211:, which can be seen as an hermeneutic interpretation of the sciences because it conceives the scientists as governed by assumptions which are historically embedded and linguistically mediated activities organized around paradigms that direct the conceptualization and investigation of their studies. Scientific revolutions imply that one paradigm replaces another and introduces a new set of theories, approaches and definitions. According to Mallery; Hurwitz & Duffy (1992) the notion of a paradigm-centered scientific community is analogous to Gadamer's notion of a linguistically encoded social tradition. In this way hermeneutics challenge the positivist view that science can cumulate objective facts. Observations are always made on the background of theoretical assumptions: they are theory dependent.
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175:(1994) writes about the active role of the reader, and remarks (p. 23): "The cure for real boredom is to find a more advanced book on the subject; the only cure for pseudo-boredom is to become fully and personally involved in the book already in front of you". Bazerman's book is informed by an advanced theoretical knowledge of scholarly research, documents and their composition. For example, chapter 6 is about "Recognizing the many voices in a text". The practical advises given are based on textual theory (
203:) has demonstrated that the way we read and interpret texts is dependent on our "pre-understanding" and "prejudices". Human knowledge is always an interpretative clarification of the world, not a pure, interest-free theory. Hermeneutics may thus be understood as a theory about critical reading. This field was until recently associated with the humanities, not with science. This situation changed when
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research even though it was without scientific value and probably directly faked: They wanted to believe that IQ is hereditary and considered uncritically empirical claims supporting this view. This paper thus demonstrates how critical reading (and the opposite) may be related to beliefs as well as to interests and power structures.
100:. The ability to reinterpret and reconstruct for improved clarity and readability is also a component of critical reading. The identification of possible ambiguities and flaws in the author's reasoning, in addition to the ability to address them comprehensively, are essential to this process. Critical reading, much like
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By conclusion is critical reading not just something that any scholar is able to do. The way we read is partly determined by the intellectual traditions, which have formed our beliefs and thinking. Generally we read papers within our own culture or tradition less critically compared to our reading of
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is illuminative on both how "critical reading" was performed in the discovery of the falsified data as well as in many famous psychologists "non-critical reading" of Burt's papers. Tucker shows that the recognized experts within the field of intelligence research blindly accepted Cyril Burt's
112:"...a story has as many versions as it has readers. Everyone takes what he wants or can from it and thus changes it to his measure. Some pick out parts and reject the rest, some strain the story through their mesh of prejudice, some paint it with their own delight."
129:" demonstrates, the understanding of single words depends on the understanding of the text as a whole (as well as the culture in which the text is produced) and vice versa: You cannot understand a text if you do not understand the words in the text.
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When you read, you have to seek information, and you are confronted with different views, which forces you to consider your own position. In this process, the reader is converted to a "writer", whether or not he writes or publishes his own ideas.
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is known for his studies on the effect of heredity on intelligence. Shortly after he died, his studies of inheritance and intelligence came into disrepute after evidence emerged indicating he had falsified research data. A 1994 paper by
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The critical reading of a given text thus implies a critical examination of the concepts used as well as of the soundness of the arguments and the value and relevance of the assumptions and the traditions on which the text is given.
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Thurston (1993, p. 638) introduces the concept of "symptomatic reading": "Symptomatic reading is used in literary criticism as a means of analyzing the presence of ideology in literary texts. French
Marxist philosophers
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Reading and writing are thus reciprocal processes, reading is an active process, and the best way to learn critical reading is probably by training academic writing.
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analysis that does not take the given text at face value, but involves a deeper examination of the claims put forth as well as the supporting points and possible
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157:". Dorfman and Mattelart later used symptomatic reading as a means of analyzing the presence of imperialist ideology in Disney comics.
351:. Valparaíso, Chile: Ediciones Universitarias de Valparaíso. English translation: Dorfman, Ariel & Mattelart, Armand (1973).
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410:. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. ("A Consumers Guide to the Behavioral Sciences").
396:. 2nd ed. Ed. by S.C. Shapiro (Vol 1, pp. 596–611). New York: John Wiley & Sons.
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What's behind the research? Discovering hidden assumptions in the behavioral sciences
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136:"Reading between the lines" is the ability to uncover implicit messages and bias.
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The
Reading of Theoretical Texts. A Critique of Criticism in the Social Sciences
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Studying a Study and
Testing a Test: How to Read the Medical Evidence. 5th ed
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372:. London: Routledge. (Routledge Studies in Social and Political Thought, 19).
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417:. Ed. by Irena R. Makaryk. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. (P. 638).
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Journal of the
American Society for Information Science and Technology, 59
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Encyclopedia of contemporary literary theory: Approaches, scholars, terms
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104:, requires the linkage of evidential points to corresponding arguments.
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423:(1994). Facts and fiction in the discovery of Sir Cyril Burt's flaws.
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Mallery, J. C.; Hurwitz, R. & Duffy, G. (1992). Hermeneutics. IN:
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Thought & Knowledge: An
Introduction to Critical Thinking, 4th ed
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How to Read Donald Duck. Imperialist
Ideology in the Disney Comic.
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Basically critical reading is related to epistemological issues.
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Dorfman, Ariel. Blurb introducing "How to read Donald Duck":
183:). Chapter 8 is titled "Evaluating the book as a whole: The
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There are no simple relations between these levels. As the "
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Brody, Roberta (2008). The
Problem of Information Naïveté.
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As acknowledged by a number of scholars and wordsmiths,
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Journal of the
History of the Behavioral Sciences, 30
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The
Informed Writer: Using Sources in the Disciplines
321:. Translated by Ben Brewster. London: New Left Books.
394:Encyclopedia of Artificial Intelligence. Vol. 1-2
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413:Thurston, John (1993). Symptomatic reading. IN:
153:develop the technique of symptomatic reading in
46:but its sources remain unclear because it lacks
406:Slife, Brent D. & Williams, R. N. (1995).
187:", and the first heading is "books as tools".
215:papers from other traditions or "paradigms".
161:The reciprocal nature of reading and writing
389:. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
382:., Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, NJ.
285:. University of Leicester. Archived from
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77:Learn how and when to remove this message
365:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
387:The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
328:. 5 edition. Houghton Mifflin Company.
209:The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
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385:Kuhn, T. S. (1962, 1970),
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449:What Is Critical Reading?
444:CRITICAL READING: A GUIDE
16:Form of language analysis
469:Critical thinking skills
348:Para Leer al Pato Donald
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191:Epistemological issues
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368:Ekegren, P. (1999).
258:Information literacy
140:Symptomatic reading
442:Lye, John (1997),
421:Tucker, William H.
283:"Critical Reading"
205:Thomas Samuel Kuhn
201:Hans-Georg Gadamer
127:hermeneutic circle
114:— John Steinbeck,
34:list of references
343:Mattelart, Armand
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293:2010-06-22
269:References
225:Cyril Burt
67:March 2023
311:Althusser
464:Pedagogy
378:(2003),
361:(1992).
345:(1971).
317:(1970).
253:Exegesis
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