Crowdsourcing - Knowledge

1954:. In practice, workers using Amazon Mechanical Turk generally earn less than minimum wage. In 2009, it was reported that United States Turk users earned an average of $ 2.30 per hour for tasks, while users in India earned an average of $ 1.58 per hour, which is below minimum wage in the United States (but not in India). In 2018, a survey of 2,676 Amazon Mechanical Turk workers doing 3.8 million tasks found that the median hourly wage was approximately $ 2 per hour, and only 4% of workers earned more than the federal minimum wage of $ 7.25 per hour. Some researchers who have considered using Mechanical Turk to get participants for research studies have argued that the wage conditions might be unethical. However, according to other research, workers on Amazon Mechanical Turk do not feel they are exploited and are ready to participate in crowdsourcing activities in the future. A more recent study using stratified random sampling to access a representative sample of Mechanical Turk workers found that the U.S. MTurk population is financially similar to the general population. Workers tend to participate in tasks as a form of paid leisure and to supplement their primary income, and only 7% view it as a full-time job. Overall, workers rated MTurk as less stressful than other jobs. Workers also earn more than previously reported, about $ 6.50 per hour. They see MTurk as part of the solution to their financial situation and report rare upsetting experiences. They also perceive requesters on MTurk as fairer and more honest than employers outside of the platform. 1717:

bachelor's degree. Two-thirds had annual incomes less than $ 10,000, with 27% sometimes or always depending on income from Mechanical Turk to make ends meet. More recent studies have found that U.S. Mechanical Turk workers are approximately 58% female, and nearly 67% of workers are in their 20s and 30s. Close to 80% are White, and 9% are Black. MTurk workers are less likely to be married or have children as compared to the general population. In the US population over 18, 45% are unmarried, while the proportion of unmarried workers on MTurk is around 57%. Additionally, about 55% of MTurk workers do not have any children, which is significantly higher than the general population. Approximately 68% of U.S. workers are employed, compared to 60% in the general population. MTurk workers in the U.S. are also more likely to have a four-year college degree (35%) compared to the general population (27%). Politics within the U.S. sample of MTurk are skewed liberal, with 46% Democrats, 28% Republicans, and 26% "other". MTurk workers are also less religious than the U.S. population, with 41% religious, 20% spiritual, 21% agnostic, and 16% atheist.

1484:, which had until 1 January 2013 to tweak the fundraising methods. The regulators were overwhelmed trying to regulate Dodd-Frank and all the other rules and regulations involving public companies and the way they traded. Advocates of regulation claimed that crowdfunding would open up the flood gates for fraud, called it the "wild west" of fundraising, and compared it to the 1980s days of penny stock "cold-call cowboys". The process allowed for up to $ 1 million to be raised without some of the regulations being involved. Companies under the then-current proposal would have exemptions available and be able to raise capital from a larger pool of persons, which can include lower thresholds for investor criteria, whereas the old rules required that the person be an "accredited" investor. These people are often recruited from social networks, where the funds can be acquired from an equity purchase, loan, donation, or ordering. The amounts collected have become quite high, with requests that are over a million dollars for software such as Trampoline Systems, which used it to finance the commercialization of their new software. 1163:

impediments such as legal flaws identified. The creator receives royalties from the net income. Labelling new products as "customer-ideated" through crowdsourcing initiatives, as opposed to not specifying the source of design, leads to a substantial increase in the actual market performance of the products. Merely highlighting the source of design to customers, particularly, attributing the product to crowdsourcing efforts from user communities, can lead to a significant boost in product sales. Consumers perceive "customer-ideated" products as more effective in addressing their needs, leading to a quality inference. The design mode associated with crowdsourced ideas is considered superior in generating promising new products, contributing to the observed increase in market performance.

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validation. A comparison between the evaluation of business models from experts and an anonymous online crowd showed that an anonymous online crowd cannot evaluate business models to the same level as experts. In these cases, it may be difficult or even impossible to find qualified people in the crowd, as their responses represent only a small fraction of the workers compared to consistent, but incorrect crowd members. However, if the task is "intermediate" in its difficulty, estimating crowdworkers' skills and intentions and leveraging them for inferring true responses works well, albeit with an additional computation cost.

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method for ranking is "like" counting, where the contribution with the most "like" votes ranks first. This method is simple and easy to understand, but it privileges early contributions, which have more time to accumulate votes. In recent years, several crowdsourcing companies have begun to use pairwise comparisons backed by ranking algorithms. Ranking algorithms do not penalize late contributions. They also produce results quicker. Ranking algorithms have proven to be at least 10 times faster than manual stack ranking. One drawback, however, is that ranking algorithms are more difficult to understand than vote counting.

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along with the necessary job of managing the crowd, requires companies to hire actual employees, thereby increasing management overhead. For example, susceptibility to faulty results can be caused by targeted, malicious work efforts. Since crowdworkers completing microtasks are paid per task, a financial incentive often causes workers to complete tasks quickly rather than well. Verifying responses is time-consuming, so employers often depend on having multiple workers complete the same task to correct errors. However, having each task completed multiple times increases time and monetary costs. Some companies, like

908:. The project called birders from across North America to count and record the number of birds in each species they witnessed on Christmas Day. The project was successful, and the records from 27 different contributors were compiled into one bird census, which tallied around 90 species of birds. This large-scale collection of data constituted an early form of citizen science, the premise upon which crowdsourcing is based. In the 2012 census, more than 70,000 individuals participated across 2,369 bird count circles. Christmas 2014 marked the National Audubon Society's 115th annual 765:. Researchers may create online surveys or experiments that are completed by a large number of participants, allowing them to collect a diverse and potentially large amount of data. Crowdsourcing can also be used to gather real-time data on behavior, such as through the use of mobile apps that track and record users' activities and decision making. The use of crowdsourcing in behavioral science has the potential to greatly increase the scope and efficiency of research, and has been used in studies on topics such as psychology research, political attitudes, and social media use. 9775: 1290:— Research has emerged that outlined the use of crowdsourcing techniques in the public health domain. The collective intelligence outcomes from crowdsourcing are being generated in three broad categories of public health care: health promotion, health research, and health maintenance. Crowdsourcing also enables researchers to move from small homogeneous groups of participants to large heterogenous groups beyond convenience samples such as students or higher educated people. The 1801:

uses reputation as a motivator in a different sense, as a form of quality control. Crowdworkers who frequently complete tasks in ways judged to be inadequate can be denied access to future tasks, whereas workers who pay close attention may be rewarded by gaining access to higher-paying tasks or being on an "Approved List" of workers. This system may incentivize higher-quality work. However, this system only works when requesters reject bad work, which many do not.

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when classifying phenomena at a more general level (which is typically less useful to sponsor organizations, hence less common). Further, greater overall accuracy is expected when participants could provide free-form data compared to tasks in which they select from constrained choices. In behavioral science research, it is often recommended to include open-ended responses, in addition to other forms of attention checks, to assess data quality.

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causing excessive dissonance, and having a sufficiently large and diverse crowd of participants. Effective crowdsourcing interventions must navigate politically polarized environments where trusted sources may be less inclined to provide dissonant opinions. By leveraging network analysis to connect users with neighboring communities outside their ideological echo chambers, crowdsourcing can provide an additional layer of content moderation.

248:, the earliest form of crowdfunding. This was evident during the cold period of the Tang Dynasty when the colder climates resulted in poor harvests and the lessening of agricultural taxes, culminating in the fragmentation of the agricultural sector. The fragmentation meant that the government had to reform the tax system relying more on the taxation of salt and most importantly business leading to the creation of the Joint-Stock Company. 1907:

they are comfortable. This leads to entrepreneurs losing possible experience convincing investors who are wary of potential risks in investing because they do not depend on one single investor for the survival of their project. Instead of being forced to assess risks and convince large institutional investors on why their project can be successful, wary investors can be replaced by others who are willing to take on the risk.

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team on their submission. Amazon Mechanical Turk workers collaborated with academics to create a platform, WeAreDynamo.org, that allows them to organize and create campaigns to better their work situation, but the site is no longer running. Another platform run by Amazon Mechanical Turk workers and academics, Turkopticon, continues to operate and provides worker reviews on Amazon Mechanical Turk employers.

98: 9786: 627:, parsing, and evaluation to the public. Notable examples include using the crowd to create speech and language databases, to conduct user studies, and to run behavioral science surveys and experiments. Crowdsourcing systems provided researchers with the ability to gather large amounts of data, and helped researchers to collect data from populations and demographics they may not have access to locally. 43: 1793:

learn from peers. Extrinsic motivations included changing the law for financial gain or other benefits. Participation in crowdsourced policy-making was an act of grassroots advocacy, whether to pursue one's own interest or more altruistic goals, such as protecting nature. Participants in online research studies report their motivation as both intrinsic enjoyment and monetary gain.

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that would have been too difficult to solve internally. Crowdsourcing allows businesses to submit problems on which contributors can work—on topics such as science, manufacturing, biotech, and medicine—optionally with monetary rewards for successful solutions. Although crowdsourcing complicated tasks can be difficult, simple work tasks can be crowdsourced cheaply and effectively.

1603:, product design, apparel design, movies, writing, company naming, illustration, etc. While crowdsourcing competitions have been used for decades in some creative fields such as architecture, creative crowdsourcing has proliferated with the recent development of web-based platforms where clients can solicit a wide variety of creative work at lower cost than by traditional means. 1185:

services. This can be especially useful for companies seeking to understand the needs and preferences of a particular market segment or to gather feedback on the effectiveness of their marketing efforts. The use of crowdsourcing in market research allows companies to quickly and efficiently gather a large amount of data and insights that can inform their business decisions.

719:. All of them strongly advocate for continuous efforts to refine and expand crowdsourcing applications in academic scholarship. Analysis highlighted the importance of interdisciplinary collaborations and widespread dissemination of knowledge; the review underscored the need to fully harness crowdsourcing's potential to address challenges within cancer research. 1040:, under the auspices of the Oxford Internet Institute in 2014. Research has emerged since 2012 which focused on the use of crowdsourcing for policy purposes. These include experimentally investigating the use of Virtual Labor Markets for policy assessment, and assessing the potential for citizen involvement in process innovation for public administration. 1522:, funded by the US State Department, which required locating and photographing individuals in five cities in the US and Europe within 12 hours based only on a single photograph. The winning team managed to locate three suspects by mobilizing volunteers worldwide using a similar incentive scheme to the one used in the balloon challenge. 1789:. Chandler and Kapelner found that US users of the Amazon Mechanical Turk were more likely to complete a task when told they were going to help researchers identify tumor cells, than when they were not told the purpose of their task. However, of those who completed the task, quality of output did not depend on the framing. 1777:. Community-based motivations refer to motivations related to community participation, and include community identification and social contact. In crowdsourced journalism, the motivation factors are intrinsic: the crowd is driven by a possibility to make social impact, contribute to social change, and help their peers. 1737:

sales, product design, peer-to-peer social financing, consumer report model, knowledge base building model, and collaborative science project model) in which to categorize the roles of community users, such as researcher, engineer, programmer, journalist, graphic designer, etc., and the products and services developed.

1408:, the users are then placed into an online "café" in which they can present their own political opinions and grade the suggestions of other participants. This system aims to effectively involve the greater public in relevant political discussions and highlight the specific topics with which people are most concerned. 1044:

allowed citizens to go on an online forum to discuss problems and possible resolutions regarding some off-road traffic laws. The crowdsourced information and resolutions would then be passed on to legislators to refer to when making a decision, allowing citizens to contribute to public policy in a more direct manner.

1865:. Participants in these countries sometimes masquerade as U.S. participants to gain access to certain tasks. This led to the "bot scare" on Amazon Mechanical Turk in 2018, when researchers thought bots were completing research surveys due to the lower quality of responses originating from medium-developed countries. 1304:

finding alien life or mapping earthquake zones) or very small (identifying images). Some examples of successful crowdsourcing themes are problems that bug people, things that make people feel good about themselves, projects that tap into niche knowledge of proud experts, and subjects that people find sympathetic.

1029:. While some scholars argue crowdsourcing for this purpose as a policy tool or a definite means of co-production, others question that and argue that crowdsourcing should be considered just as a technological enabler that simply increases speed and ease of participation. Crowdsourcing can also play a role in 1898:

To make an idea turn into a reality, the first component needed is capital. Depending on the scope and complexity of the crowdsourced project, the amount of necessary capital can range from a few thousand dollars to hundreds of thousands, if not more. The capital-raising process can take from days to

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Motivation in crowdsourcing is often a mix of intrinsic and extrinsic factors. In a crowdsourced law-making project, the crowd was motivated by both intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Intrinsic motivations included fulfilling civic duty, affecting the law for sociotropic reasons, to deliberate with and

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Extrinsic motivations are broken down into three categories: immediate payoffs, delayed payoffs, and social motivations. Immediate payoffs, through monetary payment, are the immediately received compensations given to those who complete tasks. Delayed payoffs are benefits that can be used to generate

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found that users at that time were primarily American, young, female, and well-educated, with 40% earning more than $ 40,000 per year. In November 2009, Ross found a very different Mechanical Turk population where 36% of which was Indian. Two-thirds of Indian workers were male, and 66% had at least a

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is a crowdsourcing platform that allows users to do small tasks for which computers lack aptitude in for low amounts of money. Amazon's Mechanical Turk has created many different projects for users to participate in, where each task requires very little time and offers a very small amount in payment.

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placed 10 balloon markers across the United States and challenged teams to compete to be the first to report the location of all the balloons. A collaboration of efforts was required to complete the challenge quickly and in addition to the competitive motivation of the contest as a whole, the winning

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Ivo Blohm identifies four types of Crowdsourcing Platforms: Microtasking, Information Pooling, Broadcast Search, and Open Collaboration. They differ in the diversity and aggregation of contributions that are created. The diversity of information collected can either be homogenous or heterogenous. The

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to list their accommodation or unused rooms. Owners set their own nightly, weekly and monthly rates and accommodations. The business, in turn, charges guests and hosts a fee. Guests usually end up spending between $ 9 and $ 15. They have to pay a booking fee every time they book a room. The landlord,

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Typically, no written contracts, nondisclosure agreements, or employee agreements are made with crowdworkers. For users of the Amazon Mechanical Turk, this means that employers decide whether users' work is acceptable and reserve the right to withhold pay if it does not meet their standards. Critics

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Others argue that easier access to capital through a large number of smaller investors can hurt the project and its creators. With a simplified capital-raising process involving more investors with smaller stakes, investors are more risk-seeking because they can take on an investment size with which

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The likelihood that a crowdsourced project will fail due to lack of monetary motivation or too few participants increases over the course of the project. Tasks that are not completed quickly may be forgotten, buried by filters and search procedures. This results in a long-tail power law distribution

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Crowdsourcing allows anyone to participate, allowing for many unqualified participants and resulting in large quantities of unusable contributions. Companies, or additional crowdworkers, then have to sort through the low-quality contributions. The task of sorting through crowdworkers' contributions,

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motivations cause people to contribute to crowdsourced tasks and these factors influence different types of contributors. For example, people employed in a full-time position rate human capital advancement as less important than part-time workers do, while women rate social contact as more important

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Studies have also found that crowds are not simply collections of amateurs or hobbyists. Rather, crowds are often professionally trained in a discipline relevant to a given crowdsourcing task and sometimes hold advanced degrees and many years of experience in the profession. Claiming that crowds are

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tasks typically have these characteristics: they can be done independently, they take a fixed amount of time, and they require special skills. Macro-tasks could be part of specialized projects or could be part of a large, visible project where workers pitch in wherever they have the required skills.

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Implicit crowdsourcing is less obvious because users do not necessarily know they are contributing, yet can still be very effective in completing certain tasks. Rather than users actively participating in solving a problem or providing information, implicit crowdsourcing involves users doing another

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system of the X platform. Crowdsourcing on such platforms is thought to be effective in combating partisan misinformation on social media when certain conditions are met. Success may depend on trust in fact-checking sources, the ability to present information that challenges previous beliefs without

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encouraged members to submit information about their ancestors. The submitted information was gathered together into a single collection. In 1969, to encourage more participation, the church started the three-generation program. In this program, church members were asked to prepare documented family

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Despite the multiplicity of definitions for crowdsourcing, one constant has been the broadcasting of problems to the public, and an open call for contributions to help solve the problem. Members of the public submit solutions that are then owned by the entity who originally broadcast the problem. In

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Crowdsourcing allows those who would benefit from the project to fund and become a part of it, which is one way for small niche ideas get started. However, when the number of projects grows, the number of failures also increases. Crowdsourcing assists the development of niche and high-risk projects

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argue that, the prevailing practice of modeling crowdsourcing data collection tasks in terms of fixed classes (options), unnecessarily restricts quality. Results demonstrate that information accuracy depends on the classes used to model domains, with participants providing more accurate information

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Intrinsic motivations are broken down into two categories: enjoyment-based and community-based motivations. Enjoyment-based motivations refer to motivations related to the fun and enjoyment contributors experience through their participation. These motivations include: skill variety, task identity,

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Data donation is a crowdsourcing approach to gather digital data. It is used by researchers and organizations to gain access to data from online platforms, websites, search engines and apps and devices. Data donation projects usually rely on participants volunteering their authentic digital profile

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to send him sentences to use as inspirations for his paintings. Art curator Andrea Grover argues that individuals tend to be more open in crowdsourced projects because they are not being physically judged or scrutinized. As with other types of uses, artists use crowdsourcing systems to generate and

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A number of motivations exist for businesses to use crowdsourcing to accomplish their tasks. These include the ability to offload peak demand, access cheap labor and information, generate better results, access a wider array of talent than what is present in one organization, and undertake problems

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to gather volunteers' data and create a large weather map, making new information available to the public daily. For instance, volunteers tracked a tornado passing through Wisconsin and sent the findings via telegraph to the Smithsonian. Henry's project is considered the origin of what later became

148:. Crowdsourcing methods include competitions, virtual labor markets, open online collaboration and data donation. Some forms of crowdsourcing, such as in "idea competitions" or "innovation contests" provide ways for organizations to learn beyond the "base of minds" provided by their employees (e.g. 1964:

Collaboration between crowd members can also be difficult or even discouraged, especially in the context of competitive crowd sourcing. Crowdsourcing site InnoCentive allows organizations to solicit solutions to scientific and technological problems; only 10.6% of respondents reported working in a

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recruited volunteers to translate and review books. Because all translators receive public acknowledgment for their contributions, Kaufman and Schulz cite this as a reputation-based strategy to motivate individuals who want to be associated with institutions that have prestige. The Mechanical Turk

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Distributed human intelligence tasking (HIT) is used for information management problems where an organization has a set of information in hand and mobilizes a crowd to process or analyze the information. It is ideal for processing large data sets that computers cannot easily do. Amazon Mechanical

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Internet and digital technologies have massively expanded the opportunities for crowdsourcing. However, the effect of user communication and platform presentation can have a major bearing on the success of an online crowdsourcing project. The crowdsourced problem can range from huge tasks (such as

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The crowdsourcing process allows entrepreneurs to access a wide range of investors who can take different stakes in the project. As an effect, crowdsourcing simplifies the capital-raising process and allows entrepreneurs to spend more time on the project itself and reaching milestones rather than

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Crowdworkers are a nonrandom sample of the population. Many researchers use crowdsourcing to quickly and cheaply conduct studies with larger sample sizes than would be otherwise achievable. However, due to limited access to the Internet, participation in low developed countries is relatively low.

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involves activities that take place on smartphones or mobile platforms that are frequently characterized by GPS technology. This allows for real-time data gathering and gives projects greater reach and accessibility. However, mobile crowdsourcing can lead to an urban bias, and can have safety and

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Individuals, businesses, and entrepreneurs can showcase their businesses and projects by creating a profile, which typically includes a short video introducing their project, a list of rewards per donation, and illustrations through images. Funders make monetary contribution for numerous reasons:

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Lego allows users to work on new product designs while conducting requirements testing. Any user can provide a design for a product, and other users can vote on the product. Once the submitted product has received 10,000 votes, it will be formally reviewed in stages and go into production with no

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conversations in various location-based subreddits were analyzed for the presence of grammatical forms unique to a regional dialect. These were then used to map the extent of the speaker population. The results could roughly approximate large-scale surveys on the subject without engaging in field

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Gregory Saxton et al. studied the role of community users, among other elements, during his content analysis of 103 crowdsourcing organizations. They developed a taxonomy of nine crowdsourcing models (intermediary model, citizen media production, collaborative software development, digital goods

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is a prediction market that gathers crowds' views on politics and tries to ensure accuracy by having participants pay money to buy and sell contracts based on political outcomes. Some of the most famous examples have made use of social media channels: Domino's Pizza, Coca-Cola, Heineken, and Sam

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Crowdvoting occurs when a website gathers a large group's opinions and judgments on a certain topic. Some crowdsourcing tools and platforms allow participants to rank each other's contributions, e.g. in answer to the question "What is one thing we can do to make Acme a great company?" One common

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Governments across the world are increasingly using crowdsourcing for knowledge discovery and civic engagement. Iceland crowdsourced their constitution reform process in 2011, and Finland has crowdsourced several law reform processes to address their off-road traffic laws. The Finnish government

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An additional cause of the decrease in product quality that can result from crowdsourcing is the lack of collaboration tools. In a typical workplace, coworkers are organized in such a way that they can work together and build upon each other's knowledge and ideas. Furthermore, the company often

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began its localization program in 2008, it encountered some criticism for the low quality of its crowdsourced translations. One of the problems of crowdsourcing products is the lack of interaction between the crowd and the client. Usually little information is known about the final product, and

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Explicit crowdsourcing lets users work together to evaluate, share, and build different specific tasks, while implicit crowdsourcing means that users solve a problem as a side effect of something else they are doing. With explicit crowdsourcing, users can evaluate particular items like books or

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taking place, Olmsted noticed a pattern in the shooting stars. Olmsted wrote a brief report of this meteor shower in the local newspaper. "As the cause of 'Falling Stars' is not understood by meteorologists, it is desirable to collect all the facts attending this phenomenon, stated with as much

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Daren C. Brabham defined crowdsourcing as an "online, distributed problem-solving and production model." Kristen L. Guth and Brabham found that the performance of ideas offered in crowdsourcing platforms are affected not only by their quality, but also by the communication among users about the

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Just as limiting, oftentimes there is not enough skills or expertise in the crowd to successfully accomplish the desired task. While this scenario does not affect "simple" tasks such as image labeling, it is particularly problematic for more complex tasks, such as engineering design or product

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The demographics of Microworkers.com differ from Mechanical Turk in that the US and India together accounting for only 25% of workers; 197 countries are represented among users, with Indonesia (18%) and Bangladesh (17%) contributing the largest share. However, 28% of employers are from the US.

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a new product that a company hopes to patent. Such projects are considered to be complex because design is a meticulous process that requires a large amount of time to perfect, and people completing the project must have specialized training in design to effectively complete the project. These

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Web-based idea competitions or inducement prize contests often consist of generic ideas, cash prizes, and an Internet-based platform to facilitate easy idea generation and discussion. An example of these competitions includes an event like IBM's 2006 "Innovation Jam", attended by over 140,000

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Crowdfunding is the process of funding projects by a multitude of people contributing a small amount to attain a certain monetary goal, typically via the Internet. Crowdfunding has been used for both commercial and charitable purposes. The crowdfuding model that has been around the longest is

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Crowdsourcing is frequently used in market research as a way to gather insights and opinions from a large number of consumers. Companies may create online surveys or focus groups that are open to the general public, allowing them to gather a diverse range of perspectives on their products or

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Crowdsourcing also has the potential to be a problem-solving mechanism for government and nonprofit use. Urban and transit planning are prime areas for crowdsourcing. For example, from 2008 to 2009, a crowdsourcing project for transit planning in Salt Lake City was created to test the public

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are those that require a large amount of time and skills compared to micro and macro-work. While an example of macro-work would be writing survey feedback, simple projects rather include activities like writing a basic line of code or programming a database, which both require a larger time

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The use of crowdsourcing in medical and health research is increasing systematically. The process involves outsourcing tasks or gathering input from a large, diverse groups of people, often facilitated through digital platforms, to contribute to medical research, diagnostics, data analysis,

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Crowdsourcing is increasingly used in professional journalism. Journalists are able to organize crowdsourced information by fact checking the information, and then using the information they have gathered in their articles as they see fit. A daily newspaper in Sweden has successfully used

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Piggyback crowdsourcing can be seen most frequently by websites such as Google that data-mine a user's search history and websites to discover keywords for ads, spelling corrections, and finding synonyms. In this way, users are unintentionally helping to modify existing systems, such as

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crowdsourcing in investigating the home loan interest rates in the country in 2013–2014, which resulted in over 50,000 submissions. A daily newspaper in Finland crowdsourced an investigation into stock short-selling in 2011–2012, and the crowdsourced information led to revelations of a

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Implicit crowdsourcing can take two forms: standalone and piggyback. Standalone allows people to solve problems as a side effect of the task they are actually doing, whereas piggyback takes users' information from a third-party website to gather information. This is also known as data

693:-infected red blood cells. Using a statistical framework, the platform combined expert diagnoses with those from minimally trained individuals, creating a gold standard library. The objective was to swiftly teach people to achieve great diagnosis accuracy without any prior training. 1728:

found a crowd that was largely white, middle- to upper-class, higher educated, worked in a so-called "white-collar job" and had a high-speed Internet connection at home. In a crowd-sourcing diary study of 30 days in Europe, the participants were predominantly higher educated women.

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is a collaborative and holistic way of solving a problem through many people, communities, groups, or resources. It is a type of crowdsourcing with focus on complex and intellectually demanding problems requiring considerable effort, and the quality or uniqueness of contribution.

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funding, which are oftentimes the primary investors in startups. Many ideas are scrapped in their infancy due to insufficient support and lack of capital, but crowdsourcing allows these ideas to be started if an entrepreneur can find a community to take interest in the project.

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Participation in highly developed countries is similarly low, largely because the low amount of pay is not a strong motivation for most users in these countries. These factors lead to a bias in the population pool towards users in medium developed countries, as deemed by the

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rewards-based crowdfunding. This model is where people can prepurchase products, buy experiences, or simply donate. While this funding may in some cases go towards helping a business, funders are not allowed to invest and become shareholders via rewards-based crowdfunding.

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are a form of idea crowdsourcing and crowdsolving, where individuals are asked to submit ideas to solve problems and then problems that can be solved with those ideas. The aim is to find encourage individuals to find practical solutions to problems that are well thought

745:. These responses helped him to make a series of scientific breakthroughs including observing the fact that meteor showers are seen nationwide and fall from space under the influence of gravity. The responses also allowed him to approximate a velocity for the meteors. 1657:

When choosing tasks, since only certain users "win", users learn to submit later and pick less popular tasks to increase the likelihood of getting their work chosen. An example of a Mechanical Turk project is when users searched satellite images for a boat to find

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A crowdsourced project is usually expected to be unbiased by incorporating a large population of participants with a diverse background. However, most of the crowdsourcing works are done by people who are paid or directly benefit from the outcome (e.g. most of

1114:) for a printed journal. Crowdsourcing language-related data online has proven very effective and many dictionary compilation projects used crowdsourcing. It is used particularly for specialist topics and languages that are not well documented, such as for the 1574:

to prove they are human, and then provides CAPTCHAs from old books that cannot be deciphered by computers, to digitize them for the web. Like many tasks solved using the Mechanical Turk, CAPTCHAs are simple for humans, but often very difficult for computers.

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Peer-vetted creative production is used for ideation problems, where an organization mobilizes a crowd to come up with a solution to a problem which has an answer that is subjective or dependent on public support. It is ideal for design, aesthetic, or policy

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of completion times. Additionally, low-paying research studies online have higher rates of attrition, with participants not completing the study once started. Even when tasks are completed, crowdsourcing does not always produce quality results. When

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is a crowdsourcing platform for corporate research and development where difficult scientific problems are posted for crowds of solvers to discover the answer and win a cash prize that ranges from $ 10,000 to $ 100,000 per challenge. InnoCentive, of

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Wang, Cheng; Han, Larry; Stein, Gabriella; Day, Suzanne; Bien-Gund, Cedric; Mathews, Allison; Ong, Jason J.; Zhao, Pei-Zhen; Wei, Shu-Fang; Walker, Jennifer; Chou, Roger; Lee, Amy; Chen, Angela; Bayus, Barry; Tucker, Joseph D. (20 January 2020).

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and for funding, especially in the absence of financial and human means. Volunteers can contribute explicitly with conscious effort or implicitly without being known by turning the text on the raw newspaper image into human corrected digital

678:. The project acquired data from 3,497 participants across seventy-nine countries through online and offline forums. The outcomes generally emphasized the importance of youth perspectives in shaping strategies to effectively address 8458: 417:

1999– The U.S. Geological Survey's (USGS's) "Did You Feel It?" website was used in the US as a method where by residents could report any tremors or shocks they felt from a recent earthquake and the approximate magnitude of the

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defines it as: "the practice of obtaining needed services, ideas, or content by soliciting contributions from a large group of people and especially from the online community rather than from traditional employees or suppliers."

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operating system. Programmers fromaround the world contribute to the GNU operating system. Linux kernel is one of the kernels used in this operating system, thus forming the GNU/Linux operating system, which many people call as

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to attract and divide work between participants to achieve a cumulative result. Crowdsourcing is not limited to online activity, however, and there are various historical examples of crowdsourcing. The word crowdsourcing is a

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due to a perceived need from a select few who seek the product. With high risk and small target markets, the pool of crowdsourced projects faces a greater possible loss of capital, lower return, and lower levels of success.

1260:— Crowdsource research also applies to the field of agriculture. Crowdsourcing can be used to help farmers and experts to dentify different types of weeds from the fields and also to provide assistance in removing the weeds. 666:

From funding individual medical cases and innovative devices to supporting research, community health initiatives, and crisis responses, crowdsourcing proves its versatile impact in addressing diverse healthcare challenges.

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Després, Jacques; Hadjsaid, Nouredine; Criqui, Patrick; Noirot, Isabelle (1 February 2015). "Modelling the impacts of variable renewable sources on the power sector: reconsidering the typology of energy modelling tools".

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Liu, Huiying; Xie, Qian Wen; Lou, Vivian W. Q. (1 April 2019). "Everyday social interactions and intra-individual variability in affect: A systematic review and meta-analysis of ecological momentary assessment studies".

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provides employees with the necessary information, procedures, and tools to fulfill their responsibilities. However, in crowdsourcing, crowd-workers are left to depend on their own knowledge and means to complete tasks.

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de Vreede, T., Nguyen, C., de Vreede, G. J., Boughzala, I., Oh, O., & Reiter-Palmon, R. (2013). A Theoretical Model of User Engagement in Crowdsourcing. In Collaboration and Technology (pp. 94–109). Springer Berlin

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that is more accurate than Netflix's current algorithm. It had a grand prize of US$ 1,000,000, and it was given to a team which designed an algorithm that beat Netflix's own algorithm for predicting ratings by 10.06%.

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In linguistics, crowdsourcing strategies have been applied to estimate word knowledge, vocabulary size, and word origin. Implicit crowdsourcing on social media has also approximating sociolinguistic data efficiently.

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precision as possible", Olmsted wrote to readers, in a report subsequently picked up and pooled to newspapers nationwide. Responses came pouring in from many states, along with scientists' observations sent to the

9479: 4758:) advocates the use of genetics as a tool for genealogical research, and provides a support network for genetic genealogists. It hosts the ISOGG Y-haplogroup tree, which has the virtue of being regularly updated. 2932:

Wei, Zhudeng; Fang, Xiuqi; Yin, Jun (October 2018). "Comparison of climatic impacts transmission from temperature to grain harvests and economies between the Han (206 BC–AD 220) and Tang (AD 618–907) dynasties".

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Prpić, J., & Shukla, P. (2016). Crowd Science: Measurements, Models, and Methods. In Proceedings of the 49th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, Kauai, Hawaii: IEEE Computer Society.

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A more recent version of crowdsourcing in astronomy is NASA's photo organizing project, which asked internet users to browse photos taken from space and try to identify the location the picture is documenting.

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generally take the most time, have higher stakes, and call for people with very specific skills. These are generally "one-off" projects that are difficult to accomplish and can include projects such as

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Community-based platforms that connect international buyers and local forwarders, by allowing buyers to use forwarder's address as purchase destination, after which forwarders ship items further to the

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free of charge on the condition that sailors returned a standardized log of their voyage to the U.S. Naval Observatory. By 1861, he had distributed 200,000 copies free of charge, on the same conditions.

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Knowledge discovery and management is used for information management problems where an organization mobilizes a crowd to find and assemble information. It is ideal for creating collective resources.

406:. Volunteers can contribute to searching for signals that might come from extraterrestrial intelligence by installing a program that uses idle computer time for analyzing chunks of data recorded by 1411:

Crowdvoting's value in the movie industry was shown when in 2009 a crowd accurately predicted the success or failure of a movie based on its trailer, a feat that was replicated in 2013 by Google.

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Hara, Kotaro; Adams, Abigail; Milland, Kristy; Savage, Saiph; Callison-Burch, Chris; Bigham, Jeffrey P. (21 April 2018). "A Data-Driven Analysis of Workers' Earnings on Amazon Mechanical Turk".

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aggregation of information can either be selective or integrative. Some common categories of crowdsourcing have been used effectively in the commercial world include crowdvoting, crowdsolving,

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group record forms for the first three generations. The program was later expanded to encourage members to research at least four generations and became known as the four-generation program.

489:(MTurk) was launched publicly on November 2, 2005. It enables businesses to hire remotely located "crowdworkers" to perform discrete on-demand tasks that computers are currently unable to do. 1397: 8945: 1219:— Many companies are introducing crowdsourcing to grow their engineering capabilities and find solutions to unsolved technical challenges and the need to adopt newest technologies such as 346:: 14,000 photographers produced 70,000 black-and-white prints and 30,000 color slides of the French capital to document the architectural changes of Paris. Photographs were donated to the 1712:

of the crowd as a whole, several studies have examined various specific online platforms. Amazon Mechanical Turk has received a great deal of attention in particular. A study in 2008 by

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Researchers have used crowdsourcing systems such as Amazon Mechanical Turk or CloudResearch to aid their research projects by crowdsourcing some aspects of the research process, such as

780:, increasingly so given the trend towards greater temporal and spatial resolution. In response, there have been several initiatives to crowdsource this data. Launched in December 2009, 9120: 7951:

Arkian, Hamid Reza; Diyanat, Abolfazl; Pourkhalili, Atefe (2017). "MIST: Fog-based data analytics scheme with cost-efficient resource provisioning for IoT crowdsensing applications".

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workers rarely interacts with the final client in the process. This can decrease the quality of product as client interaction is considered to be a vital part of the design process.

1611:(crowd-shipping) is a peer-to-peer shipping service, usually conducted via an online platform or marketplace. There are several methods that have been categorized as crowd-shipping: 5159:

Burgess, Jean; Angus, Daniel; Carah, Nicholas; Andrejevic, Mark; Hawker, Kiah; Lewis, Kelly; Obeid, Abdul; Smith, Adam; Tan, Jane; Fordyce, Robbie; Trott, Verity (8 November 2021).

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as an outreach project. One of the largest crowdsourcing campaigns was a public design contest in 2010 hosted by the Indian government's finance ministry to create a symbol for the

262:: When the British government was trying to find a way to measure a ship's longitudinal position, they offered the public a monetary prize to whoever came up with the best solution. 6813: 1890:). In many other cases, the end product is the outcome of a single person's endeavor, who creates the majority of the product, while the crowd only participates in minor details. 1339:

problems where an organization mobilizes a crowd to come up with a solution to a problem that has an objective, provable right answer. It is ideal for scientific problem-solving.

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in the USA) – a campaign launched by PepsiCo's Lay's in Spain. The campaign was to create a new flavor for the snack where the consumers were directly involved in its formation.

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of Afghanistan and Pakistan. Crowdsourcing has been extensively used to collect high-quality gold standards for creating automatic systems in natural language processing (e.g.

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Despite the potential global reach of IT applications online, recent research illustrates that differences in location affect participation outcomes in IT-mediated crowds.

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crowdsources feedback for its Comprehensive City Plan update in a process started in 2015. The House of Representatives in Brazil has used crowdsourcing in policy-reforms.

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Kurve, Aditya; Miller, David J.; Kesidis, George (30 May 2014). "Multicategory Crowdsourcing Accounting for Variable Task Difficulty, Worker Skill, and Worker Intention".

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Lukyanenko, Roman; Parsons, Jeffrey; Wiersma, Yolanda (2014). "The IQ of the Crowd: Understanding and Improving Information Quality in Structured User-Generated Content".

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2000 – UNV Online Volunteering service launched: Connecting people who commit their time and skills over the Internet to help organizations address development challenges.

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was an early, influential example of work with text transcriptions for crowdsourcing in cultural heritage institutions. The Steve Museum project provided a prototype for

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While the term "crowdsourcing" was popularized online to describe Internet-based activities, some examples of projects, in retrospect, can be described as crowdsourcing.

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Crowdsourcing has often been used in the past as a competition to discover a solution. The French government proposed several of these competitions, often rewarded with

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project that asked community members around the world to document oral histories from aging witnesses of a significant but under-documented historical event, the 1947

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was launched in 2005. Reddit is a social media platform and online community where users can submit, discuss and vote, leading to diverse discussions and interactions.

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is another example of crowdsourcing, and it is a community of 20,000 automotive engineers, designers, and enthusiasts that compete to build off-road rally trucks.

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Feng, Steve; Woo, Min-jae; Kim, Hannah; Kim, Eunso; Ki, Sojung; Shao, Lei; Ozcan, Aydogan (11 March 2016). Levitz, David; Ozcan, Aydogan; Erickson, David (eds.).

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dedicating time to get it started. Overall, the simplified access to capital can save time to start projects and potentially increase the efficiency of projects.

53: 9818: 990:(ADM+S) in Australia was using data donations to analyze how Google personalized search results, and examine how Facebook's algorithmic advertising model worked. 7155: 8714: 1138:

Mining publicly available social media conversations can be used as a form of implicit crowdsourcing to approximate the geographic extent of speaker dialects.

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promotion, and various healthcare-related initiatives. Usage of this innovative approach supplies a useful community-based method to improve medical services.

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future advantages, such as training skills and being noticed by potential employers. Social motivations are the rewards of behaving pro-socially, such as the

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Guth, Kristen L.; Brabham, Daren C. (4 August 2017). "Finding the diamond in the rough: Exploring communication and platform in crowdsourcing performance".

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Health Care Crowds: Collective Intelligence in Public Health. Collective Intelligence 2015. Center for the Study of Complex Systems, University of Michigan

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The key distinguishing factors are that macro-work requires specialized skills and typically takes longer, while microwork requires no specialized skills.

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Lietsala, Katri; Joutsen, Atte (2007). "Hang-a-rounds and True Believers: A Case Analysis of the Roles and Motivational Factors of the Star Wreck Fans".

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Another way that social media can contribute to democratization is by 'crowdsourcing' information. This elicits the knowledge and wisdom of the 'crowd' .

8525: 6866:"Temporal Dynamics of Health and Well-Being: A Crowdsourcing Approach to Momentary Assessments and Automated Generation of Personalized Feedback (2016)" 5518: 3312: 4629:. Delft, The Netherlands: Energy and Industry group, Faculty of Technology, Policy and Management, TU Delft. Archived from the original on 10 June 2014 1467:

They connect to the greater purpose of the campaign, such as being a part of an entrepreneurial community and supporting an innovative idea or product.

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When Facebook began its localization program in 2008, it received criticism for using free labor in crowdsourcing the translation of site guidelines.

9051: 7660: 3991: 6497: 5578:"Experiments on Crowdsourcing Policy Assessment. Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford – IPP 2014 – Crowdsourcing for Politics and Policy" 5577: 1518:, in less than nine hours) established its own "collaborapetitive" environment to generate participation in their team. A similar challenge was the 11240: 9306: 7814: 7548: 7046: 1910:

Some translation companies and translation tool consumers pretend to use crowdsourcing as a means for drastically cutting costs, instead of hiring

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selected the T-shirts it sold by having users provide designs and vote on the ones they like, which are then printed and available for purchase.

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some cases, the contributor of the solution is compensated monetarily with prizes or public recognition. In other cases, the only rewards may be

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energy data. While much of its information is from US government sources, the platform also seeks crowdsourced input from around the world. The

347: 64: 9656: 7715: 7267: 5857: 9737:

Proceedings of the 2021 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies

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Escoffier, N. and B. McKelvey (2014). "Using "Crowd-Wisdom Strategy" to Co-Create Market Value: Proof-of-Concept from the Movie Industry." in

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Brabham, Daren C.; Ribisl, Kurt M.; Kirchner, Thomas R.; Bernhardt, Jay M. (1 February 2014). "Crowdsourcing Applications for Public Health".

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say that crowdsourcing arrangements exploit individuals in the crowd, and a call has been made for crowds to organize for their labor rights.

399: 1437:, a fan run team. Using a mobile app, the fans voted on the day-to-day operations of the team, the mascot name, signing of players and even 825:

Institutes that have records of interest to genealogical research have used crowds of volunteers to create catalogs and indices to records.

620:, which was an initiative to improve patent quality in the United States through gathering public input in a structured, productive manner. 8475:

Brabham, Daren C. (2012). "Motivations for Participation in a Crowdsourcing Application to Improve Public Engagement in Transit Planning".

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in the United States asked its readers to examine 3,000 emails concerning the firing of federal prosecutors in 2008. The British newspaper

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journal conducted a review of the studies published between January 2005 and June 2016 on crowdsourcing in cancer research, with the usage

8883: 8119:"Is it Ethical to Use Mechanical Turk for Behavioral Research? Relevant Data from a Representative Survey of MTurk Participants and Wages" 6619:

Tang, Weiming; Han, Larry; Best, John; Zhang, Ye; Mollan, Katie; Kim, Julie; Liu, Fengying; Hudgens, Michael; Bayus, Barry (1 June 2016).

5552:"A Framework for Policy Crowdsourcing. Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford – IPP 2014 – Crowdsourcing for Politics and Policy" 3586: 3215: 9811: 5161:"Critical simulation as hybrid digital method for exploring the data operations and vernacular cultures of visual social media platforms" 4890: 1797: 1312:

webpages, or share by posting products or items. Users can also build artifacts by providing information and editing other people's work.

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DataSkop developed by Algorithm Watch, a non-profit research organization in Germany, which accessed data on social media algorithms and

923: 573:

that involved sealing food in air-tight jars. The British government provided a similar reward to find an easy way to determine a ship's

7570: 6671:

Zhang, Ye; Kim, Julie A.; Liu, Fengying; Tso, Lai Sze; Tang, Weiming; Wei, Chongyi; Bayus, Barry L.; Tucker, Joseph D. (November 2015).

4692: 300:. Within a decade, the project had more than 600 volunteer observers and had spread to Canada, Mexico, Latin America, and the Caribbean. 7633: 5961: 873: 671: 1929:

Proponents argue that crowdsourcing is beneficial because it allows the formation of startups with niche ideas that would not survive

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is an umbrella term for the people who contribute to crowdsourcing efforts. Though it is sometimes difficult to gather data about the

1122:. A slightly different form of crowdsourcing for language data was the online creation of scientific and mathematical terminology for 10521: 9740: 7586: 7020: 6299:"User-centred design of neogeography: the impact of volunteered geographic information on users' perceptions of online map 'mashups'" 4444:

Brown, Joshua K.; Hohman, Zachary P. (2022). "Extreme party animals: Effects of political identification and ideological extremity".

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generated through crowdsourcing, as opposed to traditional methods of Professional Geographic Information (PGI). In describing the

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Advantages of using crowdsourcing include lowered costs, improved speed, improved quality, increased flexibility, and/or increased

7611: 7233: 806:

Enipedia also publishes energy systems data using the concept of crowdsourced open information. Enipedia went live in March 2011.

7098: 6384: 5642:"Five design principles for crowdsourced policymaking: Assessing the case of crowdsourced off-road traffic law reform in Finland" 1481: 8210:"Moving the Crowd at iStockphoto: The Composition of the Crowd and Motivations for Participation in a Crowdsourcing Application" 5666:"Unmasking the Crowd: Participants' Motivation Factors, Profile and Expectations for Participation in Crowdsourced Policymaking" 4291:

Littmann, Mark; Suomela, Todd (June 2014). "Crowdsourcing, the great meteor storm of 1833, and the founding of meteor science".

4269: 3837: 1899:

months depending on different variables, including the entrepreneur's network and the amount of initial self-generated capital.

926:

has developed a seismic detection system by monitoring the traffic peaks on its website and analyzing keywords used on Twitter.

9804: 4155:"A game-based crowdsourcing platform for rapidly training middle and high school students to perform biomedical image analysis" 3373: 1845:, control data quality by repeatedly vetting crowdworkers to ensure they are paying attention and providing high-quality work. 1414:

On Reddit, users collectively rate web content, discussions and comments as well as questions posed to persons of interest in "

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in turn, pays a service fee for the amount due. The company has 1,500 properties in 34,000 cities in more than 190 countries.

435:

was founded: The free stock imagery website allows the public to contribute to and receive commission for their contributions.

269:

offered an award to the person who could "make the alkali" by decomposing sea salt by the "simplest and most economic method".

198:

gives a first use: "OED's earliest evidence for crowdsourcing is from 2006, in the writing of J. Howe." The online dictionary

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Hauser, David J.; Moss, Aaron J.; Rosenzweig, Cheskie; Jaffe, Shalom N.; Robinson, Jonathan; Litman, Leib (3 November 2022).

8689: 8672:

Ross, Joel; Irani, Lilly; Silberman, M. Six; Zaldivar, Andrew; Tomlinson, Bill (10 April 2010). "Who are the crowdworkers?".

7497: 6226: 6104: 5841: 5753: 5501: 5075: 2492: 2293: 1926:

The raw number of ideas that get funded and the quality of the ideas is a large controversy over the issue of crowdsourcing.

689:

developed a crowdsourcing tool, to train individuals, especially middle and high school students in South Korea, to diagnose

8860: 8275:"Managing Unexpected Publics Online: The Challenge of Targeting Specific Groups with the Wide-Reaching Tool of the Internet" 3021: 1614:

Travelers heading in the direction of the buyer, and are willing to bring the package as part of their luggage for a reward.

7294:"Crowdsourcing for a better world: On the relation between IT affordances and donor motivations in charitable crowdfunding" 2620:"The Customer-Dominated Innovation Process: Involving Customers as Designers and Decision-Makers in Developing New Product" 354: 8299:

Brabham, Daren C. (2010). "Moving the Crowd at Threadless: Motivations for Participation in a Crowdsourcing Application".

8071:""Who are these people?" Evaluating the demographic characteristics and political preferences of MTurk survey respondents" 7132: 6914: 8998:

Moss, Aaron J; Rosenzweig, Cheskie; Jaffe, Shalom Noach; Gautam, Richa; Robinson, Jonathan; Litman, Leib (11 June 2021).

7459:"Community Engineering for Innovations: The Ideas Competition as a Method to Nurture a Virtual Community for Innovations" 5220:

Pretus, Clara; Gil-Buitrago, Helena; Cisma, Irene; Hendricks, Rosamunde C.; Lizarazo-Villarreal, Daniela (16 July 2024).

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Saxton, Gregory D.; Oh, Onook; Kishore, Rajiv (2013). "Rules of Crowdsourcing: Models, Issues, and Systems of Control".

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Thebault-Spieker, Jacob; Terveen, Loren G.; Hecht, Brent (28 February 2015). "Avoiding the South Side and the Suburbs".

7293: 674:

initiated the participatory online policy project to better engage young people in decision-making processes related to

11256: 3847: 3614: 3276: 2097: 1281: 1198: 1074: 643:

collect data. The crowd also can be used to provide inspiration and to collect financial support for an artist's work.

403: 9590:"Digital labour and development: impacts of global digital labour platforms and the gig economy on worker livelihoods" 8558: 7523: 4012: 1404:, is an example of modern-day crowd voting. Participants access the CRC online and vote on six timely issues. Through 10447: 9707: 9449: 8965: 8631: 7915: 7835: 7813:

Yang, J.; Adamic, L.; Ackerman, M. (2008), "Crowdsourcing and knowledge sharing: Strategic user behavior on taskcn",

7188: 6539: 6175: 5466: 3907: 3501: 3051: 1733:

amateurs, rather than professionals, is both factually untrue and may lead to marginalization of crowd labor rights.

121: 82: 8044: 7331: 7181:

International Perspective on Business Innovation and Disruption in the Creative Industries: Film, Video, Photography

5641: 1480:

The dilemma for equity crowdfunding in the US as of 2012 was during a refinement process for the regulations of the

685:

Another approach is sourcing results of clinical algorithms from collective input of participants. Researchers from

137:". In contrast to outsourcing, crowdsourcing usually involves less specific and more public groups of participants. 10257: 7748: 2195: 2037: 1529:

platforms is an effective way to crowdsource people's thoughts and ideas for research and development. The company

1361: 785: 507:

app, was created. It allows users to submit road information and route data based on location, such as reports of

9472:

Greg Norcie, 2011, "Ethical and practical considerations for compensation of crowdsourced research participants",

7219: 6864:

van der Krieke, L; Blaauw, FJ; Emerencia, AC; Schenk, HM; Slaets, JP; Bos, EH; de Jonge, P; Jeronimus, BF (2016).

2874: 8337:

Brabham, Daren C. (2012). "The Myth of Amateur Crowds: A Critical Discourse Analysis of Crowdsourcing Coverage".

5360:"Evolution of co-production in the information age: crowdsourcing as a model of web-based co-production in Korea" 5325: 4772:"An African American Paternal Lineage Adds an Extremely Ancient Root to the Human Y Chromosome Phylogenetic Tree" 3962: 2700: 2144: 1617:

Truck drivers whose route lies along the buyer's location and who are willing to take extra items in their truck.

1086: 1063: 1003:

was an effort to create a repository for images and videos from natural disasters, terrorist, and criminal events

817:

research used crowdsourcing techniques long before personal computers were common. Beginning in 1942, members of

7201: 6038:"Web 2.0-based crowdsourcing for high-quality gold standard development in clinical Natural Language Processing" 6036:

Zhai, Haijun; Lingren, Todd; Deleger, Louise; Li, Qi; Kaiser, Megan; Stoutenborough, Laura; Solti, Imre (2013).

4868: 983:, is a browser extension for adult participants in the US to provide access to their data for research projects. 9790: 9229: 9033:"Can the Crowd Substitute Experts in Evaluation of Creative Ideas? An Experimental Study Using Business Models" 6087:

Martin, Fred; Resnick, Mitchel (1993), "Lego/Logo and Electronic Bricks: Creating a Scienceland for Children",

2139: 2004: 602: 17: 4951:"Crowdsourcing as a Knowledge-Search Method in Digital Journalism: Ruptured Ideals and Blended Responsibility" 1542:

creates and runs incentive competitions offering between $ 1 million and $ 30 million for solving challenges.

10990: 10514: 10396: 10125: 9854: 8532: 7690: 5525: 4648: 2073: 1658: 1242: 1234: 8796:

Prpić, J; Shukla, P.; Roth, Y.; Lemoine, J.F. (2015). "A Geography of Participation in IT-Mediated Crowds".

7873: 6673:"Creative Contributory Contests to Spur Innovation in Sexual Health: 2 Cases and a Guide for Implementation" 2658: 1991:

Besides insufficient compensation and other labor-related disputes, there have also been concerns regarding

10452: 9121:"After the Bot Scare: Understanding What's Been Happening With Data Collection on MTurk and How to Stop It" 7668: 5998: 5881:"Word knowledge in the crowd: Measuring vocabulary size and word prevalence in a massive online experiment" 3712: 1950:

Because crowdworkers are considered independent contractors rather than employees, they are not guaranteed

1405: 9060: 6121:"The Value of Marketing Crowdsourced New Products as Such: Evidence from Two Randomized Field Experiments" 3631:

Wiki Government: How Technology Can Make Government Better, Democracy Stronger, and Citizens More Powerful

3542: 9431: 8819: 6506: 5584: 4099: 2771: 2511:

Prpić, John; Taeihagh, Araz; Melton, James (September 2015). "The Fundamentals of Policy Crowdsourcing".

1438: 1357: 1336: 881: 582: 9314: 9050:

Burnap, Alex; Ren, Alex J.; Papazoglou, Giannis; Gerth, Richard; Gonzalez, Richard; Papalambros, Panos.

7849: 7055: 5326:"The Potential ofParticipediaas a Crowdsourcing Tool for Comparative Analysis of Democratic Innovations" 10474: 10462: 10437: 10054: 2064: 1746: 1600: 1434: 1070: 1055: 589:. Thousands of people sent in entries before the government zeroed in on the final symbol based on the 519: 475:'s first "Dream car art" contest: Children were asked globally to draw their "dream car of the future". 5519:"Crowdsourcing the Policy Cycle. Collective Intelligence 2014, MIT Center for Collective Intelligence" 3413: 3341: 2278:

2011 Fifth International Conference on Innovative Mobile and Internet Services in Ubiquitous Computing

283:

1849 – A network of some 150 volunteer weather observers all over the USA was set up as a part of the

11076: 10262: 10252: 10069: 7362: 6865: 4481:"#Alonetogether:: An Exploratory Study of Social Media Use at the Beginning of the COVID-19 Pandemic" 2981: 2775: 2595:"Crowdsource by Google: A Platform for Collecting Inclusive and Representative Machine Learning Data" 2473:

A Systematic Literature Review of Crowdsourcing Research from a Human Resource Management Perspective

1102: 973: 305: 195: 9665: 8386: 7900:

Proceedings of the 18th ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work & Social Computing

4345: 2853: 2423: 634:

used Mechanical Turk to collect 10,000 drawings of sheep from contributors around the world. Artist

558:, or the Alkali prize, where a reward was provided for separating the salt from the alkali, and the 101:

This graphic symbolizes the use of ideas from a wide range of individuals, as used in crowdsourcing.

11312: 10507: 10432: 10247: 10160: 4626: 3151: 2161: 2134: 2111: 2052: 2011:, and more. Many but not all of the issues related to crowdworkes overlap with concerns related to 1980: 1555:

task entirely where a third party gains information for another topic based on the user's actions.

1498: 1365: 1147: 1082: 935: 901: 385: 297: 6597: 4988:

Aitamurto, Tanja (2013). "Balancing between open and closed: co-creation in magazine journalism".

4564: 1385:

Adams have crowdsourced a new pizza, bottle design, beer, and song respectively. A website called

986:

The Australian Search Experience and Ad Observatory projects set up in 2021 by researchers at the

57:

that states a Knowledge editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.

11003: 10581: 9337: 9146: 9103:

Human Cloud as Emerging Internet Application – Anatomy of the Microworkers Crowdsourcing Platform

8187:

Human Cloud as Emerging Internet Application – Anatomy of the Microworkers Crowdsourcing Platform

8004: 7783: 3656: 2409:

Brabham, D. C. (2008). "Crowdsourcing as a Model for Problem Solving an Introduction and Cases".

2155: 2058: 1862: 1381: 581:. During the Great Depression, out-of-work clerks tabulated higher mathematical functions in the 284: 8422:"Motivation Factors in Crowdsourced Journalism: Social Impact, Social Change, and Peer Learning" 7932: 6621:"Crowdsourcing HIV Test Promotion Videos: A Noninferiority Randomized Controlled Trial in China" 5610: 5134: 3779: 3778:

McGraw, I.; Seneff, S. (2011), "Growing a spoken language interface on Amazon Mechanical Turk",

3064: 11307: 11302: 11156: 11141: 11031: 10381: 10371: 10272: 10222: 10105: 8892: 8747:"Evaluating CloudResearch's Approved Group as a solution for problematic data quality on MTurk" 8381: 4928:"Motivation Factors in Crowdsourced Journalism: Social Impact, Social Change and Peer-Learning" 3219: 2848: 2418: 1676: 1535: 1430: 1393: 1202: 1123: 1077:

system collected signatures on petitions, which were entitled to an official response from the

757:

In the field of behavioral science, crowdsourcing is often used to gather data and insights on

486: 273: 161: 153: 31: 9474:

CHI WS on Ethics Logs and VideoTape: Ethics in Large Scale Trials & User Generated Content

9181: 9032: 8805: 6847: 4901: 4715: 3877: 2977: 2594: 2593:

Sarin, Supheakmungkol; Pipatsrisawat, Knot; Pham, Khiêm; Batra, Anurag; Valente, Luis (2019).

997:, was designed to measure how disinformation traveled across social media platforms over time. 876:

have provided valuable information and research to the professional scientific community. The

11222: 11121: 10938: 10427: 10376: 10013: 9926: 9890: 9827: 2046: 1045: 865: 860:, has led to public and semi public databases of DNA testing using crowdsourcing techniques. 654:

to collect users' driving times to provide better GPS routing and real-time traffic updates.

362: 5965: 5259:

Allen, Jennifer; Arechar, Antonio A.; Pennycook, Gordon; Rand, David G. (3 September 2021).

4593:

WREF 2012: OpenEI — an open energy data and information exchange for international audiences

11131: 11008: 10998: 10778: 10165: 10148: 10143: 10136: 9338:"Un(der)paid Innovators: The Commercial Utilization of Consumer Work through Crowdsourcing" 8274: 7661:"Crowdsourced delivery explained: making same day shipping cheaper through local couriers." 7421:"Leveraging Crowdsourcing: Activation-Supporting Components for IT-Based Ideas Competition" 6565: 6422: 5272: 4512: 4166: 3564: 3267:

The Knowledge revolution: how a bunch of nobodies created the world's greatest encyclopedia

3241: 2942: 2797: 2204: 2178: 2102: 1786: 1059: 909: 905: 482:'s "Go for the Gold" contest: Kodak asked anyone to submit a picture of a personal victory. 145: 8609:

Aparicio, M.; Costa, C.; Braga, A. (2012). "Proposing a system to support crowdsourcing".

8448:"More than fun and money. Worker Motivation in Crowdsourcing – A Study on Mechanical Turk" 8117:

Moss, Aaron; Rosenzweig, Cheskie; Robinson, Jonathan; Jaffe, Shalom; Litman, Leib (2022).

3868:

Mason, W.; Suri, S. (2010), "Conducting Behavioral Research on Amazon's Mechanical Turk",

1209:, VGI has many advantages over PGI, primarily perceived currency, accuracy and authority. 559: 425:

was established: This online platform allows the public to help raise money for charities.

8: 11151: 11013: 10922: 10457: 10391: 10277: 10028: 9864: 7079: 6773:"HowNutsAreTheDutch (HoeGekIsNL): A crowdsourcing study of mental symptoms and strengths" 6344:

Brown, Michael; Sharples, Sarah; Harding, Jenny; Parker, Christopher J. (November 2013).

3754: 2210: 1470:

They connect to a physical aspect of the campaign like rewards and gains from investment.

1441: 1111: 1025:

Crowdsourcing public policy and the production of public services is also referred to as

877: 245: 8773: 8746: 6569: 6457: 6426: 5276: 4846: 4824: 4516: 4170: 3293: 2946: 2751: 840:. The rise of personal DNA testing, after the turn of the century, by companies such as 10685: 10603: 10313: 10094: 9971: 9875: 9752: 9713: 9614: 9589: 9570: 9455: 9169: 9101: 9013: 9001:

Bots or inattentive humans? Identifying sources of low-quality data in online platforms

8971: 8719:[Computer Human Interaction conference], May 7–12, 2011, Vancouver, BC, Canada" 8695: 8637: 8591: 8573: 8492: 8399: 8354: 8316: 8185: 8166: 8092: 7841: 7587:"Squadhelp wants your company to crowdsource better names (and avoid Boaty McBoatface)" 7440: 7401: 7313: 7012: 6956: 6896: 6800: 6748: 6721: 6697: 6672: 6645: 6620: 6438: 6376: 6326: 6279: 6190: 6064: 6037: 5910: 5719: 5685: 5426: 5408: 5381: 5301: 5260: 5176: 5005: 4970: 4796: 4771: 4461: 4426: 4385: 4237: 4204: 4182: 4135: 4075: 4040: 3913: 3197: 3130: 2958: 2911: 2866: 2727: 2709: 2681: 2639: 2538: 2520: 2455: 2436: 2364: 2299: 2012: 2008: 1930: 1812:

At least six major topics cover the limitations and controversies about crowdsourcing:

1539: 1224: 980: 939: 635: 527: 328: 252: 120:, and finances—for payment or as volunteers. Contemporary crowdsourcing often involves 109: 60: 9748: 9658:

We Are Dynamo: Overcoming Stalling and Friction in Collective Action for Crowd Workers

9636: 9497: 8676:. CHI EA '10. New York, USA: Association for Computing Machinery. pp. 2863–2872. 7106: 6552:

Rahman, Mahbubur; Blackwell, Brenna; Banerjee, Nilanjan; Dharmendra, Saraswat (2015),

6120: 6119:

Nishikawa, Hidehiko; Schreier, Martin; Fuchs, Christoph; Ogawa, Susumu (August 2017).

5611:"Citizen involvement in public sector innovation: Government and citizen perspectives" 4480: 4115: 2619: 190:, Jeff Howe and Mark Robinson, to describe how businesses were using the Internet to " 10469: 10323: 10267: 9966: 9936: 9756: 9717: 9703: 9619: 9445: 9177: 9017: 8975: 8961: 8827: 8801: 8778: 8685: 8627: 8610: 8496: 8358: 8320: 8170: 7930: 7911: 7831: 7795: 7741:"Parcl Uses Trusted Forwarders to Bring you Products that don't Ship to your Country" 7476: 7463: 7458: 7393: 7241: 7184: 6960: 6888: 6843: 6805: 6753: 6702: 6650: 6535: 6434: 6368: 6318: 6271: 6232: 6222: 6171: 6140: 6100: 6069: 5902: 5837: 5749: 5689: 5551: 5497: 5462: 5385: 5306: 5288: 5241: 5180: 4974: 4801: 4745: 4663: 4642: 4465: 4430: 4389: 4308: 4242: 4224: 4205:"The application of crowdsourcing approaches to cancer research: a systematic review" 4186: 4127: 4119: 4080: 4062: 3903: 3873: 3843: 3497: 3272: 3265: 3201: 3189: 3134: 3047: 2962: 2870: 2643: 2488: 2476: 2440: 2289: 2222: 1206: 1037: 1036:

The first conference focusing on Crowdsourcing for Politics and Policy took place at

950: 869: 833: 647: 570: 457: 259: 9574: 8699: 8641: 8403: 7845: 7444: 7405: 7317: 7016: 6900: 6442: 6380: 6330: 6283: 5723: 5430: 5221: 5009: 4599:. Golden, Colorado, USA: National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). Archived from 4304: 4139: 3917: 2915: 2731: 2698:

Taeihagh, Araz (19 June 2017). "Crowdsourcing, Sharing Economies, and Development".

2685: 2368: 2303: 1324:, Daren C. Brabham puts forth a problem-based typology of crowdsourcing approaches: 949:

system by a Finnish bank. The bank executive was fired and policy changes followed.

630:

Artists have also used crowdsourcing systems. In a project called the Sheep Market,

11166: 11136: 11051: 11046: 10768: 10695: 10598: 10479: 10333: 10328: 10242: 10018: 9744: 9695: 9609: 9601: 9560: 9550: 9512: 9459: 9437: 9387: 9173: 9161: 9005: 8953: 8926: 8768: 8758: 8677: 8619: 8595: 8583: 8484: 8391: 8346: 8308: 8221: 8156: 8096: 8082: 7960: 7903: 7823: 7472: 7432: 7385: 7377: 7305: 7004: 6948: 6880: 6795: 6787: 6743: 6733: 6692: 6684: 6640: 6632: 6573: 6469: 6430: 6360: 6310: 6263: 6163: 6132: 6092: 6059: 6049: 5914: 5892: 5829: 5711: 5677: 5622: 5452: 5448: 5418: 5371: 5340: 5296: 5280: 5233: 5168: 4997: 4962: 4791: 4783: 4735: 4727: 4520: 4453: 4416: 4377: 4300: 4232: 4216: 4174: 4111: 4070: 4052: 3895: 3788: 3181: 3122: 2950: 2903: 2858: 2756: 2719: 2673: 2631: 2565: 2542: 2530: 2480: 2428: 2356: 2348: 2281: 1996: 1992: 1493:

international participants and yielded around 46,000 ideas. Another example is the

1426: 1419: 1026: 612:

participation process. Another notable application of crowdsourcing for government

407: 373: 160:

submitted by requesters to workers who perform them. Crowdsourcing is also used by

7501: 7183:, P. Wikstrom and R. DeFillippi, eds., UK: Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd, Chap. 11. 6988:

Blohm, Ivo; Zogaj, Shkodran; Bretschneider, Ulrich; Leimeister, Jan Marco (2018).

5897: 5880: 5681: 5399:

Taeihagh, Araz (8 November 2017). "Crowdsourcing: a new tool for policy-making?".

5376: 5359: 5083: 4966: 3792: 3490:

Garrigos-Simon, Fernando J.; Gil-Pechuán, Ignacio; Estelles-Miguel, Sofia (2015).

2907: 2635: 1106:

editors using paper and postage. It has also been used for collecting examples of

682:

which provided a valuable insight for future community empowerment initiatives.

11126: 10530: 10318: 10308: 10217: 10201: 10186: 10098: 10064: 10059: 10023: 9911: 9483: 8488: 8395: 8350: 6884: 6688: 6577: 6364: 6314: 6267: 5456: 5001: 4524: 3185: 2801: 2556:

Afuah, A.; Tucci, C. L. (2012). "Crowdsourcing as a Solution to Distant Search".

2079: 2025: 1713: 1526: 1271: 1143: 1030: 1013: 861: 845: 773: 762: 733: 696: 624: 613: 578: 555: 199: 9796: 9409: 9053:

When Crowdsourcing Fails: A Study of Expertise on Crowdsourced Design Evaluation

7420: 6167: 6096: 4716:"What's in a name? Y chromosomes, surnames and the genetic genealogy revolution" 4405:"Evaluating Reddit as a Crowdsourcing Platform for Psychology Research Projects" 3708:

Federal Transit Administration Public Transportation Participation Pilot Program

515:, and integrates that data into its routing algorithms for all users of the app. 320:

logo was designed by a 14-year-old boy who won the Planter Peanuts logo contest.

11101: 11096: 11091: 10773: 10668: 10618: 10566: 10049: 9976: 9732: 8763: 8587: 7964: 7436: 6346:"Usability of Geographic Information: Current challenges and future directions" 6214: 6158:

Reinhold, Stephan; Dolnicar, Sara (December 2017), "How Airbnb Creates Value",

4787: 3468: 3126: 3087: 2166: 1968: 1934: 1675:

commitment and skill level. These projects are usually not found on sites like

1596: 1267: 1250: 1151: 1118:. Software programs have been developed for crowdsourced dictionaries, such as 1115: 1100:

For dictionary work, crowdsourcing was applied over a hundred years ago by the

758: 617: 566: 551: 266: 185: 9555: 9538: 8312: 6236: 5422: 4731: 4421: 4404: 4381: 4057: 2841:

Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies

2411:

Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies

194:

work to the crowd", which quickly led to the portmanteau "crowdsourcing". The

11296: 11111: 11066: 11041: 10964: 10353: 10196: 10131: 10089: 9931: 9774: 9605: 8957: 8831: 8247: 8161: 8144: 8087: 8070: 7799: 7397: 7309: 7245: 7008: 6474: 6144: 5825:

Chapter 10. WeSay, a Tool for Engaging Native Speakers in Dictionary Building

5461:(2 ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press (published 2018). p. 256. 5444: 5292: 5245: 5096:

Mozilla Rally is currently available to US residents who are age 19 and older

4228: 4123: 4066: 3517: 2954: 2862: 2723: 2432: 2352: 2271:"Anatomy of a Crowdsourcing Platform – Using the Example of Microworkers.com" 1607: 1519: 1506: 1494: 1274:

players that showed several players as guilty, which led to their suspension.

1210: 1139: 1097:

Crowdsourcing has been used extensively for gathering language-related data.

508: 453: 9699: 9441: 9433:

Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems

9165: 9009: 8681: 8623: 7907: 7827: 6952: 6553: 5715: 5608: 5172: 5049: 3899: 1415: 959:

crowdsourced the examination of hundreds of thousands of documents in 2009.

884:'s scientific team to reveal patterns of human migration using crowdsourced 732:

Crowdsourcing in astronomy was used in the early 19th century by astronomer

324: 255:

offered a cash prize for calculating the longitude of a vessel while at sea.

11161: 11081: 10912: 10891: 10865: 10788: 10740: 10735: 10386: 10348: 10282: 10181: 9981: 9961: 9916: 9831: 9623: 8930: 8798:

Proceedings of the Hawaii International Conference on Systems Sciences 2015

8782: 8656: 7980:"Working the Crowd: Employment and Labor Law in the Crowdsourcing Industry" 7048:

Crowdsourcing: Why the Power of the Crowd is Driving the Future of Business

6892: 6809: 6757: 6706: 6654: 6372: 6322: 6275: 6216: 6073: 5906: 5310: 5284: 4805: 4749: 4665:

Making sense of open data: from raw data to actionable insight — PhD thesis

4479:

Vaterlaus, J. Mitchell; Patten, Emily V.; Spruance, Lori A. (26 May 2022).

4312: 4246: 4131: 4084: 4016: 3193: 2484: 2128: 2085: 2031: 1976: 1951: 1709: 1642: 1562:, where users find words to describe Google images, which are then used as 1543: 1453: 1401: 1349: 1246: 1238: 955: 857: 841: 814: 796: 639: 631: 586: 523: 461: 339: 288: 241: 220: 165: 108:

involves a large group of dispersed participants contributing or producing

9692:

Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems

9498:"Ethical Aspects of Crowdsourcing, or is it a Modern Form of Exploitation" 9206: 8226: 8209: 8032:

Ross, J.; Irani, L.; Silberman, M.S.; Zaldivar, A.; Tomlinson, B. (2010).

2569: 1081:

once a certain number had been reached. Several U.S. federal agencies ran

309:: 800 volunteers catalogued words to create the first fascicle of the OED. 10839: 10700: 10406: 10343: 10338: 10191: 10155: 10033: 9921: 9880: 9641: 8455:

Proceedings of the Seventeenth Americas Conference on Information Systems

7772:. Proceedings of the 22nd Australasian Conference on Information Systems. 7389: 6636: 5931:

Bill, Jeremiah; Gong, He; Hamilton, Brooke; Hawthorn, Henry; et al.

2834:"Crowdsourcing as a Model for Problem Solving: An Introduction and Cases" 2677: 2659:"Organizational Learning with Crowdsourcing: The Revelatory Case of Lego" 2331: 2285: 2245: 2216: 2149: 2091: 1883: 1725: 1566:

for the images. Another popular use of implicit crowdsourcing is through

1530: 1220: 1078: 946: 897: 432: 366: 191: 141: 134: 126: 7769: 6411:"Understanding Design with VGI using an Information Relevance Framework" 6410: 6298: 6251: 6136: 5195: 3489: 287:'s Meteorological Project started by the Smithsonian's first Secretary, 11106: 11061: 11036: 10969: 10948: 10943: 10917: 10860: 10824: 10783: 10750: 10722: 10561: 9516: 6499:

Tagging, Folksonomy and Art Museums: Results of steve.museum's research

5800: 5222:"Scaling crowdsourcing interventions to combat partisan misinformation" 5196:"The Citizen Browser Project—Auditing the Algorithms of Disinformation" 4625:

Davis, Chris; Chmieliauskas, Alfredas; Dijkema, Gerard; Nikolic, Igor.

4457: 4178: 2360: 2332:

Estellés-Arolas, Enrique; González-Ladrón-de-Guevara, Fernando (2012),

2189: 2183: 2123: 1911: 1782: 1580: 1386: 994: 916: 590: 422: 317: 215:

or intellectual satisfaction. Crowdsourcing may produce solutions from

149: 9565: 8612:

Proceedings of the Workshop on Open Source and Design of Communication

8145:"The Demographic and Political Composition of Mechanical Turk Samples" 8143:

Levay, Kevin E.; Freese, Jeremy; Druckman, James N. (1 January 2016).

7571:"The Movie Research Experience gets audiences involved in filmmaking." 6738: 6054: 5833: 5626: 5237: 5135:"A data economy: the case for doing and knowing more about algorithms" 4876: 4220: 4098:

Hildebrand, Mikaela; Ahumada, Claudia; Watson, Sharon (January 2013).

1975:

for $ 15 million in 2009, after unpaid moderators sued to be paid the

1142:

is also being done via crowdsourcing on the Web, most notably for the

1066:

collected and amalgamated suggestions for improving federal websites.

11171: 11071: 10834: 10763: 10758: 10705: 10556: 10401: 9986: 8559:"Breaking Monotony with Meaning: Motivation in Crowdsourcing Markets" 8005:"View of Crowdsourcing: Libertarian Panacea or Regulatory Nightmare?" 6791: 6554:"Smartphone-based hierarchical crowdsourcing for weed identification" 5160: 4740: 3892:

Proceedings of the seventh ACM conference on Creativity and cognition

3682:"Crowdfunding and Civic Society in Europe: A Profitable Partnership?" 2534: 2172: 2117: 2000: 1761: 1757: 1691: 1652: 1567: 1398:

Center for Information Technology Research in the Interest of Society

1353: 792: 574: 439: 392: 292: 223:

working in their spare time, from experts, or from small businesses.

169: 157: 117: 9282:"The Promise of Idea Crowdsourcing: Benefits, Contexts, Limitations" 8795: 8034:"Who are the Crowdworkers? Shifting Demographics in Mechanical Turk" 6250:

Parker, Christopher J.; May, Andrew; Mitchell, Val (November 2013).

5344: 3387: 1473:

They connect to the creative display of the campaign's presentation.

872:, citizen scientists encouraged by volunteer organizations like the 11116: 10829: 10638: 10591: 10484: 9885: 9690:

Irani, Lilly C.; Silberman, M. Six (27 April 2013). "Turkopticon".

7419:

Leimeister, J.M.; Huber, M.; Bretschneider, U.; Krcmar, H. (2009),

7381: 6863: 6191:"Prime Panels by CloudResearch | Online Research Panel Recruitment" 5823: 5664:

Aitamurto, Tanja; Landemore, Hélène; Saldivar Galli, Jorge (2016).

5496:. Committee for the Future, Parliament of Finland. pp. 10–30. 5413: 4203:

Lee, Young Ji; Arida, Janet A.; Donovan, Heidi S. (November 2017).

4041:"Crowdsourcing in health and medical research: a systematic review" 3681: 3113:

Axelrod R. (1980), "'Effective choice in the Prisoner's Dilemma'",

2975: 2714: 2525: 2459: 1893: 1870: 1770: 1563: 1559: 1107: 1054:

used crowdsourcing to analyze large sets of images. As part of the

864:

projects have included support, organization, and dissemination of

849: 837: 803: 712: 679: 675: 446: 411: 313: 10499: 9536: 9281: 8578: 7979: 7931:

Chatzimiloudis, Konstantinidis & Laoudias, Zeinalipour-Yazti.

7418: 6409:

Parker, Christopher J.; May, Andrew; Mitchell, Val (August 2012).

6297:

Parker, Christopher J.; May, Andrew; Mitchell, Val (15 May 2014).

6091:, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 61–89, 3987:

Crowdsourcing and the Evolving Relationship between Art and Artist

3147: 1848:

Crowdsourcing quality is also impacted by task design. Lukyanenko

988:

ARC Centre of Excellence for Automated Decision-Making and Society

11056: 10844: 10628: 10623: 10551: 10411: 9895: 7549:"Beyond XPrize: The 10 Best Crowdsourcing Tools and Technologies" 6987: 6551: 5023: 4823:. Southern California Genealogical Society (SCGS). Archived from 3744:"Creating Speech and Language Data With Amazon's Mechanical Turk" 1842: 1774: 1571: 1284:

have been used extensively in the domain of software development.

1270:

initiated a crowdsourcing investigation of cheating by top-level

853: 788: 777: 737: 690: 512: 358: 216: 9505:

International Journal of Economics & Business Administration

8674:

CHI '10 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems

5663: 5324:

Smith, Graham; Richards, Robert C.; Gastil, John (12 May 2015).

5219: 2082: – Work distributed across Internet to substitute computers 1307:

Crowdsourcing can either take an explicit or an implicit route:

896:

Another early example of crowdsourcing occurred in the field of

880:, which began in 2005, is a research project carried out by the 395:

raised $ 60,000 from their fans to help finance their U.S. tour.

11026: 10875: 10870: 10730: 10678: 10653: 10648: 10643: 10576: 9941: 9785: 7770:

Crowdsourcing information systems: a systems theory perspective

7691:"LivingPackets uses IoT, crowdshipping to transform deliveries" 5575: 5549: 5516: 3931: 3839:

Conducting Online Research on Amazon Mechanical Turk and Beyond

3726: 3418: 2061: – Group intelligence that emerges from collective efforts 1680: 1505:

Another example of competition-based crowdsourcing is the 2009

1172: 1131: 781: 716: 708: 704: 700: 493: 472: 338:("This Was Paris in 1970") was sponsored by the city of Paris, 212: 113: 97: 30:"Crowd work" redirects here. For the performing arts term, see 8118: 5786:

Nussbaum, Stan. (2003). Proverbial perspectives on pluralism.

3171: 2477:

48th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences

900:. On 25 December 1900, Frank Chapman, an early officer of the 11278:

Professional E-Hailing Drivers and Private Owners Association

11146: 10896: 10804: 10690: 10663: 10613: 10571: 9307:"International Translators Association Launched in Argentina" 8715:"Human Computation:A Survey and Taxonomy of a Growing Field, 6089:

Advanced Educational Technologies for Mathematics and Science

5704:"Making Sense of Crowdsourced Civic Data with Big Data Tools" 5108: 3587:"9 Examples of Crowdsourcing, Before 'Crowdsourcing' Existed" 3440: 3345: 1915: 1887: 1835: 1796:

Another form of social motivation is prestige or status. The

1705: 1510: 651: 562:, when the first hydraulic commercial turbine was developed. 479: 130: 10989: 9733:"Beyond Fair Pay: Ethical Implications of NLP Crowdsourcing" 9588:

Graham, Mark; Hjorth, Isis; Lehdonvirta, Vili (1 May 2017).

8415: 8413: 7897: 7816:

Proceedings of the 9th ACM conference on Electronic commerce

7716:"Goldman Sachs, Soros Bet on the Uber of Brazilian Trucking" 6215:

Nunan, Daniel; Birks, David F.; Malhotra, Naresh K. (2020).

4624: 2243: 11176: 10673: 10658: 10633: 10608: 10586: 10287: 9731:

Shmueli, Boaz; Fell, Jan; Ray, Soumya; Ku, Lun-Wei (2021).

8116: 6118: 5609:

Thapa, B.; Niehaves, B.; Seidel, C.; Plattfaut, R. (2015).

5158: 4501: 4330: 4326: 4100:"CrowdOutAIDS: crowdsourcing youth perspectives for action" 3644:

Sarasua, Cristina; Simperl, Elena; Noy, Natalya F. (2012),

2592: 2399:. Cambridge, Massachusetts; London, England: The MIT Press. 2169: – Practice of sharing knowledge publicly and reusably 1291: 1051: 799: 686: 500: 343: 54:

personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay

8671: 8031: 7361:

Agrawal, Ajay; Catalini, Christian; Goldfarb, Avi (2014).

7268:"What Is Crowdfunding And How Does It Benefit The Economy" 6343: 6252:"The role of VGI and PGI in supporting outdoor activities" 2269:

Hirth, Matthias; Hoßfeld, Tobias; Tran-Gia, Phuoc (2011).

8997: 8744: 8410: 7054:, The International Achievement Institute, archived from 5769: 5258: 4821:"The Genographic Project and the Rise of Citizen Science" 4682:

9 discusses in depth the initial development of Enipedia.

3294:"TopCoder (A): Developing Software through Crowdsourcing" 2247:

Crowdsourcing What can be Outsourced to the Crowd and Why

1695:

projects usually pay the highest, yet are rarely offered.

1515: 1396:(CRC), a program jointly launched in January 2014 by the 885: 736:. After being awakened in a late November night due to a 504: 465: 377: 327:

was selected as winner of the design competition for the

8916: 7950: 7457:

Ebner, W.; Leimeister, J.; Krcmar, H. (September 2009).

7129:"4 Great Examples of Crowdsourcing through Social Media" 6780:

International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research

4755: 4668:. Delft, The Netherlands: Delft University of Technology 4539:"OpenEI — Energy Information, Data, and other Resources" 4346:"Image Overload: Help us sort it all out, NASA requests" 3673: 3018:"A Brief History of Crowdsourcing [Infographic]" 2656: 1825:

The value and impact of the work received from the crowd

1773:, direct feedback from the job, and taking the job as a 1012:

Crowdsourcing is used in large scale media, such as the

9587: 8999: 7360: 7222:

Google White Paper, Industry Perspectives+User Insights

6931: 6722:"Mapping of Crowdsourcing in Health: Systematic Review" 5639: 4538: 4478: 4097: 2927: 2925: 2107:

Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets

2069:

Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets

1595:

involves sourcing people for creative projects such as

1294:

group focuses on using crowdsourcing to improve health.

565:

In response to a challenge from the French government,

9429: 7356: 7354: 7352: 5788:

Connections: the journal of the WEA Missions Committee

3518:"Antoine-Jean-Baptiste-Robert Auget, Baron de Montyon" 2088: – Intersection of broadcasting and crowdsourcing 1914:. This situation has been systematically denounced by 650:, crowdsourcing from 100 million drivers were used by 638:

leveraged the crowd by asking visitors of his website

11204:

International Alliance of App-based Transport Workers

8183: 7456: 7234:"An Indoor Football Team Has Its Fans Call the Plays" 5494:

Crowdsourcing for Democracy: New Era In Policy–Making

5261:"Scaling up fact-checking using the wisdom of crowds" 3291: 1828:

The ethical implications of low wages paid to workers

388:

was founded: It allowed buying and selling of shares.

234: 9099: 9049: 9031:

Goerzen, Thomas; Kundisch, Dennis (11 August 2016).

8944:

Hauser, David; Paolacci, Gabriele; Chandler, Jesse,

8881: 7714:

Biller, David; Sciaudone, Christina (19 June 2018),

7156:"Let's amplify California's collective intelligence" 6458:"Crowdsourcing: How and Why Should Libraries Do It?" 6035: 5930: 5745:

Crowdsourcing for Democracy: New Era in Policymaking

4847:"History of the Christmas Bird Count | Audubon" 3741: 3012: 3010: 3008: 3006: 3004: 3002: 3000: 2998: 2922: 2618:

Liu, Wei; Moultrie, James; Ye, Songhe (4 May 2019).

2268: 2200:

Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback

2042:

Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback

1001:

Large Emergency Event Digital Information Repository

442:: "Free-access, free content Internet encyclopedia". 9361:"Crowdsourcing: A Million Heads is Better Than One" 8950:

Handbook of Research Methods in Consumer Psychology

8713:Quinn, Alexander J.; Bederson, Benjamin B. (2011). 8445: 8249:

The Value of Openness in Scientific Problem Solving

8142: 7349: 6990:"How to Manage Crowdsourcing Platforms Effectively" 6505:. Archives & Museum Informatics. Archived from 5748:. Committee for the Future, Parliament of Finland. 5323: 4159:

Optics and Biophotonics in Low-Resource Settings II

3711:, U.S. Department of Transportation, archived from 2976:O'Connor, J. J.; Robertson, E. F. (February 1997). 2510: 2094: – Crowdsourcing fixing of local public spaces 2049: – Aggregation of web mapping and user content 1921: 9537:Paolacci, G; Chandler, J; Ipeirotis, P.G. (2010). 9147:"Analyzing the Amazon Mechanical Turk Marketplace" 9084: 8943: 8608: 7812: 7131:. digitalagencymarketing.com. 2012. Archived from 5443: 3646:"Crowdsourcing Ontology Alignment with Microtasks" 3292:Lakhani KR, Garvin DA, Lonstein E (January 2010). 3264: 3020:. Crowdsourcing.org. 18 March 2012. 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(2011), 6618: 6157: 5858:"Developing ASL vocabulary for science and math" 4769: 4754:The International Society of Genetic Genealogy ( 4618: 4583: 3731:, Peer-to-Patent Community Patent Review Project 3364: 3362: 3216:"UNV Online Volunteering Service | History" 2334:"Towards an Integrated Crowdsourcing Definition" 2219: – Survey method for crowdsourcing opinions 1894:Entrepreneurs contribute less capital themselves 1819:Entrepreneurs contribute less capital themselves 1807: 1558:A good example of implicit crowdsourcing is the 1476:They want to see new products before the public. 207:ideas, and presentation in the platform itself. 9539:"Running experiments on Amazon Mechanical Turk" 9154:XRDS: Crossroads, the ACM Magazine for Students 9030: 8566:Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 8526:"State of the World's Volunteerism Report 2011" 8509: 8371: 8203: 8201: 8199: 7713: 4770:Mendex, etc. al., Fernando (28 February 2013). 4531: 4402: 4290: 4202: 4037: 3955:"Looking at how crowds produce and present art" 2175: – Digital-communication coordinated group 2131: – Using game design elements in non-games 836:is a combination of traditional genealogy with 819:the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints 9689: 8875: 8789: 8294: 8292: 8184:Hirth, M.; Hoßfeld, T.; Train-Gia, P. (2011), 7987:Berkeley Journal of Employment & Labor Law 7291: 7153: 6770: 6670: 6661: 5821: 5652: 5451:; Haerpfer, Christian W.; Bernhagen, Patrick; 5447:; Whittington, Zak (2009). "Social Media". In 4015:. INRIX.com. 13 September 2014. Archived from 3835: 3728:Peer-to-Patent Community Patent Review Project 3370:"Crowdsourcing Back-Up Timeline Early Stories" 2827: 2825: 2823: 2821: 2819: 1213:is an example of crowdsourced mapping project. 10515: 9812: 9279: 9275: 9273: 8712: 8069:Huff, Connor; Tingley, Dustin (1 July 2015). 7285: 7220:"Quantifying movie magic with Google search." 7154:Goldberg, Ken; Newsom, Gavin (12 June 2014). 6934:"Crowdsourcing Systems on the World Wide Web" 6086: 5737: 5735: 5733: 4152: 3359: 3339: 2617: 2549: 2152: – Small loans to impoverished borrowers 1497:in 2009. People were asked to come up with a 449:– crowdsourcing software development company. 8885:Quality Management on Amazon Mechanical Turk 8446:Kaufmann, N.; Schulze, T.; Viet, D. (2011). 8441: 8439: 8196: 7953:Journal of Network and Computer Applications 7902:. New York, NY, USA: ACM. pp. 265–275. 7292:Choy, Katherine; Schlagwein, Daniel (2016), 5885:Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 5576:Prpić, J.; Taeihagh, A.; Melton, J. (2014). 5550:Prpić, J.; Taeihagh, A.; Melton, J. (2014). 5517:Prpić, J.; Taeihagh, A.; Melton, J. (2014). 4403:Luong, Raymond; Lomanowska, Anna M. (2021). 3807: 3777: 3461: 2889: 2887: 2745: 2743: 2741: 2650: 2464: 2250:. Center for Direct Scientific Communication 1831:Trustworthiness and informed decision making 1699: 1487: 348:Bibliothèque historique de la ville de Paris 9207:"Facebook asks users to translate for free" 8289: 8241: 8239: 8237: 8068: 7323: 5640:Aitamurto and Landemore (4 February 2015). 4713: 4707: 4589: 4556: 4443: 4327:"Gateway to Astronaut Photography of Earth" 4262:"1833 Meteor Storm Started Citizen Science" 3411: 2893: 2816: 2479:. 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Onlinevolunteering.org. Archived from 2697: 2470: 2192: – Swedish Mobile phone application 1973:Hallissey et al. v. America Online, Inc. 1798:International Children's Digital Library 1092: 96: 9466: 9335: 9195: 8474: 8336: 8332: 8330: 8298: 8272: 8245: 8207: 7788:МИР (Модернизация. Инновации. Развитие) 7688: 7363:"Some Simple Economics of Crowdfunding" 6972: 6927: 6925: 6923: 6854: 6719: 5879:Keuleers; et al. (February 2015). 4259: 3890:Koblin, A. (2009). "The sheep market". 3808:Kittur, A.; Chi, E.H.; Sun, B. (2008), 3742:Callison-Burch, C.; Dredze, M. 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Archived from 4932:International Journal of Communication 4776:The American Journal of Human Genetics 4693:"What Is the Four-Generation Program?" 4562: 4485:The Journal of Social Media in Society 4343: 3983: 3889: 3803: 3801: 3751:Human Language Technologies Conference 3679: 3628: 3464:"Potent Memories From a Divided India" 3065:"Smithsonian Crowdsourcing Since 1849" 2114: – Web-based proofreading project 226: 10503: 9800: 9436:. New York, USA: ACM. pp. 1–14. 9358: 9250: 9119:PhD, Aaron Moss (18 September 2018). 8468: 8266: 8022: 7944: 7584: 7524:"Social media web snares 'criminals'" 7450: 7199: 6590: 6495: 5822:Albright, Eric; Hatton, John (2007). 5132: 4818: 4812: 4661: 4193: 3952: 3856: 3831: 3829: 3827: 3825: 3607: 3140: 3086:Clark, Catherine E. 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Archive.wired.com. 4 January 2009 2978:"Longitude and the Académie Royale" 2028: – Amateur scientific research 1756:Many researchers suggest that both 1683:that call for a specific expertise. 1233:— Newspaper text correction at the 1020: 904:, initiated a tradition dubbed the 24: 9410:"Fair Labor Standards Act Advisor" 9280:Aitamurto, Tanja; Leiponen, Aija. 7202:"How boxoffice trading could flop" 5583:. Ipp.oii.ox.ac.uk. Archived from 5133:Angus, Daniel (16 February 2022). 4563:Garvin, Peggy (12 December 2009). 3822: 3304: 3285: 2608: 2105: – Computer science technique 2098:Crowdsourcing software development 1482:Securities and Exchange Commission 1282:Crowdsourcing software development 1199:Volunteered geographic information 1007: 888:testing and reporting of results. 404:University of California, Berkeley 369:algorithm ended up in first place. 235:Timeline of crowdsourcing examples 144:of the work, as well as promoting 25: 11324: 9767: 9388:"Crowdfunding 101: Pros and Cons" 9223: 9145:Ipeirotis, Panagiotis G. (2010). 9100:Hirth; Hoßfeld; Tran-Gia (2011), 8882:Ipeirotis; Provost; Wang (2010). 8854: 7658: 7370:Innovation Policy and the Economy 7265: 7097:Robson, John (24 February 2012). 6917:, ARD ZDF Akademie, Berlin, p. 99 6026:. Tampa, Florida: Culture Direct. 5860:. Washington.edu. 7 December 2012 3680:Hollow, Matthew (20 April 2013). 3046:, p. 123 & 246. 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(13 August 2013). 3412:Ohanian, A. (5 December 2006). 3380: 3340:Lardinois, F. (9 August 2014). 3256: 3208: 3165: 3106: 3079: 3057: 3036: 2701:Journal of Developing Societies 2691: 2586: 2576: 2145:Models of collaborative tagging 2040: – citizen science project 1751: 1661:, a missing computer scientist. 1447: 1231:Libraries, museums and archives 1087:Environmental Protection Agency 1064:General Services Administration 968:information. Examples include: 866:personal DNA (genetic) testing. 596: 276:distributed 5000 copies of his 8374:Information Systems Management 7934:Crowdsourcing with smartphones 7784:"A new tool for crowdsourcing" 7614:. FastCoexist.com. 4 June 2013 7200:Block, A. B. (21 April 2010). 4045:Infectious Diseases of Poverty 3115:Journal of Conflict Resolution 2447: 2402: 2389: 2341:Journal of Information Science 2262: 2237: 2140:List of crowdsourcing projects 1740: 1586: 1371: 1166: 891: 603:List of crowdsourcing projects 175: 13: 1: 11262:Rideshare Drivers United (CA) 10991:Social peer-to-peer processes 10397:Open-source software movement 10126:Free and open-source software 9855:Commons-based peer production 9311:Latin American Herald Tribune 8246:Lakhani; et al. (2007). 6677:Sexually Transmitted Diseases 6125:Journal of Marketing Research 5933:"The extension of (positive) 5898:10.1080/17470218.2015.1022560 5682:10.1080/1369118x.2016.1228993 5377:10.1080/14494035.2017.1376475 4967:10.1080/21670811.2015.1034807 4116:10.1016/S0968-8080(13)41687-7 3793:10.21437/Interspeech.2011-765 3633:, Brookings Institution Press 3608:Pande, Shamni (25 May 2013). 3589:. MemeBurn. 15 September 2011 2908:10.1080/03637751.2017.1359748 2636:10.1080/14606925.2019.1592324 2230: 2198: – in behavioral science 2074:Commons-based peer production 1808:Limitations and controversies 1570:, which asks people to solve 1335:Broadcast search is used for 1235:National Library of Australia 915: 722: 11219:Gorillas Workers Collective 9655:Salehi; et al. (2015). 9543:Judgment and Decision Making 8919:Information Systems Research 8489:10.1080/00909882.2012.693940 8396:10.1080/10580530.2013.739883 8351:10.1080/1369118X.2011.641991 7332:"Crowdfunding Sites In 2014" 6997:California Management Review 6885:10.1097/PSY.0000000000000378 6689:10.1097/OLQ.0000000000000349 6625:Clinical Infectious Diseases 6578:10.1016/j.compag.2014.12.012 6365:10.1016/j.apergo.2012.10.013 6315:10.1080/00140139.2014.909950 6268:10.1016/j.apergo.2012.04.013 5002:10.1080/21670811.2012.750150 4590:Brodt-Giles, Debbie (2012). 4525:10.1016/j.energy.2014.12.005 4268:. StarStruck. Archived from 3629:Noveck, Beth Simone (2009), 3298:Harvard Business School Case 3186:10.1016/j.amepre.2013.10.016 2558:Academy of Management Review 1979:as employees under the U.S. 1406:principal component analysis 727: 593:script using the letter Ra. 7: 9496:Busarovs, Aleksejs (2013). 9253:"The Myth of Crowdsourcing" 7569:Cunard, C. (19 July 2010). 6456:Holley, Rose (March 2010). 6168:10.23912/9781911396512-3602 6097:10.1007/978-3-662-02938-1_2 4104:Reproductive Health Matters 2752:"The Rise of Crowdsourcing" 2207: – Online volunteering 2186: – European folk story 2018: 906:"Christmas Day Bird Census" 882:National Geographic Society 583:Mathematical Tables Project 468:of the world, was launched. 10: 11329: 10475:Open educational resources 8764:10.3758/s13428-022-01999-x 8588:10.1016/j.jebo.2013.03.003 8273:Brabham, Daren C. (2012). 8208:Brabham, Daren C. (2008). 7993:: 150–151 – via WTF. 7965:10.1016/j.jnca.2017.01.012 7437:10.2753/mis0742-1222260108 6973:Brabham, Daren C. (2013), 5801:"Oromo dictionary project" 4788:10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.02.002 3127:10.1177/002200278002400101 2471:Buettner, Ricardo (2015). 2158: – Model of democracy 2065:Collective problem solving 1744: 1601:crowdsourcing architecture 1451: 1435:Salt Lake Screaming Eagles 1298: 1110:on a specific topic (e.g. 1069:For part of the Obama and 1056:Open Government Initiative 933: 829:Genetic genealogy research 776:require large and diverse 600: 520:The 1947 Partition Archive 303:1884 – Publication of the 29: 11270: 11249: 11233: 11212: 11196: 11189: 11077:Collaborative consumption 11022: 10982: 10957: 10931: 10905: 10884: 10853: 10817: 10797: 10749: 10721: 10714: 10544: 10537: 10362: 10301: 10263:Open Knowledge Foundation 10253:Open Architecture Network 10235: 10210: 10174: 10118: 10082: 10070:Open-door academic policy 10042: 10006: 9997: 9952: 9904: 9847: 9838: 9556:10.1017/S1930297500002205 8751:Behavior Research Methods 8531:. Unv.org. Archived from 8420:Aitamurto, Tanja (2015). 8313:10.1080/13691181003624090 7498:"DARPA Network Challenge" 6941:Communications of the ACM 6720:Créquit, Perrine (2018). 6162:, Goodfellow Publishers, 5492:Aitamurto, Tanja (2012). 5423:10.1007/s11077-017-9303-3 4949:Aitamurto, Tanja (2016). 4926:Aitamurto, Tanja (2015). 4732:10.1016/j.tig.2009.06.003 4647:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 4422:10.1177/00986283211020739 4382:10.1007/s11031-018-9735-x 4058:10.1186/s40249-020-0622-9 3870:Behavior Research Methods 3543:"It Was All About Alkali" 3493:Advances in Crowdsourcing 3088:"'C'était Paris en 1970'" 2982:University of St. Andrews 2776:Oxford English Dictionary 1700:Demographics of the crowd 1488:Inducement prize contests 1366:inducement prize contests 1103:Oxford English Dictionary 1085:, including NASA and the 1083:inducement prize contests 974:automated decision-making 391:1997 – British rock band 306:Oxford English Dictionary 196:Oxford English Dictionary 11014:Peer-to-peer ridesharing 10906:Services and freelancing 10248:Free Software Foundation 10161:Open-source architecture 9606:10.1177/1024258916687250 9486:, accessed 30 June 2015. 8958:10.4324/9781351137713-17 8946:"Evidence and Solutions" 8162:10.1177/2158244016636433 8088:10.1177/2053168015604648 7310:10.1108/ITP-09-2014-0215 7009:10.1177/0008125617738255 6496:Trant, Jennifer (2009). 6475:10.1045/march2010-holley 3388:"Amazon Mechanical Turk" 3152:University of California 3042:Hern, Chester G.(2002). 2955:10.1177/0959683618782592 2896:Communication Monographs 2863:10.1177/1354856507084420 2724:10.1177/0169796x17710072 2433:10.1177/1354856507084420 2353:10.1177/0165551512437638 2162:Participatory monitoring 2135:Government crowdsourcing 2112:Distributed Proofreaders 2053:Collective consciousness 1981:Fair Labor Standards Act 1912:professional translators 1499:recommendation algorithm 1429:purchased a team in the 1332:Turk uses this approach. 1148:named entity recognition 979:Mozilla Rally, from the 936:Collaborative journalism 902:National Audubon Society 386:Hollywood Stock Exchange 298:National Weather Service 244:of China introduced the 11004:Peer-to-peer carsharing 10211:Politics and governance 9700:10.1145/2470654.2470742 9442:10.1145/3173574.3174023 9386:Dupree, Steven (2014). 9336:Kleeman, Frank (2008). 9166:10.1145/1869086.1869094 8824:Harvard Business Review 8682:10.1145/1753846.1753873 8624:10.1145/2316936.2316940 8075:Research & Politics 7908:10.1145/2675133.2675278 7828:10.1145/1386790.1386829 7745:Technology Personalised 6977:, MIT Press, p. 45 6953:10.1145/1924421.1924442 6598:"2015 Cheating Scandal" 5716:10.1145/2994310.2994366 4819:Wells, Spencer (2013). 3900:10.1145/1640233.1640348 2832:Brabham, Daren (2008), 2395:Brabham, D. C. (2013). 2156:Participatory democracy 2059:Collective intelligence 2007:, the encouragement of 1863:human development index 285:Smithsonian Institution 278:Wind and Current Charts 253:King Philip II of Spain 162:nonprofit organizations 11157:Scooter-sharing system 11142:Product-service system 11032:Bicycle-sharing system 10382:Free software movement 10273:Open Source Initiative 10223:Open-source governance 10106:Open-source journalism 9743:. pp. 3758–3769. 9637:The Crowdsourcing Scam 9037:AMCIS 2016 Proceedings 8931:10.1287/isre.2014.0537 8155:(1): 215824401663643. 8081:(3): 205316801560464. 7874:"Mobile Crowdsourcing" 7206:The Hollywood Reporter 6873:Psychosomatic Medicine 6600:. Bridge Winners. 2015 5285:10.1126/sciadv.abf4393 5226:Advances.in/Psychology 4409:Teaching of Psychology 4370:Motivation and Emotion 3787:, pp. 3057–3060, 3753:: 1–12, archived from 3610:"The People Know Best" 3545:. Chemistry Chronicles 3092:Études Photographiques 2798:"crowdsourcing (noun)" 2772:"crowdsourcing (noun)" 2708:(2): 0169796X1771007. 2485:10.13140/2.1.2061.1845 1946:Labor-related concerns 1677:Amazon Mechanical Turk 1593:Creative crowdsourcing 1550:Implicit crowdsourcing 1536:Waltham, Massachusetts 1431:Indoor Football League 1394:California Report Card 1382:Iowa Electronic Market 1358:creative crowdsourcing 1203:geographic information 1124:American Sign Language 769:Energy system research 487:Amazon Mechanical Turk 274:Matthew Fontaine Maury 154:Amazon Mechanical Turk 102: 63:by rewriting it in an 32:audience participation 11122:Intentional community 10939:The Freecycle Network 10387:Open science movement 10377:Free-culture movement 10055:Educational resources 10014:Collaborative writing 9891:Participatory culture 9010:10.31234/osf.io/wr8ds 8227:10.5210/fm.v13i6.2159 6913:Ess, Henk van (2010) 6022:Edward Zellem. 2014. 5803:. OromoDictionary.com 5358:Moon, M. Jae (2018). 5333:Policy & Internet 5173:10.31235/osf.io/2cwsu 5050:"Overview in English" 4662:Davis, Chris (2012). 3842:. SAGE Publications. 3414:"reddit on June23-05" 2570:10.5465/amr.2010.0146 2513:Policy & Internet 2047:Collaborative mapping 1745:Further information: 1093:Language-related data 1071:Trump Administrations 554:. These included the 458:collaborative project 445:2001 – Foundation of 336:C'était Paris en 1970 316:Peanuts contest: The 100: 11132:Platform cooperative 11009:Peer-to-peer lending 10999:Peer-to-peer banking 10779:Servas International 10166:Open-source hardware 10144:Open-design movement 10137:Open-source software 9905:Research and science 9793:at Wikimedia Commons 8863:on 12 September 2015 8464:on 27 February 2012. 7822:, pp. 246–255, 7695:Internet of Business 7061:on 23 September 2015 5790:October, pp. 30, 31. 5453:Inglehart, Ronald F. 4756:http://www.isogg.org 4344:McLaughlin, Elliot. 4272:on 16 September 2014 3894:. pp. 451–452. 3376:on 29 November 2014. 3263:Lih, Andrew (2009). 2678:10.17705/1jais.00380 2286:10.1109/IMIS.2011.89 2280:. pp. 322–329. 2205:Virtual volunteering 2179:Social collaboration 2103:Distributed thinking 1886:projects working on 1665:Mobile crowdsourcing 1278:Open-source software 1060:Obama Administration 910:Christmas Bird Count 774:Energy system models 560:Fourneyron's turbine 402:was launched by the 11152:Ridesharing company 10448:Free Cultural Works 10392:Open Source Ecology 10278:Open Web Foundation 10175:Economic principles 10132:Free/libre software 10029:Participatory media 7045:Howe, Jeff (2008), 6842:. Papers.ssrn.com. 6570:2015CEAgr.113...14R 6512:on 10 February 2010 6427:2012TrGIS..16..545P 6415:Transactions in GIS 6137:10.1509/jmr.15.0244 6004:on 17 December 2014 5557:. Ipp.oxii.ox.ac.uk 5277:2021SciA....7.4393A 5194:The Markup (2022). 4571:. Dayton, Ohio, USA 4517:2015Ene....80..486D 4266:National Geographic 4171:2016SPIE.9699E..0TF 3984:Linver, D. (2010), 3932:"explodingdog 2015" 3655:: 2, archived from 3443:. Waze Mobile. 2009 2947:2018Holoc..28.1598W 2750:Howe, Jeff (2006). 2313:on 22 November 2015 2211:Wisdom of the crowd 2009:addictive behaviors 1634:Problem–idea chains 1171:Homeowners can use 1112:religious pluralism 878:Genographic Project 579:the Longitude Prize 535:Casting of Flavours 246:joint-stock company 227:Historical examples 10314:Alexandra Elbakyan 10258:Openmod Initiative 10095:Citizen journalism 9972:Open communication 9953:Data, information, 9876:Open collaboration 9482:2012-06-30 at the 9390:. Gsb.stanford.edu 9066:on 29 October 2015 8618:. pp. 13–17. 8538:on 2 December 2014 7782:Powell, D (2015). 7591:chicagotribune.com 7551:. 20 February 2012 7464:R&D Management 7238:The New York Times 6838:Prpić, J. (2015). 6637:10.1093/cid/ciw171 6530:Andro, M. (2018). 6353:Applied Ergonomics 6256:Applied Ergonomics 5968:on 4 February 2014 5615:Information Polity 5364:Policy and Society 4990:Digital Journalism 4955:Digital Journalism 4907:on 17 October 2016 4879:on 24 August 2014. 4720:Trends in Genetics 4458:10.1111/jasp.12863 4179:10.1117/12.2212310 4019:on 12 October 2014 3965:on 24 October 2012 3934:. Explodingdog.com 3317:The Times of India 2624:The Design Journal 2013:content moderators 1993:privacy violations 1931:venture capitalist 1540:X Prize Foundation 1509:experiment, where 1320:In his 2013 book, 1264:Cheating in bridge 1180:In market research 1140:Proverb collection 981:Mozilla Foundation 940:Citizen journalism 810:Genealogy research 753:Behavioral science 648:navigation systems 546:Early competitions 528:Partition of India 376:began work on the 363:Prisoner's Dilemma 329:Sydney Opera House 112:—including ideas, 103: 65:encyclopedic style 52:is written like a 11290: 11289: 11286: 11285: 11185: 11184: 10978: 10977: 10813: 10812: 10497: 10496: 10493: 10492: 10485:Open Web movement 10470:Open Data Indices 10324:Peter Murray-Rust 10268:Open Rights Group 10231: 10230: 10114: 10113: 9967:Knowledge commons 9789:Media related to 8691:978-1-60558-930-5 7751:on 3 October 2015 7585:MacArthur, Kate. 7504:on 11 August 2011 7330:Barnett, Chance. 6739:10.2196/jmir.9330 6631:(11): 1436–1442. 6228:978-1-292-30872-2 6106:978-3-642-08152-1 6055:10.2196/jmir.2426 5843:978-0-8248-3309-1 5755:978-951-53-3459-6 5627:10.3233/IP-150351 5503:978-951-53-3459-6 5449:Welzel, Christian 5238:10.56296/aip00018 5024:"Algorithm Watch" 4898:iscram2015.uia.no 4606:on 9 October 2016 4221:10.1002/cam4.1165 4215:(11): 2595–2605. 3715:on 7 January 2009 3044:Tracks in the Sea 2494:978-1-4799-7367-5 2378:on 19 August 2019 2295:978-1-61284-733-7 2223:Crowdsource (app) 1997:vulnerable groups 1971:settled the case 1787:online volunteers 1668:privacy concerns. 1420:online interviews 1418:" and AskScience 1400:and Lt. Governor 1207:built environment 1158:In product design 1038:Oxford University 951:TalkingPointsMemo 870:amateur astronomy 834:Genetic genealogy 571:food preservation 438:2001 – Launch of 260:longitude rewards 122:digital platforms 110:goods or services 93: 92: 85: 16:(Redirected from 11320: 11194: 11193: 11167:Two-sided market 11137:Platform economy 11052:Decentralization 11047:Borrowing center 10987: 10986: 10932:Swap and renting 10769:Hospitality Club 10719: 10718: 10542: 10541: 10524: 10517: 10510: 10501: 10500: 10480:Open music model 10444:Definition docs 10433:Creative Commons 10418: 10417: 10334:Richard Stallman 10329:Douglas Rushkoff 10243:Creative Commons 10019:Democratic media 10004: 10003: 9927:Notebook science 9845: 9844: 9821: 9814: 9807: 9798: 9797: 9788: 9777: 9761: 9760: 9728: 9722: 9721: 9687: 9681: 9680: 9678: 9676: 9670: 9664:. 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Archived from 3950: 3944: 3943: 3941: 3939: 3928: 3922: 3921: 3887: 3881: 3880: 3865: 3854: 3853: 3833: 3820: 3819: 3814: 3805: 3796: 3795: 3786: 3781:Interspeech 2011 3775: 3769: 3768: 3767: 3765: 3760:on 2 August 2012 3759: 3748: 3739: 3733: 3732: 3723: 3717: 3716: 3703: 3697: 3696: 3694: 3692: 3686:Open Citizenship 3677: 3671: 3670: 3669: 3667: 3661: 3650: 3641: 3635: 3634: 3626: 3620: 3619: 3605: 3599: 3598: 3596: 3594: 3583: 3577: 3576: 3574: 3572: 3565:"Nicolas Appert" 3561: 3555: 3554: 3552: 3550: 3539: 3533: 3532: 3530: 3528: 3514: 3508: 3507: 3487: 3481: 3480: 3478: 3476: 3459: 3453: 3452: 3450: 3448: 3437: 3431: 3430: 3428: 3426: 3409: 3403: 3402: 3400: 3398: 3384: 3378: 3377: 3372:. Archived from 3366: 3357: 3356: 3354: 3352: 3337: 3328: 3327: 3325: 3323: 3308: 3302: 3301: 3289: 3283: 3282: 3270: 3260: 3254: 3253: 3251: 3249: 3238: 3232: 3231: 3229: 3227: 3212: 3206: 3205: 3169: 3163: 3162: 3160: 3158: 3144: 3138: 3137: 3110: 3104: 3103: 3101: 3099: 3083: 3077: 3076: 3074: 3072: 3061: 3055: 3040: 3034: 3033: 3031: 3029: 3014: 2993: 2992: 2990: 2988: 2973: 2967: 2966: 2929: 2920: 2919: 2891: 2882: 2881: 2880:on 2 August 2012 2879: 2873:, archived from 2856: 2838: 2829: 2814: 2813: 2811: 2809: 2794: 2788: 2787: 2785: 2783: 2768: 2762: 2761: 2747: 2736: 2735: 2717: 2695: 2689: 2688: 2663: 2654: 2648: 2647: 2615: 2606: 2605: 2599: 2590: 2584: 2580: 2574: 2573: 2553: 2547: 2546: 2535:10.1002/poi3.102 2528: 2508: 2499: 2498: 2468: 2462: 2451: 2445: 2444: 2426: 2406: 2400: 2393: 2387: 2386: 2385: 2383: 2377: 2371:, archived from 2338: 2329: 2323: 2322: 2320: 2318: 2312: 2306:. Archived from 2275: 2266: 2260: 2259: 2258:– via HAL. 2257: 2255: 2241: 2201: 2108: 2070: 2043: 1995:, the hiring of 1687:Complex projects 1433:and created the 1427:Project Fanchise 1027:citizen sourcing 1021:In public policy 410:involved in the 408:radio telescopes 374:Richard Stallman 88: 81: 77: 74: 68: 45: 44: 37: 21: 11328: 11327: 11323: 11322: 11321: 11319: 11318: 11317: 11313:2006 neologisms 11293: 11292: 11291: 11282: 11266: 11245: 11229: 11208: 11181: 11127:Open innovation 11018: 10974: 10953: 10927: 10901: 10880: 10849: 10818:Project funding 10809: 10793: 10745: 10710: 10533: 10531:Sharing economy 10528: 10498: 10489: 10416: 10364: 10358: 10319:Lawrence Lessig 10309:Tim Berners-Lee 10297: 10227: 10218:Open government 10206: 10202:Sharing economy 10187:Open innovation 10170: 10110: 10099:Wiki journalism 10078: 10038: 10024:Open publishing 9999: 9993: 9954: 9948: 9912:Citizen science 9900: 9840: 9834: 9825: 9770: 9765: 9764: 9729: 9725: 9710: 9688: 9684: 9674: 9672: 9671:on 17 June 2015 9668: 9661: 9653: 9649: 9635: 9631: 9586: 9582: 9535: 9531: 9521: 9519: 9500: 9494: 9490: 9484:Wayback Machine 9471: 9467: 9452: 9428: 9424: 9414: 9412: 9408: 9407: 9403: 9393: 9391: 9384: 9380: 9370: 9368: 9357: 9353: 9343: 9341: 9334: 9330: 9320: 9318: 9305: 9304: 9300: 9290: 9288: 9278: 9271: 9261: 9259: 9249: 9245: 9235: 9233: 9224:Britt, Darice. 9222: 9218: 9203: 9196: 9186: 9184: 9149: 9143: 9139: 9129: 9127: 9117: 9113: 9106: 9098: 9094: 9083: 9079: 9069: 9067: 9063: 9056: 9048: 9044: 9029: 9025: 8996: 8989: 8980: 8978: 8968: 8942: 8938: 8915: 8911: 8901: 8899: 8895: 8888: 8880: 8876: 8866: 8864: 8853: 8846: 8836: 8834: 8818: 8817: 8813: 8794: 8790: 8743: 8736: 8726: 8724: 8721: 8711: 8707: 8692: 8670: 8666: 8653: 8649: 8634: 8615: 8607: 8603: 8561: 8555: 8551: 8541: 8539: 8535: 8528: 8524: 8523: 8519: 8508: 8504: 8473: 8469: 8461: 8450: 8444: 8437: 8418: 8411: 8387:10.1.1.300.8026 8370: 8366: 8335: 8328: 8297: 8290: 8271: 8267: 8257: 8255: 8252: 8244: 8235: 8206: 8197: 8190: 8182: 8178: 8141: 8137: 8127: 8125: 8115: 8104: 8067: 8063: 8053: 8051: 8050:on 1 April 2011 8047: 8036: 8030: 8023: 8013: 8011: 8003: 8002: 7998: 7982: 7976: 7972: 7949: 7945: 7937: 7929: 7925: 7918: 7896: 7892: 7882: 7880: 7872: 7871: 7867: 7858: 7856: 7855:on 29 July 2020 7852: 7838: 7819: 7811: 7807: 7780: 7776: 7767: 7763: 7754: 7752: 7739:Tyrsina, Radu, 7737: 7733: 7724: 7722: 7712: 7708: 7699: 7697: 7687: 7683: 7674: 7672: 7657: 7653: 7643: 7641: 7632: 7631: 7627: 7617: 7615: 7610: 7609: 7605: 7595: 7593: 7583: 7579: 7574:The Daily Bruin 7568: 7564: 7554: 7552: 7547: 7546: 7542: 7532: 7530: 7522: 7521: 7517: 7507: 7505: 7496: 7495: 7491: 7481: 7479: 7455: 7451: 7417: 7413: 7365: 7359: 7350: 7340: 7338: 7328: 7324: 7290: 7286: 7276: 7274: 7264: 7260: 7250: 7248: 7230: 7226: 7217: 7213: 7198: 7194: 7178: 7174: 7164: 7162: 7152: 7148: 7138: 7136: 7135:on 1 April 2012 7127: 7126: 7122: 7112: 7110: 7109:on 7 April 2012 7095: 7091: 7078: 7077: 7073: 7064: 7062: 7058: 7051: 7043: 7039: 7029: 7027: 7026:on 20 July 2018 7023: 6992: 6986: 6982: 6971: 6967: 6936: 6930: 6921: 6912: 6908: 6868: 6862: 6855: 6836: 6832: 6822: 6820: 6816: 6775: 6769: 6765: 6718: 6714: 6683:(11): 625–628. 6669: 6662: 6617: 6613: 6603: 6601: 6596: 6595: 6591: 6582: 6580: 6550: 6546: 6529: 6525: 6515: 6513: 6509: 6502: 6494: 6490: 6480: 6478: 6454: 6450: 6407: 6403: 6393: 6391: 6390:on 19 July 2018 6387: 6348: 6342: 6338: 6295: 6291: 6248: 6244: 6229: 6213: 6209: 6199: 6197: 6189: 6188: 6184: 6178: 6156: 6152: 6117: 6113: 6107: 6085: 6081: 6034: 6030: 6021: 6017: 6007: 6005: 6001: 5990: 5986: 5985: 5981: 5971: 5969: 5960: 5959: 5955: 5945: 5943: 5929: 5922: 5877: 5873: 5863: 5861: 5856: 5855: 5851: 5844: 5820: 5816: 5806: 5804: 5799: 5798: 5794: 5785: 5781: 5768: 5767: 5763: 5756: 5740: 5731: 5702: 5701: 5697: 5662: 5653: 5638: 5634: 5607: 5603: 5593: 5591: 5590:on 24 June 2015 5587: 5580: 5574: 5570: 5560: 5558: 5554: 5548: 5544: 5534: 5532: 5531:on 24 June 2015 5528: 5521: 5515: 5511: 5504: 5490: 5486: 5473: 5471: 5469: 5458:Democratization 5442: 5438: 5401:Policy Sciences 5397: 5393: 5356: 5352: 5345:10.1002/poi3.93 5328: 5322: 5318: 5257: 5253: 5218: 5214: 5204: 5202: 5192: 5188: 5157: 5153: 5143: 5141: 5131: 5127: 5117: 5115: 5107: 5106: 5102: 5089: 5087: 5074: 5073: 5069: 5059: 5057: 5048: 5047: 5043: 5033: 5031: 5028:Algorithm Watch 5022: 5021: 5017: 4986: 4982: 4947: 4943: 4924: 4920: 4910: 4908: 4904: 4893: 4889: 4888: 4884: 4867: 4866: 4862: 4852: 4850: 4845: 4844: 4840: 4830: 4828: 4827:on 10 July 2013 4817: 4813: 4768: 4764: 4712: 4708: 4698: 4696: 4691: 4690: 4686: 4679: 4671: 4669: 4660: 4656: 4640: 4639: 4632: 4630: 4623: 4619: 4609: 4607: 4603: 4596: 4588: 4584: 4574: 4572: 4561: 4557: 4547: 4545: 4537: 4536: 4532: 4500: 4496: 4477: 4473: 4442: 4438: 4401: 4397: 4365: 4361: 4351: 4349: 4342: 4338: 4325: 4324: 4320: 4289: 4285: 4275: 4273: 4258: 4254: 4209:Cancer Medicine 4201: 4194: 4151: 4147: 4096: 4092: 4036: 4032: 4022: 4020: 4011: 4010: 4006: 3997: 3995: 3994:on 14 July 2014 3982: 3978: 3968: 3966: 3951: 3947: 3937: 3935: 3930: 3929: 3925: 3910: 3888: 3884: 3866: 3857: 3850: 3834: 3823: 3812: 3806: 3799: 3784: 3776: 3772: 3763: 3761: 3757: 3746: 3740: 3736: 3725: 3724: 3720: 3705: 3704: 3700: 3690: 3688: 3678: 3674: 3665: 3663: 3662:on 5 March 2016 3659: 3648: 3642: 3638: 3627: 3623: 3606: 3602: 3592: 3590: 3585: 3584: 3580: 3570: 3568: 3563: 3562: 3558: 3548: 3546: 3541: 3540: 3536: 3526: 3524: 3516: 3515: 3511: 3504: 3488: 3484: 3474: 3472: 3460: 3456: 3446: 3444: 3439: 3438: 3434: 3424: 3422: 3410: 3406: 3396: 3394: 3386: 3385: 3381: 3368: 3367: 3360: 3350: 3348: 3338: 3331: 3321: 3319: 3309: 3305: 3290: 3286: 3279: 3261: 3257: 3247: 3245: 3240: 3239: 3235: 3225: 3223: 3214: 3213: 3209: 3170: 3166: 3156: 3154: 3146: 3145: 3141: 3111: 3107: 3097: 3095: 3084: 3080: 3070: 3068: 3063: 3062: 3058: 3041: 3037: 3027: 3025: 3016: 3015: 2996: 2986: 2984: 2974: 2970: 2930: 2923: 2892: 2885: 2877: 2854:10.1.1.175.1623 2836: 2830: 2817: 2807: 2805: 2802:Merriam-Webster 2796: 2795: 2791: 2781: 2779: 2770: 2769: 2765: 2748: 2739: 2696: 2692: 2672:(11): 754–778, 2661: 2655: 2651: 2616: 2609: 2602:AAAI Hcomp 2019 2597: 2591: 2587: 2581: 2577: 2554: 2550: 2509: 2502: 2495: 2469: 2465: 2452: 2448: 2424:10.1.1.175.1623 2407: 2403: 2394: 2390: 2381: 2379: 2375: 2336: 2330: 2326: 2316: 2314: 2310: 2296: 2273: 2267: 2263: 2253: 2251: 2242: 2238: 2233: 2228: 2199: 2106: 2080:Crowd computing 2068: 2041: 2026:Citizen science 2021: 1989: 1948: 1924: 1896: 1838: 1810: 1785:motivations of 1754: 1749: 1743: 1702: 1672:Simple projects 1589: 1552: 1527:open innovation 1490: 1456: 1450: 1374: 1301: 1245:corrections on 1191: 1182: 1169: 1160: 1144:Pashto language 1095: 1031:democratization 1023: 1014:community notes 1010: 1008:In Social Media 965: 942: 932: 920: 894: 862:Citizen science 812: 771: 763:decision making 734:Denison Olmsted 730: 725: 697:Cancer medicine 660: 625:data collection 614:problem-solving 605: 599: 556:Leblanc process 548: 342:radio, and the 291:, who used the 237: 229: 200:Merriam-Webster 178: 89: 78: 72: 69: 61:help improve it 58: 46: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 11326: 11316: 11315: 11310: 11305: 11288: 11287: 11284: 11283: 11281: 11280: 11274: 11272: 11268: 11267: 11265: 11264: 11259: 11253: 11251: 11247: 11246: 11244: 11243: 11237: 11235: 11231: 11230: 11228: 11227: 11226: 11225: 11216: 11214: 11210: 11209: 11207: 11206: 11200: 11198: 11191: 11187: 11186: 11183: 11182: 11180: 11179: 11174: 11169: 11164: 11159: 11154: 11149: 11144: 11139: 11134: 11129: 11124: 11119: 11114: 11109: 11104: 11102:Garden sharing 11099: 11097:Flight sharing 11094: 11092:Expert network 11089: 11084: 11079: 11074: 11069: 11064: 11059: 11054: 11049: 11044: 11039: 11034: 11029: 11023: 11020: 11019: 11017: 11016: 11011: 11006: 11001: 10995: 10993: 10984: 10980: 10979: 10976: 10975: 10973: 10972: 10967: 10961: 10959: 10955: 10954: 10952: 10951: 10946: 10941: 10935: 10933: 10929: 10928: 10926: 10925: 10920: 10915: 10909: 10907: 10903: 10902: 10900: 10899: 10894: 10888: 10886: 10885:Music and film 10882: 10881: 10879: 10878: 10873: 10868: 10863: 10857: 10855: 10851: 10850: 10848: 10847: 10842: 10837: 10832: 10827: 10821: 10819: 10815: 10814: 10811: 10810: 10808: 10807: 10801: 10799: 10795: 10794: 10792: 10791: 10786: 10781: 10776: 10774:Pasporta Servo 10771: 10766: 10761: 10755: 10753: 10747: 10746: 10744: 10743: 10738: 10733: 10727: 10725: 10716: 10712: 10711: 10709: 10708: 10703: 10698: 10693: 10688: 10683: 10682: 10681: 10671: 10666: 10661: 10656: 10651: 10646: 10641: 10636: 10631: 10626: 10621: 10616: 10611: 10606: 10601: 10596: 10595: 10594: 10584: 10579: 10574: 10569: 10564: 10559: 10554: 10548: 10546: 10545:Transportation 10539: 10535: 10534: 10527: 10526: 10519: 10512: 10504: 10495: 10494: 10491: 10490: 10488: 10487: 10482: 10477: 10472: 10467: 10466: 10465: 10460: 10455: 10450: 10442: 10441: 10440: 10435: 10424: 10422: 10415: 10414: 10409: 10404: 10399: 10394: 10389: 10384: 10379: 10374: 10368: 10366: 10360: 10359: 10357: 10356: 10351: 10346: 10341: 10336: 10331: 10326: 10321: 10316: 10311: 10305: 10303: 10299: 10298: 10296: 10295: 10290: 10285: 10280: 10275: 10270: 10265: 10260: 10255: 10250: 10245: 10239: 10237: 10233: 10232: 10229: 10228: 10226: 10225: 10220: 10214: 10212: 10208: 10207: 10205: 10204: 10199: 10194: 10189: 10184: 10178: 10176: 10172: 10171: 10169: 10168: 10163: 10158: 10153: 10152: 10151: 10141: 10140: 10139: 10134: 10122: 10120: 10116: 10115: 10112: 10111: 10109: 10108: 10103: 10102: 10101: 10086: 10084: 10080: 10079: 10077: 10076: 10075: 10074: 10073: 10072: 10067: 10057: 10050:Open education 10046: 10044: 10040: 10039: 10037: 10036: 10031: 10026: 10021: 10016: 10010: 10008: 10001: 9995: 9994: 9992: 9991: 9990: 9989: 9984: 9977:Open knowledge 9974: 9969: 9964: 9958: 9956: 9950: 9949: 9947: 9946: 9945: 9944: 9939: 9934: 9929: 9924: 9914: 9908: 9906: 9902: 9901: 9899: 9898: 9893: 9888: 9883: 9878: 9873: 9862: 9857: 9851: 9849: 9842: 9836: 9835: 9824: 9823: 9816: 9809: 9801: 9795: 9794: 9782: 9769: 9768:External links 9766: 9763: 9762: 9723: 9708: 9682: 9647: 9629: 9600:(2): 135–162. 9580: 9549:(5): 411–419. 9529: 9488: 9465: 9450: 9422: 9401: 9378: 9367:on 3 July 2015 9359:Jason (2011). 9351: 9328: 9298: 9269: 9243: 9232:on 1 July 2014 9216: 9194: 9137: 9111: 9092: 9077: 9042: 9023: 8987: 8966: 8936: 8925:(4): 669–689. 8909: 8874: 8844: 8811: 8788: 8734: 8705: 8690: 8664: 8647: 8632: 8601: 8549: 8517: 8502: 8483:(3): 307–328. 8467: 8435: 8409: 8364: 8345:(3): 394–410. 8326: 8288: 8265: 8233: 8195: 8176: 8135: 8102: 8061: 8021: 8009:online-shc.com 7996: 7970: 7943: 7923: 7916: 7890: 7865: 7836: 7805: 7774: 7761: 7731: 7706: 7681: 7671:on 22 May 2018 7651: 7640:. 11 June 2012 7625: 7603: 7577: 7562: 7540: 7515: 7489: 7471:(4): 342–356. 7449: 7431:(1): 197–224, 7411: 7382:10.1086/674021 7348: 7322: 7304:(1): 221–247, 7284: 7266:Prive, Tanya. 7258: 7224: 7211: 7192: 7172: 7146: 7120: 7089: 7086:. 25 May 2017. 7071: 7037: 7003:(2): 122–149. 6980: 6965: 6919: 6906: 6879:(2): 213–223. 6853: 6830: 6786:(2): 123–144. 6763: 6712: 6660: 6611: 6589: 6544: 6523: 6488: 6462:D-Lib Magazine 6448: 6421:(4): 545–560. 6401: 6359:(6): 855–865. 6336: 6309:(7): 987–997. 6289: 6262:(6): 886–894. 6242: 6227: 6207: 6182: 6176: 6150: 6131:(4): 525–539. 6111: 6105: 6079: 6028: 6015: 5979: 5953: 5920: 5871: 5849: 5842: 5814: 5792: 5779: 5761: 5754: 5729: 5695: 5651: 5632: 5601: 5568: 5542: 5509: 5502: 5484: 5467: 5445:Diamond, Larry 5436: 5407:(4): 629–647. 5391: 5370:(3): 294–309. 5350: 5339:(2): 243–262. 5316: 5251: 5212: 5186: 5151: 5125: 5100: 5067: 5041: 5015: 4996:(2): 229–251. 4980: 4961:(2): 280–297. 4941: 4918: 4882: 4860: 4838: 4811: 4782:(3): 454–459. 4762: 4706: 4684: 4654: 4617: 4582: 4555: 4530: 4494: 4471: 4452:(5): 351–362. 4436: 4415:(4): 329–337. 4395: 4376:(2): 339–353. 4359: 4336: 4318: 4299:(2): 130–138. 4283: 4252: 4192: 4145: 4090: 4030: 4004: 3976: 3945: 3923: 3908: 3882: 3855: 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John Blamire 3556: 3534: 3509: 3502: 3482: 3469:New York Times 3454: 3432: 3404: 3379: 3358: 3329: 3303: 3284: 3278:978-1401303716 3277: 3255: 3233: 3222:on 2 July 2015 3207: 3180:(2): 179–187. 3164: 3139: 3105: 3078: 3056: 3035: 3024:on 3 July 2015 2994: 2968: 2921: 2902:(4): 510–533. 2883: 2815: 2789: 2763: 2737: 2690: 2649: 2630:(3): 299–324. 2607: 2585: 2575: 2564:(3): 355–375. 2548: 2519:(3): 340–361. 2500: 2493: 2463: 2446: 2401: 2388: 2347:(2): 189–200, 2324: 2294: 2261: 2235: 2234: 2232: 2229: 2227: 2226: 2220: 2214: 2208: 2202: 2193: 2187: 2181: 2176: 2170: 2167:Open knowledge 2164: 2159: 2153: 2147: 2142: 2137: 2132: 2126: 2121: 2115: 2109: 2100: 2095: 2089: 2083: 2077: 2071: 2062: 2056: 2050: 2044: 2035: 2029: 2022: 2020: 2017: 1999:, breaches of 1988: 1987:Other concerns 1985: 1969:America Online 1947: 1944: 1923: 1920: 1895: 1892: 1837: 1834: 1833: 1832: 1829: 1826: 1823: 1820: 1817: 1809: 1806: 1753: 1750: 1742: 1739: 1701: 1698: 1697: 1696: 1684: 1669: 1662: 1649: 1640: 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26: 18:Crowd sourcing 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11325: 11314: 11311: 11309: 11308:Collaboration 11306: 11304: 11303:Crowdsourcing 11301: 11300: 11298: 11279: 11276: 11275: 11273: 11269: 11263: 11260: 11258: 11255: 11254: 11252: 11250:United States 11248: 11242: 11239: 11238: 11236: 11232: 11224: 11221: 11220: 11218: 11217: 11215: 11211: 11205: 11202: 11201: 11199: 11195: 11192: 11188: 11178: 11175: 11173: 11170: 11168: 11165: 11163: 11160: 11158: 11155: 11153: 11150: 11148: 11145: 11143: 11140: 11138: 11135: 11133: 11130: 11128: 11125: 11123: 11120: 11118: 11115: 11113: 11112:Home exchange 11110: 11108: 11105: 11103: 11100: 11098: 11095: 11093: 11090: 11088: 11087:Crowdsourcing 11085: 11083: 11080: 11078: 11075: 11073: 11070: 11068: 11067:Clothing swap 11065: 11063: 11060: 11058: 11055: 11053: 11050: 11048: 11045: 11043: 11042:Book swapping 11040: 11038: 11035: 11033: 11030: 11028: 11025: 11024: 11021: 11015: 11012: 11010: 11007: 11005: 11002: 11000: 10997: 10996: 10994: 10992: 10988: 10985: 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10593: 10590: 10589: 10588: 10585: 10583: 10580: 10578: 10575: 10573: 10570: 10568: 10565: 10563: 10560: 10558: 10555: 10553: 10550: 10549: 10547: 10543: 10540: 10536: 10532: 10525: 10520: 10518: 10513: 10511: 10506: 10505: 10502: 10486: 10483: 10481: 10478: 10476: 10473: 10471: 10468: 10464: 10461: 10459: 10456: 10454: 10453:Free Software 10451: 10449: 10446: 10445: 10443: 10439: 10436: 10434: 10431: 10430: 10429: 10426: 10425: 10423: 10419: 10413: 10410: 10408: 10405: 10403: 10400: 10398: 10395: 10393: 10390: 10388: 10385: 10383: 10380: 10378: 10375: 10373: 10370: 10369: 10367: 10361: 10355: 10354:John Wilbanks 10352: 10350: 10347: 10345: 10342: 10340: 10337: 10335: 10332: 10330: 10327: 10325: 10322: 10320: 10317: 10315: 10312: 10310: 10307: 10306: 10304: 10300: 10294: 10291: 10289: 10286: 10284: 10281: 10279: 10276: 10274: 10271: 10269: 10266: 10264: 10261: 10259: 10256: 10254: 10251: 10249: 10246: 10244: 10241: 10240: 10238: 10236:Organizations 10234: 10224: 10221: 10219: 10216: 10215: 10213: 10209: 10203: 10200: 10198: 10197:Open standard 10195: 10193: 10190: 10188: 10185: 10183: 10180: 10179: 10177: 10173: 10167: 10164: 10162: 10159: 10157: 10154: 10150: 10147: 10146: 10145: 10142: 10138: 10135: 10133: 10130: 10129: 10127: 10124: 10123: 10121: 10117: 10107: 10104: 10100: 10096: 10093: 10092: 10091: 10090:Citizen media 10088: 10087: 10085: 10081: 10071: 10068: 10066: 10063: 10062: 10061: 10058: 10056: 10053: 10052: 10051: 10048: 10047: 10045: 10041: 10035: 10032: 10030: 10027: 10025: 10022: 10020: 10017: 10015: 10012: 10011: 10009: 10005: 10002: 10000:and learning 9998:Communication 9996: 9988: 9985: 9983: 9980: 9979: 9978: 9975: 9973: 9970: 9968: 9965: 9963: 9960: 9959: 9957: 9955:and knowledge 9951: 9943: 9940: 9938: 9935: 9933: 9930: 9928: 9925: 9923: 9920: 9919: 9918: 9915: 9913: 9910: 9909: 9907: 9903: 9897: 9894: 9892: 9889: 9887: 9884: 9882: 9879: 9877: 9874: 9872: 9871: 9867: 9863: 9861: 9860:Crowdsourcing 9858: 9856: 9853: 9852: 9850: 9846: 9843: 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1805: 1802: 1799: 1794: 1790: 1788: 1784: 1778: 1776: 1772: 1766: 1765:than men do. 1763: 1759: 1748: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1727: 1722: 1718: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1693: 1688: 1685: 1682: 1678: 1673: 1670: 1666: 1663: 1660: 1655: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1645: 1641: 1635: 1632: 1631: 1628: 1625: 1619: 1616: 1613: 1612: 1610: 1609: 1608:Crowdshipping 1605: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1591: 1590: 1584: 1582: 1576: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1556: 1547: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1532: 1528: 1523: 1521: 1520:Tag Challenge 1517: 1512: 1508: 1507:DARPA balloon 1503: 1500: 1496: 1495:Netflix Prize 1485: 1483: 1475: 1472: 1469: 1466: 1465: 1464: 1460: 1455: 1445: 1443: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1423: 1421: 1417: 1412: 1409: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1390: 1388: 1383: 1378: 1369: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1341: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1327: 1326: 1325: 1323: 1322:Crowdsourcing 1314: 1310: 1309: 1308: 1305: 1293: 1289: 1286: 1283: 1279: 1276: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1262: 1259: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1229: 1226: 1222: 1218: 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