22:
231:
travelling through the crowd, due to people at the back pushing forward against people at the front with nowhere to go. Keith Still of the Fire Safety
Engineering Group, University of Greenwich, said "Be aware of your surroundings. Look ahead. Listen to the crowd noise. If you start finding yourself in a crowd surge, wait for the surge to come, go with it, and move sideways. Keep moving with it and sideways, with it and sideways." Other recommendations include trying to remain upright, and keeping away from walls and other obstructions if possible.
219:
Hillsborough disaster. Hence barriers can be a solution in preventing or a key factor in causing a crush. One problem is lack of feedback from people being crushed to the crowd pressing behind—feedback can instead be provided by police, organizers, or other observers, particularly raised observers, such as on platforms or horseback, who can survey the crowd and use loudspeakers to communicate and direct a crowd. In some cases it may be possible to take simple measures such as spreading movements out over time.
95:
density one can avoid obstacles, and the chance of a crowd-related incident is minimal. Even at three or four people per square meter, the risk is low; however, at densities of five per square meter, it becomes more difficult for individuals to move, and at higher densities of six to seven per square meter, individuals become pressed against each other and can be unable to move voluntarily. At this point a crowd can begin to act like a
99:, with individuals moved about by the pressure of those around them, and shockwaves can pass through the crowd as pressures within the crowd change. This can be highly dangerous, although some people actively seek this experience, such as at rock concerts or football matches, where the excitement, camaraderie, and literally "going with the flow" is for some an essential part of the experience, and activities like
41:
against each other and may be swept along against their will by the motion of the crowd. Under these conditions, the crowd may undergo a progressive collapse where the pressure pushes people off their feet, resulting in people being trampled or crushed by the weight of other people falling on top of them. At even higher densities, the pressure on each individual can cause them to be crushed or
116:
further out remains, causing people to fall into the void. This process is then repeated, causing a bigger void, and will progress until the pressure eases; meanwhile, those who have fallen are at risk of being smothered by the weight of bodies on top or being trampled as the crowd is swept over them. An example of a progressive crowd collapse was the
133:
when it meets an obstacle (such as a dead end, or a locked door), or when an already densely packed crowd has an influx of people, causing a pressure wave toward those at the front of the crowd. In this situation those entering may be unaware of the effect on those in front and continue to press in. Examples of crushes are the
192:, remarks that "the idea of the hysterical mass is a myth". Incidents involving crowds are often reported by media as the results of panic. However, the scientific literature has explained how panic is a myth which is used to mislead the attention of the public from the real causes of crowd incidents, such as a crowd crush.
94:
The average individual occupies an oval floorspace approximately 30 by 60 cm (1 by 2 ft), or 0.18 square metres (2 sq ft) and at densities of one to two per square metre (0.1 to 0.2/sq ft) individuals can move freely without contact. Even if people are moving quickly, at this
204:, caused either by vertical stacking, as people fall on top of one another, or by horizontal stacking, where people are crushed together or against an unyielding barrier. Victims can also exhibit fractures due to pressure, or trampling injuries, when a crowd has swept over them where they have lain.
132:
At even higher densities (up to ten people per square metre (0.93/sq ft) a crowd can become so packed that people are crushed together to such an extent they can no longer breathe and are asphyxiated. Such crowd crushes can occur when a moving crowd is funneled into a smaller and smaller space,
71:
One study has calculated that there were 232 deaths and over 66,000 injuries in the ten years between 1992 and 2002 as a result of such incidents, but crowd scientists believe that such casualties are both vastly under-reported and increasing in frequency. One estimate is that only one in ten crowd
40:
are catastrophic incidents that can occur when a body of people becomes dangerously overcrowded. When numbers are up to about five people per square meter, the environment may feel cramped but manageable; when numbers reach between eight and ten people per square meter, individuals become pressed
159:
Stampede is a loaded word as it apportions blame to the victims for behaving in an irrational, self-destructive, unthinking and uncaring manner, it's pure ignorance, and laziness ... It gives the impression that it was a mindless crowd only caring about themselves, and they were prepared to crush
115:
A crowd collapse occurs when a crowd is so dense that each individual is touching others all around and is, to an extent, supported by those around. This can occur whether the crowd is moving or stationary. If a person then falls, the support to those around is lost, while the pressure from those
230:
There is risk of a crush when crowd density exceeds about five people per square meter. For a person in a crowd a signal of danger, and a warning to get out of the crowd if possible, is the sensation of being touched on all four sides. A later, more serious, warning is when one feels shock waves
218:
It is believed that most major crowd disasters can be prevented by simple crowd management strategies. Crushes can be prevented by organization and traffic control, such as barriers. On the other hand, barriers in some cases may funnel the crowd toward an already-packed area, such as in the
980:
Haghani, Milad; Coughlan, Matt; Crabb, Ben; Dierickx, Anton; Feliciani, Claudio; van Gelder, Roderick; Geoerg, Paul; Hocaoglu, Nazli; Laws, Steve; Lovreglio, Ruggiero; Miles, Zoe; Nicolas, Alexandre; O'Toole, William J.; Schaap, Syan; Semmens, Travis (1 December 2023).
188:, "If you look at the analysis, I've not seen any instances of the cause of mass fatalities being a stampede. People don't die because they panic. They panic because they are dying". Paul Torrens, a professor at the Center for Geospatial Information Science at the
222:
A factor that may contribute to a crush is inexperienced security officers who assume that people's behaviour in a dense crowd is voluntary and dangerous, and start applying force or preventing people from moving in certain directions. In the 1989
1183:
184:" is usually used in reference to animals that are fleeing a threat. Stampede events that involve humans are extremely rare and are unlikely to be fatal. According to Keith Still, professor of crowd science at
238:
in
Sunderland, England which killed 183 children, a law was passed in England which required all public entertainment venues to be equipped with doors that open outwards—for example, using
737:
1174:
107:
are common. The danger inherent in these conditions is that the crowd will collapse in on itself or become so densely packed that individuals are crushed and asphyxiated.
1120:
29:
of 1711, when a large crowd returning from a festival on one side of the bridge found their way blocked by a collision between a carriage and a cart, and became trapped
1139:
1227:
983:"A roadmap for the future of crowd safety research and practice: Introducing the Swiss Cheese Model of Crowd Safety and the imperative of a Vision Zero target"
160:
people. In virtually all situations it is usually the authorities to blame for poor planning, poor design, poor control, poor policing and mismanagement.
1033:
501:
227:, some police and stewards were so concerned with what they saw as possible hooliganism that they took actions that actually made matters worse.
52:
strategies. Such incidents can occur at large gatherings such as sporting, commercial, social, and religious events. The critical factor is
2156:
48:
Such incidents are invariably the product of organizational failures, and most major crowd disasters could have been prevented by simple
461:
2148:
2116:
1278:
428:
1053:, p. 5: "Virtually all crowd deaths are due to compressive asphyxia and not the 'trampling' reported by the news media."
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26:
929:
Haghani, Milad; Cristiani, Emiliano; Bode, Nikolai W. F.; Boltes, Maik; Corbetta, Alessandro (8 August 2019).
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63:, which typically occur when a large group of people all try to get away from a perceived risk to life.
2052:
1694:
1686:
982:
758:
738:"Crowd crushes: how disasters like Itaewon happen, how can they be prevented, and the 'stampede' myth"
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Feliciani, Claudio; Corbetta, Alessandro; Haghani, Milad; Nishinari, Katsuhiro (1 April 2024).
235:
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60:
2001:
2017:
1782:
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1080:
Article acknowledges traffic engineer John J. Fruin and G. Keith Still of Crowd
Dynamics Ltd.
224:
134:
1993:
1929:
1905:
1833:
1587:
1182:. First International Conference on Engineering for Crowd Safety (crowdsafe.com ed.).
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931:"Panic, Irrationality, and Herding: Three Ambiguous Terms in Crowd Dynamics Research"
915:
903:
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853:
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802:
790:
722:
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454:
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759:"How crowd accidents are reported in the news media: Lexical and sentiment analysis"
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In crowd collapse and crush incidents the most common cause of death is
429:"Crowd and traffic control could have prevented Seoul Halloween deaths"
899:
879:
502:"Hajj crush: how crowd disasters happen, and how they can be avoided"
239:
523:"Why Crowd Crushes Like South Korea's Halloween Surge Are So Deadly"
1228:
Interview with Paul
Wertheimer (Crowd-safety expert) at Insider.com
1067:
777:
658:
255:
181:
242:
latches that open when pushed. Crash bars are required by various
756:
104:
625:"Humour, loyalty & passion - Memories of the old Spion Kop"
622:
59:
Crowd collapses and crushes are often reported incorrectly as
1196:"Crowd Crush: How the Law Leaves American Crowds Unprotected"
100:
96:
1218:
How to stay safe at a crowded concert or music festival: CNN
1121:"A survival guide to avoiding asphyxiation in a crowd crush"
979:
121:
1222:
928:
141:
in
Duisburg, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany in 2010, the
165:
Edwin Galea, professor of fire safety engineering at the
816:
Haghani, Milad; Lovreglio, Ruggiero (9 December 2022).
673:
Haghani, Milad; Lovreglio, Ruggiero (9 December 2022).
365:
Haghani, Milad; Lovreglio, Ruggiero (9 December 2022).
884:"Panic or not in fire: Clarifying the misconception"
542:
540:
137:
in
Sheffield, South Yorkshire, England in 1989, the
124:when over 2,400 people were reported to have died.
76:are reported, while many, if not most, injuries at
564:
552:
537:
468:
2202:
815:
672:
364:
16:Type of disaster that occurs due to overcrowding
1286:
878:
882:; Proulx, Guylène; Aiman, Lata (August 2012).
586:A Crowd Safety Expert Explains Why People Mosh
152:
1272:
1068:"How Not To Get Trampled at the Inauguration"
1176:The Causes and Prevention of Crowd Disasters
1040:. Michigan State University. September 2015.
818:"Data-based tools can prevent crowd crushes"
675:"Data-based tools can prevent crowd crushes"
495:
493:
491:
489:
487:
485:
483:
367:"Data-based tools can prevent crowd crushes"
1131:
176:Stampede § Human stampedes and crushes
1279:
1265:
1140:"Children's deaths that shocked the world"
1024:
499:
462:Max Planck Institute for Human Development
1061:
1059:
956:
946:
776:
480:
1243:
647:
645:
623:Pete "LancashireLad" (22 October 2013).
452:
149:in Itaewon, Seoul, South Korea in 2022.
20:
1020:
1018:
421:
2203:
1246:"Ten tips for surviving a crowd crush"
1137:
1095:"The secret science that rules crowds"
1065:
1056:
1034:"Mourners Crushed at Stalin's Funeral"
435:. Bloomberg, Reuters. 1 November 2022.
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266:Category:Crowd collapses and crushes
1189:from the original on 30 April 2021.
1119:Mosia, Lebohang (7 November 2022).
1038:Seventeen Moments in Soviet History
1029:. New York: Dutton. pp. 88–102
603:
13:
1092:
1083:
1066:Ripley, Amanda (19 January 2009).
935:Journal of Advanced Transportation
736:Lock, Samantha (1 November 2022).
500:Benedictus, Leo (3 October 2015).
439:
278:
234:After the 1883 crush known as the
195:
186:Manchester Metropolitan University
120:in Mecca, Saudi Arabia during the
110:
14:
2237:
1211:
1125:Independent Online (South Africa)
652:Moore, Jack (24 September 2015).
521:Syed, Armani (31 October 2022).
344:about 1.5 square feet per person
127:
1112:
1093:Ro, Christine (21 March 2018).
1044:
973:
922:
872:
809:
750:
729:
666:
654:"What Caused the Hajj Tragedy?"
616:
597:
576:
338:
309:
143:Astroworld Festival crowd crush
1244:Moussaid, Mehdi (3 May 2021).
1138:Stoner, Sarah (13 June 2008).
583:Hill, Tia (27 November 2019).
514:
358:
302:about 1.5 – 1.2
296:
1:
1223:Fire Safety Engineering Group
1173:Fruin, John (January 2002) .
351:
207:
147:Itaewon Halloween crowd crush
66:
1194:Pearl, Tracy Hresko (2015).
1025:Evtushenko, Evgenii (1963).
7:
2226:Crowd collapses and crushes
2149:Basra International Stadium
1468:Xinjiang 61st Regiment Farm
1297:List of fatal crowd crushes
1288:Crowd collapses and crushes
261:List of fatal crowd crushes
249:
145:in Houston, Texas ,and the
83:
10:
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1166:
1001:10.1016/j.ssci.2023.106292
787:10.1016/j.ssci.2024.106423
211:
173:
87:
2043:
1808:
1637:
1354:
1303:
1294:
1233:"World's worst stampedes"
453:Tchechne, Martin (2022).
1679:Akashi pedestrian bridge
1027:Precocious Autobiography
604:Sampara, Pete "Kopite".
271:
56:rather than crowd size.
842:10.1126/science.adf5949
699:10.1126/science.adf5949
455:"Nine per square meter"
391:10.1126/science.adf5949
167:University of Greenwich
25:245 people died in the
335:square feet per person
306:square feet per person
293:square feet per person
236:Victoria Hall disaster
190:University of Maryland
162:
72:injuries occurring in
30:
1695:The Station nightclub
1364:Shiloh Baptist Church
225:Hillsborough disaster
157:
135:Hillsborough disaster
45:while still upright.
24:
1671:Accra Sports Stadium
1436:El Progreso Bullring
1200:Kentucky Law Journal
948:10.1155/2019/9267643
139:Love Parade disaster
27:Lyon bridge disaster
2093:Vaishno Devi Temple
2085:Astroworld Festival
1719:Mandher Devi temple
1596:Haridwar and Ujjain
1548:Oppenheimer Stadium
1484:Karaiskakis Stadium
834:2022Sci...378.1060H
828:(6624): 1060–1061.
691:2022Sci...378.1060H
685:(6624): 1060–1061.
383:2022Sci...378.1060H
377:(6624): 1060–1061.
2216:Man-made disasters
2133:Kanjuruhan Stadium
1978:Colectiv nightclub
1914:Stade Tata Raphaël
1759:PhilSports Stadium
1743:Chennai (December)
1735:Chennai (November)
1663:Ellis Park Stadium
888:Fire and Materials
153:Crowd "stampedes"
118:2015 Mina stampede
31:
2198:
2197:
1858:Port Said Stadium
1775:Naina Devi temple
1727:Al-Aaimmah bridge
1516:Dasharath Stadium
1508:Shanghai Lujiazui
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1868:
1866:Satsanga Deoghar
1860:
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1428:Estadio Nacional
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1406:
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1372:Iroquois Theatre
1366:
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1339:
1331:
1329:Brooklyn Theatre
1323:
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1258:
1257:
1253:
1250:The Conversation
1207:
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1146:. Archived from
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900:10.1002/fam.1083
894:(5–6): 328–338.
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74:doorbuster sales
50:crowd management
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2221:Human stampedes
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2058:
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2015:
2007:
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1991:
1983:
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1954:30 June Stadium
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1628:Nyamiha (Minsk)
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1505:
1497:
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1476:The Who concert
1473:
1465:
1457:
1449:
1444:AtatĂĽrk Stadium
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1409:
1401:
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1214:
1206:(1). Article 4.
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1153:
1151:
1150:on 21 June 2008
1144:Sunderland Echo
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631:
629:This Is Anfield
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196:Causes of death
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130:
113:
111:Crowd collapses
92:
86:
80:go unreported.
69:
61:human stampedes
34:Crowd collapses
17:
12:
11:
5:
2239:
2229:
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2223:
2218:
2213:
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2173:San Salvador
2117:GBLA Stadium
2018:Antananarivo
1687:E2 nightclub
1532:Hillsborough
1412:Burnden Park
1388:Italian Hall
1287:
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1152:. Retrieved
1148:the original
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1238:China Daily
634:21 November
433:Japan Times
43:asphyxiated
2205:Categories
2069:Los Olivos
1890:Kumbh Mela
1850:Sabarimala
1842:Phnom Penh
1826:Pratapgarh
1620:Sabarimala
1420:Kumbh Mela
1099:BBC Future
1051:Fruin 2002
995:: 106292.
778:2309.14633
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571:Pearl 2015
559:Pearl 2015
547:Pearl 2015
475:Fruin 2002
352:References
208:Prevention
180:The term "
67:Background
2010:Corinaldo
1556:Mahamaham
1104:14 August
1009:0925-7535
967:0197-6729
916:145326665
908:0308-0501
866:254485601
850:0036-8075
803:262824786
795:0925-7535
723:254485601
707:0036-8075
415:254485601
399:0036-8075
289:about 2.2
240:crash bar
169:, England
2157:Pakistan
1799:Mawazine
1492:Luzhniki
1345:Khodynka
1321:Valletta
1184:Archived
858:36480619
715:36480619
659:Newsweek
407:36480619
256:Ant mill
250:See also
182:stampede
84:Dynamics
2211:Hazards
2189:Hathras
2101:Yaoundé
2034:Caracas
2026:Karbala
2002:Caracas
1783:Jodhpur
1767:Bandung
1524:Tbilisi
1460:Zamalek
1355:20th c.
1304:19th c.
1167:Sources
1154:13 June
1070:. Slate
830:Bibcode
822:Science
687:Bibcode
679:Science
379:Bibcode
371:Science
330:⁄
320:⁄
315:about 3
105:moshing
101:dancing
2053:Kerman
1994:Mumbai
1938:Kwekwe
1930:Multan
1906:Mumbai
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2016:2019
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1992:2017
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1968:2015
1962:Haiti
1960:2015
1952:2015
1944:2014
1936:2014
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1711:Miyun
1709:2004
1703:Mecca
1701:2004
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1655:Mecca
1653:2001
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1638:2000s
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1612:Mecca
1610:1998
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1580:Mecca
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1458:1974
1452:Ibrox
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1386:1913
1378:1908
1370:1903
1362:1902
1343:1896
1335:1883
1327:1876
1319:1823
1311:1807
1187:(PDF)
1180:(PDF)
912:S2CID
862:S2CID
799:S2CID
773:arXiv
719:S2CID
458:(PDF)
411:S2CID
272:Notes
97:fluid
2125:Giza
1970:Mina
1156:2008
1106:2018
1076:2009
1005:ISSN
963:ISSN
939:2019
904:ISSN
854:PMID
846:ISSN
791:ISSN
711:PMID
703:ISSN
636:2021
531:2023
403:PMID
395:ISSN
325:or 2
122:Hajj
103:and
36:and
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997:doi
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