901:
530:
guns, could be fired at shipping but were of limited effectiveness due to their slow traverse speed, long loading time and ammunition types. Land-based guns have always been feared by navies because they are on a stationary platform and are thus more accurate (and can be larger, with more ammunition stowage) than those on board ships. Super-heavy railway guns can only be traversed by moving the entire gun and its carriage along a curved track, or by building a special cross track or turntable. This, combined with their slow rate of fire (measured in rounds per hour or even rounds per day), makes it difficult for them to hit moving targets. Another problem with super-heavy guns is that their barrels (which are difficult to make and expensive to replace) wear out relatively quickly, so they could not be fired often.
371:
659:
819:
1025:
732:
5020:
60:
1043:
728:, while the other had a mounting from a test range; neither was turret-mounted. Their separate and well-camouflaged cordite and shell magazines were buried under deep layers of earth and connected to the guns by railway lines. Both batteries were camouflaged and protected from aerial attack by anti-aircraft emplacements behind and below St. Margaret's.
987:
set had only recently been installed and had never been used in conjunction with the guns. As the visibility was only 5 nmi (5.8 mi; 9.3 km), it was hoped that the radar would be able to register the splashes as the shells landed so that the guns would be able to correct their aim but
920:
had to pass through the bottleneck of the Dover strait to transport supplies, particularly coal; Britain's road and rail network was not then able to cope with the volume of traffic that had to be handled. Although the German guns regularly fired on these slow moving convoys from 1940 to 1944, with
1074:
from a turret of the
Lindemann Battery has been on display on the Dover seafront. Many of the British batteries remained until the decision was taken to retire all the coastal artillery in 1956. The 15-inch guns at Wanstone Farm were not removed until 1959. The sites have either been demolished,
529:
gun with a range of 115 km (71 mi), could only be used against land targets. The remainder, thirteen 28 cm (11 in) guns and five 24 cm (9.4 in) guns, plus additional motorised batteries comprising twelve 24 cm (9.4 in) guns and ten 21 cm (8.3 in)
992:
without being able to detect the "fall of shot" â the shells were actually landing almost a mile astern of the main German ships â it was decided to fire full salvoes using only the ranging information from the radar. After six minutes of rapid fire, the last shots were fired at a range of
563:
sets installed at Blanc-Nez and Cap dâAlprech. These units were capable of detecting targets out to a range of 40 km (25 mi), including small
British patrol craft near the English coast. Two additional radar sites were added by mid-September: a DeTeGerÀt at Cap de la Hague and a
921:
an interlude in 1943, they only sank two ships and damaged several others. Two seamen were killed and others were injured by shell splinters from near misses. However, the civilian crews of the merchant ships found the shelling more unnerving than the attacks by aircraft or
983:(Operation Cerberus). Due to poor visibility and a number of communication failures by British forces, the first response to the German squadron was by the 9.2-inch guns of the South Foreland Battery, which were the only guns which could be directed by radar but the 10-cm
266:
was strategically important because it is the narrowest part of the
English channel. Batteries on both sides attacked shipping as well as bombarding the coastal towns and military installations. The German fortifications would be incorporated into the
993:
30,000 yd (27,000 m). None of the 33 shells fired came close to the German ships. A minute before the last shots were fired, South
Foreland came under counter-battery fire from across the Channel but little damage was sustained.
1007:
During the Anglo-Canadian operation to capture Calais, on 26 September 1944 (the last day of shelling) fifty shells were fired, killing five people, the last of whom was 63-year-old
Patience Ransley, who was killed by a shell from the
1561:
Artillerieduell der
FernkampfgeschĂŒtze am Pas de Calais 1940â1944: aus Sicht der schweren deutschen Marinebatterien "GroĂer KurfĂŒrst", "Todt", "Prinz Heinrich", "Friedrich August", "Lindemann" und der Heeres-Eisenbahnartillerie
1565:
Artillery Duel of the Long-Range Guns in the Pas de Calais 1940â1944: from the
Perspective of the Heavy German Naval Batteries "GroĂer KurfĂŒrst", "Todt", "Prinz Heinrich", "Friedrich August", "Lindemann" and the Army Railway
1075:
buried or left to decay. At
Wanstone Farm Battery, ancillary buildings such as the plotting room and the guard house are visible, although overgrown and the sergeants' mess has reverted to its original use as a farm house.
325:
All preparations are to be made to provide strong frontal and flank artillery protection for the transportation and landing of troops in case of a possible crossing from the coastal strip CalaisâCape Gris
1016:
Battery at
Floringzelle near Cap Gris Nez, ending the duels. Dover was finally freed from bombardment and to mark the event the town's mayor was sent a German flag from the batteries.
752:
fired
Britain's first shell onto continental Europe in August 1940 boosting morale, the Mk VII naval guns were slow to reload and ineffectual compared to the German guns in the
1012:
Battery while sheltering in the 900 ft (270 m) long "Barwick's Cave" reinforced cliff tunnel. Accurate bombardment from the British heavy guns at Dover disabled the
5111:
1618:. Official History of the Canadian Army in the Second World War. Vol. III (online ed.). The Queen's Printer and Controller of Stationery Ottawa. pp. 336â344.
3591:
3336:
608:. By then more than a thousand rounds had been fired by the German coastal batteries against England and shipping. The only two vessels to be sunk by German fire were:
2944:
17:
4942:
2960:
695:(who had visited the area to see the situation in person) and wanted large calibre guns dug in there. The only British cross-Channel guns already in place were two
3280:
1474:. World War II Operational Documents. Part 2 (Combined Arms Research Library Digital Library ed.). Washington, DC: U.S. Office of Naval Intelligence. 2008 .
2883:
2855:
1999:
4921:
3600:
3287:
2421:
1755:
1510:
3903:
3266:
2575:
2200:
756:. Both conducted extreme range counter-battery operations against the German's coastal guns but they were too inaccurate and slow to fire on enemy shipping.
2916:
2862:
2048:
1062:
considerable parts of the concrete gun emplacements and associated bunkers remain accessible, although often in somewhat dangerous conditions. One of the
3373:
2869:
2485:
646:
was set on fire and declared a total loss after she was beached near Folkestone. The master Robert Robinson and one crew member were lost. The freighter
642:. On 24 June 1944, the convoy left Southend en route to the Seine Bay when the ships were engaged by German long-range coastal artillery guns off Dover.
5106:
1895:
1671:
5101:
3259:
2706:
2582:
5066:
2559:
1939:
684:, the British did not have an immediate answer to the threat posed by the German coastal batteries. However, the high ground to either side of the
2996:
2308:
759:
Due to these guns' lack of success in targeting shipping, Churchill ordered three new heavy gun batteries to be built in Dover and manned by the
2815:
2117:
4814:
3607:
3570:
3547:
3068:
1990:
1960:
1070:, the Atlantic Wall Museum, at Audinghen. One of the Krupp K5 guns is also there. Since 1954, a section of painted armour plating taken as a
3322:
1739:
1603:
3700:
3556:
3540:
3512:
2760:
1967:
4457:
3524:
3436:
3380:
3343:
2625:
1750:
British PathĂ© wartime newsreel of ships being shelled â the shells miss and a spotter plane turns up but is forced to retreat by the RAF
900:
5071:
3429:
2161:
4935:
3563:
1953:
1911:
4784:
2603:
2377:
2140:
2006:
1817:
311:, supreme command of the armed forces) to begin preparation and feasibility studies, which had to be completed by 2 July, for the
75:
3679:
3476:
2513:
2013:
1925:
1861:
445:
904:
A gunner of 428 Battery, Coast Defence Artillery, pushing a gun trolley loaded with shells, as guns fire at night, December 1942
367:
for every heavy artillery piece available; the batteries were required to be capable of withstanding the heaviest bombardments.
5091:
3882:
3394:
2244:
1782:
1644:
5086:
4478:
4383:
3910:
3656:
3531:
2617:
2591:
2448:
2154:
2071:
1592:
1573:
1549:
1438:
1419:
387:
The first German guns began to be installed around the end of July 1940. The German batteries in order of construction were:
4711:
4118:
4004:
3169:
2636:
2632:
2610:
2214:
689:
340:
4626:
4090:
3422:
3408:
2621:
370:
4835:
4704:
4582:
4160:
3875:
3826:
3584:
3139:
2391:
2230:
2078:
1932:
1356:
1722:
5076:
4951:
3833:
3805:
3622:
3204:
2923:
2890:
1391:
2106:
5081:
4988:
4146:
4083:
3218:
3054:
2177:
1521:
925:
that they were also subjected to and there were instances of crews refusing to sail from their forming-up point at
2731:
1710:
4512:
4353:
4342:
4178:
3937:
3896:
3789:
3727:
3114:
2384:
2253:
2221:
1469:
2901:
2469:
4898:
4870:
4748:
4541:
3778:
3229:
3155:
2951:
2322:
2041:
1946:
1831:
916:
and led to 3,059 alerts, 216 civilian deaths and damage to 10,056 premises in the Dover area. British coastal
4958:
4891:
4842:
4773:
4598:
4104:
4055:
3819:
3812:
3415:
3176:
2967:
2020:
947:
1627:
533:
Better suited for use against naval targets were the four heavy naval batteries installed by mid-September:
5032:
4928:
4303:
4264:
3183:
3018:
3003:
2930:
2909:
2727:
2405:
2191:
2184:
2168:
1879:
1838:
1810:
1682:
745:
585:. These guns had an effective range of 45 km (28 mi). Designed as successors to the World War I
4995:
4319:
4271:
3889:
3861:
3714:
3329:
3308:
2829:
2492:
2398:
1888:
1383:
1051:
953:
833:
696:
664:
581:
1681:(Report). Historical Section, Canadian Military Headquarters. pp. 11â37. Report 184. Archived from
4793:
4289:
4208:
4153:
4041:
3997:
3647:
3273:
3197:
3099:
2976:
2848:
2841:
2801:
2774:
2506:
2439:
2034:
1845:
1775:
1501:
962:
768:
711:
668:
658:
605:
496:
303:
818:
4695:
4612:
4397:
4257:
4229:
4062:
3967:
3757:
3190:
2264:
1918:
778:
2462:
5061:
4434:
4411:
3663:
3464:
3457:
3121:
2781:
2753:
2746:
2133:
791:
521:
area during the second week of August 1940. Seven of the railway guns, six 28 cm (11 in)
2478:
2455:
1448:
Gibbs, Jay; Grobmeier, A. H. & Zolandez, Thomas (2006). "Question 11/05: Cross Channel Guns".
741:
Both guns were operated from separate firing-control rooms and were manned by 25-man troop of the
5096:
4856:
4800:
4670:
4530:
4215:
3868:
3764:
3670:
3238:
3106:
3076:
3040:
3025:
2897:
2789:
2767:
2713:
2699:
2681:
2345:
2126:
1854:
1803:
1610:
406:
1731:
1024:
4548:
4441:
4243:
4194:
4097:
3990:
3960:
3743:
3631:
3357:
3148:
2739:
2720:
2690:
2237:
2207:
731:
715:
604:
Most of the batteries continued firing until September 1944 when they were overrun during the
5039:
4762:
4605:
4501:
4471:
4427:
4167:
4132:
4125:
4048:
3946:
3387:
3364:
3211:
2822:
2359:
2099:
2085:
1768:
2657:
4863:
4718:
4369:
4326:
4296:
4222:
4032:
4011:
2937:
2414:
2092:
1110:
829:
598:
8:
5116:
4981:
4755:
4633:
4589:
4111:
3245:
3011:
2538:
2368:
2352:
2301:
636:
593:, about 88 km (55 mi) from the French coast. Both guns, which were operated by
473:
469:
315:. In an OKW directive on 10 July, operational coastal batteries under the control of the
589:, they had a maximum range of 115 km (71 mi). Shell fragments were found near
434:
4974:
4807:
4732:
4686:
4656:
4564:
4404:
4069:
3953:
3847:
3798:
3736:
3492:
3443:
3252:
2876:
2531:
2329:
1495:
1105:
1100:
811:
677:
312:
1471:
Fuhrer Directives and other Top-Level Directives of the German Armed Forces, 1939â1941
4965:
4849:
4739:
4679:
4640:
4573:
4555:
4521:
4464:
4418:
4362:
4187:
3925:
3917:
3854:
3707:
3301:
2833:
2294:
2273:
1983:
1744:
1619:
1588:
1569:
1545:
1475:
1457:
1434:
1415:
1387:
1002:
692:
681:
559:. Fire control for these guns was provided by both spotter aircraft and by DeTeGerÀt
543:
458:
429:
359:
347:
Strong forces of coastal artillery must command and protect the forward coastal area.
239:
226:
222:
212:
165:
4884:
4877:
4821:
4485:
4250:
4236:
4139:
4076:
4027:
3840:
3693:
3640:
3450:
3401:
3315:
2545:
2522:
2055:
1059:
722:
423:
280:
247:
2064:
4907:
4619:
4534:
4492:
4390:
4333:
4201:
3983:
3974:
3503:
3085:
3061:
2315:
1745:
British Pathé wartime newsreel of the 14-inch gun "Winnie" being loaded and fired
1726:
1714:
1095:
1047:
926:
837:
760:
707:
492:
263:
259:
243:
48:
5019:
4914:
4450:
4376:
2428:
2287:
803:
783:
526:
332:
1749:
5055:
4725:
2650:
2499:
2338:
1623:
1479:
1461:
976:
968:
959:
753:
742:
685:
590:
556:
484:
380:
364:
268:
255:
90:
77:
38:
628:
was one of 21 coastal vessels in the convoy ETC-17, escorted by the frigate
5024:
4828:
3128:
3033:
2664:
2027:
1791:
1719:
1178:
1090:
938:
909:
439:
402:
391:
375:
317:
297:
292:
284:
208:
117:
4663:
4649:
4311:
2987:
2808:
2793:
2147:
852:) were brought out of retirement in 1939 and mounted on railway chassis.
514:
301:(German Navy) on 21 May 1940. Almost a month later on 25 June he ordered
4018:
3771:
3750:
2643:
1976:
1904:
1707:
1375:
1084:
1071:
944:
912:
and the Dover area, led to this stretch of the Channel being nicknamed
714:. Both guns were spares taken from the stock of guns of the battleship
629:
410:
59:
4281:
3686:
3483:
3294:
3092:
3047:
586:
398:
2568:
2552:
2280:
1612:
The Victory Campaign: The Operations in North-West Europe 1944â1945
1063:
1042:
972:
908:
This gunnery duel, along with heavy German shelling and bombing of
565:
522:
1679:
Canadian Participation in the Operations in North-West Europe 1944
3162:
1760:
1302:
984:
922:
917:
451:
1604:"XIV; Clearing the Coastal Belt and the Ports, September 1944"
1380:
Cinderella army: the Canadians in north-west Europe, 1944â1945
1201:
1199:
832:, consisting of three more BL 6-inch Mk VII guns. Also, three
3350:
989:
560:
518:
250:. The British built several gun positions along the coast of
1602:
Stacey, Colonel Charles Perry; Bond, Major C. C. J. (1960).
979:
by an audacious dash through the English Channel, codenamed
823:
15-inch gun at Wanstone Battery under construction, May 1942
1585:
Invasion of England 1940: The Planning of Operation Sealion
1196:
251:
1672:"Part V: Clearing the Channel Ports, 3 Sep 44 â 6 Feb 45"
1283:
513:
Battery were fully operational as were all of the Armyâs
1357:"Hougham Battery â Fortress & Battery Plotting Room"
1159:
1087:
German supergun of 1943â44 at Mimoyecques, Pas-de-Calais
967:
and more than twenty smaller escort vessels sailed from
650:(1,791 grt, built 1943) was damaged in the same action.
2422:
Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany
1447:
1223:
1123:
571:
The longest-ranged guns were 21 cm (8.3 in)
287:
personally discussed the possibility of invasion with
1542:
Coastal Convoys 1939â1945: The Indestructible Highway
1247:
564:
FernDeTeGerĂ€t long-range radar at Cap dâAntifer near
343:
to have guns in place to support Operation Sea Lion:
5112:
Battles of World War II involving the United Kingdom
1235:
555:) â a total of eleven guns, with the firepower of a
1332:
1259:
771:with a range of 25,000 yd (23,000 m), at
1740:Cross channel bombardments during Second World War
1677:. Operation "Wellhit", â The Capture of Boulogne.
1320:
1271:
1211:
1147:
1135:
794:with a range of 42,000 yd (38,000 m) at
781:with a range of 31,000 yd (28,000 m) at
988:nothing was detected. After firing three two-gun
597:701 (E), remained on the Channel Coast until the
52:Near Dover/Calais in Britain/occupied France
5053:
1558:
1205:
409:(15-inch) gun (later increased to 4 and renamed
363:began work on artillery positions primarily at
1511:"Twentieth Century British Coast Defence Guns"
1303:"MusĂ©e du Mur de l'Atlantique â Batterie Todt"
702:(named after Churchill) and â later in 1940 â
1776:
1756:Twentieth century British coast defence guns
525:guns and a single 21 cm (8.3 in)
1783:
1769:
1403:British Artillery 1914â19: Heavy Artillery
1066:of the Todt Battery can be visited at the
886:(sunk 5 September 1944, by its own troops)
418:Three 30.5 cm (12.0 in) guns at
254:, England while the Germans fortified the
18:Cross-Channel guns in the Second World War
5107:Battles of World War II involving Germany
1179:"WRECKSITE â SAMBUT CARGO SHIP 1943-1944"
472:(16-inch) guns (from among the so-called
5102:Battles of World War II involving France
1669:
1645:"The Unlikely Death of Patience Ransley"
1041:
1023:
899:
817:
730:
657:
369:
5067:Military history of the English Channel
1642:
1431:Run The Gauntlet: The Channel Dash 1942
1354:
1338:
1265:
688:was fortified on the personal order of
653:
274:
271:which was built between 1942 and 1944.
14:
5054:
3630:
3608:Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union
1601:
1582:
1539:
1520:. Fortress Study Group. Archived from
1508:
1400:
1326:
1289:
1241:
1229:
1165:
890:
706:(named after the story book character
4479:Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign
3911:Japanese invasion of French Indochina
3557:Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union
3513:Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union
2618:Rape during the occupation of Germany
1764:
1670:Monaghan, J. W. (24 September 1947).
1559:Sakkers, Hans; Machielse, M. (2013).
1409:
1217:
1046:The now-derelict Observation Post at
697:BL 14 inch Mk VII (35.6 cm) guns
456:Two 21 cm (8.3 in) guns at
444:Two 21 cm (8.3 in) guns at
242:that were sited on both sides of the
3601:Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union
2633:Rape during the liberation of France
1468:
1428:
1374:
1277:
1253:
1153:
1141:
1129:
1568:] (in German). Aachen: Helios.
932:
24:
3827:German invasion of the Netherlands
2107:Weather events during World War II
1663:
1050:was constructed in 1941 for three
895:
855:The British coast batteries sank:
779:BL 9.2-inch (234 mm) Mks IXâX guns
321:would support the invasion fleet.
25:
5128:
5072:World War II in the Pas-de-Calais
4458:Northern Burma and Western Yunnan
1701:
1587:. London: Conway Maritime Press.
517:. The first shells landed in the
5018:
1790:
1708:Batterie Todt in Northern France
1412:Invasion! Operation Sealion 1940
943:On 11 February 1942, the German
295:, the Commander-in-Chief of the
58:
1295:
721:. One gun used a mounting from
37:Part of British coast defences/
4705:Vietnamese famine of 1944â1945
2415:Territorial changes of Germany
2323:Indonesian National Revolution
1649:The Dover War Memorial Project
1171:
996:
828:The guns were later joined by
769:BL 6-inch (152 mm) Mk VII guns
415:Battery), shortly followed by:
13:
1:
5092:World War II sites in England
4105:Japanese invasion of Thailand
4056:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran
3820:German invasion of Luxembourg
2201:Mediterranean and Middle East
1348:
1032:
792:BL 15-inch (381 mm) Mk I guns
606:clearing of the Channel Coast
164:British civilian contractors/
5087:World War II sites in France
4012:Invasion of the Soviet Union
3701:Occupation of Czechoslovakia
3019:Independent State of Croatia
1544:. Pen & Sword Maritime.
1410:Evans, Martin Marix (2004).
1307:Musée du Mur de l'Atlantique
1206:Sakkers & Machielse 2013
1116:
1068:Musée du Mur de l'Atlantique
929:because of the German guns.
430:28 cm (11 in) guns
357:Commencing on 22 July 1940,
7:
4996:End of World War II in Asia
4836:Western invasion of Germany
4343:Chinese famine of 1942â1943
4320:Second Battle of El Alamein
3890:Hundred Regiments Offensive
3862:Battle of the Mediterranean
3715:Italian invasion of Albania
1889:Air warfare of World War II
1384:University of Toronto Press
1078:
483:Battery between Calais and
240:coastal artillery batteries
136:Museum pieces or demolished
10:
5133:
4922:Naval bombardment of Japan
4290:First Battle of El Alamein
4209:Battle of Christmas Island
4154:Japanese invasion of Burma
3918:Italian invasion of Greece
3834:German invasion of Belgium
3806:German invasion of Denmark
3779:1939â1940 Winter Offensive
3648:Second Italo-Ethiopian War
1912:Comparative military ranks
1000:
936:
874:6,315 BRT, 20 January 1944
834:BL 13.5-inch (343 mm) Mk V
304:Oberkommando der Wehrmacht
5011:
4843:BratislavaâBrno offensive
4783:
4774:Dutch famine of 1944â1945
4511:
4398:Allied invasion of Sicily
4352:
4258:Aleutian Islands campaign
4230:Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign
4177:
4168:Greek famine of 1941â1944
4063:Second Battle of Changsha
3968:German invasion of Greece
3936:
3813:Battle of ZaoyangâYichang
3788:
3726:
3621:
3502:
3228:
3138:
2986:
2689:
2680:
2438:
2263:
2155:North and Central Pacific
2116:
1878:
1871:
1798:
1028:Preserved remains of the
1019:
868:3,094 BRT, 4 October 1943
862:, 2,382 BRT, 2 March 1943
621:, 2,824 BRT, 24 June 1944
422:Battery, to the north of
352:Adolf Hitler 16 July 1940
339:On 16 July Hitler issued
236:Dover Strait coastal guns
218:
202:
194:
190:Steel-reinforced concrete
186:
171:
160:
145:
140:
132:
124:
111:
106:
69:
57:
46:
36:
32:Dover Strait coastal guns
31:
5077:Military history of Kent
4435:Allied invasion of Italy
4412:Solomon Islands campaign
4161:Third Battle of Changsha
3758:First Battle of Changsha
3664:Second Sino-Japanese War
2604:German military brothels
2470:United States war crimes
1725:21 December 2007 at the
1713:27 November 2010 at the
880:5,500 BRT, 20 March 1944
676:Having withdrawn in the
615:, 7,219 BRT, 6 June 1944
487:. The battery was named
128:British Army/German Navy
5082:Large-calibre artillery
4857:Second Guangxi campaign
4712:Philippines (1944â1945)
4216:Battle of the Coral Sea
4119:Fall of the Philippines
3765:Battle of South Guangxi
3671:Battles of Khalkhin Gol
3077:Italian Social Republic
712:St Margaret's at Cliffe
669:St Margaret's at Cliffe
407:38 cm SK C/34 naval gun
4442:Armistice of Cassibile
4244:Battle of Dutch Harbor
4195:Battle of the Java Sea
4098:Attack on Pearl Harbor
3998:SyriaâLebanon campaign
3991:Battle of South Shanxi
3961:Invasion of Yugoslavia
3744:Battle of the Atlantic
3358:Korean Liberation Army
3071:(until September 1943)
3028:(until September 1944)
3006:(until September 1944)
1583:Schenk, Peter (1990).
1509:Gander, Terry (2011).
1500:: CS1 maint: others (
1361:Subterranea Britannica
1055:
1039:
975:to their home port of
905:
825:
738:
673:
671:near Dover, March 1941
384:
355:
337:
4606:Second Battle of Guam
4502:Bengal famine of 1943
4472:Second Battle of Kiev
4428:Battle of the Dnieper
4133:Battle of Wake Island
4005:East African campaign
3947:Battle of South Henan
3592:atrocities by Germans
3365:Korean Volunteer Army
2346:Occupation of Germany
2100:Music in World War II
1540:Hewitt, Nick (2008).
1450:Warship International
1401:Clarke, Dale (2005).
1045:
1027:
903:
821:
734:
661:
450:Battery just outside
373:
345:
323:
4892:Surrender of Germany
4370:Battle of West Hubei
4327:Guadalcanal campaign
4297:Battle of Stalingrad
4223:Battle of Madagascar
2997:Albania protectorate
2784:(formerly Swaziland)
2493:Wehrmacht war crimes
2309:Expulsion of Germans
2093:Art and World War II
1991:British contribution
1940:Governments in exile
1643:Vaughan, J. (2009).
1414:. London: Longmans.
1355:Catford, N. (2011).
1111:Fan Bay Deep Shelter
981:Unternehmen Zerberus
836:naval guns from the
830:Lydden Spout Battery
736:"Pooh" in March 1941
654:British emplacements
599:Liberation of France
470:40.6 cm SK C/34
275:German installations
91:51.00000°N 1.45000°E
4982:Potsdam Declaration
4871:Italy (Spring 1945)
4634:Liberation of Paris
4091:Siege of Sevastopol
3109:(until August 1944)
3012:Wang Jingwei regime
2834:from September 1943
2794:from September 1944
2732:from September 1944
2592:Romanian war crimes
2583:Persecution of Jews
2569:Croatian war crimes
2539:Japanese war crimes
2353:Occupation of Japan
2302:First Indochina War
2014:Military production
1926:Declarations of war
1630:on 21 December 2020
1292:, pp. 344â354.
1168:, pp. 324â325.
1132:, pp. 106â107.
1058:Between Calais and
891:Operational history
595:Artillerie-Batterie
577:in Eisenbahnlafette
341:FĂŒhrer Directive 16
313:invasion of Britain
87: /
4975:Surrender of Japan
4808:Battle of Iwo Jima
4657:Belgrade offensive
4070:Siege of Leningrad
3954:Battle of Shanggao
3883:British Somaliland
3848:Dunkirk evacuation
3799:Norwegian campaign
3737:Invasion of Poland
3564:Japanese prisoners
2532:Italian war crimes
2463:British war crimes
2378:Soviet occupations
2162:South-West Pacific
2049:Allied cooperation
2007:Military equipment
1433:. London: Osprey.
1429:Ford, Ken (2012).
1106:Operation Sea Lion
1101:List of naval guns
1056:
1040:
906:
826:
739:
678:Dunkirk evacuation
674:
495:of the battleship
385:
125:Controlled by
5049:
5048:
5007:
5006:
4850:Battle of Okinawa
4749:Burma (1944â1945)
4583:Mariana and Palau
4363:Tunisian campaign
4188:Fall of Singapore
4112:Fall of Hong Kong
3855:Battle of Britain
3708:Operation Himmler
3617:
3616:
3281:Dutch East Indies
2924:Southern Rhodesia
2676:
2675:
2576:Genocide of Serbs
2479:German war crimes
2456:Soviet war crimes
2449:Allied war crimes
2295:Division of Korea
2274:Chinese Civil War
2072:Strategic bombing
1984:Manhattan Project
1594:978-0-85177-548-7
1575:978-3-86933-092-1
1551:978-1-84415-861-4
1440:978-1-84908-570-0
1421:978-0-582-77294-6
1405:. London: Osprey.
1256:, pp. 33â36.
1232:, pp. 41â42.
1003:Operation Undergo
693:Winston Churchill
682:Battle of Britain
505:By early August,
360:Organisation Todt
232:
231:
227:Normandy landings
223:Battle of Britain
213:Operation Undergo
166:Organisation Todt
96:51.00000; 1.45000
16:(Redirected from
5124:
5042:
5035:
5028:
5025:World portal
5023:
5022:
4998:
4991:
4984:
4977:
4968:
4961:
4954:
4945:
4938:
4931:
4924:
4917:
4910:
4901:
4894:
4887:
4885:Prague offensive
4880:
4878:Battle of Berlin
4873:
4866:
4859:
4852:
4845:
4838:
4831:
4824:
4822:Vienna offensive
4817:
4810:
4803:
4801:Battle of Manila
4796:
4776:
4767:
4758:
4751:
4742:
4735:
4728:
4721:
4714:
4707:
4700:
4691:
4682:
4675:
4666:
4659:
4652:
4645:
4636:
4629:
4622:
4615:
4608:
4601:
4594:
4585:
4578:
4569:
4560:
4551:
4544:
4542:KorsunâCherkassy
4537:
4526:
4504:
4495:
4488:
4481:
4474:
4467:
4460:
4453:
4444:
4437:
4430:
4423:
4414:
4407:
4400:
4393:
4386:
4384:Bombing of Gorky
4379:
4372:
4365:
4345:
4338:
4329:
4322:
4315:
4306:
4299:
4292:
4285:
4274:
4267:
4260:
4253:
4251:Battle of Midway
4246:
4239:
4237:Battle of Gazala
4232:
4225:
4218:
4211:
4204:
4197:
4190:
4170:
4163:
4156:
4149:
4147:Battle of Borneo
4142:
4140:Malayan campaign
4135:
4128:
4121:
4114:
4107:
4100:
4093:
4086:
4084:Bombing of Gorky
4079:
4077:Battle of Moscow
4072:
4065:
4058:
4051:
4044:
4037:
4021:
4014:
4007:
4000:
3993:
3986:
3977:
3970:
3963:
3956:
3949:
3929:
3920:
3913:
3906:
3899:
3892:
3885:
3878:
3871:
3864:
3857:
3850:
3843:
3841:Battle of France
3836:
3829:
3822:
3815:
3808:
3801:
3781:
3774:
3767:
3760:
3753:
3746:
3739:
3717:
3710:
3703:
3696:
3694:Munich Agreement
3689:
3682:
3673:
3666:
3659:
3650:
3643:
3628:
3627:
3610:
3603:
3594:
3587:
3580:
3579:Soviet prisoners
3573:
3566:
3559:
3550:
3543:
3534:
3527:
3520:
3519:German prisoners
3515:
3495:
3486:
3479:
3472:
3467:
3460:
3453:
3446:
3439:
3432:
3425:
3418:
3411:
3404:
3397:
3390:
3383:
3376:
3367:
3360:
3353:
3346:
3339:
3332:
3325:
3318:
3311:
3304:
3297:
3290:
3283:
3276:
3269:
3262:
3255:
3248:
3241:
3221:
3214:
3207:
3200:
3193:
3186:
3179:
3172:
3165:
3158:
3151:
3131:
3124:
3117:
3110:
3102:
3095:
3088:
3079:
3072:
3064:
3057:
3055:French Indochina
3050:
3043:
3036:
3029:
3021:
3014:
3007:
2999:
2979:
2970:
2963:
2954:
2947:
2940:
2933:
2926:
2919:
2912:
2905:
2902:from August 1944
2893:
2886:
2879:
2872:
2865:
2858:
2851:
2844:
2837:
2825:
2818:
2811:
2804:
2797:
2785:
2777:
2770:
2763:
2756:
2749:
2742:
2735:
2723:
2716:
2709:
2702:
2687:
2686:
2667:
2660:
2653:
2646:
2639:
2628:
2613:
2606:
2599:
2594:
2585:
2578:
2571:
2562:
2555:
2548:
2546:Nanjing Massacre
2541:
2534:
2525:
2523:Nuremberg trials
2516:
2509:
2502:
2495:
2488:
2481:
2472:
2465:
2458:
2451:
2431:
2424:
2417:
2408:
2401:
2394:
2387:
2380:
2373:
2364:
2355:
2348:
2341:
2334:
2325:
2318:
2311:
2304:
2297:
2290:
2283:
2276:
2256:
2247:
2240:
2233:
2224:
2217:
2210:
2203:
2194:
2187:
2180:
2171:
2164:
2157:
2150:
2143:
2136:
2129:
2127:Asia and Pacific
2109:
2102:
2095:
2088:
2081:
2074:
2067:
2058:
2056:Mulberry harbour
2051:
2044:
2037:
2030:
2023:
2016:
2009:
2002:
1993:
1986:
1979:
1970:
1963:
1956:
1949:
1942:
1935:
1928:
1921:
1914:
1907:
1898:
1891:
1876:
1875:
1864:
1857:
1848:
1841:
1834:
1827:
1820:
1813:
1806:
1785:
1778:
1771:
1762:
1761:
1697:
1695:
1693:
1687:
1676:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1626:. Archived from
1617:
1608:
1598:
1579:
1555:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1527:on 14 April 2014
1526:
1515:
1505:
1499:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1465:
1444:
1425:
1406:
1397:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1342:
1336:
1330:
1324:
1318:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1299:
1293:
1287:
1281:
1275:
1269:
1263:
1257:
1251:
1245:
1239:
1233:
1227:
1221:
1215:
1209:
1203:
1194:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1175:
1169:
1163:
1157:
1151:
1145:
1139:
1133:
1127:
1060:Boulogne-sur-Mer
1037:
1034:
1014:Grosser KurfĂŒrst
933:The Channel Dash
796:Wanstone Battery
680:and winning the
579:, manned by the
535:Friedrich August
511:Grosser KurfĂŒrst
435:Grosser KurfĂŒrst
424:Boulogne-sur-Mer
420:Friedrich August
379:was part of the
353:
335:
291:(Grand Admiral)
248:Second World War
238:were long-range
182:
180:
156:
154:
107:Site information
102:
101:
99:
98:
97:
92:
88:
85:
84:
83:
80:
62:
53:
29:
28:
21:
5132:
5131:
5127:
5126:
5125:
5123:
5122:
5121:
5062:Strait of Dover
5052:
5051:
5050:
5045:
5038:
5031:
5017:
5015:
5003:
4994:
4987:
4980:
4973:
4964:
4957:
4950:
4941:
4936:Atomic bombings
4934:
4927:
4920:
4913:
4906:
4897:
4890:
4883:
4876:
4869:
4862:
4855:
4848:
4841:
4834:
4827:
4820:
4813:
4806:
4799:
4792:
4779:
4772:
4761:
4754:
4747:
4738:
4731:
4724:
4717:
4710:
4703:
4694:
4685:
4678:
4669:
4662:
4655:
4648:
4639:
4632:
4627:Eastern Romania
4625:
4620:Warsaw Uprising
4618:
4613:Tannenberg Line
4611:
4604:
4599:Western Ukraine
4597:
4588:
4581:
4572:
4563:
4554:
4547:
4540:
4529:
4520:
4507:
4500:
4491:
4484:
4477:
4470:
4463:
4456:
4449:
4440:
4433:
4426:
4417:
4410:
4403:
4396:
4391:Battle of Kursk
4389:
4382:
4375:
4368:
4361:
4348:
4341:
4332:
4325:
4318:
4309:
4302:
4295:
4288:
4279:
4270:
4263:
4256:
4249:
4242:
4235:
4228:
4221:
4214:
4207:
4202:St Nazaire Raid
4200:
4193:
4186:
4173:
4166:
4159:
4152:
4145:
4138:
4131:
4124:
4117:
4110:
4103:
4096:
4089:
4082:
4075:
4068:
4061:
4054:
4047:
4040:
4026:
4017:
4010:
4003:
3996:
3989:
3984:Anglo-Iraqi War
3982:
3975:Battle of Crete
3973:
3966:
3959:
3952:
3945:
3932:
3923:
3916:
3909:
3904:Eastern Romania
3902:
3895:
3888:
3881:
3874:
3867:
3860:
3853:
3846:
3839:
3832:
3825:
3818:
3811:
3804:
3797:
3784:
3777:
3770:
3763:
3756:
3749:
3742:
3735:
3722:
3713:
3706:
3699:
3692:
3685:
3678:
3669:
3662:
3655:
3646:
3639:
3613:
3606:
3599:
3590:
3583:
3578:
3569:
3562:
3555:
3546:
3539:
3530:
3523:
3518:
3511:
3498:
3491:
3482:
3475:
3470:
3465:Western Ukraine
3463:
3456:
3449:
3442:
3435:
3428:
3421:
3414:
3409:Northeast China
3407:
3400:
3393:
3386:
3379:
3372:
3363:
3356:
3349:
3342:
3335:
3328:
3321:
3314:
3307:
3300:
3293:
3286:
3279:
3272:
3265:
3258:
3251:
3244:
3237:
3224:
3217:
3210:
3203:
3196:
3189:
3182:
3175:
3168:
3161:
3154:
3147:
3134:
3127:
3120:
3115:Slovak Republic
3113:
3105:
3098:
3091:
3086:Empire of Japan
3084:
3075:
3067:
3060:
3053:
3046:
3039:
3032:
3024:
3017:
3010:
3002:
2995:
2982:
2975:
2966:
2959:
2950:
2943:
2936:
2929:
2922:
2915:
2908:
2896:
2889:
2882:
2875:
2868:
2861:
2854:
2847:
2840:
2828:
2821:
2814:
2807:
2800:
2788:
2780:
2773:
2766:
2759:
2752:
2745:
2738:
2726:
2719:
2712:
2705:
2698:
2672:
2663:
2656:
2649:
2642:
2631:
2616:
2609:
2602:
2598:Sexual violence
2597:
2590:
2581:
2574:
2567:
2558:
2551:
2544:
2537:
2530:
2521:
2512:
2505:
2498:
2491:
2484:
2477:
2468:
2461:
2454:
2447:
2434:
2427:
2420:
2413:
2404:
2397:
2390:
2383:
2376:
2367:
2358:
2351:
2344:
2337:
2328:
2321:
2316:Greek Civil War
2314:
2307:
2300:
2293:
2286:
2279:
2272:
2259:
2252:
2243:
2236:
2229:
2220:
2213:
2206:
2199:
2190:
2183:
2176:
2167:
2160:
2153:
2146:
2141:South-East Asia
2139:
2132:
2125:
2112:
2105:
2098:
2091:
2084:
2077:
2070:
2063:
2054:
2047:
2040:
2033:
2026:
2019:
2012:
2005:
2000:Military awards
1998:
1989:
1982:
1975:
1966:
1959:
1952:
1945:
1938:
1931:
1924:
1917:
1910:
1903:
1894:
1887:
1867:
1860:
1853:
1844:
1837:
1830:
1825:
1816:
1809:
1802:
1794:
1789:
1727:Wayback Machine
1715:Wayback Machine
1704:
1691:
1689:
1688:on 19 July 2011
1685:
1674:
1666:
1664:Further reading
1653:
1651:
1633:
1631:
1615:
1606:
1595:
1576:
1552:
1530:
1528:
1524:
1513:
1493:
1492:
1485:
1483:
1441:
1422:
1394:
1365:
1363:
1351:
1346:
1345:
1337:
1333:
1325:
1321:
1311:
1309:
1301:
1300:
1296:
1288:
1284:
1276:
1272:
1264:
1260:
1252:
1248:
1240:
1236:
1228:
1224:
1216:
1212:
1204:
1197:
1187:
1185:
1177:
1176:
1172:
1164:
1160:
1152:
1148:
1140:
1136:
1128:
1124:
1119:
1096:Hougham Battery
1081:
1048:Hougham Battery
1035:
1022:
1005:
999:
941:
935:
927:Southend-on-Sea
914:Hellfire Corner
898:
896:Hellfire Corner
893:
838:First World War
824:
773:Fan Bay Battery
761:Royal Artillery
737:
708:Winnie the Pooh
672:
656:
551:(later renamed
354:
351:
336:
330:
277:
264:Strait of Dover
260:occupied France
244:English Channel
225:
211:
207:
206:Channel convoys
178:
176:
152:
150:
95:
93:
89:
86:
81:
78:
76:
74:
73:
65:
64:Strait of Dover
51:
49:English Channel
47:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5130:
5120:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5097:Dover District
5094:
5089:
5084:
5079:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5047:
5046:
5044:
5043:
5036:
5029:
5012:
5009:
5008:
5005:
5004:
5002:
5001:
5000:
4999:
4992:
4985:
4971:
4970:
4969:
4955:
4952:South Sakhalin
4948:
4947:
4946:
4932:
4925:
4918:
4911:
4904:
4903:
4902:
4888:
4881:
4874:
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4431:
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4415:
4408:
4401:
4394:
4387:
4380:
4377:Battle of Attu
4373:
4366:
4358:
4356:
4350:
4349:
4347:
4346:
4339:
4330:
4323:
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4175:
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4157:
4150:
4143:
4136:
4129:
4126:Battle of Guam
4122:
4115:
4108:
4101:
4094:
4087:
4080:
4073:
4066:
4059:
4052:
4049:Battle of Kiev
4045:
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4022:
4008:
4001:
3994:
3987:
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3604:
3597:
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3576:
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3560:
3553:
3552:
3551:
3548:United Kingdom
3544:
3537:
3536:
3535:
3516:
3508:
3506:
3500:
3499:
3497:
3496:
3489:
3488:
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3333:
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2990:
2984:
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2957:
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2952:British Empire
2945:United Kingdom
2941:
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2927:
2920:
2913:
2906:
2894:
2887:
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2873:
2866:
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2845:
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2786:
2778:
2771:
2764:
2761:Czechoslovakia
2757:
2750:
2743:
2736:
2724:
2717:
2710:
2703:
2695:
2693:
2684:
2678:
2677:
2674:
2673:
2671:
2670:
2669:
2668:
2661:
2658:Rape of Manila
2654:
2647:
2640:
2629:
2614:
2607:
2595:
2588:
2587:
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2579:
2565:
2564:
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2475:
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2459:
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2442:
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2429:United Nations
2425:
2418:
2411:
2410:
2409:
2402:
2395:
2388:
2374:
2365:
2356:
2349:
2342:
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2326:
2319:
2312:
2305:
2298:
2291:
2288:Decolonization
2284:
2277:
2269:
2267:
2261:
2260:
2258:
2257:
2250:
2249:
2248:
2234:
2227:
2226:
2225:
2218:
2211:
2197:
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2195:
2188:
2174:
2173:
2172:
2165:
2158:
2151:
2144:
2137:
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2120:
2114:
2113:
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2110:
2103:
2096:
2089:
2082:
2075:
2068:
2061:
2060:
2059:
2052:
2038:
2031:
2024:
2017:
2010:
2003:
1996:
1995:
1994:
1980:
1973:
1972:
1971:
1964:
1961:United Kingdom
1957:
1943:
1936:
1929:
1922:
1915:
1908:
1901:
1900:
1899:
1884:
1882:
1873:
1869:
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1807:
1799:
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1788:
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1780:
1773:
1765:
1759:
1758:
1754:Terry Gander,
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1729:
1717:
1703:
1702:External links
1700:
1699:
1698:
1665:
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1660:
1640:
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1593:
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1574:
1556:
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1456:(2): 133â142.
1445:
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1350:
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1244:, p. 109.
1234:
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1156:, p. 109.
1146:
1144:, p. 108.
1134:
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1103:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1080:
1077:
1052:8 inch Mk VIII
1021:
1018:
1001:Main article:
998:
995:
937:Main article:
934:
931:
897:
894:
892:
889:
888:
887:
881:
875:
869:
863:
822:
816:
815:
804:Clement Attlee
788:
784:South Foreland
775:
746:Siege Regiment
735:
690:Prime Minister
662:
655:
652:
623:
622:
616:
601:in July 1944.
539:Prinz Heinrich
503:
502:
493:fallen captain
466:
454:
447:Prinz Heinrich
442:
426:
416:
349:
333:Wilhelm Keitel
331:Field Marshal
328:
283:in June 1940,
281:Fall of France
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115:Dover Command/
113:
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71:
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63:
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4959:Kuril Islands
4956:
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4757:
4753:
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4737:
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4727:
4726:Syrmian Front
4723:
4720:
4716:
4713:
4709:
4706:
4702:
4699:
4698:
4693:
4690:
4689:
4684:
4681:
4677:
4674:
4673:
4672:Market Garden
4668:
4665:
4661:
4658:
4654:
4651:
4647:
4644:
4643:
4638:
4635:
4631:
4628:
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4607:
4603:
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4596:
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4568:
4567:
4562:
4559:
4558:
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4543:
4539:
4536:
4532:
4531:Monte Cassino
4528:
4525:
4524:
4519:
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4516:
4514:
4510:
4503:
4499:
4494:
4490:
4487:
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4459:
4455:
4452:
4448:
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4413:
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3901:
3898:
3897:Baltic states
3894:
3891:
3887:
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3866:
3863:
3859:
3856:
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3620:
3609:
3605:
3602:
3598:
3593:
3589:
3586:
3582:
3581:
3577:
3572:
3568:
3567:
3565:
3561:
3558:
3554:
3549:
3545:
3542:
3541:United States
3538:
3533:
3529:
3528:
3526:
3522:
3521:
3517:
3514:
3510:
3509:
3507:
3505:
3501:
3494:
3490:
3485:
3481:
3478:
3477:Quá»c dĂąn ÄáșŁng
3474:
3473:
3469:
3466:
3462:
3459:
3455:
3452:
3448:
3445:
3441:
3438:
3434:
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3427:
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3403:
3399:
3396:
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3306:
3303:
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3261:
3257:
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3250:
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3233:
3231:
3227:
3220:
3216:
3213:
3209:
3206:
3202:
3199:
3195:
3192:
3188:
3185:
3181:
3178:
3177:Liechtenstein
3174:
3171:
3167:
3164:
3160:
3157:
3153:
3150:
3146:
3145:
3143:
3141:
3137:
3130:
3126:
3123:
3119:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3101:
3097:
3094:
3090:
3087:
3083:
3078:
3074:
3073:
3070:
3066:
3063:
3059:
3056:
3052:
3049:
3045:
3042:
3038:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3020:
3016:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2998:
2994:
2993:
2991:
2989:
2985:
2978:
2974:
2969:
2965:
2964:
2962:
2961:United States
2958:
2953:
2949:
2948:
2946:
2942:
2939:
2935:
2932:
2928:
2925:
2921:
2918:
2914:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2892:
2888:
2885:
2881:
2878:
2874:
2871:
2867:
2864:
2860:
2857:
2853:
2850:
2846:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2824:
2820:
2817:
2813:
2810:
2806:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2776:
2772:
2769:
2765:
2762:
2758:
2755:
2751:
2748:
2744:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2722:
2718:
2715:
2711:
2708:
2704:
2701:
2697:
2696:
2694:
2692:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2679:
2666:
2662:
2659:
2655:
2652:
2651:Comfort women
2648:
2645:
2641:
2638:
2635: /
2634:
2630:
2627:
2624: /
2623:
2620: /
2619:
2615:
2612:
2611:Camp brothels
2608:
2605:
2601:
2600:
2596:
2593:
2589:
2584:
2580:
2577:
2573:
2572:
2570:
2566:
2561:
2557:
2554:
2550:
2547:
2543:
2542:
2540:
2536:
2533:
2529:
2524:
2520:
2515:
2511:
2508:
2504:
2503:
2501:
2500:The Holocaust
2497:
2494:
2490:
2487:
2486:forced labour
2483:
2482:
2480:
2476:
2471:
2467:
2464:
2460:
2457:
2453:
2452:
2450:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2441:
2437:
2430:
2426:
2423:
2419:
2416:
2412:
2407:
2403:
2400:
2396:
2393:
2389:
2386:
2382:
2381:
2379:
2375:
2372:
2371:
2366:
2363:
2362:
2357:
2354:
2350:
2347:
2343:
2340:
2339:Marshall Plan
2336:
2333:
2332:
2327:
2324:
2320:
2317:
2313:
2310:
2306:
2303:
2299:
2296:
2292:
2289:
2285:
2282:
2278:
2275:
2271:
2270:
2268:
2266:
2262:
2255:
2251:
2246:
2242:
2241:
2239:
2235:
2232:
2228:
2223:
2219:
2216:
2212:
2209:
2205:
2204:
2202:
2198:
2193:
2192:Eastern Front
2189:
2186:
2185:Western Front
2182:
2181:
2179:
2175:
2170:
2166:
2163:
2159:
2156:
2152:
2149:
2145:
2142:
2138:
2135:
2131:
2130:
2128:
2124:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2115:
2108:
2104:
2101:
2097:
2094:
2090:
2087:
2083:
2080:
2079:Puppet states
2076:
2073:
2069:
2066:
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2021:Naval history
2018:
2015:
2011:
2008:
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1981:
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1974:
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1968:United States
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1030:Batterie Todt
1026:
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991:
986:
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977:Wilhelmshaven
974:
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966:
965:
961:
960:heavy cruiser
957:
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754:Pas-de-Calais
751:
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733:
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718:King George V
713:
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686:Port of Dover
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256:Pas-de-Calais
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161:Built by
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35:
30:
27:
19:
5033:Bibliography
5016:
4829:Project Hula
4794:VistulaâOder
4763:
4696:
4687:
4671:
4641:
4590:
4574:
4565:
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4334:
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4031:
3924:
3869:North Africa
3571:Soviet Union
3525:Soviet Union
3451:Soviet Union
3219:Vatican City
3129:Vichy France
3034:German Reich
2931:Soviet Union
2917:South Africa
2910:Sierra Leone
2863:Newfoundland
2682:Participants
2665:Marocchinate
2369:
2360:
2330:
2208:North Africa
2169:Indian Ocean
2028:Nazi plunder
1919:Cryptography
1792:World War II
1734:People's War
1733:
1690:. Retrieved
1683:the original
1678:
1652:. Retrieved
1648:
1632:. Retrieved
1628:the original
1611:
1584:
1564:
1560:
1541:
1529:. Retrieved
1522:the original
1517:
1484:. Retrieved
1470:
1453:
1449:
1430:
1411:
1402:
1379:
1364:. Retrieved
1360:
1339:Catford 2011
1334:
1322:
1312:13 September
1310:. Retrieved
1306:
1297:
1285:
1273:
1266:Vaughan 2009
1261:
1249:
1237:
1225:
1213:
1188:13 September
1186:. Retrieved
1183:wrecksite.eu
1182:
1173:
1161:
1149:
1137:
1125:
1091:Dover Castle
1067:
1057:
1029:
1013:
1009:
1006:
980:
963:
954:
948:
942:
939:Channel Dash
913:
910:Dover strait
907:
883:
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871:
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827:
807:
799:
795:
782:
772:
758:
749:
740:
724:
717:
703:
699:
675:
663:"Winnie", a
648:Gurden Gates
647:
644:Empire Lough
643:
638:
631:
626:Empire Lough
625:
624:
619:Empire Lough
618:
612:
603:
594:
580:
576:
572:
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552:
548:
542:
538:
534:
532:
515:railway guns
510:
509:Battery and
506:
504:
497:
488:
480:
474:
459:
457:
446:
440:Cap Gris-Nez
433:
419:
411:
403:Cap Gris-Nez
392:
386:
374:
358:
356:
346:
338:
324:
318:Kriegsmarine
316:
308:
302:
298:Kriegsmarine
296:
293:Erich Raeder
288:
285:Adolf Hitler
278:
235:
233:
209:Channel Dash
203:Battles/wars
141:Site history
118:Kriegsmarine
116:
40:Atlantikwall
39:
26:
4764:Bodenplatte
4650:Gothic Line
3876:West Africa
3423:Philippines
3402:Netherlands
3267:Czech lands
3205:Switzerland
3149:Afghanistan
3100:Philippines
2968:Puerto Rico
2884:Philippines
2870:New Zealand
2856:Netherlands
2809:Free France
2560:Prosecution
2361:Osoaviakhim
2231:West Africa
2215:East Africa
1862:Conferences
1518:fsgfort.com
1376:Copp, Terry
1327:Gander 2011
1290:Stacey 1960
1242:Hewitt 2008
1230:Clarke 2005
1166:Schenk 1990
1054:naval guns.
1036: 2004
997:Final duels
964:Prinz Eugen
949:Scharnhorst
945:battleships
872:Munsterland
850:Piece Maker
798:, known as
748:. Although
665:14-inch gun
438:Battery at
405:, with one
401:, south of
289:GroĂadmiral
246:during the
172:In use
94: /
70:Coordinates
5117:Kent coast
5056:Categories
4864:West Hunan
4697:Pointblank
4033:Silver Fox
4019:Summer War
3772:Winter War
3751:Phoney War
3532:Azerbaijan
3493:Yugoslavia
3388:Luxembourg
3230:Resistance
2977:Yugoslavia
2842:Luxembourg
2644:Sook Ching
2440:War crimes
2042:Technology
2035:Opposition
1977:Lend-Lease
1954:Australian
1947:Home front
1905:Blitzkrieg
1855:Casualties
1846:Commanders
1818:Operations
1720:DoverPages
1692:20 October
1654:20 October
1634:11 October
1486:20 October
1482:. N16267-A
1366:20 October
1349:References
1218:Evans 2004
1085:V-3 cannon
1072:war trophy
812:the pin-up
491:after the
279:After the
82:01°27âČ00âłE
79:51°00âČ00âłN
4929:Manchuria
4815:Indochina
4591:Bagration
4042:Lithuania
3687:Anschluss
3484:Viet Minh
3381:Lithuania
3323:Hong Kong
3093:Manchukuo
3048:Azad Hind
2707:Australia
2507:Aftermath
2370:Paperclip
2265:Aftermath
2065:Total war
1933:Diplomacy
1896:In Europe
1624:256471407
1496:cite book
1480:464601776
1462:0043-0374
1278:Copp 2006
1254:Ford 2012
1154:CARL 2008
1142:CARL 2008
1130:CARL 2008
1117:Footnotes
1064:casemates
1010:Lindemann
955:Gneisenau
842:Gladiator
723:HMS
716:HMS
639:Sunflower
637:HMS
630:HMS
587:Paris gun
549:Siegfried
544:Oldenburg
507:Siegfried
489:Lindemann
481:Lindemann
464:in Calais
460:Oldenburg
399:Audinghen
393:Siegfried
187:Materials
133:Condition
5040:Category
4989:document
4899:document
4756:Ardennes
4740:Budapest
4688:Crossbow
4566:Overlord
4405:Smolensk
3623:Timeline
3458:Slovakia
3444:Thailand
3295:Ethiopia
3260:Bulgaria
3184:Portugal
3122:Thailand
3004:Bulgaria
2782:Eswatini
2775:Ethiopia
2728:Bulgaria
2553:Unit 731
2514:Response
2331:Keelhaul
2281:Cold War
2254:Americas
2245:timeline
2238:Atlantic
2118:Theaters
1723:Archived
1711:Archived
1531:13 April
1378:(2006).
1079:See also
973:Brittany
860:Pentiver
566:Le Havre
498:Bismarck
350:â
329:â
112:Operator
4966:Shumshu
4733:Hungary
4680:Estonia
4664:Lapland
4642:Dragoon
4575:Neptune
4557:Ichi-Go
4523:Tempest
4465:Changde
4420:Cottage
4312:Jubilee
4028:Finland
3926:Compass
3632:Prelude
3585:Finland
3471:Vietnam
3437:Romania
3309:Germany
3288:Estonia
3274:Denmark
3253:Belgium
3246:Austria
3239:Albania
3170:Ireland
3156:Andorra
3140:Neutral
3107:Romania
3041:Hungary
3026:Finland
2898:Romania
2790:Finland
2768:Denmark
2714:Belgium
2700:Algeria
2406:Romania
2392:Hungary
2148:Pacific
1872:General
1826:Leaders
1811:Battles
1804:Outline
990:salvoes
923:E-boats
918:convoys
866:Livadia
840:(named
810:(after
802:(after
786:Battery
725:Furious
462:Battery
395:Battery
198:Defunct
177: (
151: (
4943:Debate
4915:Taipei
4908:Borneo
4486:Tarawa
3680:Europe
3641:Africa
3430:Poland
3416:Norway
3395:Malaya
3374:Latvia
3316:Greece
3302:France
3198:Sweden
3163:Bhutan
2891:Poland
2877:Norway
2849:Mexico
2816:Greece
2802:France
2740:Canada
2721:Brazil
2691:Allies
2637:Serbia
2626:Poland
2399:Poland
2385:Baltic
2178:Europe
1880:Topics
1832:Allied
1622:
1591:
1572:
1548:
1478:
1460:
1437:
1418:
1390:
1020:Legacy
985:S band
958:, the
806:) and
767:Three
750:Winnie
700:Winnie
632:Dakins
613:Sambut
573:Kanone
468:Three
452:Calais
262:. The
219:Events
4719:Leyte
4549:Narva
4535:Anzio
4493:Makin
4451:Burma
4335:Torch
4304:Rzhev
4265:Kiska
3351:Korea
3337:Japan
3330:Italy
3212:Tibet
3191:Spain
3069:Italy
2830:Italy
2823:India
2747:China
2622:Japan
2222:Italy
2134:China
2086:Women
1686:(PDF)
1675:(PDF)
1616:(PDF)
1607:(PDF)
1563:[
1525:(PDF)
1514:(PDF)
1454:XLIII
969:Brest
884:S.184
878:Recum
777:Four
710:) at
561:radar
519:Dover
479:) at
475:Adolf
428:Four
146:Built
4785:1945
4513:1944
4354:1943
4282:Blue
4272:Attu
4179:1942
3938:1941
3790:1940
3728:1939
3657:Asia
3504:POWs
3344:Jews
3062:Iraq
2988:Axis
2938:Tuva
2754:Cuba
1839:Axis
1732:BBC
1694:2016
1656:2016
1636:2016
1620:OCLC
1589:ISBN
1570:ISBN
1566:Guns
1546:ISBN
1533:2014
1502:link
1488:2016
1476:OCLC
1458:ISSN
1435:ISBN
1416:ISBN
1388:ISBN
1368:2016
1314:2019
1190:2019
952:and
848:and
808:Jane
800:Clem
790:Two
704:Pooh
582:Heer
553:Todt
547:and
477:Guns
412:Todt
252:Kent
234:The
195:Fate
179:1944
175:1944
153:1940
149:1940
971:in
667:at
575:12
541:,
527:K12
432:at
397:at
309:OKW
258:in
5058::
4533:/
1647:.
1609:.
1516:.
1498:}}
1494:{{
1452:.
1386:.
1382:.
1359:.
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1181:.
1033:c.
844:,
814:).
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537:,
523:K5
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2836:)
2832:(
2796:)
2792:(
2734:)
2730:(
1784:e
1777:t
1770:v
1696:.
1658:.
1638:.
1597:.
1578:.
1554:.
1535:.
1504:)
1490:.
1464:.
1443:.
1424:.
1396:.
1370:.
1341:.
1329:.
1316:.
1268:.
1208:.
1192:.
1038:.
501:.
383:.
307:(
181:)
155:)
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
