to place up to 150 kg (330 lb) into orbit.
628:
590:
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and Astrid-2, as well as the set of satellites currently announced for
396:
19:
2517:"Designing a Mothership to Deliver Swarms of Spacecraft to Asteroids"
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1162:
757:
737:
639:
53:. Satellites can be built small to reduce the large economic cost of
46:
23:
2814:"KickSat Re-Enters Atmosphere Without Deploying "Sprite" Satellites"
2645:
2192:"NASA Venture Class procurement could nurture, ride small sat trend"
1372:"Space Force not buying large satellites for the foreseeable future"
1017:
284:, part of the Adelis-SAMSON mission, designed and developed by the
988:
934:
The term "picosatellite" or "picosat" (not to be confused with the
922:
912:
908:
901:
1.0 specification and the third used a beta version of PhoneSat 2.0
898:
741:
368:
321:
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is developing an air-launched rocket to deliver both nanosats and
1654:"How SpaceX Plans to Test Its Satellite Internet Service in 2016"
1460:"Small Is Beautiful: US Military Explores Use of Microsatellites"
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984:
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27:
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miniaturization and capability increase of electronic technology
1157:
1095:
289:
2548:"Richard Branson's Virgin Galactic to launch small satellites"
1949:"DARPA Scraps Plan To Launch Small Sats from F-15 Fighter Jet"
1748:
2829:"Itty-Bitty Satellites Could Carry Your Experiments to Space"
1203:
979:
in May 2011. They were attached to the ISS external platform
845:
717:
to replace a constellation of five 156 kg (344 lb)
560:
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1843:
1720:"DARPA Space Budget Increase Includes $ 27M for Spaceplane"
918:
904:
894:
493:
and military-contractor companies are currently developing
50:
2101:
1497:
2870:"Swarm of 105 tiny Sprite ChipSats successfully deployed"
1689:"Virgin Galactic relaunches its smallsat launch business"
1500:"Implementation of a femto-satellite and a mini-launcher"
960:
627:(S3) has announced plans in 2013 to develop a suborbital
2579:"DARPA Awards 6 Small Airborne Launch Vehicle Contracts"
2356:"Spire's Peter Platzer: the boss who never fires anyone"
1971:"Garvey Nanosat Launcher Selected for NASA SBIR Funding"
1873:, Rob Coppinger, Flightglobal Hyperbola, 9 December 2008
1078:
Small satellites usually require innovative propulsion,
983:(MISSE-8) for testing. In April 2014, the nanosatellite
861:-capable launcher for a 10 kg (22 lb) payload)
959:
Three prototype "chip satellites" were launched to the
2430:"NovaWurks Awarded Contract for DARPA Phoenix Project"
792:
for applications such as exploring distant asteroids.
2940:
2935:
2758:"Crowd-funded stowaway to deploy 104 tiny satellites"
1194:
942:
Picosatellites are emerging as a new alternative for
16:
Satellites of low mass and size, usually under 500 kg
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2387:
2385:
2383:
2381:
1864:
EXCLUSIVE: Virgin
Galactic unveils LauncherOne name!
1834:"Beyond Mars, the Mini MarCO Spacecraft Fall Silent"
1341:"Smallsat Developers Enjoy Growth In Launch Options"
1133:
800:
With the emergence of the technological advances of
202:
Using formations to gather data from multiple points
736:Nanosatellite developers and manufacturers include
2609:
2325:"SPROUT - Satellite Missions - eoPortal Directory"
2257:
2002:"Boeing Unveils Air-Launched Space-Access Concept"
1915:
1755:IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing
2722:
2611:"North Star rocket family with hybrid propulsion"
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1876:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1485:
374:
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1832:Good, Andrew; Wendel, JoAnna (4 February 2019).
981:Materials International Space Station Experiment
575:." The program was cancelled in December 2015.
484:
2895:
795:
199:Constellations for low data rate communications
2217:
2215:
1882:
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1153:Canadian Advanced Nanospace eXperiment Program
911:program. This launch was performed during the
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1964:
1962:
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1498:Tristancho, Joshua; Gutierrez, Jordi (2010).
1454:
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1446:
1310:"Euroconsult Sees Large Market for Smallsats"
1365:
1363:
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1303:
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812:NLVs proposed or under development include:
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1046:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
665:Launched nanosatellites as of December 2023
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2421:
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2024:
1993:
1959:
1883:Burn-Callander, Rebecca (22 August 2015).
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1274:2014 Nano/Microsatellite Market Assessment
1268:
1266:
1264:
1262:
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1256:
1254:
477:mission. The two microsats accomplished a
2031:Painter, Kristen Leigh (8 October 2013).
1358:
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1227:
1082:, communication and computation systems.
1066:Learn how and when to remove this message
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303:
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205:In-orbit inspection of larger satellites
18:
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2234:California Polytechnic State University
2030:
1968:
1913:
1803:
1307:
1251:
1007:
709:standard has been proposed to enable a
688:California Polytechnic State University
2955:
2353:
2102:"Nanosatellite & CubeSat Database"
1999:
1537:
713:of thirty five 8 kg (18 lb)
520:designed to launch "smallsat" primary
2755:
2704:from the original on 13 December 2012
2678:from the original on 15 February 2017
2527:from the original on 17 December 2014
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2163:
2055:
1946:
1717:
1651:
1470:from the original on 13 December 2012
1395:
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1338:
1286:from the original on 22 February 2014
2946:Pico Satellite Development Resources
2839:from the original on 9 February 2016
2737:from the original on 9 December 2012
2545:
2471:from the original on 13 October 2013
2440:from the original on 13 October 2013
2223:CubeSat Design Specification Rev. 13
2099:
2043:from the original on 11 October 2013
1507:Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya
1420:
1418:
1044:adding citations to reliable sources
1011:
254:In a surprising turn of events, the
180:
150:
2514:
2124:"On the origin of satellite swarms"
1914:Lindsey, Clark (19 December 2012).
1895:from the original on 24 August 2015
1117:
565:Airborne Launch Assist Space Access
315:
170:
160:
140:
13:
2936:Nanosatellite and CubeSat Database
2914:from the original on 20 March 2018
2608:Lindsey, Clark (28 January 2013).
2366:from the original on 28 April 2016
2061:
2012:from the original on 26 March 2013
1804:Stirone, Shannon (18 March 2019).
1396:David, Ricky Ben (22 March 2021).
950:
524:of 100 kg (220 lb) into
436:
14:
2979:
2929:
2723:Elizabeth Simpson (16 May 2011).
2622:from the original on 20 June 2013
2558:from the original on 13 July 2012
2428:Messier, Doug (11 October 2013).
2405:from the original on 12 June 2014
2074:from the original on 5 March 2016
1981:from the original on 9 April 2013
1699:from the original on 15 July 2012
1415:
1370:Erwin, Sandra (24 January 2023).
1320:from the original on 5 March 2015
1124:Federal Communications Commission
929:
775:
656:
327:Small satellite examples include
2902:Dvorsky, George (9 March 2018).
2794:from the original on 16 May 2014
2768:from the original on 16 May 2014
2756:Clark, Stephen (13 April 2014).
2700:. KK Technium. 9 November 2012.
2589:from the original on 5 July 2012
2515:Woo, Marcus (20 December 2014).
2459:Cheredar, Tom (9 October 2013).
2293:Liira, Panu (13 February 2018).
1947:Gruss, Mike (30 November 2015).
1928:from the original on 26 May 2013
1664:from the original on 5 June 2015
1538:Werner, Debra (12 August 2013).
1516:from the original on 3 July 2013
1199:University Nanosatellite Program
1136:
1016:
2862:
2851:
2827:Jon Lackman (13 October 2015).
2820:
2806:
2788:"KickSat Nanosatellite Mission"
2660:
2634:
2546:Amos, Jonathan (11 July 2012).
2483:
2354:Barron, Rachel (6 April 2015).
2335:from the original on 1 May 2016
2317:
2286:
2184:
2151:10.1016/j.actaastro.2010.10.002
1940:
1742:
1619:
1583:
1557:
697:With continued advances in the
2401:. The Economist. 7 June 2014.
1969:Messier, Doug (4 April 2013).
1600:. 29 July 2019. Archived from
1565:"Rocket Lab Electron (rocket)"
1432:
1389:
1308:Messier, Doug (2 March 2015).
1085:Larger satellites usually use
842:Ventions' Nanosat upper stage.
495:microsatellite launch vehicles
375:Small satellite launch vehicle
1:
2577:Messier, Doug (2 July 2012).
2100:Kulu, Erik (4 October 2020).
1718:Gruss, Mike (21 March 2014).
1631:Astra (Private Space Company)
1221:
886:microsats to low Earth orbit.
485:Microsatellite launch vehicle
76:
2399:Technology Quarterly Q2 2014
1591:"Virgin Orbit Service Guide"
1569:Rocket Lab Electron (rocket)
1339:Foust, Jeff (12 June 2015).
796:Nanosatellite launch vehicle
497:to perform the increasingly
388:Orbital Sciences Corporation
59:gathering of scientific data
7:
2000:Norris, Guy (21 May 2012).
1652:Boyle, Alan (4 June 2015).
1179:Nanosatellite Launch System
1129:
754:Surrey Satellite Technology
606:Boeing Small Launch Vehicle
550:Sierra Nevada Space Systems
546:Surrey Satellite Technology
208:University-related research
10:
2984:
2491:"Home - Reaktor Space Lab"
1598:Virgin Orbit Service Guide
1238:"Smallsats by the Numbers"
1184:Satellite formation flying
256:U.S. Department of Defense
215:
2790:. European Space Agency.
2698:"DIY Satellite Platforms"
2272:10.1017/S0001924000006692
1839:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
1775:10.1109/TGRS.2002.1006371
586:contract to evolve their
308:Three microsatellites of
282:autonomous nanosatellites
2260:The Aeronautical Journal
2172:. Saint Louis University
725:Example nanosatellites:
715:Earth-imaging satellites
703:satellite constellations
2299:Business Insider Nordic
1206:Amateur Satellite Corp.
864:As of April 2013,
839:spaceplane is launched.
711:satellite constellation
676:fractionated spacecraft
116:Intermediate satellite
2329:directory.eoportal.org
2164:Swartwout, Michael A.
1464:Defense Industry Daily
987:was launched aboard a
666:
538:Spaceflight Industries
518:orbital launch vehicle
312:
92:Extra Heavy satellite
39:miniaturized satellite
30:
1627:"Astra Reaches Orbit"
664:
612:three-stage-to-orbit
307:
300:Classification groups
22:
2674:. 15 February 2017.
1040:improve this section
1008:Technical challenges
890:Actual NS launches:
872:) is evolving their
638:The Spanish company
2230:The CubeSat Program
2143:2011AcAau..68.1392V
1869:14 May 2013 at the
1767:2002ITGRS..40..898M
835:similar to how the
692:Stanford University
625:Swiss Space Systems
563:announced that the
542:Planetary Resources
294:Tel Aviv University
280:In 2021, the first
271:distributed network
2963:Satellites by type
2395:"Nanosats are go!"
2236:. 20 February 2014
2166:"CubeSat Database"
2137:(7–8): 1392–1395.
1811:The New York Times
1633:. 22 November 2021
1144:Spaceflight portal
790:beyond Earth orbit
667:
623:The Swiss company
559:In December 2012,
313:
310:Space Technology 5
249:secondary payloads
31:
2730:Cornell Chronicle
2642:"PhoneSat - home"
2495:Reaktor Space Lab
2266:(1176): 189–198.
2131:Acta Astronautica
1428:. 4 January 2023.
1247:. 1 January 2020.
1169:Micro air vehicle
1076:
1075:
1068:
866:Garvey Spacecraft
827:, intended to be
580:Garvey Spacecraft
464:In 2018, the two
427:Firefly Aerospace
189:
188:
124:Medium satellite
71:propulsion system
69:or of room for a
2975:
2968:Small satellites
2924:
2923:
2921:
2919:
2899:
2893:
2892:
2884:
2878:
2877:
2866:
2860:
2855:
2849:
2848:
2846:
2844:
2824:
2818:
2817:
2810:
2804:
2803:
2801:
2799:
2784:
2778:
2777:
2775:
2773:
2753:
2747:
2746:
2744:
2742:
2720:
2714:
2713:
2711:
2709:
2694:
2688:
2687:
2685:
2683:
2664:
2658:
2657:
2655:
2653:
2648:on 23 April 2013
2644:. Archived from
2638:
2632:
2631:
2629:
2627:
2613:
2605:
2599:
2598:
2596:
2594:
2574:
2568:
2567:
2565:
2563:
2543:
2537:
2536:
2534:
2532:
2512:
2506:
2505:
2503:
2501:
2487:
2481:
2480:
2478:
2476:
2456:
2450:
2449:
2447:
2445:
2425:
2419:
2418:
2412:
2410:
2391:
2376:
2375:
2373:
2371:
2351:
2345:
2344:
2342:
2340:
2321:
2315:
2314:
2312:
2310:
2305:on 5 August 2018
2301:. Archived from
2290:
2284:
2283:
2255:
2246:
2245:
2243:
2241:
2227:
2219:
2210:
2209:
2207:
2205:
2188:
2182:
2181:
2179:
2177:
2170:sites.google.com
2161:
2155:
2154:
2128:
2119:
2113:
2112:
2110:
2108:
2097:
2084:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2062:Peláez, Javier.
2059:
2053:
2052:
2050:
2048:
2028:
2022:
2021:
2019:
2017:
1997:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1966:
1957:
1956:
1944:
1938:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1919:
1911:
1905:
1904:
1902:
1900:
1880:
1874:
1861:
1855:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1829:
1823:
1822:
1820:
1818:
1801:
1795:
1794:
1746:
1740:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1730:on 24 March 2014
1726:. Archived from
1715:
1709:
1708:
1706:
1704:
1695:. 12 July 2012.
1693:NewSpace Journal
1685:
1674:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1649:
1643:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1623:
1617:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1607:on 19 March 2019
1606:
1595:
1587:
1581:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1561:
1555:
1554:
1552:
1550:
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1526:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1515:
1504:
1495:
1480:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1466:. 30 June 2011.
1456:
1441:
1436:
1430:
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1413:
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1393:
1387:
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1285:
1278:
1270:
1249:
1248:
1242:
1234:
1146:
1141:
1140:
1139:
1118:Collision safety
1094:liquids such as
1080:attitude control
1071:
1064:
1060:
1057:
1051:
1020:
1012:
995:
968:
885:
880:Generation Orbit
762:Dauria Aerospace
619:
585:
444:working together
392:Pegasus (rocket)
365:Spirale-A and -B
316:Small satellites
275:satellite assets
243:
235:
132:Small satellite
108:Large satellite
100:Heavy satellite
81:
80:
2983:
2982:
2978:
2977:
2976:
2974:
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2762:Spaceflight Now
2754:
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2116:
2106:
2104:
2098:
2087:
2077:
2075:
2060:
2056:
2046:
2044:
2037:The Denver Post
2029:
2025:
2015:
2013:
1998:
1994:
1984:
1982:
1967:
1960:
1945:
1941:
1931:
1929:
1912:
1908:
1898:
1896:
1881:
1877:
1871:Wayback Machine
1862:
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1219:
1142:
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1135:
1132:
1120:
1087:monopropellants
1072:
1061:
1055:
1052:
1037:
1021:
1010:
993:
964:
953:
951:Femtosatellites
932:
883:
802:miniaturization
798:
786:low Earth orbit
778:
727:ExoCube (CP-10)
701:and the use of
659:
653:
617:
599:circular orbits
583:
578:In April 2013,
554:satellite buses
552:are developing
526:low Earth orbit
487:
439:
437:Microsatellites
377:
318:
302:
242:US$ 7.4 billion
241:
233:
218:
181:Femto satellite
151:Micro satellite
127:1,201 to 2,500
119:2,501 to 4,200
111:4,201 to 5,000
103:5,001 to 7,000
79:
55:launch vehicles
35:small satellite
17:
12:
11:
5:
2981:
2971:
2970:
2965:
2949:
2948:
2943:
2941:NewSpace Index
2938:
2931:
2930:External links
2928:
2926:
2925:
2894:
2891:. 3 June 2019.
2879:
2876:. 6 June 2019.
2861:
2850:
2819:
2805:
2779:
2748:
2715:
2689:
2659:
2633:
2616:NewSpace Watch
2600:
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2420:
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2114:
2085:
2068:Yahoo noticias
2054:
2023:
1992:
1958:
1939:
1922:NewSpace Watch
1906:
1875:
1856:
1824:
1796:
1761:(4): 898–909.
1741:
1710:
1675:
1644:
1618:
1582:
1571:. 31 July 2022
1556:
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1100:carbon dioxide
1074:
1073:
1056:September 2013
1024:
1022:
1015:
1009:
1006:
952:
949:
944:do-it-yourself
931:
930:Picosatellites
928:
927:
926:
916:
902:
888:
887:
877:
862:
843:
840:
833:WhiteKnightTwo
804:and increased
797:
794:
777:
776:Nanosat market
774:
658:
657:Nanosatellites
655:
614:launch vehicle
582:was awarded a
534:Skybox Imaging
508:In July 2012,
486:
483:
438:
435:
434:
433:
424:
414:
404:
394:
376:
373:
317:
314:
301:
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288:and Rafael in
226:microsatellite
217:
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171:Pico satellite
167:
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161:Nano satellite
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141:Mini satellite
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2889:Stanford News
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2672:India TV News
2669:
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2584:
2583:Parabolic Arc
2580:
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2496:
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2434:Parabolic Arc
2431:
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2218:
2216:
2200:. 8 June 2015
2199:
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2042:
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2027:
2011:
2007:
2006:Aviation Week
2003:
1996:
1980:
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1975:Parabolic Arc
1972:
1965:
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1954:
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1943:
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1314:Parabolic Arc
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1245:brycetech.com
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1165:picosatellite
1164:
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1035:
1034:
1030:
1025:This section
1023:
1019:
1014:
1013:
1005:
1001:
999:
990:
986:
982:
978:
977:final mission
974:
973:
967:
966:Space Shuttle
962:
957:
948:
945:
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937:
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920:
917:
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896:
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875:
874:Prospector 18
871:
870:Vector Launch
867:
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810:
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803:
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773:
771:
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763:
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748:, NanoSpace,
747:
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728:
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712:
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695:
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621:
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589:
588:Prospector 18
581:
576:
574:
570:
569:constellation
566:
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531:
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511:
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480:
476:
473:
472:
467:
466:Mars Cube One
462:
460:
456:
451:
449:
445:
432:
431:Firefly Alpha
428:
425:
423:(100 kg)
422:
418:
415:
413:(500 kg)
412:
408:
405:
403:(300 kg)
402:
398:
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389:
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222:nanosatellite
210:
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169:
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135:601 to 1,200
134:
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107:
106:
102:
99:
98:
94:
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74:
72:
68:
67:power storage
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
29:
25:
21:
2950:
2916:. Retrieved
2907:
2897:
2888:
2882:
2873:
2864:
2853:
2841:. Retrieved
2832:
2822:
2808:
2796:. Retrieved
2782:
2770:. Retrieved
2761:
2751:
2739:. Retrieved
2728:
2718:
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2240:14 December
2204:14 December
1932:22 December
1520:12 December
1474:12 December
1290:18 February
996:femtosats.
859:polar orbit
825:upper stage
821:LauncherOne
766:Planet Labs
618:US$ 300,000
584:US$ 200,000
514:LauncherOne
459:LauncherOne
411:LauncherOne
145:201 to 600
95:> 7,000
84:Group name
63:radio relay
2957:Categories
2741:6 December
2626:28 January
2475:13 October
2444:13 October
2232:(Report).
2047:21 October
1849:5 February
1724:Space News
1637:7 December
1544:Space News
1381:25 January
1345:Space News
1222:References
1215:Rocket Lab
1210:PocketQube
854:North Star
707:6U CubeSat
629:spaceplane
591:suborbital
573:resolution
512:announced
491:commercial
453:Examples:
421:Rocket 3.3
397:Rocket Lab
345:MICROSCOPE
165:1.1 to 10
155:11 to 200
87:Mass (kg)
77:Rationales
2874:New Atlas
2280:113099378
2197:SpaceNews
2176:1 October
2107:5 January
2070:. Yahoo.
1953:SpaceNews
1899:24 August
1791:261967136
1783:1558-0644
1376:SpaceNews
1163:DRAGONSat
1027:does not
972:Endeavour
884:sub-50 kg
758:NovaWurks
738:EnduroSat
733:, SPROUT
640:PLD Space
595:clustered
530:GeoOptics
503:launchers
448:formation
175:0.1 to 1
47:satellite
24:ESTCube-1
2918:19 March
2912:Archived
2837:Archived
2792:Archived
2766:Archived
2735:Archived
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2676:Archived
2652:24 April
2620:Archived
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2552:BBC News
2525:Archived
2500:5 August
2469:Archived
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2370:21 April
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2309:5 August
2078:19 April
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2010:Archived
1979:Archived
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1817:21 April
1734:24 March
1697:Archived
1662:Archived
1658:NBC News
1549:13 March
1511:Archived
1468:Archived
1402:NoCamels
1318:Archived
1281:Archived
1130:See also
998:ThumbSat
989:Falcon 9
925:mission.
923:PSLV-C37
915:mission.
913:PSLV-C34
909:Flock-2P
899:PhoneSat
742:GomSpace
719:RapidEye
671:wet mass
544:. Both
522:payloads
499:targeted
461:(below)
455:Astrid-1
446:or in a
401:Electron
369:Starlink
322:wet mass
286:Technion
185:<0.1
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2562:13 July
2409:12 June
2139:Bibcode
1985:5 April
1763:Bibcode
1703:11 July
1611:29 July
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1350:13 June
1324:8 March
1189:SPHERES
1174:N-Prize
1048:removed
1033:sources
985:KickSat
975:on its
936:PicoSAT
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770:Reaktor
731:ArduSat
683:CubeSat
648:Miura 5
644:Miura 1
471:InSight
361:SMART-1
349:TARANIS
337:Parasol
329:Demeter
234:1–50 kg
232:In the
216:History
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2798:15 May
2772:15 May
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2016:23 May
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1096:butane
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2845:2016
2800:2014
2774:2014
2743:2012
2710:2012
2684:2017
2654:2013
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2595:2012
2564:2012
2533:2014
2502:2018
2477:2013
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2242:2020
2206:2020
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2109:2024
2080:2016
2049:2013
2018:2012
1987:2013
1934:2012
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1851:2019
1844:NASA
1819:2019
1779:ISSN
1736:2014
1705:2012
1670:2015
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1613:2019
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