Cuban Missile Crisis

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Moscow, which he believed the US would hear. In that broadcast at 9:00 am EST, on 28 October, Khrushchev stated that "the Soviet government, in addition to previously issued instructions on the cessation of further work at the building sites for the weapons, has issued a new order on the dismantling of the weapons which you describe as 'offensive' and their crating and return to the Soviet Union." At 10:00 am on 28 October, Kennedy first learned of Khrushchev's solution to the crisis with the US removing the 15 Jupiters in Turkey and the Soviets would remove the rockets from Cuba. Khrushchev had made the offer in a public statement for the world to hear. Despite almost solid opposition from his senior advisers, Kennedy quickly embraced the Soviet offer. "This is a pretty good play of his," Kennedy said, according to a tape recording that he made secretly of the Cabinet Room meeting. Kennedy had deployed the Jupiters in March 1962, causing a stream of angry outbursts from Khrushchev. "Most people will think this is a rather even trade and we ought to take advantage of it," Kennedy said. Vice President Lyndon Johnson was the first to endorse the missile swap but others continued to oppose the offer. Finally, Kennedy ended the debate. "We can't very well invade Cuba with all its toil and blood," Kennedy said, "when we could have gotten them out by making a deal on the same missiles on Turkey. If that's part of the record, then you don't have a very good war."

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United Nations observation and supervision; and undertake, with suitable safe-guards, to halt the further introduction of such weapon systems into Cuba. 2) We, on our part, would agree—upon the establishment of adequate arrangements through the United Nations, to ensure the carrying out and continuation of these commitments (a) to remove promptly the quarantine measures now in effect and (b) to give assurances against the invasion of Cuba." The letter was also released directly to the press to ensure it could not be "delayed". With the letter delivered, a deal was on the table. As Robert Kennedy noted, there was little expectation it would be accepted. At 9:00 pm EDT, the EXCOMM met again to review the actions for the following day. Plans were drawn up for air strikes on the missile sites as well as other economic targets, notably petroleum storage. McNamara stated that they had to "have two things ready: a government for Cuba, because we're going to need one; and secondly, plans for how to respond to the Soviet Union in Europe, because sure as hell they're going to do something there".

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received at 10:52 pm EDT. Khrushchev stated, "if you weigh the present situation with a cool head without giving way to passion, you will understand that the Soviet Union cannot afford not to decline the despotic demands of the USA" and that the Soviet Union viewed the blockade as "an act of aggression", and their ships would be instructed to ignore it. After 23 October, Soviet communications with the USA increasingly showed indications of having been rushed. Undoubtedly a product of pressure, it was not uncommon for Khrushchev to repeat himself and to send messages lacking basic editing. With President Kennedy making his aggressive intentions of a possible airstrike followed by an invasion on Cuba known, Khrushchev rapidly sought a diplomatic compromise. Communications between the two superpowers had entered into a unique and revolutionary period; with the newly developed threat of mutual destruction through the deployment of nuclear weapons, diplomacy now demonstrated how power and coercion could dominate negotiations.

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expression of sympathy for revolutionary goals. Kennedy also came closest to recognizing America could not claim ignorance of the harm its neocolonial control was inflicting on the inhabitants...Transformation came swiftly, completely, and often framed in direct conflict with American immoderations. Popular support for radicalization was possible only by aiming it at the social inequalities associated with foreign domination, of which the greater part of the Cuban population, particularly in the rural areas, had tired of finally. The backing of the countryside permitted Castro to act ruthlessly to ensure his revolution would not suffer the same fate as Grau's. Concurrently, America's hostile reaction worked in harmony, if not intentionally, with Castro's political ambitions. He comprehended the turmoil and incongruities of American dominated prerevolution society had to end.

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the US at the expense of Cuba's defence. Mikoyan, on his own initiative, decided that Castro and his military should not be given control of weapons with an explosive force equal to 100 Hiroshima-sized bombs under any circumstances. He defused the seemingly intractable situation, which risked re-escalating the crisis, on 22 November 1962. During a tense, four-hour meeting, Mikoyan convinced Castro that despite Moscow's desire to help, it would be in breach of an unpublished Soviet law, which did not actually exist, to transfer the missiles permanently into Cuban hands and provide them with an independent nuclear deterrent. Castro was forced to give way and, much to the relief of Khrushchev and the rest of the Soviet government, the tactical nuclear weapons were crated and returned by sea to the Soviet Union during December 1962.

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Soviet communications to the United States indicated increasing defensiveness. Khrushchev's increasing tendency to use poorly phrased and ambiguous communications throughout the compromise negotiations conversely increased United States confidence and clarity in messaging. Leading Soviet figures consistently failed to mention that only the Cuban government could agree to inspections of the territory and continually made arrangements relating to Cuba without the knowledge of Fidel Castro himself. According to Dean Rusk, Khrushchev "blinked"; he began to panic from the consequences of his own plan, and this was reflected in the tone of Soviet messages. This allowed the US to largely dominate negotiations in late October.

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Soviet surface-to-air-missile unit, and that it would represent a decision by the Soviets to escalate the conflict. And therefore, before we sent the U-2 out, we agreed that if it was shot down we wouldn't meet, we'd simply attack. It was shot down on Friday.... Fortunately, we changed our mind, we thought "Well, it might have been an accident, we won't attack." Later we learned that Khrushchev had reasoned just as we did: we send over the U-2, if it was shot down, he reasoned we would believe it was an intentional escalation. And therefore, he issued orders to Pliyev, the Soviet commander in Cuba, to instruct all of his batteries not to shoot down the U-2.

3266:, Guevara was still fuming over the perceived Soviet betrayal and told correspondent Sam Russell that, if the missiles had been under Cuban control, they would have fired them off. While expounding on the incident later, Guevara reiterated that the cause of socialist liberation against global "imperialist aggression" would ultimately have been worth the possibility of "millions of atomic war victims". The missile crisis further convinced Guevara that the world's two superpowers (the United States and the Soviet Union) used Cuba as a pawn in their own global strategies. Afterward, he denounced the Soviets almost as frequently as he denounced the Americans. 2553:"You are disturbed over Cuba. You say that this disturbs you because it is ninety-nine miles by sea from the coast of the United States of America. But... you have placed destructive missile weapons, which you call offensive, in Italy and Turkey, literally next to us.... I therefore make this proposal: We are willing to remove from Cuba the means which you regard as offensive.... Your representatives will make a declaration to the effect that the United States... will remove its analogous means from Turkey... and after that, persons entrusted by the United Nations Security Council could inspect on the spot the fulfillment of the pledges made." 16040: 3011:

attacking the Soviet Union. The Soviets had considerably less strategic firepower at their disposal: some 300–320 bombs and warheads, without submarine-based weapons in a position to threaten the US mainland and most of their intercontinental delivery systems based on bombers that would have difficulty penetrating North American air defence systems. However, they had already moved 158 warheads to Cuba; between 95 and 100 would have been ready for use if the US had invaded Cuba, most of which were short-ranged. The US had approximately 4,375 nuclear weapons deployed in Europe, most of which were tactical weapons such as

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discuss the situation and came to the conclusion that the change in the message was because of internal debate between Khrushchev and other party officials in the Kremlin. Kennedy realised that he would be in an "insupportable position if this becomes Khrushchev's proposal" because the missiles in Turkey were not militarily useful and were being removed anyway and "It's gonna – to any man at the United Nations or any other rational man, it will look like a very fair trade." Bundy explained why Khrushchev's public acquiescence could not be considered: "The current threat to peace is not in Turkey, it is in Cuba."

1304:. According to one report, Cuban leadership had a strong expectation that the US would invade Cuba again and enthusiastically approved the idea of installing nuclear missiles in Cuba. According to another source, Castro objected to the missiles' deployment as making him look like a Soviet puppet, but he was persuaded that missiles in Cuba would be an irritant to the US and help the interests of the entire socialist camp. The deployment would include short-range tactical weapons (with a range of 40 km, usable only against naval vessels) that would provide a "nuclear umbrella" for attacks upon the island. 3494:“came under machine-gun fire from Tracker aircraft. The fire rounds landed either to the sides of the submarine’s hull or near the bow. All these provocative actions carried out by surface ships in immediate proximity, and ASW aircraft flying some 10 to 15 meters above the boat had a detrimental impact on the commander, prompting him to take extreme measures… the use of special weapons.” As firing live ammunition at a submarine was strictly prohibited captain Savitsky assumed that his submarine was doomed and that World War III already had broken out. The Americans, for their part, did not know, that the 16047: 1043: 3521:. Accounts differ about whether Arkhipov convinced Savitsky not to make the attack or whether Savitsky himself finally concluded that the only reasonable choice left open to him was to come to the surface. The decision to launch the B-59's nuclear torpedo required the consent of all three senior officers aboard. The young officer Vasily Arkhipov was alone in refusing permission. Arkhipov's reputation was a key factor in the control room debate. The previous year he had exposed himself to severe radiation in order to save a submarine with an overheating nuclear reactor. 2460:

Cuba with its troops and will not support any other forces which might intend to invade Cuba. Then the necessity of the presence of our military specialists in Cuba will disappear." At 6:45 pm EDT, news of Fomin's offer to Scali was finally heard and was interpreted as a "set up" for the arrival of Khrushchev's letter. The letter was then considered official and accurate, although it was later learned that Fomin was almost certainly operating of his own accord without official backing. Additional study of the letter was ordered and continued into the night.

1829: 1411: 1139:. The half-hearted nature of the Bay of Pigs invasion reinforced Khrushchev's and his advisers' impression that Kennedy was indecisive and, as one Soviet aide wrote, "too young, intellectual, not prepared well for decision making in crisis situations... too intelligent and too weak". Speaking to Soviet officials in the aftermath of the crisis, Khrushchev asserted, "I know for certain that Kennedy doesn't have a strong background, nor, generally speaking, does he have the courage to stand up to a serious challenge." He also told his son 2962:

television broadcasts regarding the dismantlement process of the Soviet R-12 missile bases located in the Caribbean region. The ships left Cuba on November 5 to 9. The US made a final visual check as each of the ships passed the blockade line. Further diplomatic efforts were required to remove the Soviet Il-28 bombers, and they were loaded on three Soviet ships on 5 and 6 December. Concurrent with the Soviet commitment on the Il-28s, the US government announced the end of the blockade from 6:45 pm EST on 20 November 1962.

2428:, Fomin noted, "War seems about to break out." He asked Scali to use his contacts to talk to his "high-level friends" at the State Department to see if the US would be interested in a diplomatic solution. He suggested that the language of the deal would contain an assurance from the Soviet Union to remove the weapons under UN supervision and that Castro would publicly announce that he would not accept such weapons again in exchange for a public statement by the US that it would not invade Cuba. The US responded by asking the 1732: 1528: 2005: 1617: 92: 563: 339: 327: 315: 303: 291: 277: 263: 493: 481: 469: 2114: 14792: 3787: 599: 586: 457: 445: 433: 421: 407: 393: 2532: 2505:, it wasn't worth it at all." Castro also ordered all anti-aircraft weapons in Cuba to fire on any US aircraft; previous orders had been to fire only on groups of two or more. At 6:00 am EDT on 27 October, the CIA delivered a memo reporting that three of the four missile sites at San Cristobal and both sites at Sagua la Grande appeared to be fully operational. It also noted that the Cuban military continued to organise for action but was under order not to initiate action unless attacked. 2998:

was not made public at the time, Khrushchev appeared to have lost the conflict and become weakened. The perception was that Kennedy had won the contest between the superpowers and that Khrushchev had been humiliated. Both Kennedy and Khrushchev took every step to avoid full conflict despite pressures from their respective governments. Khrushchev held power for another two years. As a direct result of the crisis, the United States and the Soviet Union set up a direct line of communication. The

176: 3584: 1692: 216: 3801: 1237: 203: 1459:: "If... we are attacked, we will defend ourselves. I repeat, we have sufficient means with which to defend ourselves; we have indeed our inevitable weapons, the weapons, which we would have preferred not to acquire, and which we do not wish to employ." On 11 October in another Senate speech, Sen Keating reaffirmed his earlier warning of 31 August and stated that, "Construction has begun on at least a half dozen launching sites for intermediate range tactical missiles." 16983: 2835: 20812: 20776: 17737: 16797: 15648: 1761: 3556:

now know, for example, that in addition to nuclear-armed ballistic missiles, the Soviet Union had deployed 100 tactical nuclear weapons to Cuba, and the local Soviet commander there could have launched these weapons without additional codes or commands from Moscow. The US air strike and invasion that were scheduled for the third week of the confrontation would likely have triggered a nuclear response against American ships and troops, and perhaps even

3411:. Similarly, Lorraine Bayard de Volo has suggested that the masculine brinksmanship of the Cuban Missile Crisis has become a "touchstone of toughness by which presidents are measured". Actions in 1962 would go on to have a significant influence on the future policy decisions of those who occupied the White House, leading to foreign policy decisions such as President Lyndon B. Johnson's escalation of the war in Vietnam three years following the crisis. 3568:

of the agreement between the Soviet Union and the United States. To prevent that, Khrushchev decided to offer to give Cuba more than 100 tactical nuclear weapons that had been shipped to Cuba along with the long-range missiles but, crucially, had escaped the notice of US intelligence. Khrushchev determined that because the Americans had not listed the missiles on their list of demands, keeping them in Cuba would be in the Soviet Union's interests.

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already had 162 nuclear warheads on Cuba that the US did not then believe were there. Third, the Soviets and Cubans on the island would almost certainly have responded to an invasion by using those nuclear weapons, even though Castro believed that every human in Cuba would likely die as a result. Khrushchev also knew but may not have considered the fact that he had submarines armed with nuclear weapons that the US Navy may not have known about.

2617:, Florida. At approximately 12:00 pm EDT, the aircraft was struck by an SA-2 surface-to-air missile launched from Cuba. The aircraft crashed, and Anderson was killed. Stress in negotiations between the Soviets and the US intensified; only later was it assumed that the decision to fire the missile was made locally by an undetermined Soviet commander, acting on his own authority. Later that day, at about 3:41 pm EDT, several US Navy 541: 529: 1683:. Robert Kennedy expressed his "concern about what was happening" and Dobrynin "was instructed by Soviet Chairman Nikita S. Khrushchev to assure President Kennedy that there would be no ground-to-ground missiles or offensive weapons placed in Cuba". Khrushchev further assured Kennedy that the Soviet Union had no intention of "disrupting the relationship of our two countries" despite the photo evidence presented before President Kennedy. 2676: 1589:(DIA) noticed that Cuban surface-to-air missile sites were arranged in a pattern similar to those used by the Soviet Union to protect its ICBM bases, leading DIA to lobby for the resumption of U-2 flights over the island. Although in the past the flights had been conducted by the CIA, pressure from the Defense Department led to that authority being transferred to the Air Force. Following the loss of a CIA U-2 over the Soviet Union in 2796:. The group argued that the letter should be underscored with an oral message to Dobrynin that stated that if the missiles were not withdrawn, military action would be used to remove them. Rusk added one proviso that no part of the language of the deal would mention Turkey, but there would be an understanding that the missiles would be removed "voluntarily" in the immediate aftermath. The president agreed, and the message was sent. 240: 2939:

the United States of America will respect the inviolability of Cuban borders, its sovereignty, that it take the pledge not to interfere in internal affairs, not to intrude themselves and not to permit our territory to be used as a bridgehead for the invasion of Cuba, and will restrain those who would plan to carry an aggression against Cuba, either from US territory or from the territory of other countries neighboring to Cuba.

1399:, who in turn received it from Cuban exiles. A later confirming source for Keating's information possibly was the West German ambassador to Cuba, who had received information from dissidents inside Cuba that Soviet troops had arrived in Cuba in early August and were seen working "in all probability on or near a missile base" and who passed this information to Keating on a trip to Washington in early October. Air Force General 14782: 3773: 2483: 375: 363: 351: 1350:

He told Khrushchev that the missiles would be concealed and camouflaged by palm trees. The Soviet troops would arrive in Cuba heavily underprepared. They did not know that the tropical climate would render ineffective many of their weapons and much of their equipment. In the first few days of setting up the missiles, troops complained of fuse failures, excessive corrosion, overconsumption of oil, and generator blackouts.

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toward the destruction of targets important to the economy' (Document 4)...While acting through Cuban revolutionary groups with potential for real resistance to Castro, the task force 'will do all we can to identify and suggest targets whose destruction will have the maximum economic impact.' The memorandum showed no concern for international law or the unspoken nature of these operations as terrorist attacks.

2950:. In these calls, Kennedy revealed that he thought the crisis would result in the two superpowers being "toe to toe" in Berlin by the end of the following month and expressed concern that the Soviet setback in Cuba would "make things tougher" there. He also informed his predecessors that he had rejected the public Soviet offer to withdraw from Cuba in exchange for the withdrawal of US missiles from Turkey. 3232: 1326:". All the planning and preparation for transporting and deploying the missiles were carried out in the utmost secrecy, with only a very few told the exact nature of the mission. Even the troops detailed for the mission were given misdirection by being told that they were headed for a cold region and being outfitted with ski boots, fleece-lined parkas, and other winter equipment. The Soviet code-name was 3601:

coherent popular history. Khrushchev lost power and was airbrushed out of the story. Cuba was no longer portrayed as a heroic David against the American Goliath. One contradiction that pervaded the Soviet media campaign was between the pacifistic rhetoric of the peace movement that emphasizes the horrors of nuclear war and the militancy of the need to prepare Soviets for war against American aggression.

1789: 612: 1664:, Bundy chose to wait until the next morning to tell the President. McNamara was briefed at midnight. The next morning, Bundy met with Kennedy and showed him the U-2 photographs and briefed him on the CIA's analysis of the images. At 6:30 pm EDT, Kennedy convened a meeting of the nine members of the National Security Council and five other key advisers, in a group he formally named the 2591: 2819:

that an invasion was only hours away, and Fomin stated that a response to the US message was expected from Khrushchev shortly and urged Scali to tell the State Department that no treachery was intended. Scali said that he did not think anyone would believe him, but he agreed to deliver the message. The two went their separate ways, and Scali immediately typed out a memo for the EXCOMM.

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the US tried to bargain with the Soviets after it became aware of the missiles, Khrushchev could demand trading the missiles for West Berlin. Since Berlin was strategically more important than Cuba, the trade would be a win for Khrushchev, as Kennedy recognized: "The advantage is, from Khrushchev's point of view, he takes a great chance but there are quite some rewards to it."

1395:(R-New York) warned on the Senate floor that the Soviet Union was "in all probability" constructing a missile base in Cuba. He charged the Kennedy administration with covering up a major threat to the US, thereby starting the crisis. He may have received this initial "remarkably accurate" information from his friend, former congresswoman and ambassador 795:

their missiles, some Soviet bombers remained in Cuba, and the United States kept the naval quarantine in place until 20 November 1962. The blockade was formally ended on 20 November after all offensive missiles and bombers had been withdrawn from Cuba. The evident necessity of a quick and direct communication line between the two powers resulted in the

2883:, Valentin Grigoryevich Savitsky, assumed after live ammunition fire at his submarine, that a war had already started and wanted to launch a nuclear torpedo. The decision to launch these normally only required the agreement of the ship's commanding officer and political officer. However, the commander of the submarine flotilla, 9105:. Of that group, those who lived past the 1960s and 1970s—Bundy, Rusk, Sorensen and McNamara, for example—kept the secret for years, not fully acknowledging the official status of the deal until 1989, when former Soviet ambassador Anatoly Dobrynin disclosed the details of his October 27, 1962, meeting with Robert Kennedy. 9031:. Of that group, those who lived past the 1960s and 1970s—Bundy, Rusk, Sorensen and McNamara, for example—kept the secret for years, not fully acknowledging the official status of the deal until 1989, when former Soviet ambassador Anatoly Dobrynin disclosed the details of his October 27, 1962, meeting with Robert Kennedy. 4286:

Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) plan for paramilitary action in Cuba was developed in December 1959, less than a year after Batista fled the island and well before the US blockade was imposed. The CIA recruited operatives inside Cuba to carry out terrorism and sabotage, killing civilians and causing economic damage.

1014:, and Lansdale presented a 26-page, top-secret timetable for implementation of the overthrow of the Cuban government, mandating guerrilla operations to begin in August and September. "Open revolt and overthrow of the Communist regime" was hoped by the planners to occur in the first two weeks of October. 4538:

On the afternoon of 16 October... Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy convened in his office a meeting on Operation Mongoose, the code name for a U.S. policy of sabotage and related covert operation aimed at Cuba... The Kennedy administration returned to its policy of sponsoring terrorism against Cuba

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was tasked with the negotiations with Castro over the missile transfer deal that was designed to prevent a breakdown in the relations between Cuba and the Soviet Union. While in Havana, Mikoyan witnessed the mood swings and paranoia of Castro, who was convinced that Moscow had made the agreement with

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journalist Joe Matthews published the story, on 13 October 2012, behind the 100 tactical nuclear warheads mentioned by Graham Allison in the excerpt above. Khrushchev feared that Castro's hurt pride and widespread Cuban indignation over the concessions he had made to Kennedy might lead to a breakdown

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By the time of the crisis in October 1962, the total number of nuclear weapons in the stockpiles of each country numbered approximately 26,400 for the United States and 3,300 for the Soviet Union. For the US, around 3,500 (with a combined yield of approximately 6,300 megatons) would have been used in

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At the time when the Kennedy administration thought that the Cuban Missile Crisis was resolved, nuclear tactical rockets stayed in Cuba since they were not part of the Kennedy-Khrushchev understandings and the Americans did not know about them. The Soviets changed their minds, fearing possible future

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At 12:12 am EDT, on 27 October, the US informed its NATO allies that "the situation is growing shorter.... the United States may find it necessary within a very short time in its interest and that of its fellow nations in the Western Hemisphere to take whatever military action may be necessary."

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Within the US establishment, it was well understood that ignoring the second offer and returning to the first put Khrushchev in a terrible position. Military preparations continued, and all active duty Air Force personnel were recalled to their bases for possible action. Robert Kennedy later recalled

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described the letter as "very long and emotional". Khrushchev reiterated the basic outline that had been stated to Scali earlier in the day: "I propose: we, for our part, will declare that our ships bound for Cuba are not carrying any armaments. You will declare that the United States will not invade

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The EXCOMM then discussed the effect on the strategic balance of power, both political and military. The Joint Chiefs of Staff believed that the missiles would seriously alter the military balance, but McNamara disagreed. An extra 40, he reasoned, would make little difference to the overall strategic

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verification, in exchange for a US public declaration and agreement not to invade Cuba again. Secretly, the United States agreed to dismantle all of the offensive weapons it had deployed to Turkey. There has been debate on whether Italy was also included in the agreement. While the Soviets dismantled

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a Special National Intelligence Estimate drawn up in September had analyzed the Soviet military buildup in Cuba and concluded that its purpose was to 'strengthen the Communist regime there against what the Cubans and the Soviets conceive to be a danger that the US may attempt by one means or another

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Officially, the United States favored only peaceful means to pressure Cuba. In reality, US leaders also used violent, terrorist tactics... Operation Mongoose began in November 1961... US operatives attacked civilian targets, including sugar refineries, saw mills, and molasses storage tanks. Some 400

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President Dwight D. Eisenhower approved a plan to train Cuban exiles to commit violent acts of terrorism within Cuba against civilians, and the CIA trained and commanded pilots to bomb civilian airfields...U.S. government officials justified some of the terrorist attacks on Cuban soil on the grounds

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The economic inequality and social unrest was brought to a head under the brutal Batista dictatorship, supported by American arms, money, and authority. An estimated 20,000 were killed opposing the government from 1955 to his overthrow, with even President John F. Kennedy using this figure in a rare

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Fifty years ago, the Cuban Missile Crisis brought the world to the brink of nuclear disaster. During the standoff, US President John F. Kennedy thought the chance of escalation to war was "between 1 in 3 and even", and what we have learned in later decades has done nothing to lengthen those odds. We

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Kennedy's response to Khrushchev's proposals was lukewarm but Kennedy expressed to Cousins that he felt constrained in exploring these issues due to pressure from hardliners in the US national security apparatus. The United States and the Soviet Union did shortly thereafter agree on a treaty banning

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The practical effect of the Kennedy-Khrushchev Pact was that the US would remove their rockets from Italy and Turkey and that the Soviets had no intention of resorting to nuclear war if they were out-gunned by the US. Because the withdrawal of the Jupiter missiles from NATO bases in Italy and Turkey

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The Cuban Missile Crisis was solved in part by a secret agreement between John F. Kennedy and Nikita Khrushchev. The Kennedy-Khrushchev Pact was known to only 9 US officials at the time of its creation in October 1963 and was first officially acknowledged at a conference in Moscow in January 1989 by

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Naval Base to warships of any OAS nation for the duration of the "quarantine". The Dominican Republic had made available one escort ship. Colombia was reported ready to furnish units and had sent military officers to the US to discuss this assistance. The Argentine Air Force informally offered three

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photo-reconnaissance satellite to obtain coverage over reported Soviet military deployments, but imagery acquired over western Cuba by a Corona KH-4 mission on October 1 was heavily covered by clouds and haze and failed to provide any usable intelligence. At the end of September, Navy reconnaissance

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The missiles in Cuba allowed the Soviets to effectively target most of the Continental US. The planned arsenal was forty launchers. The Cuban populace readily noticed the arrival and deployment of the missiles and hundreds of reports reached Miami. US intelligence received countless reports, many of

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Specialists in missile construction, under the guise of machine operators and agricultural specialists, arrived in July. A total of 43,000 foreign troops would ultimately be brought in. Chief Marshal of Artillery Sergei Biryuzov, Head of the Soviet Rocket Forces, led a survey team that visited Cuba.

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Finally, placing nuclear missiles on Cuba was a way for the USSR to show their support for Cuba and support the Cuban people who viewed the United States as a threatening force, as the USSR had become Cuba's ally after the Cuban Revolution of 1959. According to Khrushchev, the Soviet Union's motives

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Another major reason why Khrushchev planned to place missiles on Cuba undetected was to "level the playing field" with the evident American nuclear threat. America had the upper hand as they could launch from Turkey and destroy the USSR before they would have a chance to react. After the emplacement

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a grave threat to East Germany. Khrushchev made West Berlin the central battlefield of the Cold War. Khrushchev believed that if the US did nothing over the missile deployments in Cuba, he could muscle the West out of Berlin using said missiles as a deterrent to western countermeasures in Berlin. If

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The documents of the meeting of the Presidium of the Central Committee of the CPSU are very laconic, but thanks to the fact that in the archive I found an extract from the decision of the Presidium of the Central Committee of the CPSU, coinciding word for word with what was discussed at the meeting

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The Kennedy administration had been quick to set up a Cuba Task Force—with strong representation from CIA's Directorate of Plans—and on August 31 that unit decided to adopt a public posture of ignoring Castro while attacking civilian targets inside Cuba: 'our covert activities would now be directed

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What more could be done? How about a program of sabotage focused on blowing up "such targets as refineries, power plants, micro wave stations, radio and TV installations, strategic highway bridges and railroad facilities, military and naval installations and equipment, certain industrial plants and

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For the Cuban revolutionaries of the 1950s, US imperialism was the principal explanation for the island's structural weaknesses...Thus, the Revolution of 1959 faced two real alternatives: it could renounce all fundamental changes, beyond expelling the dictator Fulgencio Batista, so that it would be

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The American popular media, especially television, made frequent use of the events of the missile crisis in both fictional and documentary forms. Jim Willis includes the Crisis as one of the 100 "media moments that changed America". Sheldon Stern finds that a half century later there are still many

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I consider my letter to you of October twenty-seventh and your reply of today as firm undertakings on the part of both our governments which should be promptly carried out.... The US will make a statement in the framework of the Security Council in reference to Cuba as follows: it will declare that

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On Saturday, 27 October, after much deliberation between the Soviet Union and Kennedy's cabinet, Kennedy secretly agreed to remove all missiles set in Turkey and possibly southern Italy, the former on the border of the Soviet Union, in exchange for Khrushchev removing all missiles in Cuba. There is

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On 27 October, Khrushchev also received a letter from Castro, what is now known as the Armageddon Letter (dated the day before), which was interpreted as urging the use of nuclear force in the event of an attack on Cuba: "I believe the imperialists' aggressiveness is extremely dangerous and if they

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At Rusk's request, Fomin and Scali met again. Scali asked why the two letters from Khrushchev were so different, and Fomin claimed it was because of "poor communications". Scali replied that the claim was not credible and shouted that he thought it was a "stinking double cross". He went on to claim

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neighbourhood of Washington, DC, on Saturday evening, 27 October. Kennedy suggested to take Khrushchev's offer to trade away the missiles. Unknown to most members of the EXCOMM, but with the support of his brother the president, Robert Kennedy had been meeting with the Soviet Ambassador Dobrynin in

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The crisis continued unabated, and on the evening of 24 October, the Soviet TASS news agency broadcast a telegram from Khrushchev to Kennedy, in which Khrushchev warned that the United States' "outright piracy" would lead to war. Khrushchev then sent at 9:24 pm a telegram to Kennedy, which was

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wrote a position paper that helped Kennedy to differentiate between what they termed a "quarantine" of offensive weapons and a blockade of all materials, claiming that a classic blockade was not the original intention. Since it would take place in international waters, Kennedy obtained the approval

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Only five reports bothered the analysts. They described large trucks passing through towns at night that were carrying very long canvas-covered cylindrical objects that could not make turns through towns without backing up and maneuvering. Defensive missile transporters, it was believed, could make

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about whether the Soviets planned to put offensive weapons in Cuba. He denied any such plans. On 17 October, Soviet embassy official Georgy Bolshakov brought President Kennedy a personal message from Khrushchev reassuring him that "under no circumstances would surface-to-surface missiles be sent to

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By May, Khrushchev and Castro agreed to place strategic nuclear missiles secretly in Cuba. Like Castro, Khrushchev felt that a US invasion of Cuba was imminent and that to lose Cuba would do great harm to the communists, especially in Latin America. He said he wanted to confront the Americans "with

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that ruled Cuba until 1958. The majority of the Cuban population had tired of the severe socioeconomic problems associated with the US domination of the country. The Cuban government was thus aware of the necessity of ending the turmoil and incongruities of US-dominated prerevolution Cuban society.

2993:

were not interested in retaining the missile hardware. The missile bodies were destroyed on site, while warheads, guidance packages, and launching equipment worth $ 14 million were returned to the United States. The dismantling operations were named Pot Pie I for Italy and Pot Pie II for Turkey by

2930:

With this background, when Khrushchev heard Kennedy's threats relayed by Robert Kennedy to Soviet Ambassador Dobrynin, he immediately drafted his acceptance of Kennedy's latest terms from his dacha without involving the Politburo, as he had previously, and had them immediately broadcast over Radio

2826:

At 8:05 pm EDT, the letter drafted earlier in the day was delivered. The message read, "As I read your letter, the key elements of your proposals—which seem generally acceptable as I understand them—are as follows: 1) You would agree to remove these weapons systems from Cuba under appropriate

2780:

As the meeting progressed, a new plan emerged, and Kennedy was slowly persuaded. The new plan called for him to ignore the latest message and instead to return to Khrushchev's earlier one. Kennedy was initially hesitant, feeling that Khrushchev would no longer accept the deal because a new one had

2437:

Mr. President, we and you ought not now to pull on the ends of the rope in which you have tied the knot of war, because the more the two of us pull, the tighter that knot will be tied. And a moment may come when that knot will be tied so tight that even he who tied it will not have the strength to

2276:

On 25 October at 1:45 am EDT, Kennedy responded to Khrushchev's telegram by stating that the US was forced into action after receiving repeated assurances that no offensive missiles were being placed in Cuba, and when the assurances proved to be false, the deployment "required the responses I

1784:

balance. Kennedy had explicitly promised the American people less than a month before the crisis that "if Cuba should possess a capacity to carry out offensive actions against the United States... the United States would act." Further, US credibility among its allies and people would be damaged if

1271:

in an interview on 16 October 2002, that Castro did not want the missiles, but Khrushchev pressured Castro to accept them. Castro was not completely happy with the idea, but the Cuban National Directorate of the Revolution accepted them, both to protect Cuba against US attack and to aid the Soviet

4285:

What have Cuba's revolutionary people survived? For six decades, the Caribbean island has withstood manifold and unrelenting aggression from the world's dominant economic and political power: overt and covert military actions; sabotage and terrorism by US authorities and allied exiles...The first

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told the President that the resolution of the crisis was the "greatest defeat in our history"; his was a minority position. He had pressed for an immediate invasion of Cuba as soon as the crisis began and still favored invading Cuba even after the Soviets had withdrawn their missiles. Twenty-five

3294:

The significance of how close the world came to thermonuclear war impelled Khrushchev to propose a far-reaching easing of tensions with the US. In a letter to President Kennedy dated 30 October 1962, Khrushchev outlined a range of bold initiatives to forestall the possibility of a further nuclear

2452:

At 6:00 pm EDT on 26 October, the State Department started receiving a message that appeared to be written personally by Khrushchev. It was Saturday 2:00 am in Moscow. The long letter took several minutes to arrive, and it took translators additional time to translate and transcribe it.

2347:

At 5:00 pm EDT on 25 October, William Clements announced that the missiles in Cuba were still actively being worked on. That report was later verified by a CIA report that suggested there had been no slowdown at all. In response, Kennedy issued Security Action Memorandum 199, authorizing the

2268:

had problems. The concentration of aircraft in Florida strained command and support echelons, which faced critical undermanning in security, armaments, and communications; the absence of initial authorization for war-reserve stocks of conventional munitions forced TAC to scrounge; and the lack of

2155:

announced that "650,000,000 Chinese men and women were standing by the Cuban people." In West Germany, newspapers supported the US response by contrasting it with the weak American actions in the region during the preceding months. They also expressed some fear that the Soviets might retaliate in

4591:

its chief of operations. A few days later, President Kennedy told a Seattle audience, "We cannot, as a free nation, compete with our adversaries in tactics of terror, assassination, false promises, counterfeit mobs and crises." Perhaps – but the Mongoose decision indicated that he was willing to

2926:

Khrushchev knew he was losing control. President Kennedy had been told in early 1961 that a nuclear war would likely kill a third of humanity, with most or all of those deaths concentrated in the US, the USSR, Europe and China; Khrushchev may well have received similar reports from his military.

2381:

The implicit threat of air strikes on Cuba followed by invasion allowed the United States to exert pressure in future talks. It was the possibility of military action that played an influential role in accelerating Khrushchev's proposal for a compromise. Throughout the closing stages of October,

2255:

the Russians were so thoroughly stood down, and we knew it. They didn't make any move. They did not increase their alert; they did not increase any flights, or their air defense posture. They didn't do a thing, they froze in place. We were never further from nuclear war than at the time of Cuba,

2230:

medium bombers were dispersed to various military and civilian airfields and made ready to take off, fully equipped, on 15 minutes' notice. One-eighth of SAC's 1,436 bombers were on airborne alert, and some 145 intercontinental ballistic missiles stood on ready alert, some of which targeted

1201:, points out, "The Soviet Union could not right the nuclear imbalance by deploying new ICBMs on its own soil. In order to meet the threat it faced in 1962, 1963, and 1964, it had very few options. Moving existing nuclear weapons to locations from which they could reach American targets was one." 2922:

At this point, Khrushchev knew things the US did not. First, that the shooting down of the U-2 by a Soviet missile violated direct orders from Moscow, and Cuban anti-aircraft fire against other US reconnaissance aircraft also violated direct orders from Khrushchev to Castro. Second, the Soviets

2646:

We had to send a U-2 over to gain reconnaissance information on whether the Soviet missiles were becoming operational. We believed that if the U-2 was shot down that—the Cubans didn't have capabilities to shoot it down, the Soviets did—we believed if it was shot down, it would be shot down by a

2136:

notified them that they were considering making an offer to withdraw the missiles from Italy and Turkey, in exchange for the Soviet withdrawal from Cuba. Turkish officials replied that they would "deeply resent" any trade involving the US missile presence in their country. One day later, on the

1922:

On 19 October, the EXCOMM formed separate working groups to examine the air strike and blockade options, and by the afternoon most support in the EXCOMM had shifted to a blockade. Reservations about the plan continued to be voiced as late as 21 October, the paramount concern being that once the

1815:

Two Operational Plans (OPLAN) were considered. OPLAN 316 envisioned a full invasion of Cuba by Army and Marine units, supported by the Navy, following Air Force and naval airstrikes. Army units in the US would have had trouble fielding mechanised and logistical assets, and the US Navy could not

1387:

as Guevara had gained more scrutiny by American intelligence. While in the Soviet Union Guevara argued with Khrushchev that the missile deal should be made public but Khrushchev insisted on total secrecy, and swore the Soviet Union's support if the Americans discovered the missiles. By the time

2512:

began broadcasting a message from Khrushchev. Contrary to the letter of the night before, the message offered a new trade: the missiles on Cuba would be removed in exchange for the removal of the Jupiter missiles from Italy and Turkey. At 10:00 am EDT, the executive committee met again to

2060:

To halt this offensive buildup, a strict quarantine on all offensive military equipment under shipment to Cuba is being initiated. All ships of any kind bound for Cuba, from whatever nation or port, will, if found to contain cargoes of offensive weapons, be turned back. This quarantine will be

3600:

Historian William Cohn argued in a 1976 article that television programs are typically the main source used by the American public to know about and interpret the past. According to Cold War historian Andrei Kozovoi, the Soviet media proved somewhat disorganized as it was unable to generate a

3256:

Historian Arthur Schlesinger believed that when the missiles were withdrawn, Castro was more angry with Khrushchev than with Kennedy because Khrushchev had not consulted Castro before deciding to remove them. Although Castro was infuriated by Khrushchev, he planned on striking the US with the

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The US continued the blockade; in the following days, aerial reconnaissance proved that the Soviets were making progress in removing the missile systems. The 42 missiles and their support equipment were loaded onto eight Soviet ships. On 2 November 1962, Kennedy addressed the US via radio and

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In international terms, Cuba's Revolution dented the US sphere of influence, weakening the US position as a global power. These were the structural geopolitical motivations for opposing Cuba's hard-won independence. The Bay of Pigs (Playa Giron) invasion and multiple military invasion plans,

2662:, "You have drawn first blood ... . he president had decided against advice ... not to respond militarily to that attack, but he should know that if another plane was shot at, ... we would take out all the SAMs and antiaircraft ... . And that would almost surely be followed by an invasion." 2377:

At this point, the crisis was ostensibly at a stalemate. The Soviets had shown no indication that they would back down and had made public media and private inter-governmental statements to that effect. The US had no reason to believe otherwise and was in the early stages of preparing for an

2373:

The next morning, 26 October, Kennedy informed the EXCOMM that he believed only an invasion would remove the missiles from Cuba. He was persuaded to give the matter time and continue with both military and diplomatic pressure. He agreed and ordered the low-level flights over the island to be

1653:. Although he provided no direct reports of the Soviet missile deployments to Cuba, technical and doctrinal details of Soviet missile regiments that had been provided by Penkovsky in the months and years prior to the Crisis helped NPIC analysts correctly identify the missiles on U-2 imagery. 1382:

was suspicious. Sending antiaircraft missiles into Cuba, he reasoned, "made sense only if Moscow intended to use them to shield a base for ballistic missiles aimed at the United States". On 10 August, he wrote a memo to Kennedy in which he guessed that the Soviets were preparing to introduce

1895:

Latin American participation in the quarantine now involved two Argentine destroyers which were to report to the US Commander South Atlantic at Trinidad on November 9. An Argentine submarine and a Marine battalion with lift were available if required. In addition, two Venezuelan destroyers

997:

and the CIA, the US government engaged in an extensive campaign of state-sponsored terrorism against civilian and military targets on the island. The terrorist attacks killed significant numbers of civilians. The US armed, trained, funded and directed the terrorists, most of whom were Cuban

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invasion, along with a nuclear strike on the Soviet Union if it responded militarily, which the US assumed it would. Kennedy had no intention of keeping these plans a secret; with an array of Cuban and Soviet spies forever present, Khrushchev was quickly made aware of this looming danger.

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At 3:00 pm EDT on 22 October, President Kennedy formally established the executive committee (EXCOMM) with National Security Action Memorandum (NSAM) 196. At 5:00 pm, he met with Congressional leaders, who contentiously opposed a blockade and demanded a stronger response. In

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Kennedy concluded that attacking Cuba by air would signal the Soviets to presume "a clear line" to conquer Berlin. Kennedy also believed that US allies would think of the country as "trigger-happy cowboys" who lost Berlin because they could not peacefully resolve the Cuban situation.

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heavily restricted further U-2 flights over Cuban airspace. The resulting lack of coverage over the island for the next five weeks became known to historians as the "Photo Gap". No significant U-2 coverage was achieved over the interior of the island. US officials attempted to use a

1466:

approved Joint Resolution 230, which expressed the US was determined "to prevent in Cuba the creation or use of an externally-supported military capability endangering the security of the United States". On the same day, the US announced a major military exercise in the Caribbean,

1233:, Cuban officials understood that America was trying to overrun the country. As a result, to try to prevent this, the USSR would place missiles in Cuba and neutralise the threat. This would ultimately serve to secure Cuba against attack and keep the country in the Socialist Bloc. 783:(EXCOMM). Kennedy was advised to carry out an air strike on Cuban soil in order to compromise Soviet missile supplies, followed by an invasion of the Cuban mainland. He chose a less aggressive course in order to avoid a declaration of war. On 22 October Kennedy ordered a naval 616: 3382:, and the Cuban Missile Crisis. Kennedy believed that yet another failure to gain control and stop communist expansion would irreparably damage US credibility. He was determined to "draw a line in the sand" and prevent a communist victory in Vietnam. He told James Reston of 2023: 614: 2352:, which had the duty of carrying out first air strikes on the Soviet Union. Kennedy claimed that the blockade had succeeded when the USSR turned back fourteen ships presumably carrying offensive weapons. The first indication of this came from a report from the British 865:

has contended that Escalante's dismissal was a motivating factor behind the Soviet decision to place nuclear missiles in Cuba in 1962. According to Naftali, Soviet foreign policy planners were concerned Castro's break with Escalante foreshadowed a Cuban drift toward

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actually carry out the brutal act of invading Cuba in violation of international law and morality, that would be the moment to eliminate such danger forever through an act of clear legitimate defense, however harsh and terrible the solution would be," Castro wrote.

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Consequently, if there is no intention to tighten that knot and thereby to doom the world to the catastrophe of thermonuclear war, then let us not only relax the forces pulling on the ends of the rope, let us take measures to untie that knot. We are ready for this.

3354:'s embarrassment at both Khrushchev's eventual concessions to the US and this ineptitude in precipitating the crisis in the first place. According to Dobrynin, the top Soviet leadership took the Cuban outcome as "a blow to its prestige bordering on humiliation". 1564:(SAM). US officials were worried that one of the Cuban or Soviet SAMs in Cuba might shoot down a CIA U-2, initiating another international incident. In a meeting with members of the Committee on Overhead Reconnaissance (COMOR) on 10 September, Secretary of State 1173:

capable of delivering nuclear warheads to the US from inside the Soviet Union. The poor accuracy and reliability of the missiles raised serious doubts about their effectiveness. A newer, more reliable generation of ICBMs would become operational only after 1965.

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the mood: "We had not abandoned all hope, but what hope there was now rested with Khrushchev's revising his course within the next few hours. It was a hope, not an expectation. The expectation was military confrontation by Tuesday , and possibly tomorrow ...."

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a Soviet cargo ship, reported a position north-east of where it had been 24 hours earlier indicating it had "discontinued" its voyage and turned back towards the Baltic. The next day, reports showed more ships originally bound for Cuba had altered their course.

802:

The compromise embarrassed Khrushchev and the Soviet Union because the withdrawal of US missiles from Italy and Turkey was a secret deal between Kennedy and Khrushchev, and the Soviets were seen as retreating from a situation that they had started. Khrushchev's

618: 617: 10482:, vol. 43, no. 17 (9 September 2021), pp. 9–10. "or Kennedy, the crisis was entirely about politics." Voorhees argues convincingly that there was never any real danger of war, since Kennedy and Khrushchev were equally determined to avoid one..." (p. 10.) 1668:(EXCOMM) after the fact on 22 October by National Security Action Memorandum 196. Without informing the members of EXCOMM, President Kennedy tape-recorded all of their proceedings, and Sheldon M. Stern, head of the Kennedy library transcribed some of them. 1751:

They, no more than we, can let these things go by without doing something. They can't, after all their statements, permit us to take out their missiles, kill a lot of Russians, and then do nothing. If they don't take action in Cuba, they certainly will in

1994:. Kennedy's conversation with the former president also revealed that the two had been consulting during the Cuban Missile Crisis. The two also anticipated that Khrushchev would respond to the Western world in a manner similar to his response during the 1785:

the Soviet Union appeared to redress the strategic imbalance by placing missiles in Cuba. Kennedy explained after the crisis that "it would have politically changed the balance of power. It would have appeared to, and appearances contribute to reality."

1017:

The terrorism campaign and the threat of invasion were crucial factors in the Soviet decision to position the missiles on Cuba, and in the Cuban government's decision to accept. The US government was aware at the time, as reported to the president in a

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in quantity, about 700 of them, but they were unreliable and inaccurate. The US had a considerable advantage in its total number of nuclear warheads (27,000 against 3,600) and in the technology required for their accurate delivery. The US also led in

1773:

balance. The US already had approximately 5,000 strategic warheads, but the Soviet Union had only 300. McNamara concluded that the Soviets having 340 would not therefore substantially alter the strategic balance. In 1990, he reiterated that "it made

3248:

Cuba perceived the outcome as a betrayal by the Soviets, as decisions on how to resolve the crisis had been made exclusively by Kennedy and Khrushchev. Castro was especially upset that certain issues of interest to Cuba, such as the status of the

2919:

some dispute as to whether removing the missiles from Italy was part of the secret agreement. Khrushchev wrote in his memoirs that it was, and when the crisis had ended McNamara gave the order to dismantle the missiles in both Italy and Turkey.

615: 2051:

It shall be the policy of this nation to regard any nuclear missile launched from Cuba against any nation in the Western Hemisphere as an attack by the Soviet Union on the United States, requiring a full retaliatory response upon the Soviet

1923:

blockade was put into effect the Soviets would rush to complete some of the missiles. Consequently, the US could find itself bombing operational missiles if the blockade did not force Khrushchev to remove the missiles already on the island.

1107:, increased the perception of a missile gap when he loudly boasted to the world that the Soviets were building missiles "like sausages" but Soviet missiles' numbers and capabilities were nowhere close to his assertions. The Soviet Union had 3303:

or even disbanding these military blocs, a treaty to cease all nuclear weapons testing and even the elimination of all nuclear weapons, resolution of the hot-button issue of Germany by both East and West formally accepting the existence of

1986:

to brief them on this intelligence and the US's proposed response. All were supportive of the US position. Over the course of the crisis, Kennedy had daily telephone conversations with Macmillan, who was publicly supportive of US actions.

1678:

that he was convinced the Soviets were placing missiles in Cuba and it was a legitimate threat. This made the threat of nuclear destruction by two world superpowers a reality. Robert Kennedy responded by contacting the Soviet Ambassador,

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of Cuba. A full-scale invasion was not the administration's first option. McNamara supported the naval blockade as a strong but limited military action that left the US in control. The term "blockade" was problematic – according to

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Washington to discover whether the intentions were genuine. The EXCOMM was generally against the proposal because it would undermine NATO's authority, and the Turkish government had repeatedly stated it was against any such trade.

1160:

was persuaded by the idea of countering the US's growing lead in developing and deploying strategic missiles by placing Soviet intermediate-range nuclear missiles in Cuba, despite the misgivings of the Soviet Ambassador in Havana,

1540:

The United States had been sending U-2 surveillance over Cuba since the failed Bay of Pigs Invasion. The first issue that led to a pause in reconnaissance flights took place on 30 August, when a U-2 operated by the US Air Force's

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CIA officers worked on the project in Washington and Miami... Operation Mongoose and various other terrorist operations caused property damage and injured and killed Cubans. But they failed to achieve their goal of regime change.

3452:

Arguably, the most dangerous moment in the crisis was not recognized until the Cuban Missile Crisis Havana conference, in October 2002, marking the 40th anniversary of the crisis. A three-day conference sponsored by the private

3700:, where the Soviet Union had secretly planned and constructed an invasion force in Havana, capped by specially designed Kirov Airships that were yielding 50 megaton bombs and intended to fly towards Allied controlled cities. 4539:

as the confrontation with the Soviet Union lessened... Only once in these nearly thousand pages of documentation did a US official raise something that resembled a faint moral objection to US-government sponsored terrorism.

14748: 2021: 1596:

When the reconnaissance missions were reauthorized on 9 October, poor weather kept the planes from flying. The US first obtained U-2 photographic evidence of the missiles on 14 October, when a U-2 flight piloted by Major

1807:, who claimed the weapons were for defensive purposes only. Not wanting to expose what he already knew and to avoid panicking the American public, Kennedy did not reveal that he was already aware of the missile buildup. 858:. This affair alarmed the Soviet leadership as well as raised fears of a possible US invasion. As a result, the Soviet Union sent more SA-2 anti-aircraft missiles in April as well as a regiment of regular Soviet troops. 16890: 1918:. Such a blockade might be expanded to cover all types of goods and air transport. The action was to be backed up by surveillance of Cuba. The CNO's scenario was followed closely in later implementing the "quarantine." 1383:

ballistic missiles into Cuba. Che Guevara himself traveled to the Soviet Union on 30 August 1962, to sign off on the final agreement regarding the deployment of missiles in Cuba. The visit was heavily monitored by the

2162:

expressed doubt about the authenticity of the CIA's photographic evidence. Two days later, after a visit by a high-ranking CIA agent, the newspaper accepted the validity of the photographs. In the 29 October issue of

3346:

was a secret deal between Kennedy and Khrushchev. Khrushchev went to Kennedy as he thought that the crisis was getting out of hand, but the Soviets were seen as retreating from circumstances that they had started.

11514: 9124:"Anatomy of a Controversy: Anatoly F. Dobrynin's Meeting With Robert F. Kennedy, Saturday, 27 October 1962. Reproduced with permission from The Cold War International History Project Bulletin Issue 5, Spring 1995" 8492:"Anatomy of a Controversy: Anatoly F. Dobrynin's Meeting With Robert F. Kennedy, Saturday, 27 October 1962. Reproduced with permission from The Cold War International History Project Bulletin Issue 5, Spring 1995" 2217:

in an emergency meeting of the Security Council, challenging him to admit the existence of the missiles. Ambassador Zorin refused to answer. At 10:00 pm EDT the next day, the US raised the readiness level of

1353:

As early as August 1962, the US suspected the Soviets of building missile facilities in Cuba. During that month, its intelligence services gathered information about sightings by ground observers of Soviet-built

3482:. There had been no contact from Moscow for a number of days and the submarine was too deep to monitor any radio traffic, so those on board did not know whether war had broken out. The captain of the submarine, 1220:

Thirdly, from the perspective of the Soviet Union and of Cuba, it seemed that the United States wanted to invade or increase its presence in Cuba. In view of actions including the attempt to expel Cuba from the

4726:..in October 1962 the United States was waging a war against Cuba that involved several assassination attempts against the Cuban leader, terrorist acts against Cuban civilians, and sabotage of Cuban factories. 1819:

OPLAN 312, primarily an Air Force and Navy carrier operation, was designed with enough flexibility to do anything from engaging individual missile sites to providing air support for OPLAN 316's ground forces.

7975: 16957: 7923: 6030: 2981:. In his negotiations with Dobrynin, Robert Kennedy informally proposed that the Jupiter missiles in Turkey would be removed "within a short time after this crisis was over". Under an operation code-named 2438:

untie it, and then it will be necessary to cut that knot, and what that would mean is not for me to explain to you, because you yourself understand perfectly of what terrible forces our countries dispose.

6142: 4152:

acceptable to Washington; or it could pursue the deep structural changes necessary to address the island's socioeconomic ills and dependent development, which would bring hostility from the United States.

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submarine among the three officers, including submarine captain Savitsky, political officer Ivan Semyonovich Maslennikov, and Deputy brigade commander Captain 2nd rank (US Navy Commander rank equivalent)

2022: 17081: 1707:

The US had no plan in place because until recently its intelligence had been convinced that the Soviets would never install nuclear missiles in Cuba. EXCOMM discussed several possible courses of action:

3740:, 2011 superhero film set during the Cuban Missile Crisis, which depicts the crisis as being escalated by a group of mutants with the goal of establishing a mutant ruling class after the subsequent war. 3696:

a 2008 video game, set in an alternate timeline where Einstein did not exist. During the Allied Nations campaign, an alternate version of the Cuban Missile Crisis occurs, dubbed in game as the mission

2469:

Direct aggression against Cuba would mean nuclear war. The Americans speak about such aggression as if they did not know or did not want to accept this fact. I have no doubt they would lose such a war.

10617: 3716:, a 2009 short novel by Stephen King, is about three men who discover through a magic Kindle that in a parallel universe, the Cuban Missile Crisis escalated into a nuclear war and ended that universe. 9044: 8635: 8591: 1896:(Destroyers ARV D-11 Nueva Esparta" and "ARV D-21 Zulia") and one submarine (Caribe) had reported to COMSOLANT, ready for sea by November 2. The Government of Trinidad and Tobago offered the use of 1633:(NPIC) reviewed the U-2 photographs and identified objects that they interpreted as medium range ballistic missiles. This identification was made, in part, on the strength of reporting provided by 8557: 15407: 3312:, and US recognition of the government of mainland China. The letter invited counter-proposals and further exploration of these and other issues through peaceful negotiations. Khrushchev invited 3166:, 492 at soft launch sites and 36 at hard launch sites (approximately six to eight R-12s were operational in Cuba, capable of striking the US mainland at any moment until the crisis was resolved) 2520:, was about 600 miles (970 km) out and should be intercepted. He also noted that they had not made the Soviets aware of the blockade line and suggested relaying that information to them via 2181:, in which he voiced his concern for peace. In this message he stated, "We beg all governments not to remain deaf to this cry of humanity. That they do all that is in their power to save peace." 8107: 939:, the United States government sought to promote private enterprise as an instrument for advancing US strategic interests in the developing world. It had grown concerned about the expansion of 9373: 2632:

delivered the news that the U-2 had been shot down. Kennedy had earlier claimed he would order an attack on such sites if fired upon, but he decided to not act unless another attack was made.

5360: 3461:, and the Cuban government. Attended by many of the veterans of the crisis, they all learned that on 27 October 1962, a group of eleven United States Navy destroyers and the aircraft carrier 14778: 7357:

Kohn, R. H.; Harahan, J. P. (1988). "U.S. Strategic Air Power, 1948–1962: Excerpts from an Interview with Generals Curtis E. LeMay, Leon W. Johnson, David A. Burchinal, and Jack J. Catton".

3331:, a direct communications link between Moscow and Washington. The purpose was to have a way that the leaders of the two Cold War countries could communicate directly to solve such a crisis. 613: 18165: 15532: 4581:

sugar refineries." The CIA proposed just that approach a month after the Bay of Pigs, and the State Department endorsed the proposal... In early November, six months after the Bay of Pigs,

2943:

Kennedy's planned statement would also contain suggestions he had received from his adviser Arthur Schlesinger Jr. in a "Memorandum for the President" describing the "Post Mortem on Cuba".

2061:

extended, if needed, to other types of cargo and carriers. We are not at this time, however, denying the necessities of life as the Soviets attempted to do in their Berlin blockade of 1948.

1747:

unanimously agreed that a full-scale attack and invasion was the only solution. They believed that the Soviets would not attempt to stop the US from conquering Cuba. Kennedy was skeptical:

11035:

Weaver, Michael E. The Relationship between Diplomacy and Military Force: An Example from the Cuban Missile Crisis, Diplomatic History, January 2014, Volume 38, Number 1, pp. 137–81.

5812: 8978: 8521: 3886:

In his biography, Castro did not compare his feelings for either leader at that moment but makes it clear that he was angry with Khrushchev for failing to consult with him. (Ramonet 1978)

1735:

As the article describes, both the US and the Soviet Union considered many possible outcomes of their actions and threats during the crisis (Allison, Graham T.; Zelikow, Philip D.). This

11730: 9263: 5997: 3316:, the editor of a major US periodical and an anti-nuclear weapons activist, to serve as liaison with President Kennedy, and Cousins met with Khrushchev for four hours in December 1962. 2141:

proposed the same thing in his syndicated column. Castro reaffirmed Cuba's right to self-defense and said that all of its weapons were defensive and Cuba would not allow an inspection.

4307: 1474:

The Soviet leadership believed, based on its perception of Kennedy's lack of confidence during the Bay of Pigs Invasion, that he would avoid confrontation and accept the missiles as a

1006:

described the plans to overthrow the Cuban government in a top-secret report, addressed to Kennedy and officials involved with Operation Mongoose. CIA agents or "pathfinders" from the

18332: 18326: 13283: 1848:

Kennedy met with members of EXCOMM and other top advisers throughout 21 October, considering two remaining options: an air strike primarily against the Cuban missile bases or a naval

1506:) announced that the Soviet Union had no need or intention to introduce offensive nuclear missiles into Cuba. On 13 October, Dobrynin was questioned by former Undersecretary of State 10327: 2985:

the removal of the Jupiters from Italy and Turkey began on 1 April, and was completed by 24 April 1963. The initial plans were to recycle the missiles for use in other programs, but

2898:

On the same day a U-2 spy plane made an accidental, unauthorised 90-minute overflight of the Soviet Union's far eastern coast. The Soviets responded by scrambling MiG fighters from

2879:

with orders that allowed it to be used if the submarine was damaged by depth charges or surface fire. As the submarine was too deep to monitor any radio traffic, the captain of the

2628:

and ordered that a message should immediately be sent to U Thant asking the Soviets to suspend work on the missiles while negotiations were carried out. During the meeting, General

15785: 2934:

Kennedy immediately responded to Khrushchev's letter, issuing a statement calling it "an important and constructive contribution to peace". He continued this with a formal letter:

1480:. On 11 September, the Soviet Union publicly warned that a US attack on Cuba or on Soviet ships that were carrying supplies to the island would mean war. The Soviets continued the 5964: 1300:

In early 1962, a group of Soviet military and missile construction specialists accompanied an agricultural delegation to Havana. They obtained a meeting with Cuban prime minister

787:

to prevent further missiles from reaching Cuba. He referred to the blockade as a "quarantine", not as a blockade, so the US could avoid the formal implications of a state of war.

5470: 1257:, meaning that if the United States decided to launch a nuclear strike against the Soviet Union, the latter would react by launching a retaliatory nuclear strike against the US. 7489: 4053: 16473: 4984: 3391:

At least four contingency strikes were armed and launched from Florida against Cuban airfields and suspected missile sites in 1963 and 1964, although all were diverted to the

2014: 1593:, it was thought that if another U-2 were shot down, an Air Force aircraft arguably being used for a legitimate military purpose would be easier to explain than a CIA flight. 14618: 9478: 3278:, general secretary of Romania's communist party, sent a letter to President Kennedy dissociating Romania from Soviet actions. This convinced the American administration of 9386: 4945:

Miller, Nicola (2002). "The Real Gap in the Cuban Missile Crisis: The Post-Cold-War Historiography and Continued Omission of Cuba". In Carter, Dale; Clifton, Robin (eds.).

846:. The request was not acted upon by the Soviet leadership. In the interval, Castro began criticizing the Soviets for lack of "revolutionary boldness", and began talking to 9342: 9289: 8059:"Robert Kennedy and the Cuban Missile Crisis: A Reassertion of Robert Kennedy's Role as the President's 'Indispensable Partner' in the Successful Resolution of the Crisis" 6973: 2789:

and Robert Kennedy left the meeting and returned 45 minutes later, with a draft letter to that effect. The President made several changes, had it typed, and sent it.

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did not contain any military material, the US allowed it through the blockade. Later that day, at 5:43 pm, the commander of the blockade effort ordered the destroyer

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Aoki Inoue, Cristina Yumie, and Matthew Krain. "One World, Two Classrooms, 'Thirteen Days': Film as an Active-teaching and Learning Tool in Cross-national Perspective."

3844: 17237: 3675:, 1993 film starring John Goodman set during the Cuban Missile Crisis in which an independent-filmmaker decides to seize the opportunity to debut an atomic themed film. 990:. Afterward, former President Eisenhower told Kennedy that "the failure of the Bay of Pigs will embolden the Soviets to do something that they would otherwise not do." 21175: 17065: 14770: 9687: 4653: 20039: 19218: 18158: 16448: 16418: 4626: 2047:

At 7:00 pm EDT on 22 October, Kennedy delivered a nationwide televised address on all of the major networks announcing the discovery of the missiles. He noted:

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Castro, on the other hand, was convinced that an invasion of Cuba was soon at hand, and on 26 October, he sent a telegram to Khrushchev that appeared to call for a

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expatriates. Terrorist attacks were planned at the direction and with the participation of US government employees and launched from US territory. In January 1962,

15723: 7971: 1165:, who argued that Castro would not accept the deployment of the missiles. Khrushchev faced a strategic situation in which the US was perceived to have a "splendid 8035: 7949: 7919: 6022: 5568: 5515: 6766: 6139: 15780: 8721: 5151: 986:. The complete failure of the invasion, and the exposure of the US government role before the operation began, was a source of diplomatic embarrassment for the 19901: 19720: 17073: 16351: 11781: 10847:

Pressman, Jeremy (2001). "September Statements, October Missiles, November Elections: Domestic Politics, Foreign-Policy Making, and the Cuban Missile Crisis".

3636:, 2003 American documentary film about the life and times of former US Secretary of Defense Robert S. McNamara directed by Errol Morris, which won that year's 3367:

years later, LeMay still believed that "We could have gotten not only the missiles out of Cuba, we could have gotten the Communists out of Cuba at that time."

11857: 11636: 7611: 3977:"Toward "World Support" and "The Ultimate Judgment of History": The U.S. Legal Case for the Blockade of Cuba during the Missile Crisis, October–November 1962" 20342: 18092: 16150: 16145: 16140: 13469: 11585: 10631: 5841: 5686: 5086: 7675: 18151: 15823: 12900: 11758: 9060: 8979:"The Jupiter Missiles and the Endgame of the Cuban Missile Crisis: A Matter of "Great Secrecy" – Part I: Demarches to Italy and Turkey and Their Reactions" 8651: 8607: 8522:"The Jupiter Missiles and the Endgame of the Cuban Missile Crisis: A Matter of "Great Secrecy" – Part I: Demarches to Italy and Turkey and Their Reactions" 8143: 7120: 7035: 5027: 4756: 3351: 2374:

increased from two per day to once every two hours. He also ordered a crash program to institute a new civil government in Cuba if an invasion went ahead.

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The Man Behind the Rosenbergs: By the KGB Spymaster Who Was the Case Officer of Julius Rosenberg, Klaus Fuchs, and Helped Resolve the Cuban Missile Crisis

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of the 55th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing were also killed in crashes during the period between 27 September and 11 November 1962. Seven crew died when a

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missiles arrived on the night of 8 September, followed by a second on 16 September. The R-12 was a medium-range ballistic missile, capable of carrying a

1198: 11851: 11388: 6064: 4100: 19861: 19708: 15873: 15442: 15153: 14878: 12948: 9981: 8115: 3597:"misconceptions, half-truths, and outright lies" that have shaped media versions of what happened in the White House during those harrowing two weeks. 2243:. Twenty-three nuclear-armed B-52s were sent to orbit points within striking distance of the Soviet Union so it would believe that the US was serious. 1308:

more than words.... the logical answer was missiles". The Soviets maintained their tight secrecy, writing their plans longhand, which were approved by

11364: 4458: 3427:, which was awarded posthumously. Although Anderson was the only combatant fatality during the crisis, 11 crew members of three reconnaissance Boeing 790:

An agreement was eventually reached between Kennedy and Khrushchev. Publicly, the Soviets would dismantle their offensive weapons in Cuba, subject to

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and so he also had to agree. Arkhipov objected and so the nuclear launch was narrowly averted. (These events only publicly became known in 2002. See

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program to conceal their actions in Cuba. They repeatedly denied that the weapons being brought into Cuba were offensive in nature. On 7 September,

20261: 19886: 19835: 17202: 15337: 14822: 14812: 14603: 14130: 12880: 11818:. A Timeline of the Cuban Missile Crisis with the links to the correspondence between John F. Kennedy and Nikita Khrushchev during the crisis. In: 11439: 11396: 9779: 9382: 5750: 3524:

During the conference October 2002, McNamara stated that nuclear war had come much closer than people had thought. Thomas Blanton, director of the

1861:, but the Kennedy administration did not think that the Soviets would be provoked to attack by a mere blockade. Additionally, legal experts at the 9189: 19896: 19714: 19609: 19147: 16406: 12447: 11823: 11814: 9045:"The Jupiter Missiles and the Endgame of the Cuban Missile Crisis, 60 Years Ago – Part I: U.S. Demarches to Italy and Turkey and Their Reactions" 8955: 8592:"The Jupiter Missiles and the Endgame of the Cuban Missile Crisis, 60 Years Ago – Part I: U.S. Demarches to Italy and Turkey and Their Reactions" 5804: 4022: 3490:

to surface. Running out of air, the Soviet submarine was surrounded by American warships and desperately needed to surface. While surfacing, the

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immediately after his Vienna summit meeting with Khrushchev, "Now we have a problem making our power credible and Vietnam looks like the place."

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Holger Pötzsch, and Vít Šisler, "Playing Cultural Memory: Framing History in Call of Duty: Black Ops and Czechoslovakia 38–89: Assassination."

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of the intelligence officer with the journalist, it became quite obvious who was the true author of the plan for settling the Caribbean crisis.

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in July 1962, to place nuclear missiles on Cuba to deter a future US invasion. Construction of launch facilities started shortly thereafter.

15985: 15763: 7306: 5755: 5569:""Blundering on the Brink": Cuban Missile Crisis Documents from the Central Archive of the Russian Ministry of Defense | Wilson Center" 21140: 19926: 19866: 19765: 19512: 19440: 19341: 19252: 19228: 19134: 19015: 18931: 18854: 18802: 18722: 17014: 17007: 16864: 16166: 14679: 11708: 9465: 6199: 4529: 2635:

On 28 October 1962, Khrushchev told his son Sergei that the shooting down of Anderson's U-2 was by the "Cuban military at the direction of

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One of the first U-2 reconnaissance images of missile bases under construction shown to President Kennedy on the morning of 16 October 1962

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and a bomber base in the far eastern region. All the measures were meant to conceal the program from both internal and external audiences.

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communist movement ("Kennedy sidestepped Laos, whose rugged terrain was no battleground for American soldiers."), the construction of the

3015:, with around 450 of them for ballistic missiles, cruise missiles, and aircraft; the Soviets had more than 550 similar weapons in Europe. 1010:

were to be infiltrated into Cuba to carry out sabotage and organization, including radio broadcasts. In February 1962, the US launched an

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with V-750V 1D missile (NATO designation SA-2 Guideline) on a launcher. A similar installation shot down Major Anderson's U-2 over Cuba.

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stated in 2007 that the address to the nation was "Kennedy's most important speech historically, in terms of its impact on our planet."

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The Fog of War: Lessons from the Life of Robert S. McNamara, by James G. Blight, Janet M. Lang, Rowman & Littlefield, 2005, p. 37,

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It determined that the US government's demands, made as part of the hostile US reaction to Cuban government policy, were unacceptable.

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warhead. It was a single-stage, road-transportable, surface-launched, storable liquid propellant fuelled missile that could deliver a

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With important Congressional elections scheduled for November, the crisis became enmeshed in American politics. On 31 August, Senator

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capabilities, naval and air power; however, the Soviets held a two-to-one advantage in conventional ground forces, more pronounced in

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Following the failed invasion, the US massively escalated its sponsorship of terrorism against Cuba. Starting in late 1961, using the

811:'s embarrassment at both Khrushchev's eventual concessions to the US and his ineptitude in precipitating the crisis. According to the 21170: 20858: 19944: 19881: 19876: 19829: 19238: 18790: 18750: 18479: 18280: 18174: 15683: 15651: 14955: 14827: 14756: 14732: 10473: 10457: 9936: 1177:

Therefore, Soviet nuclear capability in 1962 placed less emphasis on ICBMs than on medium and intermediate-range ballistic missiles (

7478: 7177: 7146: 4713: 3620:, Robert F. Kennedy's memoir of the crisis, posthumously released in 1969; It became the basis for numerous films and documentaries. 21165: 21090: 20303: 20215: 20201: 20060: 20011: 19964: 19959: 19906: 19856: 19801: 19304: 19169: 18981: 17319: 16187: 15773: 15432: 14684: 12717: 11762: 11619: 10007: 7566: 7226: 2740: 2198: 11219:

Jones, John A.; Jones, Virginia H. (Spring 2005). "Through the Eye of the Needle: Five Perspectives on the Cuban Missile Crisis".

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A U-2 reconnaissance photograph of Cuba, showing Soviet nuclear missiles, their transports and tents for fueling and maintenance

21160: 19954: 19793: 19778: 19703: 19686: 18080: 17773: 17270: 16585: 16458: 16099: 15279: 15217: 14613: 12885: 11270:(October 1990). "Domestic Politics and the Cuban Missile Crisis: The Traditional and Revisionist Interpretations Reevaluated". 6162:

Caddell, Joseph W. (2016). "Corona over Cuba: The Missile Crisis and the Early Limitations of Satellite Imagery Intelligence".

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While the meeting progressed, at 11:03 am EDT a new message began to arrive from Khrushchev. The message stated, in part:

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briefed Khrushchev on the pending blockade and Kennedy's speech to the nation. Ambassadors around the world gave notice to non-

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presented a pre-invasion bombing plan to Kennedy in September, and spy flights and minor military harassment from US forces at

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Gibson, David R. (2011). "Avoiding Catastrophe: The Interactional Production of Possibility during the Cuban Missile Crisis".

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when the crisis broke. Castro stated that he would have recommended their use if the US invaded despite Cuba being destroyed.

744:, which continued throughout the first half of the 1960s. The Soviet administration was concerned about a Cuban drift towards 21135: 20815: 20383: 20280: 20188: 19933: 19815: 19772: 19637: 18605: 18600: 18587: 18308: 17253: 16525: 15472: 14608: 12543: 12230: 12208: 11503: 11482: 11449: 11428: 11338: 11257: 11013: 10973: 10945: 10914: 10809: 10790: 10760: 10699: 10671: 10652: 10606: 10587: 10563: 10539: 10517: 10498: 10436: 10398: 10369: 10076: 9917: 9800: 9543: 9257: 9202: 9160: 8851: 8762: 8746: 8252: 8213: 7868: 7791: 7764: 7479:"Memorandum for the Director of Central Intelligence: Meeting with the Attorney General of the United States Concerning Cuba" 7080: 6835: 6742: 6526: 6477: 6441: 6407: 5914: 5728: 5663: 5636: 5609: 5551: 5450: 5396: 5286: 5256: 5225: 5194: 4998: 4960: 4929: 4895: 4861: 4800: 4667: 4566: 4419: 4278: 4193: 4144: 4084: 3918: 3407:, suggested that the Cuban Missile Crisis encouraged the United States' use of military means, such as the case in the later 3283: 2693: 2277:

have announced.... I hope that your government will take necessary action to permit a restoration of the earlier situation."

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took 928 pictures on a path selected by DIA analysts, capturing images of what turned out to be an SS-4 construction site at

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Berlin. In France on 23 October, the crisis made the front page of all the daily newspapers. The next day, an editorial in

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models how both actors would have considered their decisions. It is broken down into a simple form for basic understanding.

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Crises in U.S. Foreign Policy: An International History Reader, by Michael H. Hunt, Yale University Press, 1996, p. 287,

6944: 6592: 6551: 3824: 2860: 1866: 12297: 12225: 11910: 8025: 5867:"Joint resolution expressing the determination of the United States with respect to the situation in Cuba – P.L. 87-733" 5507: 3486:, had no way of knowing that the depth charges were non-lethal "practice" rounds intended as warning shots to force the 1931: 1123:

Khrushchev also had an impression of Kennedy as weak, which to him was confirmed by the President's response during the

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Later that same day, what the White House later called "Black Saturday", the US Navy dropped a series of "signalling"

2726: 1280: 21115: 21095: 19949: 19939: 19475: 19112: 18949: 18532: 18320: 15100: 14994: 14807: 13822: 13385: 12655: 12596: 11172: 11061: 10834: 10416: 8715: 6373: 6250: 5782: 5144: 3691: 2759: 1862: 1657: 1080: 958:(CIA) developed a plan for paramilitary action against Cuba. The CIA recruited operatives on the island to carry out 83: 18427: 18422: 18362: 18357: 12393: 11695: 11644: 3536:

In early 1992, it was confirmed that Soviet forces in Cuba had already received tactical nuclear warheads for their

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On the morning of 27 October, a U-2F (the third CIA U-2A, modified for air-to-air refuelling) piloted by USAF Major

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and overthrow its government. Starting in November of that year, the US government engaged in a violent campaign of

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Lorraine Bayard de Volo (5 July 2022). "Masculinity and the Cuban Missile Crisis: gender as pre-emptive deterren".

8558:"The Jupiter Missiles and the Endgame of the Cuban Missile Crisis – Part II Sealing the Deal with Italy and Turkey" 8219: 7600: 6119: 6097: 5834: 5679: 3262: 1873:

for defence of the Western Hemisphere, was obtained from a resolution by a two-thirds vote from the members of the

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Bayard de Volo, Lorraine (July 2022) "Masculinity and the Cuban Missile Crisis: gender as pre-emptive deterrent",

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Report on the Naval Quarantine of Cuba, Operational Archives Branch, Post 46 Command File, Box 10, Washington, DC

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on civilians the US was carrying out against the island, economic sanctions against the country, and the earlier

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relationship. In response to these factors the Soviet and Cuban governments agreed, at a meeting between leaders

18379: 13020: 12907: 12895: 11766: 11685: 10328:"Benedict Cumberbatch To Star As Cold War Spy Greville Wynne In FilmNation Thriller 'Ironbark' — Hot Cannes Pic" 7972:"U-2 Pilot Maj. Rudy Anderson: The Only American Killed During the Cuban Missile Crisis – Defense Media Network" 4848:

Brenner, Philip (1992). "Thirteen Months: Cuba's Perspective on the Missile Crisis". In Nathan, James A. (ed.).

2953: 2121:'s letter to Kennedy (dated 24 October 1962) stating that the blockade of Cuba "constitute an act of aggression" 1935:

President Kennedy signing the Proclamation for Interdiction of the Delivery of Offensive Weapons to Cuba at the

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Map created by American intelligence showing all known Surface-to-Air Missile activity in Cuba, 5 September 1962

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Stone, Oliver and Peter Kuznick, "The Untold History of the United States" (Gallery Books, 2012), page 313-14,

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Emissaries sent by both Kennedy and Khrushchev agreed to meet at the Yenching Palace Chinese restaurant in the

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government to pass a message to Castro that the US would be "unlikely to invade" if the missiles were removed.

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Guevara arrived in Cuba the United States had already discovered the Soviet troops in Cuba via U-2 spy planes.

1178: 1108: 1019: 18401: 13345: 13075: 12586: 12358: 4880:(1994). "Unwrapping the Enigma: What was Behind the Soviet Challenge in the 1960s?". In Kunz, Diane B. (ed.). 3002:

was a way for the President and the Premier to have negotiations should a crisis like this ever happen again.

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On 28 October, Kennedy participated in telephone conversations with Eisenhower and fellow former US President

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Stone, Oliver and Peter Kuznick, "The Untold History of the United States" (Gallery Books, 2012), page 313-14

8636:"The Jupiter Missiles and the Cuban Missile Crisis Endgame – Part II: Sealing the Deal with Italy and Turkey" 3560:. The resulting war might have led to the deaths of over 100 million Americans and over 100 million Russians. 3328: 2999: 1162: 987: 897: 796: 153: 17862: 15390: 13070: 12779: 12702: 12373: 7436: 7000:"Great speeches of the 20th century: The Kennedys. Ted Sorenson: JFK's inaugural address was world-changing" 6052: 5653: 3947: 3239:

intermediate-range ballistic missile. The US secretly agreed to withdraw the missiles from Italy and Turkey.

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Haruya Anami, "'Thirteen Days' Thirty Years After: Robert Kennedy and the Cuban Missile Crisis Revisited,"

9056: 8647: 8603: 8361: 8314: 8284: 7833: 7816: 7485: 6060: 4709: 4622: 4489: 4454: 3756:) who helped MI6 penetrate the Soviet nuclear programme during the Cold War. Wynne and his Russian source, 3727: 3512:, the aircraft carrier leading the task force. An argument broke out in the sweltering control room of the 1777:

difference.... The military balance wasn't changed. I didn't believe it then, and I don't believe it now."

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Martin Lund, "The mutant problem: X-Men, confirmation bias, and the methodology of comics and identity."

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Stone, Oliver and Peter Kuznick, "The Untold History of the United States" (Gallery Books, 2012), page 313

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Q. The aircraft in 1962 was painted overall gray and carried USAF military markings and national insignia.

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To add to the concern, at 6:00 am, the CIA reported that all missiles in Cuba were ready for action.

1586: 1309: 1092: 1086: 1007: 955: 908: 819:, the top Soviet leadership took the Cuban outcome as "a blow to its prestige bordering on humiliation". 725: 702: 149:

Agreement with the Soviet Union that the United States would never invade Cuba without direct provocation

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told him in 1964 that after the U-2 was shot down and the pilot killed, he (RFK) told Soviet ambassador

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I sei giorni che sconvolsero il mondo. La crisi dei missili di Cuba e le sue percezioni internazionali

9208: 7773: 5537: 4990: 3732:, 2011 production chronicling the lives of the Kennedy family, including a dramatisation of the crisis. 2494: 2223: 1883: 1323: 1254: 1166: 994: 449: 9073:

Only nine US officials knew of the deal at the time: President Kennedy, his brother, Attorney General

8999:

Only nine US officials knew of the deal at the time: President Kennedy, his brother, Attorney General

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For the President's Eyes Only: Secret Intelligence and the American Presidency from Washington to Bush

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Captain Savitsky ordered the B-59's nuclear torpedo to be prepared for firing, its target was the USS

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dubious quality or even laughable, most of which could be dismissed as describing defensive missiles.

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the Soviets by a wide margin, which would only increase over time. In 1961, the Soviets had only four

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Daniel Ellsberg Reveals He was a Nuclear War Planner, Warns of Nuclear Winter & Global Starvation

8643: 8599: 6999: 5416:"The Soviet Cuban Missile Crisis: Castro, Mikoyan, Kennedy, Khrushchev, and the Missiles of November" 4921: 4887: 4816: 4700: 4613: 4405: 3834: 3525: 3454: 3436: 3250: 2584: 2320: 2073: 1910:

This initially was to involve a naval blockade against offensive weapons within the framework of the

1887: 1404: 1264: 30: 17950: 16039: 15878: 11186: 6851: 5866: 5022: 4751: 4481: 1606: 21017: 20959: 20894: 20844: 20748: 20723: 20639: 20544: 20504: 20096: 19642: 19485: 19470: 19371: 19319: 19277: 19265: 19102: 18904: 18505: 18243: 18237: 18107: 17682: 17578: 17339: 17292: 17278: 16800: 16722: 16423: 16411: 16005: 15669: 15452: 15380: 15368: 15212: 14911: 14883: 14320: 13887: 13150: 13040: 12794: 12338: 10747:, 12 October 2020, pp. 70–73. Article includes information from recently declassified sources. 10622: 10208:

Albert Auster, "The Missiles of October: A Case Study of Television Docudrama and Modern Memory."

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The Soviet Cuban Missile Crisis: Castro, Mikoyan, Kennedy, Khrushchev, and the Missiles of November

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was joined by other US destroyers who piled in to pummel the submerged B-59 with more explosives.

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on the US in case of attack. In a 2010 interview, Castro expressed regret about his 1962 stance on

2410: 1212:, into the Soviet orbit. The East Germans and Soviets considered western control over a portion of 1190: 678: 19179: 16913: 14060: 3439:

delivering ammunition to Guantanamo Bay Naval Base stalled and crashed on approach on 23 October.

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containing intercepted communications from Soviet ships reporting their positions. On 24 October,

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concluded that a declaration of war could be avoided if another legal justification, based on the

892: 20738: 20733: 20713: 20604: 20594: 20589: 20569: 20119: 19647: 18964: 18909: 18710: 18007: 17975: 17825: 17817: 17546: 17397: 17347: 16927: 16662: 16478: 16000: 15633: 15572: 15542: 13550: 13495: 13480: 13420: 13228: 13208: 12968: 12645: 12250: 11356: 8149: 7298: 7041: 5745: 5036: 4761: 4502: 3744: 3720: 3708:, the 2008 episode "Meditations in an Emergency" is set in the midst of the Cuban Missile Crisis. 3624: 3475: 2990: 2686: 1471:, which Cuba denounced as a deliberate provocation and proof that the US planned to invade Cuba. 1355: 999: 659: 18655: 17890: 12453: 11041:

White, Mark. "The Other Missiles of October: Eisenhower, Kennedy, and the Jupiters, 1957–1963."

9841: 7637:"Department of State Telegram Transmitting Letter From Chairman Khrushchev to President Kennedy" 6734: 6728: 6469: 6399: 6196: 5248: 5242: 2247:

later estimated that about 80 per cent of SAC's planes were ready for launch during the crisis;

2213:

on 25 October. US Ambassador to the United Nations Adlai Stevenson confronted Soviet Ambassador

1816:

supply enough amphibious shipping to transport even a modest armoured contingent from the Army.

1169:" capability that put the Soviet Union at a huge disadvantage. In 1962, the Soviets had only 20 21190: 20769: 20753: 20692: 20519: 20434: 20378: 19662: 19594: 19530: 19458: 19223: 18976: 18921: 18832: 18755: 18660: 18645: 18117: 17991: 17920: 17674: 17562: 17468: 17367: 17118: 16716: 16510: 16320: 15599: 15422: 14340: 13844: 13238: 12912: 12388: 12148: 12143: 11936: 11376: 11181: 11037:

The Relationship between Diplomacy and Military Force: An Example from the Cuban Missile Crisis

10887:"Blundering on the Brink: The Secret History and Unlearned Lessons of the Cuban Missile Crisis" 10478: 9813: 9098: 9024: 8468: 6883:

Boyle, Peter G. (September 1996). "The British Government's View of the Cuban Missile Crisis".

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The Cuban Missile Crisis in American Memory: Myths versus Reality (Stanford Nuclear Age Series)

6220: 5601: 5595: 5217: 5211: 5186: 5180: 3275: 2129: 1561: 1375: 1204:

A second reason that Soviet missiles were deployed to Cuba was that Khrushchev wanted to bring

971: 18143: 16560: 14550: 10066: 8952:"Radio and television remarks on dismantling of Soviet missile bases in Cuba, 2 November 1962" 8785: 4399: 3478:) submarine, near Cuba. Despite being in international waters, the Americans started dropping 3419:

U-2 pilot Anderson's body was returned to the US and was buried with full military honours in

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The worldwide US Forces DEFCON 3 status was returned to DEFCON 4 on 20 November 1962. General

2846:, driven to the surface by US Naval forces in the Caribbean near Cuba (28 or 29 October 1962). 1602: 21150: 21110: 20991: 20554: 20549: 20424: 20147: 19698: 19681: 19657: 19550: 19545: 19492: 19314: 19282: 19090: 19075: 18665: 18640: 18625: 18042: 18034: 17811: 17759: 17634: 17618: 17538: 17128: 16698: 16686: 16248: 16046: 15960: 15955: 15950: 15945: 15907: 15831: 15537: 15512: 15457: 15417: 14575: 13859: 13854: 13621: 13510: 13465: 13425: 13360: 13304: 13223: 13005: 12819: 12697: 12615: 12523: 12488: 12398: 12343: 12240: 12081: 11890:, a transmedia storytelling of the crisis with animated short films and other digital content 9529: 9188:

Nash, Philip (27 October 1997). "Chapter 6: A Very Tidy Job – Taking Them Out 1962 – 1963.".

7402:"Boarding MARUCLA: A personal account from the Executive Officer of USS Joseph P. Kennedy Jr" 6910: 5720: 5541: 4853: 4342: 4303: 4270: 4136: 3498:

was armed with a 15-kiloton nuclear torpedo, roughly the power of the bomb at Hiroshima. The

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Bernabei was in New York to attend an international conference on satellite TV broadcasting.

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Lloyd, Alwyn T., "Boeing's B-47 Stratojet", Specialty Press, North Branch, Minnesota, 2005,

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A few weeks after the crisis, during an interview with the British communist newspaper the

3253:, were not addressed. That caused Cuban–Soviet relations to deteriorate for years to come. 2536: 2261: 2236: 1891:

of the OAS for military action under the hemispheric defence provisions of the Rio Treaty:

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Averting 'the Final Failure': John F. Kennedy and the Secret Cuban Missile Crisis Meetings

10486: 9944: 9343:"This Day in History – August 30, 1963: Hotline established between Washington and Moscow" 9197:. Chapel Hill, North Carolina.: The University of North Carolina Press. pp. 150–171. 7405: 5715:

Averting 'the Final Failure': John F. Kennedy and the Secret Cuban Missile Crisis Meetings

4695: 4587:

authorized the CIA's "Program of Covert Action", now dubbed Operation Mongoose, and named

1983: 1079:

The US, on the other hand, had 170 ICBMs and was quickly building more. It also had eight

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that the Soviet Union was supplying only defensive weapons to Cuba. On 11 September, the

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and sought to solidify the Soviet-Cuban relationship through the missile basing program.

17896: 13415: 13328: 11319: 10147: 10003: 9427: 7582: 7222: 6340:

Averting The Final Failure, John F. Kennedy and the Secret Cuban Missile Crisis Meetings

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Pedlow, Gregory, The Central Intelligence Agency and Overhead Reconnaissance. CIA. 1962.

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Secret approach: Offer Castro the choice of splitting with the Soviets or being invaded.

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such turns without undue difficulty. The reports could not be satisfactorily dismissed.

21125: 20649: 20624: 20529: 20469: 20444: 20414: 20404: 20003: 19998: 19988: 19978: 19691: 19669: 19189: 19048: 19023: 18993: 18954: 18837: 18680: 18373: 18204: 17722: 17690: 17477: 16752: 16734: 16600: 16590: 16373: 16104: 15567: 15522: 15462: 15078: 15061: 14982: 14938: 14893: 14853: 14714: 14510: 14495: 14420: 14400: 14395: 14380: 14227: 13975: 13727: 13611: 13365: 13268: 13253: 13165: 13155: 13130: 13125: 12890: 12844: 12759: 12744: 12687: 12503: 12426: 12302: 12193: 12183: 11915: 11586:"America and Russia: The Crisis of 1962. On the 50th anniversary of the missile crisis" 11285: 11236: 11207: 11199: 11158: 11086: 11078: 10866: 10641: 10549: 10359: 10332: 10178: 9715: 9441: 9094: 9020: 8086: 7644: 7382: 7374: 6795:(Report). Department of the Navy, Naval Historical Center. January 2001. Archived from 6462: 6314: 6288: 6179: 4952: 4533: 4363: 4171: 4165: 3736: 3499: 3384: 2903: 2782: 2414: 2248: 2202: 2084: 1642: 1574: 1554: 1495: 1343: 1194: 1061:

When Kennedy ran for president in 1960, one of his key election issues was an alleged "

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about agreements for economic assistance. In March 1962, Castro ordered the ousting of

622: 485: 17932: 14410: 14239: 8176: 8108:"Nuclear Files: Key Issues: Nuclear Weapons: Cold War: Cuban Missile Crisis: Timeline" 7698: 7283: 6793:

The Naval Quarantine of Cuba, 1962: Abeyance and Negotiation, 31 October – 13 November

6573:

Kennedy, J. (17 December 1962). "After Two Years: A conversation with the president".

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Seydi, SÜleyman. "Turkish—American Relations and the Cuban Missile Crisis, 1957-63."

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Soviet Views on the Cuban Missile Crisis: Myth and Reality in Foreign Policy Analysis

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Gambling with Armageddon: Nuclear Roulette from Hiroshima to the Cuban Missile Crisis

10734: 10730: 10709: 10695: 10667: 10648: 10602: 10583: 10577: 10559: 10553: 10535: 10513: 10494: 10469: 10453: 10432: 10426: 10412: 10394: 10386: 10365: 10072: 9913: 9857: 9796: 9539: 9445: 9253: 9198: 9156: 9090: 9074: 9016: 9000: 8847: 8758: 8742: 8248: 8209: 8090: 8078: 7874: 7864: 7829: 7787: 7760: 7386: 6831: 6738: 6617: 6522: 6516: 6473: 6437: 6423: 6403: 6389: 6369: 6246: 6183: 5910: 5724: 5713: 5659: 5632: 5605: 5547: 5446: 5392: 5292: 5282: 5281:. Foreword by Robert S. McNamara (Revised ed.). New York: W.W. Norton & Co. 5252: 5221: 5190: 4994: 4956: 4925: 4891: 4857: 4796: 4663: 4562: 4415: 4367: 4274: 4242: 4189: 4140: 4080: 3996: 3914: 3651: 3589: 3483: 3335: 3012: 2655: 2539:

U-2F, the high altitude reconnaissance type shot down over Cuba, being refueled by a

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programmes of terrorism, sabotage and subversion were part of Washington's reaction.

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During the speech, a directive went out to all US forces worldwide, placing them on

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One Minute to Midnight: Kennedy, Khrushchev, and Castro on the Brink of Nuclear War

9845: 9761: 9431: 8311:"The Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962: Press Release, 11 October 2002, 5:00 pm" 8070: 7825: 7366: 7070: 6892: 6661: 6171: 5543:

One Minute to Midnight: Kennedy, Khrushchev, and Castro on the Brink of Nuclear War

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The Cuban missile crisis, 1962: a National Security Archive (U.S.) Documents Reader

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told Castro that the rockets with the nuclear warheads were being removed as well.

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by mistake. The Soviets lodged a protest and the US apologized. Nine days later, a

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were "aimed at allowing Cuba to live peacefully and develop as its people desire".

951: 851: 833: 816: 650: 638: 521: 509: 473: 343: 96:

Map showing the maximum range of Soviet missiles deployed in Cuba during the crisis

11854:

has a collection of primary source archival documents on the Cuban Missile Crisis.

11839: 10733:, "This Close: The day the Cuban missile crisis almost went nuclear" (a review of 10532:

One Minute to Midnight: Kennedy, Khrushchev and Castro on the Brink of Nuclear War

8058: 7643:. John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. 26 October 1962. Archived from 6262: 6175: 4789: 4359: 2559:

Throughout the crisis, Turkey had repeatedly stated that it would be upset if the

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Kennedy addressing the nation on 22 October 1962 about the buildup of arms on Cuba

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Diplomacy: Use diplomatic pressure to get the Soviet Union to remove the missiles.

1582:, with large crates on its deck the size and shape of Il-28 jet bomber fuselages. 1022:, that the invasion threat was a key reason for Cuban acceptance of the missiles. 545: 20836: 20682: 20619: 20574: 20474: 19480: 19413: 19309: 19270: 19154: 19097: 18969: 18872: 18770: 18690: 18685: 18635: 18194: 18188: 17642: 17610: 17602: 17041: 15692: 15626: 15358: 15300: 15269: 15185: 14977: 14709: 14565: 14555: 14540: 14520: 14505: 14480: 14425: 14190: 14158: 14050: 14010: 13772: 13767: 13707: 13648: 13380: 13258: 13085: 13050: 12958: 12953: 12677: 12571: 12245: 12178: 12168: 12133: 12089: 12076: 12028: 11876: 10882: 10822: 10445: 10134:

Cohn, William H. (1976). "History for the masses: Television portrays the past".

9972: 9474: 9150: 9086: 9012: 8874: 8779: 8242: 8000: 7781: 6825: 6821: 6203: 6146: 6123: 6101: 5415: 5327:"Cuban missile crisis: Nikita Khrushchev's Cuban gamble misfired | Paul Wingrove" 4946: 4877: 4747: 4588: 4582: 4498: 3874: 3571: 3518: 3428: 3211: 3152: 3074: 3032: 2970: 2884: 2876: 2807: 2651: 2610: 2576: 2174: 2138: 1971: 1731: 1616: 1550: 1392: 1113: 1046: 1003: 975: 862: 772: 710: 603: 412: 398: 319: 307: 282: 91: 62: 12672: 9621:"It's Time to Stop Saying that JFK Inherited the Bay of Pigs Operation from Ike" 9620: 9412:"The Cuban Missile Crisis: A nuclear order of battle, October and November 1962" 9234:

The Other Missiles of October: Eisenhower, Kennedy, and the Jupiters, 1957–1963.

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The Diplomacy of the Crucial Decade: American Foreign Relations During the 1960s

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By 1962, President Kennedy had faced four crisis situations: the failure of the

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Regional (mostly targeting Europe, and others targeting US bases in east Asia):

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were the subject of continual Cuban diplomatic complaints to the US government.

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that on Cuba, Kennedy "would make a fuss, make more of a fuss, and then agree".

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missiles, each with a range of 2,500 nautical miles (4,600 km). The Soviet

1076:(ICBMs). By October 1962, some intelligence estimates indicated a figure of 75. 533: 20964: 20362: 19430: 19408: 19386: 19364: 19359: 18884: 18815: 18745: 18490: 18390: 18129: 17944: 17908: 17501: 16920: 16636: 16490: 15970: 15813: 15517: 14535: 14460: 14450: 14445: 14305: 14045: 13834: 13757: 13485: 13390: 13140: 13080: 12712: 12630: 12533: 12493: 12463: 12363: 12318: 11416: 11301: 11146: 10743: 10035: 9732: 9710: 9575:, vol. 11, (Washington, DC, US Government Printing Office, 1997), pages 309–317 9191:

The Other Missiles of October: Eisenhower, Kennedy and the Jupiters 1957 – 1963

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The Armageddon Letters: Kennedy, Khrushchev, Castro in the Cuban Missile Crisis

6852:"Proclamation 3504 – Interdiction of the Delivery of Offensive Weapons to Cuba" 6697: 5934: 5443:

Constructing National Interests: The United States and the Cuban Missile Crisis

5270: 5268: 5108: 4554:

That Infernal Little Cuban Republic: the United States and the Cuban Revolution

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airlift assets to support a major airborne drop necessitated the call-up of 24

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to 16 dispersal fields within nine hours, with one third maintaining 15-minute

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aircraft in addition to forces already committed to the "quarantine" operation.

1841: 1804: 1793: 1634: 1598: 1569: 1507: 1441: 1431: 1427: 1419: 1379: 1359: 1285: 1241: 1096: 791: 717: 492: 480: 468: 221: 17926: 17902: 11203: 11131:(Spring 2004). "Foreign Intelligence and the Historiography of the Cold War". 10862: 10779:

DEFCON-2: Standing on the Brink of Nuclear War During the Cuban Missile Crisis

8925: 8893: 6940: 6896: 6588: 6544:"John F. Kennedy: "378 – The President's News Conference," September 13, 1962" 6543: 4054:"The Malin Notes: Glimpses Inside the Kremlin during the Cuban Missile Crisis" 2575:

as a bargaining chip. He gave the message to one of his most trusted friends,

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The escalating situation also led Khrushchev to abandon plans for a potential

367: 21064: 19572: 19349: 18058: 17706: 17554: 17514: 17161: 16746: 16595: 16443: 15965: 15917: 15889: 15805: 15619: 15592: 15363: 15259: 15207: 15202: 15148: 14791: 14699: 14545: 14440: 14405: 14390: 14350: 13892: 13722: 13460: 13370: 13233: 13213: 13100: 12861: 12839: 12804: 12383: 12378: 12333: 12255: 12215: 11964: 11827: 11154: 11024: 10818: 10618:"Night Session of the Presidium of the Central Committee, 22–23 October 1962" 10461: 10431:. International crises and the role of law. London: Oxford University Press. 9531:

Sven G. Holtsmark, Iver B. Neumann, Odd Arne Westad, Springer, 27 iul. 2016,

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We are Cuba!: How a Revolutionary People have Survived in a Post-Soviet World

4246: 4132:

We are Cuba!: How a Revolutionary People have Survived in a Post-Soviet World

4000: 3660: 3583: 3404: 3396: 3374:, settlement negotiations between the pro-Western government of Laos and the 3180: 3129: 2406: 2316: 2288:

showing the position of American and Soviet ships at the height of the crisis

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shows aerial photos of Cuban missiles to the United Nations, 25 October 1962.

2070: 1949: 1902: 1691: 1423: 1339: 799:. A series of agreements later reduced US–Soviet tensions for several years. 741: 670: 598: 585: 456: 444: 432: 420: 406: 392: 208: 14873: 11799: 11331:

The Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962: A National Security Archive Documents Reader

11250:

Constructing Cassandra, Reframing Intelligence Failure at the CIA, 1947–2001

10692:

Constructing Cassandra, Reframing Intelligence Failure at the CIA, 1947–2001

10664:

Talk at the Brink: Deliberation and Decision during the Cuban Missile Crisis

10579:

High Noon in the Cold War: Kennedy, Khrushchev, and the Cuban Missile Crisis

10450:

The Silent Guns of Two Octobers: Kennedy and Khrushchev Play the Double Game

9875: 9571:

Message from Chairman Khrushchev to President Kennedy, October 30, 1962, in

8139:

67. Telegram From the Department of State to the Embassy in the Soviet Union

8074: 7786:(1st ed.). Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. pp. 149, 154. 6941:"JFK TALKS WITH DWIGHT EISENHOWER ABOUT THE CUBAN CRISIS (OCTOBER 22, 1962)" 6911:"JFK Tapes » JFK and Dwight Eisenhower during the Cuban Missile Crisis" 6827:

Talk at the Brink: Deliberation and Decision during the Cuban Missile Crisis

5296: 5265: 4915: 4510: 2869:("practice" depth charges the size of hand grenades) on a Soviet submarine ( 1956:

leaders. Before the speech, US delegations met with Canadian Prime Minister

1440:) with an effective range of 2,000 kilometres (1,200 mi) and three for 1236: 20924: 20904: 19561: 19497: 19038: 18085: 17782: 17626: 17586: 17457: 17437: 16692: 15927: 15254: 15073: 15026: 15014: 15004: 14485: 14435: 14365: 14355: 14209: 14197: 14184: 13990: 13817: 13318: 12566: 12416: 12275: 12270: 12265: 11971: 10968:. Stanford nuclear age series. Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press. 10940:. Stanford nuclear age series. Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press. 10422: 9102: 9028: 8401: 6995: 6197:

Remarks by LTG Ronald L. Burgess Jr., Director, Defense Intelligence Agency

6152:

Vol. 49, No. 4; published online April 15, 2007. Retrieved: March 22, 2015.

4300:

Cuba, the U.S., and the Concept of Sovereignty: Toward a Common Vocabulary?

3711: 3479: 3363: 3309: 3305: 3176: 2978: 2947: 2866: 2839: 2786: 2785:

argued that it was still possible. White House Special Counsel and Adviser

2618: 2595: 2509: 2498: 2421: 2170: 2102: 1953: 1700: 1638: 1400: 1363: 1331: 1301: 1244:

missiles, with the capability to strike Moscow with nuclear warheads, were

1209: 1132: 1070: 932: 879: 843: 839: 764: 757: 721: 674: 591: 562: 437: 355: 338: 326: 314: 302: 290: 276: 262: 181: 11232: 10999:. Stanford nuclear age series. Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press. 9644: 9461:"Bomber Command and the Cuban Missile Crisis: At the Brink of Armageddon?" 9117: 9115: 9113: 8629: 8627: 8625: 8585: 8583: 7857:

50 Years of the U-2: The Complete Illustrated History of the 'Dragon Lady'

7329: 6671:. Vol. 2. Naval Aviation History Office. 9 November 2000. p. 2. 5778: 4455:"Mind-Sets and Missiles: A First Hand Account of the Cuban Missile Crisis" 4185: 966:, kill civilians, and cause economic damage. At the initiative of the CIA 20944: 20899: 19453: 19381: 19297: 19117: 18842: 18396: 18221: 17698: 17570: 17377: 16740: 16626: 15858: 15800: 15477: 15467: 15046: 15009: 14972: 14530: 14135: 14105: 13960: 13950: 13849: 13712: 13505: 12994: 12824: 12809: 12620: 12468: 12436: 12323: 12138: 12043: 11982: 11495:

The Kennedy Tapes: Inside the White House During the Cuban Missile Crisis

11098: 10573: 10174: 9765: 9700:(Supplement April 1986 | A Salute: The Diamond Jubilee of Naval Aviation) 9375:

The Cuban Missile Crisis: A Nuclear Order of Battle October/November 1962

7807: 4986:

The Cuban Missile Crisis and the Cold War: A Short History with Documents

4604: 4237: 4214: 3992: 3854: 3778: 3685:

The Kennedy Tapes: Inside the White House During the Cuban Missile Crisis

3408: 3379: 3300: 3217: 3203: 3080: 3065:

in seven SSBNs (16 each); five submarines with Polaris A1 and two with A2

3028: 2793: 2636: 2625: 2474: 2386: 2305: 2240: 1995: 1965: 1936: 1858: 1833: 1696: 1436: 1289: 1205: 1128: 1062: 1031: 983: 497: 379: 331: 146:

Non-publicized removal of American nuclear missiles from Turkey and Italy

11867: 11568: 10928: 8203: 6116: 6094: 5907:

Cuba on the Brink: Castro, the Missile Crisis, and the Soviet Collapse;

4983:

Getchell, Michelle (2018). "Operation Anadyr: Soviet Missiles in Cuba".

4076:

The Kennedy Tapes Inside the White House During the Cuban Missile Crisis

3350:

Khrushchev's fall from power two years later was in part because of the

2834: 2447:— Letter From Chairman Khrushchev to President Kennedy, 26 October 1962 1792:

President Kennedy meets in the Oval Office with Soviet Foreign Minister

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Holtsmark, Sven G.; Neumann, Iver B.; Westad, Odd Arne (27 July 2016).

9110: 8622: 8580: 7451: 7378: 3819: 3814: 3375: 3163: 3148: 2907: 2700: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2621:

aircraft, on low-level photo-reconnaissance missions, were fired upon.

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sent a message to the Soviet embassy in Rome, to be transmitted to the

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as the primary explanation for the island's structural weaknesses. The

54:"Missile Crisis" redirects here. For the missile crisis in Cyprus, see 19376: 12943: 11561:"The World On the Brink: John F. Kennedy and the Cuban Missile Crisis" 11438:

Keefer, Edward C.; Sampson, Charles S.; Smith, Louis J., eds. (1996).

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The Week the World Stood Still: Inside the Secret Cuban Missile Crisis

9645:

The case of John F. Kennedy and Vietnam Presidential Studies Quarterly

7783:

The Week The World Stood Still: Inside The Secret Cuban Missile Crisis

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On the Brink: Americans and Soviets Reexamine the Cuban Missile Crisis

3474:, a diesel-powered nuclear-armed Soviet Project 641 (NATO designation 1727:

Blockade: Use the US Navy to block any missiles from arriving in Cuba.

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Dallek, Robert. "If We Listen to Them, None of Us Will Be Alive." In

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Cuban Missile Crisis and the Cold War: A Short History with Documents

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Gregory Frame, "The Myth of John F. Kennedy in Film and Television."

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Dateline Havana: the Real Story of U.S. Policy and the Future of Cuba

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in Washington, at Fomin's request. Following the instructions of the

2222:(SAC) forces to DEFCON 2. For the only confirmed time in US history, 2165: 2098: 1736: 1565: 1226: 1117: 959: 940: 771:

of medium- and long-range launch facilities in October. US President

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1999 Baltimore Orioles–Cuba national baseball team exhibition series

11626:. Bureau of Public Affairs, U.S. Department of State. Archived from 11074: 11059:(September 1969). "Conceptual Models and the Cuban Missile Crisis". 11036: 8001:

Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb

7370: 6291:. John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. 16 October 1962. 5023:

Special National Intelligence Estimate: The Military Buildup in Cuba

3748:, a 2020 film that tells the "true story of the British businessman 3053:(1,479 bombers and 1,003 refuelling tankers available at peak alert) 2675: 21044: 20934: 19582: 19520: 19292: 19211: 16758: 15795: 15527: 15427: 15412: 14164: 14005: 13902: 13777: 13596: 13500: 12640: 12498: 11952: 11195: 6636: 4101:""One Hell of a Gamble": Khrushchev, Castro and Kennedy, 1958–1964" 2158: 2080: 1849: 1724:

Air strike: Use the US Air Force to attack all known missile sites.

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From the very beginning, the Soviets' operation entailed elaborate

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Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union

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Symposium on Intelligence and the Cuban Missile Crisis 1962 (1992)

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The Cuban Missile Crisis Revisited: Nuclear Deterrence? Good Luck!

8985:. Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. Archived from 8714:

Ellsberg, Daniel; Goodman, Amy; González, Juan (6 December 2017),

8564:. Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. Archived from 8528:. Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. Archived from 7878: 2482: 1712:

Do nothing: American vulnerability to Soviet missiles was not new.

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and the reconnaissance pilots who found the missile sites in Cuba.

1208:, controlled by the American, British and French within Communist 18448: 15497: 14110: 13995: 13985: 13934: 13475: 12220: 10997:

The Cuban Missile Crisis in American Memory: Myths versus Reality

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Awaiting Armageddon: How Americans Faced the Cuban Missile Crisis

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The Cuban Missile Crisis in American Memory: Myths versus Reality

9126:. The National Security Archive at George Washington University. 8703:

McNamara and Blight (2003, p. 190). Ellsberg (2017, pp. 208–210).

8358:"Chronology of Submarine Contact During the Cuban Missile Crisis" 7920:"Raul Castro meets with Bill Clinton in New York (To Thank Him?)" 7428: 4215:"Private Enterprise, International Development, and the Cold War" 4167:

Cuba under Siege: American Policy, the Revolution, and its People

3724:, 2010 video game, set during and after the Cuban Missile Crisis. 3704: 3220:(missiles operated by the RAF with warheads under US supervision) 2806:

meeting in the White House Cabinet Room, with President Kennedy,

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The Cuban leadership was further upset when on 20 September, the

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Encyclopedia of Cold War Espionage, Spies, and Secret Operations

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One Hell of a Gamble: Khrushchev, Castro, and Kennedy, 1958–1964

8894:"Phone Call with General Eisenhower during Cuban Missile Crisis" 8784:. Historical Division, Bureau of Public Affairs. 1962. pp. 7946:"An Act of Terrorism by Castro, An Abortion of Justice by Obama" 7811: 6938: 4015:"Milestones: 1961–1968 – The Cuban Missile Crisis, October 1962" 3338:

and the Soviet Union because the withdrawal of US missiles from

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crisis, including proposing a non-aggression treaty between the

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of nuclear missiles in Cuba, Khrushchev had finally established

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At 4:00 pm EDT, Kennedy recalled members of EXCOMM to the

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Shortly before his speech, Kennedy telephoned former President

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Soviet Ambassador Anatoly Dobrynin and Kennedy's speechwriter

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loading of nuclear weapons onto aircraft under the command of

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was cleared through the blockade after its cargo was checked.

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Invasion: Full-force invasion of Cuba and overthrow of Castro.

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American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation

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Program Review by the Chief of Operations, Operation Mongoose

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After the EXCOMM meeting, a smaller meeting continued in the

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nuclear weapon. The Soviets were building nine sites—six for

867: 847: 745: 682: 669:), was a 13-day confrontation between the governments of the 516: 504: 233: 61:"Cuban Missile" redirects here. For the baseball player, see 10448:, "Defensive, Not Aggressive" (review of Theodore Voorhees, 10382:. College Station, TX: Texas A&M University Press, 2012. 8544: 8510: 8397:"Thank you Vasili Arkhipov, the man who stopped nuclear war" 6988: 5909:(2nd ed.). Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. 5274: 2957:

Removal of Missiles in Cuba 11 November 1962 – NARA – 193868

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in Italy and Turkey. It had trained a paramilitary force of

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United States involvement in regime change in Latin America

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The Fog of War: Lessons from the Life of Robert S. McNamara

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SOVIETS CLOSE TO USING A-BOMB IN 1962 CRISIS, FORUM IS TOLD

7567:"Проблемы борьбы с лженаукой (обсуждение в Президиуме РАН)" 7060: 6830:(1st ed.). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 6575:

In 'Public Papers of the Presidents: John F. Kennedy, 1962'

6398:(2nd ed.). New York: Addison Wesley Longman. pp. 5905:

Blight, James G.; Allyn, Bruce J.; Welch, David A. (2002).

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Nuclear threats during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine

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The executive committee continued to meet through the day.

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The Doomsday Machine: Confessions of a Nuclear War Planner

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Kristensen, Hans M.; Norris, Robert S. (20 October 2012).

9286:"The Myth That Screwed up 50 Years of U.S. Foreign Policy" 6541: 4760:(Report). 1961–1963. Vol. X, Cuba. Washington, D.C.: 4333:

Domínguez López, Ernesto; Yaffe, Helen (2 November 2017).

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McNamara mistakenly dates the shooting down of USAF Major

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Further after the crisis, the US and the USSR created the

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remaining missiles if an invasion of the island occurred.

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wrote in support of the American response. On 24 October,

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President Kennedy and Secretary of Defense McNamara in an

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were matched by Soviet deployments of nuclear missiles in

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Cuban Missile Crisis: Операция Анадырь (Operation Anadyr)

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Castro's Secrets: The CIA and Cuba's Intelligence Machine

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fighters armed with nuclear air-to-air missiles over the

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Cuban football players who defected to the United States

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The 32nd Guards Air Fighter Regiment in Cuba (1962–1963)

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Nuclear Folly: A New History of the Cuban Missile Crisis

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Essence of Decision, Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis

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63. Letter From Chairman Khrushchev to President Kennedy

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