1226:
2031:
201:
225:
318:
22:
277:
2589:
1895:
2624:
2612:
2600:
1907:
1003:
331:
445:
In Europe, the use of panic bars is generally confined to code required applications. In US and
Canadian commercial buildings, they are frequently used even where not required by code, because bars are seen as being easier to use than knobs or lever handles. For example, when used on the rear service
398:
However, EN 179 devices shall only be used at locations where people "are familiar with the emergency exit and its hardware and therefore a panic situation is unlikely to appear". Examples of places where EN 179 hardware may be used in place of EN 1125 panic bars include small apartment buildings and
362:
In 2008, the standard was updated to include an alpha-numeric labelling scheme. In this system, products are tested to various benchmarks and assigned a letter or number accordingly. Products must achieve minimum quality scores in order to receive general CE approval. The nine rating categories are:
257:
In some applications, such as storefront entrances, panic bars may be dogged during business hours. Dogging is a common feature on panic bars in which the bar is retracted with a key—freeing the door to swing without latching. This allows customers to apply force to any portion of the door, not just
244:
Center posts are an alternative to vertical rods at double door exits. This offers less clearance because the post remains in the middle when both doors are open. That said, the post can often be removed with a key for occasions when items larger than a single door need to pass through. Center posts
179:
In the event emergency exits are required, the crash bar works efficiently to allow people to pass through security doors without a reduction in speed. A crash bar's fast-acting mechanism reduces the risk that a rushing crowd might suddenly become a logjam at the exits. Such a human crush, which has
452:
Some manufacturers offer crash bars designed to resist microbial growth. This can include coating the bar with silver ions in order to create a chemical environment hostile to unwanted microbes. Antimicrobial surfaces have shown to be effective at inhibiting bacterial, mold, and mildew growth; but
187:
Crash bars are typically found on doors which are required emergency exits serving a particular type or quantity of occupants. Common locations include doors which provide egress from assembly areas, doors which serve many occupants, or doors serving hazardous areas. For buildings subject to the
313:
are used on the primary exit route, these doors are equipped with crash bars. In the event the automatic door does not function, it becomes an outward swinging rather than sliding door. Crash bars are one of many emergency release mechanisms that can be used with automatic doors. Depending on
92:
began legal moves to enforce minimum standards for building safety. This slowly led to the legal requirement that venues must have a minimum number of outward opening doors as well as locks which could be opened from the inside. Motivated by the
Sunderland disaster, Robert Alexander Briggs
66:
and may be fitted with alarms. However, in many buildings the crash bar functions as the primary mechanism for opening a door in normal circumstances as well. They may even be used when not required by code because they are quicker and easier for users compared with a knob or lever handle.
314:
available space, a common alternative is to install an emergency exit door beside the automatic doors. Installation of a secondary crash bar equipped exit is often required in large buildings with revolving doors, since these are too slow for a crowd to move through.
441:
In Europe, most panic bars are of the cross bar type, which are called Type A in the EN 1125 standard. This contrasts strongly with North
American architectural design, which years ago switched to using predominantly touch bars (EN 1125 Type B) in new construction.
216:
Vertical rods can be affixed to crash bars allowing both doors to be opened with no center clearance obstruction. When the bar is depressed, a chord within the vertical rod gets pulled, which lowers a latch at the top and/or bottom and allows the door to open. The
432:
such as a local fire marshal. Factors considered when mandating exit devices include the number of occupants who would need to leave in an emergency, the availability of other nearby exits, and proximity to any hazards equipment or chemicals.
261:
Dogging is distinct from simple unlocking, which permits the user to open the door from both ends but still requires performing an action to release the latches. However, in applications where the exterior side contains an immovable
135:
canister sparked panic. Children rushing to escape the cinema became crushed against the padlocked exit doors. Even after a police officer broke a padlock, the inward-opening doors were held shut by the mass of bodies behind them.
760:
351:. As with other EN family standards, the English language version is produced by the British Standards Institution and utilises the call sign BS EN 1125. Panic bars are required to conform to this standard in order to carry
248:
Push bars themselves are some of the most reliable door opening mechanisms. To pass CE certification, bars must function between 100,000 and 500,000 opening cycles depending on the rating the manufacturer is seeking.
232:
Some jurisdictions permit doors to latch to each other. For security, additional latching points may be added. For example, upper and lower vertical rods added to one door and connected to the leaf with no rods via a
55:
The device consists of a spring-loaded metal bar which is fixed horizontally to a door that swings in the direction of an exit. Depressing the bar unlatches the door, allowing occupants to quickly leave the building.
920:
221:, which attaches to a Pullman keeper, is the locking mechanism usually used at the ends of the vertical rods. More expensive products may feature vertical rods and latches concealed within the door.
395:
EN 1125 is one of two standards which govern exit devices in the EU. The other standard, EN 179, governs door handles, push pads, and other exit devices with emergency release functionality.
767:
192:, or a locally adopted variation, they are required for certain healthcare, education, or assembly spaces, generally related to the number of occupants exiting through a given door.
59:
Modern fire standards often mandate that doors be fitted with crash bars in commercial and other occupancies where mass evacuation may be slowed by other types of door openers.
301:
activation. Because these will not function in a long term power outage, they are most commonly used on secondary doors between a vestibule and the secure part of a building.
556:
1742:
293:. It may be used in tandem with a motion sensor which unlocks for anyone who stands in front of the door. This type of release must still unlock in the event of a
913:
803:
184:, can cause falls, crushing, and other injury because the rear of a crowd has no idea that the people at the front of a crowd have come across a door.
1537:
146:
In virtually all situations it is usually the authorities to blame for poor planning, poor design, poor control, poor policing and mismanagement.
108:
in
December 1903 because of door latch designs that were difficult for fleeing patrons to open. Five years later, 174 people in Ohio died in the
289:
Unlike a traditional crash bar, this type contains a horizontal touch sensor and no moving parts. When the sensor is pressed, it releases an
241:
is used to ensure the active leaf does not close before the inactive leaf. This configuration is not recommended for high traffic locations.
1730:
791:
408:
1345:
273:, or contain no key functionality at all. Dogging should be avoided in high wind areas where the door is susceptible to blowing open.
2615:
1035:
1063:
1709:
644:
1945:
428:
Model codes are usually supplemented with amendments adopted locally. Additional requirements may be imposed on a site from an
732:
269:
Dogging can extend the life of the bar. Some bars can be unlocked /dogged electronically, while others take a cylinder lock,
584:
985:
1754:
1748:
419:
245:
may be preferred over vertical rods because they have fewer moving parts, thus they have fewer components that can break.
888:
707:
446:
door of a business, a worker whose hands are being used to carry bulky items can lean against a bar to release the lock.
1250:
1625:
1910:
814:
266:, as opposed to a knob or lever handle, it is usually impossible to unlock the crash bar without also dogging it.
1386:
1074:
682:
2534:
937:
620:
2659:
2468:
1736:
1693:
1365:
1028:
429:
52:
in an emergency, crash bars are now used as the primary door opening mechanism in many commercial buildings.
1854:
2447:
2194:
1807:
1645:
2549:
2539:
1923:
1678:
1610:
1427:
1260:
486:
American
National Standards Institute, ANSI/BHMA A156.3-2001, American National Standard for Exit Devices
466:
415:
189:
181:
708:"BS EN 1125 - Standards and Legislation - UNION – Door Handles, Door Locks, Door Hardware and much more"
1938:
1245:
1185:
1007:
557:"Crowd crushes: how disasters like Itaewon happen, how can they be prevented, and the 'stampede' myth"
172:. Crash bars are fitted to these types of doors because they are proven to save lives in the event of
88:, in 1883 in which 183 children died because a door had been bolted at the bottom of a stairwell, the
2407:
1760:
1595:
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85:
2654:
2291:
2204:
1898:
1704:
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1600:
1577:
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1021:
48:
which allows users to open a door by pushing a bar. While originally conceived as a way to prevent
115:
On 31 December 1929, some 37 years after the panic bolt was patented, 71 children died during the
2649:
2508:
2462:
2392:
2189:
1547:
1512:
1360:
1310:
449:
While the public generally prefers automatic doors, they can be costly to install and maintain.
152:
863:
425:. Adoption of regulations varies by location and may occur at the city, county, or state level.
2564:
2080:
1688:
1567:
1542:
1532:
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1200:
356:
109:
81:
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2603:
2592:
2503:
2336:
1931:
1875:
1849:
1802:
1417:
1305:
1285:
124:
101:
112:, which led to a national outcry in the United States for greater fire safety in buildings.
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2427:
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2326:
2225:
2097:
2050:
1572:
1432:
1140:
290:
116:
661:
579:. Country Club Hills, Illinois: International Code Council, Inc. 2009. p. 1008.1.10.
520:
414:
In the US, building exit requirements are generally controlled by model codes such as the
8:
2422:
2331:
2266:
2174:
2102:
1615:
1522:
2627:
2623:
176:. Panic can often occur during mass building evacuations caused by fires or explosions.
2209:
2169:
1402:
1330:
1295:
1290:
1145:
89:
2030:
495:
California Code of
Regulations, Title 24, Part 2, "California Building Code." 1008.1.9
2544:
2271:
2164:
2015:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1714:
1605:
1587:
1477:
1315:
1225:
1210:
580:
93:(1868–1963) invented the panic bolt which was granted a UK patent on 13 August 1892.
740:
www.int-door-controls.co.uk/ccp51/media/downloads/pdf/Panic-Hardware-Brochure-07.pdf
200:
132:
2457:
2316:
2184:
2159:
1812:
1150:
436:
422:
224:
2554:
2518:
2483:
2452:
2235:
2230:
1995:
1507:
1442:
1381:
1350:
1325:
1275:
1270:
1084:
1044:
534:
2513:
2488:
2379:
2321:
1985:
1980:
1966:
1673:
1650:
1635:
1497:
1437:
1407:
1376:
1320:
1280:
1215:
1205:
1100:
310:
169:
63:
600:
2643:
2432:
2412:
2045:
2005:
2000:
1880:
1870:
1668:
1640:
1557:
1175:
1165:
1135:
1079:
294:
161:
97:
2478:
2387:
2354:
2346:
2306:
2256:
2240:
2133:
2085:
2065:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1797:
1683:
1562:
1552:
1487:
1452:
1412:
1371:
1335:
1125:
1120:
1090:
561:
317:
234:
1953:
213:
Crash bars offer numerous configurations for latching to the door frame.
2574:
2559:
2493:
2402:
2311:
2261:
2154:
1990:
1517:
1472:
1462:
1355:
1300:
1265:
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969:
173:
49:
45:
21:
839:
276:
2437:
2286:
2118:
1777:
1630:
1130:
1115:
1095:
454:
352:
298:
297:, and in some jurisdictions, the door must automatically unlock for a
2417:
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2359:
2281:
2199:
2138:
2055:
1699:
1527:
1492:
1482:
1467:
1447:
1195:
1190:
1155:
1110:
1058:
165:
2498:
2369:
2296:
2128:
2090:
2060:
2020:
2010:
1792:
1502:
1457:
1180:
1170:
1069:
128:
120:
96:
However, these moves were not globally copied. For example, in the
1013:
506:
ANSI/BHMA A156.3-2001. American
National Standard for Exit Devices
2179:
2123:
2075:
2070:
437:
Differences between Europe and North
America and emerging trends
270:
105:
2442:
1002:
343:
In the
European Union, panic bars are governed by the standard
2301:
1833:
1787:
521:"Robert Alexander Briggs and the invention of the Panic Bolt"
330:
164:
which require all public buildings have a minimum number of
25:
Crash bar doors in a school, with upper vertical rod latches
1782:
1743:
National
Council of Examiners for Engineering and Surveying
411:, was available by 1908 in many models and configurations.
151:
Edwin Galea, professor of fire safety engineering at the
981:
OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH STANDARDS, 29 cfr 1910.36
792:
Sweet's Indexed Catalogue of Building Construction, 1909
469: – Type of disaster that occurs due to overcrowding
601:"What Is A Pullman Latch? » Door Hardware Genius"
864:"I Dig Hardware » Back-2-Basics: Panic Hardware"
160:By the end of the 20th century, most countries had
1538:Penetrant (mechanical, electrical, or structural)
453:may not be effective at stopping viruses such as
2641:
645:"Panic and Emergency Exit Hardware Introduction"
349:Panic exit devices operated by a horizontal bar
508:. American National Standards Institute. 2001.
1939:
1029:
730:
683:"Code Requirements for Electromagnetic Locks"
970:British Standards relating to Panic Hardware
761:"Briton Exit Hardware Classifications Guide"
252:
1946:
1932:
1346:Hypoxic air technology for fire prevention
1036:
1022:
984:National Fire Protection Association 101,
621:"Vertical Rod Panic Device - Doorware.com"
535:"The cinema panic that killed 71 children"
1731:Fire Equipment Manufacturers' Association
228:Diagram of Vertical Rod Latching Elements
1064:Boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion
889:"Automatic Door Maintenance - Dash Door"
329:
316:
275:
223:
199:
139:
20:
1710:Listing and approval use and compliance
321:Automatic sliding doors with crash bars
62:They are sometimes intended solely for
2642:
680:
1927:
1755:Society of Fire Protection Engineers
1017:
304:
2611:
2599:
1906:
1749:National Fire Protection Association
554:
334:Cross bar style exit doors in Turkey
280:Doors with electromagnetic exit bars
204:Vertical rod vs center post latching
1043:
991:2011 NATIONAL ELECTRICAL CODE (NEC)
480:
325:
13:
1251:Condensed aerosol fire suppression
958:
555:Lock, Samantha (1 November 2022).
518:
284:
100:, at least 602 people died in the
14:
2671:
1626:Fire alarm notification appliance
995:
705:
338:
2622:
2610:
2598:
2588:
2587:
2029:
1905:
1894:
1893:
1224:
1001:
926:from the original on 2020-05-10.
577:2009 International Building Code
402:
1387:Vehicle fire suppression system
1075:Combustibility and flammability
938:"How to sanitize your hardware"
930:
906:
881:
856:
832:
796:
785:
753:
724:
699:
674:
662:"Exit Devices: Dogging Options"
654:
637:
258:the bar, in order to open it.
162:building codes (or regulations)
2535:Glossary of locksmithing terms
613:
593:
569:
548:
527:
512:
498:
489:
1:
2469:Perimeter intrusion detection
1737:Institution of Fire Engineers
1694:Fire Safety Evaluation System
1366:Personal protective equipment
473:
430:Authority Having Jurisdiction
407:The first panic bar, made by
80:Following the events of the
70:
2448:Miniature snap-action switch
2195:Time-delay combination locks
1808:GHS precautionary statements
1646:Manual fire alarm activation
309:In some jurisdictions, when
7:
2550:John M. Mossman Lock Museum
2540:Electromagnetic door holder
1679:Fire protection engineering
1611:Explosive gas leak detector
1428:Electromagnetic door holder
1261:External water spray system
681:Greene, Lori (2017-06-20).
467:Crowd collapses and crushes
460:
416:International Building Code
195:
190:International Building Code
10:
2676:
1855:Harry C. Bigglestone Award
1246:Automatic fire suppression
1186:K-factor (fire protection)
811:International Code Council
182:many historical precedents
75:
2583:
2527:
2408:Closed-circuit television
2378:
2345:
2249:
2218:
2147:
2111:
2038:
2027:
1973:
1889:
1863:
1842:
1770:
1761:Underwriters Laboratories
1723:
1659:
1596:Aspirating smoke detector
1586:
1395:
1256:Detonation flame arrester
1233:
1222:
1051:
914:"Antimicrobial solutions"
733:"Panic Hardware Brochure"
2292:Kensington Security Slot
2205:Tubular pin tumbler lock
1705:Kitchen exhaust cleaning
1621:Fire alarm control panel
1601:Carbon monoxide detector
1578:Standpipe (firefighting)
1341:Gaseous fire suppression
1106:Enthalpy of vaporization
804:"Code Adoption by State"
355:and thus be sold in the
253:Unlocking and latch hold
2509:Vandal-resistant switch
2463:Passive infrared sensor
2393:Alarm monitoring center
2190:Rotary combination lock
2039:Components and hardware
1548:Pressurisation ductwork
1513:Firewall (construction)
1361:Passive fire protection
1311:Fire suppression system
239:double door coordinator
153:University of Greenwich
38:exit device, panic bar,
2565:Lock Museum of America
2081:Bored cylindrical lock
1724:Industry organizations
1689:Fire-resistance rating
1568:Smoke exhaust ductwork
1543:Penetration (firestop)
1533:Packing (firestopping)
1241:Active fire protection
1201:Spontaneous combustion
840:"Who's Got the Power?"
357:European Economic Area
335:
322:
281:
229:
205:
148:
133:cellulose nitrate film
110:Collinwood school fire
82:Victoria Hall disaster
46:door opening mechanism
26:
18:Door opening mechanism
2593:Category:Locksmithing
2504:Ultrasonic transducer
1876:Template:Firefighting
1850:Arthur B. Guise Medal
1803:GHS hazard statements
1306:Fire sprinkler system
1286:Fire-retardant fabric
712:www.uniononline.co.uk
370:Number of Test Cycles
333:
320:
279:
227:
203:
144:
140:Justification for use
125:Paisley, Renfrewshire
102:Iroquois Theatre fire
24:
2660:Emergency management
2474:Photoelectric sensor
2428:Glass break detector
2327:Real-estate lock box
2226:Electromagnetic lock
2098:Single-point locking
2051:Interchangeable core
1974:Fundamental concepts
1660:Professions, trades,
1573:Smokeproof enclosure
1433:Electromagnetic lock
1141:Flammability diagram
1052:Fundamental concepts
1010:at Wikimedia Commons
388:Projection of device
382:Corrosion Resistance
291:electromagnetic lock
117:Glen Cinema disaster
2570:Musée de la Serrure
2423:Fingerprint scanner
2332:Steering-wheel lock
2267:Chubb detector lock
2175:Magnetic keyed lock
2103:Three-point locking
1616:Fire alarm call box
1523:Heat and smoke vent
731:Int Door Controls.
86:Sunderland, England
2210:Wafer tumbler lock
2170:Lever tumbler lock
1588:Fire alarm systems
1403:Annulus (firestop)
1331:Flashback arrestor
1296:Fire-safe polymers
1291:Fire retardant gel
1146:Flammability limit
820:on October 7, 2017
519:Lovell, Patricia.
336:
323:
305:On automatic doors
282:
230:
206:
123:film screening in
90:British government
27:
2637:
2636:
2545:Exit control lock
2272:Child safety lock
2165:Disc tumbler lock
2016:Physical security
1921:
1920:
1829:Safety data sheet
1824:List of S-phrases
1819:List of R-phrases
1715:Sprinkler fitting
1606:Circuit integrity
1478:Fire extinguisher
1316:Firefighting foam
1211:Thermal radiation
1006:Media related to
870:. 15 October 2013
586:978-1-58001-725-1
131:, when a smoking
33:(also known as a
2667:
2626:
2614:
2613:
2602:
2601:
2591:
2590:
2458:Occupancy sensor
2317:Power door locks
2250:Other lock types
2219:Electronic locks
2185:Combination lock
2160:Pin tumbler lock
2148:Mechanical locks
2033:
1948:
1941:
1934:
1925:
1924:
1909:
1908:
1897:
1896:
1813:Life Safety Code
1418:Compartmentation
1228:
1151:Flammable liquid
1038:
1031:
1024:
1015:
1014:
1005:
986:Life Safety Code
952:
951:
949:
948:
934:
928:
927:
925:
918:
910:
904:
903:
901:
900:
885:
879:
878:
876:
875:
868:idighardware.com
860:
854:
853:
851:
850:
836:
830:
829:
827:
825:
819:
813:. Archived from
808:
800:
794:
789:
783:
782:
780:
778:
773:on 15 March 2017
772:
766:. Archived from
765:
757:
751:
750:
748:
746:
737:
728:
722:
721:
719:
718:
703:
697:
696:
694:
693:
678:
672:
671:
669:
668:
658:
652:
651:
649:
641:
635:
634:
632:
631:
625:www.doorware.com
617:
611:
610:
608:
607:
597:
591:
590:
573:
567:
566:
552:
546:
545:
543:
542:
531:
525:
524:
516:
510:
509:
502:
496:
493:
487:
484:
423:Life Safety Code
326:Around the world
209:Mechanical types
156:
2675:
2674:
2670:
2669:
2668:
2666:
2665:
2664:
2655:Fire protection
2640:
2639:
2638:
2633:
2579:
2555:Key to the City
2523:
2519:Window security
2484:Pressure switch
2453:Motion detector
2380:Security alarms
2374:
2341:
2245:
2236:Electric strike
2231:Electronic lock
2214:
2143:
2107:
2034:
2025:
1996:Key duplication
1969:
1967:security alarms
1952:
1922:
1917:
1885:
1859:
1838:
1766:
1719:
1661:
1655:
1582:
1508:Firestop pillow
1443:Emergency light
1396:Building design
1391:
1382:Tank blanketing
1351:Inerting system
1326:Flame retardant
1276:Fire protection
1271:Fire prevention
1229:
1220:
1085:Dangerous goods
1047:
1045:Fire protection
1042:
998:
961:
959:Further reading
956:
955:
946:
944:
942:us.allegion.com
936:
935:
931:
923:
916:
912:
911:
907:
898:
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873:
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862:
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857:
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797:
790:
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763:
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704:
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691:
689:
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666:
664:
660:
659:
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647:
643:
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638:
629:
627:
619:
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614:
605:
603:
599:
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587:
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570:
553:
549:
540:
538:
533:
532:
528:
517:
513:
504:
503:
499:
494:
490:
485:
481:
476:
463:
439:
405:
376:Fire Resistance
367:Category of Use
341:
328:
311:automatic doors
307:
287:
285:Electric strike
255:
198:
170:emergency exits
158:
150:
142:
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2001:Key relevance
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706:ABLOY, ASSA.
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295:power failure
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236:
235:mortice latch
226:
222:
220:
219:Pullman latch
214:
211:
210:
202:
193:
191:
185:
183:
177:
175:
174:human crushes
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98:United States
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65:
64:emergency use
60:
57:
53:
51:
47:
43:
39:
36:
32:
23:
16:
2621:
2609:
2597:
2479:Piezo switch
2388:Alarm device
2355:Lock bumping
2347:Lock picking
2307:Luggage lock
2276:
2257:Bicycle lock
2241:Keycard lock
2134:Skeleton key
2086:Mortise lock
2066:Key retainer
1963:lock picking
1959:locksmithing
1911:
1899:
1798:Flame spread
1684:Fireproofing
1662:and services
1563:Smoke damper
1553:Safety glass
1488:Fire hydrant
1453:Fire curtain
1422:
1413:Booster pump
1372:Relief valve
1336:Fusible link
1126:Fire loading
1121:Fire control
1091:Deflagration
945:. Retrieved
941:
932:
908:
897:. Retrieved
895:. 2013-08-12
892:
883:
872:. Retrieved
867:
858:
847:. Retrieved
843:
834:
822:. Retrieved
815:the original
810:
798:
787:
775:. Retrieved
768:the original
755:
743:. Retrieved
739:
726:
715:. Retrieved
711:
701:
690:. Retrieved
686:
676:
665:. Retrieved
656:
639:
628:. Retrieved
624:
615:
604:. Retrieved
595:
576:
571:
562:The Guardian
560:
550:
539:. Retrieved
537:. 2019-12-31
529:
514:
505:
500:
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451:
448:
444:
440:
427:
413:
406:
397:
394:
361:
348:
344:
342:
308:
288:
268:
264:dummy handle
263:
260:
256:
247:
243:
238:
231:
218:
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212:
208:
207:
186:
178:
159:
149:
145:
114:
95:
79:
61:
58:
54:
41:
37:
34:
30:
28:
15:
2575:Puzzle lock
2560:Lock Museum
2494:Reed switch
2403:Card reader
2312:Night latch
2262:Bramah lock
2155:Warded lock
1991:Key control
1518:Grease duct
1473:Fire escape
1463:Fire damper
1356:Intumescent
1301:Fire safety
1266:Fire bucket
1161:Flash point
2644:Categories
2438:Key switch
2287:Door chain
2119:Berlin key
1815:(NFPA 101)
1778:CE marking
1631:Fire drill
1234:Technology
1131:Fire point
1116:Fire class
1096:Detonation
947:2020-06-03
899:2017-03-14
874:2017-03-14
849:2017-03-14
844:ecmweb.com
717:2017-03-14
692:2020-06-04
667:2020-06-03
630:2020-06-03
606:2020-06-03
541:2020-01-01
474:References
455:SARS-CoV-2
409:Von Duprin
353:CE marking
299:fire alarm
71:Background
2418:Dual loop
2398:Car alarm
2360:Locksport
2282:Dead bolt
2277:Crash bar
2200:Time lock
2139:Smart key
2056:Key blank
1771:Standards
1700:Fire test
1528:Occupancy
1493:Fire pump
1483:Fire hose
1468:Fire door
1448:Exit sign
1423:Crash bar
1196:Pyrolysis
1191:Pool fire
1156:Flashover
1111:Explosive
1059:Backdraft
1008:Push bars
893:Dash Door
824:March 17,
399:offices.
155:, England
31:crash bar
2499:Tripwire
2370:Snap gun
2365:Slim Jim
2337:The Club
2297:Knox Box
2129:Keychain
2091:Rim lock
2061:Key code
2021:Rekeying
2011:Password
1900:Category
1864:See also
1793:EN 16034
1503:Firestop
1458:Fire cut
1181:Jet fire
1171:Gas leak
1087:(HAZMAT)
1070:Boilover
921:Archived
919:. 2014.
777:14 March
745:14 March
461:See also
418:and the
385:Security
196:Latching
129:Scotland
121:Hogmanay
42:bump bar
2180:Padlock
2124:Car key
2076:Lockset
2071:Lockrod
2046:Bitting
1912:Commons
1745:(NCEES)
1066:(BLEVE)
988:, 2012;
345:EN 1125
271:hex key
106:Chicago
76:History
2443:Keypad
1965:, and
1843:Awards
1757:(SFPE)
1751:(NFPA)
1733:(FEMA)
1696:(FSES)
583:
379:Safety
2616:Locks
2465:(PIR)
2302:Latch
1955:Locks
1834:UL 94
1788:EN 54
1739:(IFE)
1368:(PPE)
924:(PDF)
917:(PDF)
818:(PDF)
807:(PDF)
771:(PDF)
764:(PDF)
736:(PDF)
648:(PDF)
119:at a
35:panic
2628:Book
2604:Keys
2112:Keys
1783:EN 3
1763:(UL)
826:2017
779:2017
747:2017
581:ISBN
420:NFPA
237:. A
168:and
166:fire
104:in
84:in
40:or
2646::
1961:,
1957:,
940:.
891:.
866:.
842:.
809:.
738:.
710:.
685:.
623:.
559:.
457:.
359:.
347:,
127:,
29:A
1947:e
1940:t
1933:v
1037:e
1030:t
1023:v
950:.
902:.
877:.
852:.
828:.
781:.
749:.
720:.
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