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444:. Many Crypto-Christian communities existed in Middle-East till the 19th century, as Muslim authorities continued to tolerate minimal requirements of obedience by converts. From late 19th century onward most of crypto-religious groups disappeared as a result of the rise of nationalism in the new Middle Eastern states.
456:
Churches. After the break-up of the Warsaw Pact and the end of the Soviet era in the 1990s, some of these groups re-joined the official above-ground churches, but others continued their independent existence, believing the official churches had been irreconcilably tainted by their cooperation with
407:
of 1915. Representatives of a different, much smaller crypto-Armenian group live in separate villages which are inhabited by Turks and Kurds in
Eastern Turkey (on the territories of the traditional Armenian homeland). This group differs from the above-mentioned "Islamized" group due to the process
416:
In the first few centuries the
Christian religion spread rapidly around the Mediterranean region with Egypt and Syria becoming especially important centers of the religion. Even as the Roman Empire disintegrated between the 5th and 7th centuries, the Christian faith only deepened in the Eastern
222:
All the inhabitants of the empire were required to sacrifice before the magistrates of their community 'for the safety of the empire' by a certain day (the date would vary from place to place and the order may have been that the sacrifice had to be completed within a specified period after a
171:
wanted to avoid the immediate occurrence of a confrontation with Rome, because the Roman governor
Pontius Pilate would not have tolerated the existence of a popular leader who would have referred to himself as the Messiah. There are also theological interpretations, of mixed historical and
139:, while publicly professing to be another faith; people who practice crypto-Christianity are referred to as "crypto-Christians". In places and time periods where Christians were persecuted or Christianity was outlawed, instances of crypto-Christianity have surfaced.
570:) were permitted to retain their ritual peculiarities on condition of recognizing Papal jurisdiction over their ecclesial affairs, yet in many cases the faithful maintained their Orthodox identities despite the superficial concessions made by their hierarchs.
180:" (A title of Hebrew origin, given to a promised man who would carry both kingly and religious authority as the anointed leader of Israel). Theologically and politically, the meaning of this title was possibly misunderstood by the Roman authorities.
258:
with viewed
Christianity as disloyal and a threat to their power. Churches were destroyed, known Christians faced forced conversion to Buddhism and all signs of Christian influence were systematically eliminated. The ban was not lifted until 1858.
391:
Further information is contained in "The Crypto-Christians of the Pontos and Consul
William Gifford Palgrave of Trebizond," London: Valiorum Reprints, 1988, from Peoples and Settlement in Anatolia and the Caucasus 800–1900, by Anthony Bryer
425:. However, often the only actual requirement for being considered a Muslim was to profess a belief in God and proclaim Mohammed as his prophet. As a result, many Egyptians, Syrians, and others in the region officially converted to
662:
These groups names are: Droverstvo (Serbia), Patsaloi or
Linovamvakoi (Cyprus), Laramanoi (Albania), Kouroumlides, Stavriotai, Santaoi, Klostoi (Pontus, Anatolia), Kourmoulides (Crete), Crypto Copts (Egypt), Crypto Maronites
195:
forced
Christians to make a choice: they could choose to recant their faith, which meant that they would be allowed to live, or they could choose not to recant their faith, which meant that they would be executed as
345:. With the threat of retribution for the religious and ethnic conflicts, many Christian minority groups keep their religion private to protect themselves. Crypto-Christianity was mostly practiced following the
163:, Jesus was concealing his mission or his messianic identity until a certain time, and he ordered his disciples to do the same, for e.g. in Mark 9:9, after the Transfiguration "
147:
Various time periods and places have seen large crypto-Christian groups and underground movements. This was usually the reaction to either threats of violence or legal action.
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those who by the fear of punishment want to believe and practice
Christianity secretly, they will be also saved, provided they study god's orders as far as possible
1507:
395:
Crypto-Armenians are believed to represent at least two groups of
Armenians which are living in modern-day Turkey. One group has been Islamized under the threat of
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Additionally, historically
Eastern Orthodox populations in the Balkans and Eastern Europe that had come under the dominion of various Roman Catholic polities (the
752:(1860), p. 184. Mentioned also in Kitsikis Dimitris, "The importance of bektashism-alewism for hellenism", Athens, "Hekate", 2006, p. 47, in Greek language.
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Ioannes 14th (patriarch), "Promittit Nicaeensibus reversuris in sinum ecclesiae remissionem" (Πιττάκιον πατριαρχικόν εις τους ευρισκομένους εις την Νϊκαιαν)
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were often violently persecuted for not adopting the Catholic faith. Compromises were enacted whereby these formerly Orthodox peoples (such as those in
223:
community received the edict). When they sacrificed they would obtain a certificate (libellus) recording the fact that they had complied with the order.
725:
208:, chose to retain their beliefs and suffer persecution, due to the fact that Christian doctrine did not allow Christians to publicly profess another
806:, in Washburn u.a. (Hrsg.): Converting cultures : religion, ideology of transformations of modernity. Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2007 pp. 408 -433
200:. The term crypto-Christianity can be applied to that segment of the church population which concealed its Christian beliefs as a means to avoid
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2010:
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Crypto-Greek Orthodox reportedly lived in many parts of the Ottoman Balkans and Anatolia. A good description of the Crypto-Christians among
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An early attestation and justification of crypto-Christianism is found in an epistle of Patriarch Ioannes 14th (Ιωάννης ΙΔ') (1334-1347) of
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381:
167:". This motif has been called "the messianic secret" and it has been interpreted in different ways. According to one interpretation, the
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David F. Watson, "Honor Among Christians: The Cultural Key to the Messianic Secret", Fortress Press, Minneapolis, 2010, pp. 1-10, passim.
547:-majority country, number about 2% of the population and often practice in secret to avoid persecution and torture from the authorities.
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took over what is now called the Middle East. Initially Christianity was well tolerated though preferential treatment was given to
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argues that Jesus was executed based on the claim that he was the "King of the Jews" a claim which also signalled the status of "
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or "hidden Christians". Crypto-Christian crosses and graves, camouflaged to resemble Buddhist imagery, can still be seen in the
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Crypto-Protestants have sometimes practised in Catholic territories. During the early modern era, this was the case for French
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traced their ancestry to both Catholics, Maronites and Greek Orthodox Christians who converted under Ottoman oppression. The
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In addition to Christians practising their faith secretly in a non-Christian society, there have been instances of crypto-
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draws from the oral history of Japanese Catholic communities pertaining to the time of the suppression of the Church.
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Many Christian communities in the Soviet sphere of influence during the Cold War had to go underground in so-called
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F. W. Hasluck (1929) Christianity and Islam Under the Sultans, ed. Clarendon press, Oxford, vol. 2, pp. 469-474.
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Hidden Believers, Hidden Apostates: The Phenomenon of Crypto-Jews and Crypto-Christians in the Middle-East
333:, instances of crypto-Christian behavior are reported to this day in Muslim-dominated areas of the former
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hailed from the northern Albania highlands and converted after settling in the 18th century. Accounts of
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countries. For example, Catholicism was banned and individual Catholics were legally persecuted in
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conquests of the Balkans, but the earliest scholarly record of the phenomenon dates back to 1829.
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which operate independently of the official government-run religious institutions: the
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During this period, converts moved underground into a crypto-Christian group called
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With Their Backs to the Mountains: A History of Carpathian Rus? and Carpatho-Rusyns
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were documented as early as the 19th century and persisted into the 20th century.
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1023:(June 1967). "Crypto-Christianity in the Balkan Area under the Ottomans".
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Secrecy is a motif which is found in the New Testament, particularly in
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and Jewish opinions on the matter, but many did so out of weakness:
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Gizli Hristiyanlık - Crypto Christianity at Pontus region (Turkish)
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Crypto-Christians of the Trabzon Region of Pontos - Full article
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Jesus gave them orders not to tell anyone what they had seen
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The Armenian ethnoreligious elements in the Western Armenia
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The Turkish-Cypriot Community and the Cryptochristians
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Fahlbusch, Erwin; Bromiley, Geoffrey William (1999).
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384:), including a bibliography about other parts of the
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Acta et Diplomata Graeca Medii Aevi Sacra et Profana
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As oppression of Christians arose under the Fatimid
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Due to the religious strife that has existed in the
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Letter written by a committee of Crypto-Christians,
946:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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250:in 1550. Christianity was banned in 1643 by the
520:. Likewise, Catholicism was suppressed in the
2011:Architecture of cathedrals and great churches
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1081:"Proselytism and Crypto-Christians in Cyprus"
476:(TSPM) and China Christian Council (CCC) for
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429:while still adhering to Christian practices.
172:theological value. The New Testament scholar
1069:Centre for the Study of South Eastern Europe
468:are unregistered Christian churches in the
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504:, or Protestant-dominated territories and
417:Mediterranean. During the 7th century the
204:. In contrast, many Christians, including
1006:Learn how and when to remove this message
524:, in favour of Eastern Orthodoxy, and in
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
730:, University of Michigan, archived from
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457:the previous Soviet-supported regimes.
294:Ottoman Empire (Balkans and Asia Minor)
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482:Chinese Patriotic Catholic Association
183:During the initial development of the
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899:. Central European University Press.
944:adding citations to reliable sources
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58:adding citations to reliable sources
29:
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893:Magocsi, Paul Robert (2015-11-30).
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562:) from the Middle Ages through the
376:from northeastern Anatolia and the
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545:Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church
537:revocation of the Edict of Nantes
512:from 1558 onwards. This inspired
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1422:State church of the Roman Empire
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869:The Encyclopedia of Christianity
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1405:First seven ecumenical councils
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408:and depth of its Islamization.
238:Christianity was introduced to
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1673:Oriental Orthodox (Miaphysite)
872:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing.
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380:region (often referred to as
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318:(Asia Minor). He says that "
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135:is the secret adherence to
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1643:Western Rite Orthodoxy
1488:Protestant Reformation
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802:Reinkowski M. (2007)
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466:Chinese house churches
397:physical extermination
367:Crypto-Christian Serbs
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492:Intra-Christian cases
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248:Saint Francis Xavier
54:improve this article
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2277:Unlimited atonement
2262:Cultural Christians
1701:Jehovah's Witnesses
1323:Sermon on the Mount
1252:Christian tradition
1179:Lists of Christians
1092:The Catacomb Church
284:'s acclaimed novel
270:Shimabara Peninsula
159:. According to the
133:Crypto-Christianity
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929:This article
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65:Find sources:
59:
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43:This article
41:
37:
32:
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19:
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2006:Architecture
1900:Confirmation
1848:Ecclesiology
1779:Original sin
1769:Nicene Creed
1566:Old Catholic
1450:Papal States
1382:Great Church
1348:Resurrection
1290:Christianity
1247:New Covenant
1198:(Scriptures)
1143:Christianity
1084:
1030:
1024:
1002:
993:
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938:Please help
933:verification
930:
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840:cite journal
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590:Cretan Turks
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137:Christianity
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52:Please help
47:verification
44:
2267:Persecution
2202:Christendom
2195:Cooperation
2132:Charismatic
2043:Holy Spirit
1952:Natural law
1915:Holy orders
1764:Christology
1757:Holy Spirit
1626:Pentecostal
1606:Evangelical
1601:Charismatic
1445:Monasticism
1437:Middle Ages
1400:Constantine
1343:Crucifixion
1225:Foundations
763:"Hristiyan"
580:Linobambaki
526:Scandinavia
478:Protestants
412:Middle East
378:Pontic Alps
351:Linobamvaki
242:during its
202:persecution
174:Bart Ehrman
2326:Categories
2181:Prosperity
2157:Liberation
2097:Cathedrals
2082:Pilgrimage
2067:Literature
1944:Philosophy
1880:Sacraments
1853:Four marks
1814:Protestant
1789:Born again
1586:Anabaptist
1576:Protestant
1518:Influences
1480:Modern era
1184:By country
966:newspapers
767:Karalahana
708:"Polycarp"
671:References
620:Nicodemite
585:Vallahades
558:, and the
535:following
518:in Ireland
502:Protestant
480:, and the
382:Stavriotes
335:Yugoslavia
256:government
244:feudal era
232:See also:
80:newspapers
2257:Criticism
2207:Ecumenism
2171:Mysticism
2137:Democracy
2127:Anarchism
2114:Movements
2077:Mythology
2055:Catechism
2050:Education
1967:Evolution
1890:Eucharist
1873:Canon law
1831:Theotokos
1826:Mariology
1784:Salvation
1774:Tradition
1621:Methodist
1581:Adventist
1415:Chalcedon
1055:163987636
996:June 2007
712:Theopedia
663:(Lebanon)
533:Huguenots
514:Recusancy
498:Catholics
486:Catholics
278:Kagoshima
252:Tokugawa
110:June 2007
2311:Category
2176:Pacifism
1990:features
1974:Politics
1927:Ablution
1895:Marriage
1799:Catholic
1729:Theology
1636:Reformed
1616:Lutheran
1611:Holiness
1591:Anglican
1561:Catholic
1465:Crusades
1410:Nicaea I
1360:Apostles
1333:Miracles
1328:Parables
1318:Ministry
1308:Nativity
1272:timeline
1169:Prophets
1164:Glossary
574:See also
454:Catacomb
359:Laramans
331:Anatolia
316:Bithynia
210:religion
206:Polycarp
2240:Related
2033:Trinity
1998:Culture
1962:Science
1932:Hygiene
1922:Mission
1905:Penance
1885:Baptism
1821:Worship
1794:Liturgy
1742:Trinity
1653:Eastern
1631:Quakers
1596:Baptist
1553:Western
1543:members
1313:Baptism
1267:History
1257:Worship
1159:Outline
1047:2492452
980:scholar
695:Letters
644:Taqiyya
510:England
438:Morocco
423:Muslims
339:Albania
304:Trabzon
287:Silence
274:Amakusa
215:taqiyya
198:martyrs
187:in the
178:Messiah
161:Gospels
143:History
94:scholar
1957:Ethics
1838:Saints
1747:Father
1666:Church
1278:spread
1242:Gospel
1232:Church
1174:People
1053:
1045:
982:
975:
968:
961:
953:
903:
876:
697:10.97.
554:, the
363:Kosovo
355:Cyprus
343:Turkey
341:, and
306:, 1857
254:bakufu
193:Trajan
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
2166:Right
2072:Music
2023:Jesus
1988:Other
1843:Angel
1298:Jesus
1288:Early
1237:Creed
1206:Canon
1194:Bible
1154:Index
1051:S2CID
1043:JSTOR
987:JSTOR
973:books
650:Notes
543:, an
427:Islam
240:Japan
228:Japan
101:JSTOR
87:books
2162:Left
2062:Flag
2028:Mary
1539:list
959:news
901:ISBN
874:ISBN
853:help
484:for
329:and
73:news
2018:Art
1752:Son
1737:God
1035:doi
942:by
353:in
322:".
246:by
56:by
2328::
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