607:) and 1200 lbs. (5338 N) dynamic holding force capacities. A "fail safe" magnetic lock requires power to remain locked and typically is not suitable for high security applications, because it is possible to disable the lock by disrupting the power supply. Despite this, by adding a magnetic bond sensor to the lock and by using a power supply that includes a battery backup capability, some specialized higher security applications can be implemented. Electromagnetic locks are well suited for use on emergency exit doors that have fire safety applications because they have no moving parts and are therefore less likely to fail than other types of electric locks, such as
639:. Fire concerns by local authorities in locking the doors at the Forum prompted management to find a locking solution that would be safe during a fire incident. Saphirstein initially proposed to use a linear stack of door holders to work as an electromagnetic lock. These door holders were traditionally used to hold doors open, but in this application Saphirstein believed that they could be packaged and adapted to work as a fail-safe lock. After a successful prototype and installation at the Forum, Saphirstein continued evolving and improving the design and established the Locknetics company to develop accessories and control circuits for electromagnetic locks.
1804:
983:
2473:
1541:
1576:
34:
2485:
1564:
1552:
647:
Controls, all of which were located in
Connecticut. Other engineers also left these companies to form their own manufacturing firms in electronic locking, including Highpower Security Products LLC in Meriden, Connecticut. Many other firms in both the US, Canada, and throughout Asia were later established to create additional product offerings for the direct-pull electromagnetic lock.
533:
directions, as opposed to the original (and now ubiquitous) direct pull type, which normally works either in an in-swing or out-swing configuration. In order to provide the shear magnetic lock with the appropriate holding force, then two pins lock the armature onto the magnet itself, and ensure that the magnet locks into place.
537:
electromagnet and an armature plate. The patent did not make any reference to the manufacturing methods of the electromagnet and detailed several variations on the design, including one that used a spring-loaded armature plate to bring the armature plate closer to the electromagnet. The patent expired on May 2, 2009.
599:
passing through the electromagnet creates a magnetic flux that causes the armature plate to attract to the electromagnet, creating a locking action. Because the mating area of the electromagnet and armature is relatively large, the force created by the magnetic flux is strong enough to keep the door
594:
Electric locking devices can be either "fail safe" or "fail secure". A fail-secure locking device remains locked when power is lost. Fail-safe locking devices are unlocked when de-energized. Direct pull electromagnetic locks are inherently fail-safe. Typically the electromagnet portion of the lock is
509:
Installation is straightforward. With in-swinging applications, the electromagnet is typically installed in the opening corner of the door at the door's header. Maglocks can also be installed vertically in the door opening when they are furnished with a full length housing. With this configuration
502:(L bracket, LZ bracket, U bracket) are used to orient the armature for use with both applications. Filler plates are also used to provide a large, flat mounting area on the door frame when the electromagnet is larger than the available mounting space on the door frame due to the frame's geometry.
642:
Under difficult business conditions, Locknetics was later sold to the Ives Door
Hardware company and later, resold to the Harrow company. Much later this division was then again sold to Ingersoll Rand Security Technologies in 1999. The division was recently closed in 2007 and transferred to other
618:
to operate. There are additional pieces of release hardware installed in a typical electromagnetic locking system. Since electromagnetic locks do not interact with levers or door knobs on a door, typically a separate release button that cuts the lock power supply is mounted near the door. This
581:
The power for an electromagnet lock is DC (direct current), around 5–6 W. The current is around 0.5 A when the voltage supply is 12 VDC and 0.25 A when using 24 VDC (varies between manufacturers and if there are one or two coils in the block). It is also recommended to
425:
Although the actual performance of a magnetic lock may differ substantially due to various losses (such as flux leakage between the electromagnet and the conductor), the equations give a good insight into what is necessary to produce a strong magnetic lock. For example, the force of the lock is
646:
Saphirstein continued developing electromagnetic locking technologies at other companies he initiated including
Dortronics (later purchased by Sag Harbor Industries), Delta Controls (first purchased by the Lori Lock Company and then later purchased by Hanchett Entry Systems) and Delt-Rex Door
532:
Other variations and improvements on the electromagnetic locks have been developed. The most remarkable is the shear lock, where the armature does not directly pull off the face, but the load is instead in shear, like a mechanical stop. The shear magnetic lock allows a door to swing in both
536:
An improved "shear" electromagnetic lock was patented on May 2, 1989, by Arthur, Richard and David
Geringer of Security Door Controls, an access control hardware manufacturing firm. The device outlined in their designs was the same in principle as the modern magnetic lock consisting of an
469:
Sturdy: Magnetic locks may also suffer less damage from multiple blows than do conventional locks. If a magnetic lock is forced open with a crowbar, it will often do little or no damage to the door or lock. There are no moving parts in an electromagnetic lock to
450:
Magnetic locks possess a number of advantages over conventional locks and electric strikes. For example, their durability and quick operation can make them valuable in a high-traffic office environment where electronic authentication is necessary.
505:
The magnetic lock should always be installed on the secure side of the door. Most installations are surface mounted. For safety, magnetic lock, cables, and wires should be routed through the door frame or flush mount with wire moulding.
513:
With out-swinging applications, the electromagnet is typically installed on the side of the door header. In this configuration, the armature is mounted on a Z-shaped bracket that orients the armature to mate with the electromagnet.
84:
attracting a conductor with a force large enough to prevent the door from being opened. In a more detailed examination, the device makes use of the fact that a current through one or more loops of wire (known as a
442:, the choice of magnetic core can therefore have an important impact upon the strength of a magnetic lock. Also relevant is the choice of current, number of loops and effective length of the electromagnet.
510:
the armature is through-bolted through the door and oriented to mate with the face of the electromagnet. The armature plate and electromagnet must touch in order to provide locking holding force.
643:
divisions within
Ingersoll Rand Security. Employees that were associated with activities at Locknetics, went on to form other electromagnetic lock companies including the Dynalock Corporation.
252:
359:
582:
verify that the magnetic lock carries the UL mark. Generally, the specification of the electromagnet lock is dual voltage of 12/24 VDC.. If using a rectifier to convert AC power, a
595:
attached to the door frame and a mating armature plate is attached to the door. The two components are in contact when the door is closed. When the electromagnet is energized, a
101:
the effect of the field is greatly amplified. This is because the internal magnetic domains of the material align with each other to greatly enhance the magnetic flux density.
2320:
545:
A magnetic lock has a metal plate surrounded by a coil of wire that can be magnetized. The number of coils determines the holding force which characterizes the lock:
420:
389:
298:
276:
191:
171:
151:
131:
426:
proportional to the square of the relative permeability of the magnetic core. Given the relative permeability of a material can vary from around 250 for
2115:
525:
or may be more complex, involving connection to a central computer that monitors the building's security. Whatever the choice of locking system,
635:
The first modern direct-pull electromagnetic lock was designed by Sumner "Irving" Saphirstein in 1969 for initial installation on doors at the
2308:
69:
The principle behind an electromagnetic lock is the use of electromagnetism to lock a door when energized. The holding force should be
1923:
1613:
1567:
787:
619:
button usually has a timer that, once the button is pressed, keeps the lock unlocked for either 15 or 30 seconds in accordance with
1641:
2287:
716:
466:
Quick to operate: Magnetic locks unlock instantly when the power is cut, allowing for quick release in comparison to other locks
897:
2332:
2326:
620:
744:
463:
Easy to install: Magnetic locks are generally easier to install than other locks since there are no interconnecting parts
1828:
199:
2203:
672:
851:
823:
2511:
2488:
307:
614:
The strength of today's magnetic locks compares well with that of conventional door locks and they cost less than
1964:
1652:
1486:
2314:
2271:
1943:
1606:
1420:
2432:
2516:
2385:
2223:
1399:
1146:
110:
2256:
2188:
2005:
1838:
1501:
1491:
875:
20:
1823:
1763:
890:
392:
2338:
2173:
1833:
1359:
73:
with the load, and the lock and armature plate should be face-to-face to achieve optimal operation.
19:
This article is about a mechanism to hold a door closed. For the mechanism to hold a door open, see
2476:
2282:
2198:
2178:
2155:
1918:
1683:
1599:
1243:
1156:
2125:
2090:
1938:
1888:
1460:
1414:
1344:
1141:
837:
615:
623:
fire codes. Additionally a second release is required by fire code. Either a motion sensor or
460:
Remote operation: Magnetic locks can be turned on and off remotely by adjusting the power source
2266:
2145:
2120:
2110:
1818:
1778:
1516:
1032:
499:
54:
1521:
627:
with internal switch is used to unlock the door on the egress side of the door automatically.
398:
367:
2453:
2427:
2380:
1995:
1883:
1863:
1555:
1544:
1455:
1288:
883:
758:
2150:
1718:
1425:
1379:
1316:
1278:
1049:
1002:
798:
8:
2193:
2100:
1374:
1283:
1218:
1126:
1054:
27:
1579:
1575:
1980:
1908:
1873:
1868:
1723:
1161:
1121:
603:
Typical single door electromagnetic locks are offered in both 600 lbs. (2669
283:
261:
176:
156:
136:
116:
982:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2292:
2183:
2165:
2055:
1893:
1803:
1788:
1496:
1223:
1116:
967:
772:
668:
2390:
1728:
1409:
1268:
1136:
1111:
596:
77:
2085:
2020:
1959:
1928:
1903:
1853:
1848:
1662:
1622:
1506:
1470:
1435:
1404:
1187:
1182:
947:
608:
518:
2251:
2228:
2213:
2075:
2015:
1985:
1954:
1898:
1858:
1793:
1783:
1678:
1465:
1440:
1331:
1273:
937:
932:
918:
636:
702:
2505:
2458:
2448:
2246:
2218:
2135:
1753:
1743:
1713:
1657:
1384:
1364:
997:
957:
952:
865:
604:
554:
550:
94:
81:
58:
498:
The magnetic lock is suitable for both in-swinging and out-swinging doors.
2375:
2261:
2140:
2130:
2065:
2030:
1990:
1949:
1913:
1703:
1698:
1668:
1430:
1339:
1306:
1298:
1258:
1208:
1192:
1085:
1037:
1017:
914:
910:
906:
583:
905:
2095:
2050:
2040:
1933:
1878:
1843:
1738:
1526:
1511:
1445:
1354:
1263:
1213:
1106:
942:
526:
2355:
2208:
1708:
1693:
1673:
1389:
1238:
1070:
90:
2277:
2105:
2070:
2060:
2045:
2025:
2000:
1773:
1768:
1733:
1688:
1636:
1369:
1349:
1311:
1233:
1228:
1151:
1090:
1007:
624:
70:
2370:
2080:
2035:
1758:
1748:
1647:
1450:
1321:
1248:
1080:
1042:
1012:
972:
962:
279:
between the electromagnet and the armature plate with surface area
86:
1591:
866:"About Us | Sag Harbor Industries, Inc | Electric Coils"
483:
Can de-energize in the event of a power outage, disabling security
1131:
1075:
1027:
1022:
522:
435:
33:
1394:
573:
The standard size electromagnetic lock is used as a gate lock.
517:
Magnetic locks are almost always part of a complete electronic
427:
2411:
2365:
1253:
76:
The magnetic lock relies upon some of the basic concepts of
2360:
2321:
National
Council of Examiners for Engineering and Surveying
566:
Standard Size: 1,200 lbf (5,300 N) holding force.
439:
431:
98:
569:
Shear Lock: 2,000 lbf (8,900 N) holding force
301:
exposed to the electromagnet is given by the equation:
480:
Requires a constant power source in order to be secure
401:
370:
310:
286:
264:
202:
179:
159:
139:
119:
687:(4th edition), Bill Phillips, McGraw-Hill Inc. 1995.
563:
Midi Size: 800 lbf (3,600 N) holding force
560:
Mini Size: 650 lbf (2,900 N) holding force
824:"Everything You Need to Know About Magnetic Locks"
521:. Such a system may simply consist of an attached
414:
383:
353:
292:
270:
246:
185:
165:
145:
125:
2116:Penetrant (mechanical, electrical, or structural)
745:"Code requirements for doors with access control"
247:{\displaystyle B={\frac {\mu _{0}\mu _{r}IN}{l}}}
113:, it can be shown that the magnetic flux density
2503:
37:Electronically controlled magnetic lock assembly
489:Requires additional hardware for safe operation
667:(3rd edition), Oxford University Press, 2001 (
26:For a lock utilizing magnetism and a key, see
1607:
891:
690:
354:{\displaystyle F={\frac {B^{2}S}{2\mu _{0}}}}
685:The Complete Book of Locks and Locksmithing
589:
486:Expensive in comparison to mechanical locks
89:) produces a magnetic field. This works in
1924:Hypoxic air technology for fire prevention
1614:
1600:
898:
884:
576:
133:induced by a solenoid of effective length
93:, but if the solenoid is wrapped around a
2309:Fire Equipment Manufacturers' Association
1642:Boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion
32:
2288:Listing and approval use and compliance
838:"The history of Ingersoll Rand Company"
678:
445:
422:the relative permeability of the core.
2504:
759:"SAPHIRSTEIN – Connecticut Obituaries"
2333:Society of Fire Protection Engineers
1595:
879:
657:
2484:
2327:National Fire Protection Association
1563:
1551:
785:
696:Geringer A. Geringer R. Geringer D.
1621:
13:
1829:Condensed aerosol fire suppression
14:
2528:
2204:Fire alarm notification appliance
2483:
2472:
2471:
1802:
1574:
1562:
1550:
1540:
1539:
981:
698:Electromagnetic Door Lock Device
540:
474:
193:loops is given by the equation:
80:. Essentially it consists of an
1965:Vehicle fire suppression system
1653:Combustibility and flammability
858:
844:
830:
529:is an important consideration.
493:
1487:Glossary of locksmithing terms
816:
788:"White Papers: Magnetic Locks"
779:
765:
751:
737:
709:
1:
2315:Institution of Fire Engineers
2272:Fire Safety Evaluation System
1944:Personal protective equipment
1421:Perimeter intrusion detection
650:
454:
2386:GHS precautionary statements
2224:Manual fire alarm activation
1400:Miniature snap-action switch
1147:Time-delay combination locks
665:Elements of Electromagnetics
64:
7:
2257:Fire protection engineering
2189:Explosive gas leak detector
2006:Electromagnetic door holder
1839:External water spray system
1502:John M. Mossman Lock Museum
1492:Electromagnetic door holder
21:Electromagnetic door holder
10:
2533:
2433:Harry C. Bigglestone Award
1824:Automatic fire suppression
1764:K-factor (fire protection)
630:
600:locked even under stress.
584:full wave bridge rectifier
393:permeability of free space
25:
18:
2467:
2441:
2420:
2348:
2339:Underwriters Laboratories
2301:
2237:
2174:Aspirating smoke detector
2164:
1973:
1834:Detonation flame arrester
1811:
1800:
1629:
1535:
1479:
1360:Closed-circuit television
1330:
1297:
1201:
1170:
1099:
1063:
990:
979:
925:
104:
2283:Kitchen exhaust cleaning
2199:Fire alarm control panel
2179:Carbon monoxide detector
2156:Standpipe (firefighting)
1919:Gaseous fire suppression
1684:Enthalpy of vaporization
1244:Kensington Security Slot
1157:Tubular pin tumbler lock
616:conventional light bulbs
590:Fail-safe vs fail-secure
415:{\displaystyle \mu _{r}}
384:{\displaystyle \mu _{0}}
61:and an armature plate.
2512:Locks (security device)
2126:Pressurisation ductwork
2091:Firewall (construction)
1939:Passive fire protection
1889:Fire suppression system
1461:Vandal-resistant switch
1415:Passive infrared sensor
1345:Alarm monitoring center
1142:Rotary combination lock
991:Components and hardware
724:electroautomation.co.uk
577:Electrical requirements
2302:Industry organizations
2267:Fire-resistance rating
2146:Smoke exhaust ductwork
2121:Penetration (firestop)
2111:Packing (firestopping)
1819:Active fire protection
1779:Spontaneous combustion
1517:Lock Museum of America
1033:Bored cylindrical lock
416:
385:
355:
294:
272:
248:
187:
167:
147:
127:
111:Ampère's circuital law
38:
2454:Template:Firefighting
2428:Arthur B. Guise Medal
2381:GHS hazard statements
1884:Fire sprinkler system
1864:Fire-retardant fabric
1545:Category:Locksmithing
1456:Ultrasonic transducer
703:U.S. patent 4,826,223
549:Micro Size: 275
417:
386:
356:
295:
273:
249:
188:
168:
148:
128:
36:
2238:Professions, trades,
2151:Smokeproof enclosure
2011:Electromagnetic lock
1719:Flammability diagram
1630:Fundamental concepts
1426:Photoelectric sensor
1380:Glass break detector
1279:Real-estate lock box
1178:Electromagnetic lock
1050:Single-point locking
1003:Interchangeable core
926:Fundamental concepts
446:Technical comparison
399:
368:
308:
284:
262:
200:
177:
157:
137:
117:
57:that consists of an
43:electromagnetic lock
2517:American inventions
2194:Fire alarm call box
2101:Heat and smoke vent
1522:Musée de la Serrure
1375:Fingerprint scanner
1284:Steering-wheel lock
1219:Chubb detector lock
1127:Magnetic keyed lock
1055:Three-point locking
786:Geringer, Richard.
430:to around 5000 for
364:In both equations,
28:Magnetic keyed lock
16:Door locking device
2166:Fire alarm systems
1981:Annulus (firestop)
1909:Flashback arrestor
1874:Fire-safe polymers
1869:Fire retardant gel
1724:Flammability limit
1162:Wafer tumbler lock
1122:Lever tumbler lock
412:
381:
351:
290:
268:
244:
183:
163:
143:
123:
39:
2499:
2498:
2407:Safety data sheet
2402:List of S-phrases
2397:List of R-phrases
2293:Sprinkler fitting
2184:Circuit integrity
2056:Fire extinguisher
1894:Firefighting foam
1789:Thermal radiation
1589:
1588:
1497:Exit control lock
1224:Child safety lock
1117:Disc tumbler lock
968:Physical security
826:. 17 August 2015.
775:. 16 August 2017.
349:
293:{\displaystyle S}
271:{\displaystyle F}
242:
186:{\displaystyle N}
166:{\displaystyle I}
146:{\displaystyle l}
126:{\displaystyle B}
2524:
2487:
2486:
2475:
2474:
2391:Life Safety Code
1996:Compartmentation
1806:
1729:Flammable liquid
1616:
1609:
1602:
1593:
1592:
1578:
1566:
1565:
1554:
1553:
1543:
1542:
1410:Occupancy sensor
1269:Power door locks
1202:Other lock types
1171:Electronic locks
1137:Combination lock
1112:Pin tumbler lock
1100:Mechanical locks
985:
900:
893:
886:
877:
876:
870:
869:
862:
856:
855:
852:"User questions"
848:
842:
841:
834:
828:
827:
820:
814:
813:
811:
809:
804:on 29 March 2017
803:
797:. Archived from
792:
783:
777:
776:
769:
763:
762:
755:
749:
748:
741:
735:
734:
732:
730:
721:
717:"Magnetic Locks"
713:
707:
705:
694:
688:
682:
676:
661:
609:electric strikes
586:should be used.
557:) holding force.
421:
419:
418:
413:
411:
410:
390:
388:
387:
382:
380:
379:
360:
358:
357:
352:
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329:
328:
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172:
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152:
150:
149:
144:
132:
130:
129:
124:
78:electromagnetism
2532:
2531:
2527:
2526:
2525:
2523:
2522:
2521:
2502:
2501:
2500:
2495:
2463:
2437:
2416:
2344:
2297:
2239:
2233:
2160:
2086:Firestop pillow
2021:Emergency light
1974:Building design
1969:
1960:Tank blanketing
1929:Inerting system
1904:Flame retardant
1854:Fire protection
1849:Fire prevention
1807:
1798:
1663:Dangerous goods
1625:
1623:Fire protection
1620:
1590:
1585:
1531:
1507:Key to the City
1475:
1471:Window security
1436:Pressure switch
1405:Motion detector
1332:Security alarms
1326:
1293:
1197:
1188:Electric strike
1183:Electronic lock
1166:
1095:
1059:
986:
977:
948:Key duplication
921:
919:security alarms
904:
874:
873:
864:
863:
859:
850:
849:
845:
836:
835:
831:
822:
821:
817:
807:
805:
801:
790:
784:
780:
771:
770:
766:
757:
756:
752:
743:
742:
738:
728:
726:
719:
715:
714:
710:
701:
695:
691:
683:
679:
662:
658:
653:
633:
592:
579:
543:
519:security system
496:
477:
457:
448:
406:
402:
400:
397:
396:
391:represents the
375:
371:
369:
366:
365:
342:
338:
334:
324:
320:
319:
317:
309:
306:
305:
285:
282:
281:
263:
260:
259:
226:
222:
216:
212:
211:
209:
201:
198:
197:
178:
175:
174:
158:
155:
154:
153:with a current
138:
135:
134:
118:
115:
114:
107:
67:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2530:
2520:
2519:
2514:
2497:
2496:
2494:
2493:
2481:
2468:
2465:
2464:
2462:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2445:
2443:
2439:
2438:
2436:
2435:
2430:
2424:
2422:
2418:
2417:
2415:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2352:
2350:
2346:
2345:
2343:
2342:
2336:
2330:
2324:
2318:
2312:
2305:
2303:
2299:
2298:
2296:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2252:Fire insurance
2249:
2243:
2241:
2235:
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2229:Smoke detector
2226:
2221:
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2214:Flame detector
2211:
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2196:
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2176:
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2076:Fire sprinkler
2073:
2068:
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2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2016:Emergency exit
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1986:Area of refuge
1983:
1977:
1975:
1971:
1970:
1968:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1955:Spark arrestor
1952:
1947:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
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1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1899:Flame arrester
1896:
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1859:Fire retardant
1856:
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1815:
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1794:Water pressure
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1784:Structure fire
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1679:Dust explosion
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1466:Water detector
1463:
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1441:Proximity card
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1274:Protector lock
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938:Authentication
935:
933:Access control
929:
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903:
902:
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888:
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843:
829:
815:
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689:
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655:
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637:Montreal Forum
632:
629:
591:
588:
578:
575:
571:
570:
567:
564:
561:
558:
542:
539:
523:keycard reader
495:
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66:
63:
55:locking device
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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2459:Template:HVAC
2457:
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2450:
2449:Template:Fire
2447:
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2248:
2247:Duct cleaning
2245:
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2236:
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2220:
2219:Heat detector
2217:
2215:
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2200:
2197:
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2136:Smoke control
2134:
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2119:
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2019:
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2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
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1989:
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1754:Heat transfer
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1744:Friction loss
1742:
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1482:
1480:Miscellaneous
1478:
1472:
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1386:
1385:Heat detector
1383:
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1371:
1368:
1366:
1365:Door security
1363:
1361:
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1021:
1019:
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1004:
1001:
999:
996:
995:
993:
989:
984:
974:
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
958:Master keying
956:
954:
953:Key relevance
951:
949:
946:
944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
930:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
901:
896:
894:
889:
887:
882:
881:
878:
867:
861:
853:
847:
839:
833:
825:
819:
800:
796:
789:
782:
774:
773:"Saphirstein"
768:
760:
754:
747:. March 2013.
746:
740:
725:
718:
712:
706:, May 2, 1989
704:
699:
693:
686:
681:
674:
673:0-19-513477-X
670:
666:
660:
656:
648:
644:
640:
638:
628:
626:
622:
617:
612:
610:
606:
601:
598:
587:
585:
574:
568:
565:
562:
559:
556:
552:
548:
547:
546:
541:Holding force
538:
534:
530:
528:
524:
520:
515:
511:
507:
503:
501:
488:
485:
482:
479:
478:
475:Disadvantages
468:
465:
462:
459:
458:
452:
443:
441:
437:
434:and 7000 for
433:
429:
423:
407:
403:
394:
376:
372:
343:
339:
335:
330:
325:
321:
314:
311:
304:
303:
302:
300:
287:
278:
265:
239:
235:
232:
227:
223:
217:
213:
206:
203:
196:
195:
194:
180:
160:
140:
120:
112:
102:
100:
97:core such as
96:
95:ferromagnetic
92:
88:
83:
82:electromagnet
79:
74:
72:
62:
60:
59:electromagnet
56:
52:
48:
47:magnetic lock
44:
35:
29:
22:
2489:
2477:
2376:Flame spread
2262:Fireproofing
2240:and services
2141:Smoke damper
2131:Safety glass
2066:Fire hydrant
2031:Fire curtain
2010:
1991:Booster pump
1950:Relief valve
1914:Fusible link
1704:Fire loading
1699:Fire control
1669:Deflagration
1573:
1561:
1549:
1431:Piezo switch
1340:Alarm device
1307:Lock bumping
1299:Lock picking
1259:Luggage lock
1209:Bicycle lock
1193:Keycard lock
1177:
1086:Skeleton key
1038:Mortise lock
1018:Key retainer
915:lock picking
911:locksmithing
860:
846:
832:
818:
806:. Retrieved
799:the original
795:SDC Security
794:
781:
767:
753:
739:
727:. Retrieved
723:
711:
697:
692:
684:
680:
664:
659:
645:
641:
634:
613:
602:
593:
580:
572:
553:(1,220
544:
535:
531:
516:
512:
508:
504:
497:
494:Installation
449:
424:
363:
280:
258:
256:
108:
75:
68:
50:
46:
42:
40:
2096:Grease duct
2051:Fire escape
2041:Fire damper
1934:Intumescent
1879:Fire safety
1844:Fire bucket
1739:Flash point
1527:Puzzle lock
1512:Lock Museum
1446:Reed switch
1355:Card reader
1264:Night latch
1214:Bramah lock
1107:Warded lock
943:Key control
729:22 February
663:Sadiku, M.
527:fire safety
2506:Categories
2393:(NFPA 101)
2356:CE marking
2209:Fire drill
1812:Technology
1709:Fire point
1694:Fire class
1674:Detonation
1390:Key switch
1239:Door chain
1071:Berlin key
651:References
455:Advantages
257:The force
91:free space
2349:Standards
2278:Fire test
2106:Occupancy
2071:Fire pump
2061:Fire hose
2046:Fire door
2026:Exit sign
2001:Crash bar
1774:Pyrolysis
1769:Pool fire
1734:Flashover
1689:Explosive
1637:Backdraft
1370:Dual loop
1350:Car alarm
1312:Locksport
1234:Dead bolt
1229:Crash bar
1152:Time lock
1091:Smart key
1008:Key blank
808:8 October
625:crash bar
432:soft iron
404:μ
373:μ
340:μ
224:μ
214:μ
99:soft iron
71:collinear
65:Operation
2478:Category
2442:See also
2371:EN 16034
2081:Firestop
2036:Fire cut
1759:Jet fire
1749:Gas leak
1665:(HAZMAT)
1648:Boilover
1451:Tripwire
1322:Snap gun
1317:Slim Jim
1289:The Club
1249:Knox Box
1081:Keychain
1043:Rim lock
1013:Key code
973:Rekeying
963:Password
500:Brackets
173:through
87:solenoid
2490:Commons
2323:(NCEES)
1644:(BLEVE)
1132:Padlock
1076:Car key
1028:Lockset
1023:Lockrod
998:Bitting
631:History
597:current
436:silicon
51:maglock
2421:Awards
2335:(SFPE)
2329:(NFPA)
2311:(FEMA)
2274:(FSES)
1395:Keypad
917:, and
671:
470:break.
428:cobalt
109:Using
105:Theory
2412:UL 94
2366:EN 54
2317:(IFE)
1946:(PPE)
1568:Locks
1417:(PIR)
1254:Latch
907:Locks
802:(PDF)
791:(PDF)
720:(PDF)
53:is a
49:, or
2361:EN 3
2341:(UL)
1580:Book
1556:Keys
1064:Keys
810:2015
731:2022
669:ISBN
621:NFPA
440:iron
395:and
551:lbf
41:An
2508::
913:,
909:,
793:.
722:.
700:,
675:).
611:.
45:,
1615:e
1608:t
1601:v
899:e
892:t
885:v
868:.
854:.
840:.
812:.
761:.
733:.
605:N
555:N
438:-
408:r
377:0
344:0
336:2
331:S
326:2
322:B
315:=
312:F
288:S
266:F
240:l
236:N
233:I
228:r
218:0
207:=
204:B
181:N
161:I
141:l
121:B
30:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
