75:
1312:
224:
189:
236:
340:, to officially annex Cyrenaica as a Roman province and restore order. That the Senate sent such a low-ranking official indicates the political difficulty the Republic had in governing its growing empire, as well as indicating the ease with which Cyrenaica was willing to submit to Roman governance and the stability it brought.
331:
left his kingdom to the Roman
Republic when he died childless in 96 BC. Rome readily accepted this inheritance from Ptolemy Apion but preferred to leave the administration to local rulers, rather than enforcing direct control. However, by the 70s BC, civil uprisings by Jewish settlers began to
606:
825:
Unless otherwise stated, the names of the proconsular governors from 71 to 135 are taken from Werner Eck, "Jahres- und
Provinzialfasten der senatorischen Statthalter von 69/70 bis 138/139",
576:
1876:
1831:
337:
600:
594:
546:
203:
164:
540:
495:
570:
516:
1522:
582:
1354:
588:
1886:
1881:
1311:
1051:
558:
1428:
1658:
910:
1792:
876:
632:
Anna
Kouremenos 2018. "In the Heart of the Wine-Dark Sea: Cretan Insularity and Identity in the Roman Period". In A. Kouremenos (ed.)
1347:
564:
1456:
1896:
1891:
1851:
1628:
612:
772:
1408:
1044:
1340:
531:
525:
356:
1861:
1856:
1384:
1465:
649:
1704:
1648:
1694:
642:
Change and transition on Crete interpreting the evidence from the
Hellenistic through to the early Byzantine period
1332:
1906:
1686:
1681:
1037:
552:
1901:
1483:
869:
1871:
1613:
989:
979:
1418:
359:
and, following a ferocious three-year campaign, Crete was conquered for Rome in 66 BC, Metellus earning the
1836:
1750:
1618:
1598:
1530:
1256:
1060:
1380:
1134:
1709:
1866:
1603:
1241:
957:
480:
1668:
1653:
1164:
862:
1517:
1593:
1570:
1301:
1291:
1174:
1139:
1119:
1099:
808:
Unless otherwise stated, the names of the proconsular governors from 30 BC to AD 67 are taken from
348:
1413:
1389:
1246:
1231:
1169:
1084:
1074:
444:
1638:
261:
50:
1470:
1219:
1079:
1029:
840:
Unless otherwise stated, the names of the proconsular governors from 140 to 165 are taken from
1745:
1633:
1623:
1321:
Italy was never constituted as a province, instead retaining a special juridical status until
762:
1114:
950:
74:
812:, "Über die prätorischen Prokonsulate in der Kaiserzeit. Eine quellenkritische Überlegung",
673:
1846:
1841:
1560:
1479:
1394:
1251:
1144:
984:
974:
507:
435:
328:
306:
301:. These areas were settled by Greek colonists from the eighth to sixth centuries BC. After
8:
1733:
1534:
1124:
900:
501:
302:
278:
1764:
1573:
1564:
1236:
1194:
1189:
414:
371:
In 67 BC, Crete and
Cyrenaica were combined into a single province with its capital at
1723:
1403:
1281:
1276:
1204:
1199:
1016:
945:
841:
768:
645:
310:
764:
The Jews Under Roman Rule: From Pompey to
Diocletian: a Study in Political Relations
388:
1772:
1503:
1437:
1368:
1362:
1209:
1179:
935:
905:
885:
827:
788:
336:
was forced to take action. In 74 BC, they sent a low level official, the quaestor
1718:
1663:
1548:
1539:
1511:
1451:
1094:
1011:
962:
940:
930:
459:
384:
305:'s death, his short-lived empire was partitioned between his generals during the
182:
169:
1578:
1760:
1754:
1736:
1689:
1581:
1556:
1433:
1423:
1184:
1104:
1001:
379:, resulting in the death of two hundred and twenty thousand people. In 298 AD,
376:
360:
282:
253:
196:
36:
694:
1825:
1807:
1794:
1740:
1489:
1442:
1399:
1129:
1109:
1089:
969:
918:
739:
392:
391:, which in turn was divided between Libya Superior or Libya Pentapolis, with
321:
1590:
1768:
1699:
1643:
1552:
1499:
1461:
1447:
1364:
1154:
996:
396:
333:
286:
61:
718:
1778:
1728:
1676:
1608:
1544:
1296:
1225:
1159:
325:
1585:
1475:
1322:
809:
380:
1671:
1214:
294:
1714:
1527:
1494:
854:
363:"Creticus" as an honour for his conquest and subjugation of Crete.
1271:
87:
1059:
1286:
1266:
1261:
372:
229:
889:
352:
298:
290:
241:
355:
in 71 BC and was repelled. Then in 69 BC, Rome commissioned
316:
272:
1877:
States and territories disestablished in the 3rd century
1832:
States and territories established in the 1st century BC
395:
as its capital, and Libya
Inferior or Libya Sicca, with
383:, because of geographic inconvenience, separated the
289:, established in 67 BC, which included the island of
634:Insularity and Identity in the Roman Mediterranean
42:
1823:
831:, 12 (1982), pp. 281-362; 13 (1983), pp. 147-237
640:Francis, Jane; Curtis, Michael J., eds. (2022).
313:, except for Crete, which remained independent.
16:Province of the Roman Empire (67 BC – c. 297 AD)
846:Konsulat und Senatorenstand unter der Antoninen
79:Roman province of Creta et Cyrenae highlighted.
625:Jane Francis and Anna Kouremenos (eds.) 2016.
1348:
1045:
870:
639:
432:(Lollius) Palicanus (between 30 BC and AD 14)
408:C. Clodius Vestalis (between 30 BC and AD 14)
848:(Bonn: Rudolf Habelt Verlag, 1977), pp. 263f
740:"Cyrenaica historical region, North Africa"
492:Bruttidius Sabinus (first half 1st century)
24:
1887:290s disestablishments in the Roman Empire
1355:
1341:
1052:
1038:
877:
863:
429:L. Plotius Vicinas (between 2 BC and AD 7)
402:
343:
73:
1882:20s BC establishments in the Roman Empire
760:
441:(Vettius) Scato (between 23 BC and AD 12)
317:Apion's will and Roman rule of Cyrenaica
713:
711:
565:Quintus Caecilius Marcellus Dentilianus
1824:
666:
613:Lucius Clodius Tineius Pupienus Bassus
1336:
1033:
858:
781:
1664:Palestine (Classical ~ Late Antique)
1061:Provinces of the early Roman Empire
884:
708:
644:. Oxford: Archaeopress Archaeology.
456:Occius Flamma (between AD 14 and 37)
687:
577:Gaius Claudius Titianus Demostratus
532:Gaius Pomponius Gallus Didius Rufus
411:M. Titius (between 30 BC and AD 14)
13:
1604:Lebanon (Classical ~ Late Antique)
619:
453:P. Octavius (between AD 14 and 29)
426:Q. Lucanius Proculus (after 13 BC)
377:Jewish revolt erupted in Cyrenaica
14:
1918:
1540:Israel (Classical ~ Late Antique)
732:
450:(Titus) Caesius Cordus (c. AD 12)
332:destabilise the province and the
1729:Syria (Classical ~ Late Antique)
1471:Egypt (Classical ~ Late Antique)
1310:
911:Classical and Hellenistic period
471:Augurinus (between AD 37 and 41)
234:
222:
201:
187:
162:
22:Province of Crete and Cyrenaica
834:
819:
802:
754:
338:Cornelius Lentulus Marcellinus
1:
1897:3rd-century disestablishments
1892:1st-century BC establishments
1852:Provinces of the Roman Empire
659:
627:Roman Crete: New Perspectives
474:Q. Cassius Gratus (before 53)
761:Smallwood, Edith M. (1981).
486:Cestius Proculus (before 56)
273:
7:
477:Caesernius Veiento (46/47?)
366:
309:. Cyrenaica ended up under
10:
1923:
742:. Encyclopaedia Britannica
489:Pedius Blaesus (before 59)
481:Publius Pomponius Secundus
423:P. Sextius Scaeva (7/6 BC)
357:Quintus Caecilius Metellus
265:
44:Ἐπαρχία Κρήτης καὶ Κυρήνης
43:
28:Provincia Creta et Cyrenae
1862:Roman provinces in Europe
1857:Roman provinces in Africa
1376:
1319:
1308:
1070:
896:
816:23/24 (1972/73), pp. 246f
601:Quintus Caecilius Rufinus
595:Lucius Saevinius Proculus
547:Lucius Aemilius Honoratus
447:(between 30 BC and AD 14)
438:(between 30 BC and AD 14)
217:
141:
137:
133:
129:
119:
109:
105:
97:
93:
83:
72:
67:
59:
25:
21:
1100:Alpes Graiae et Poeninae
607:Quintus Servilius Pudens
349:Marcus Antonius Creticus
1247:Mauretania Caesariensis
980:Great Cretan Revolution
941:Second Byzantine period
541:Lucius Elufrius Severus
496:Lucius Turpilius Dexter
445:Gaius Rubellius Blandus
403:List of Roman governors
375:in Crete. In 117 AD, a
344:Roman conquest of Crete
324:, the last king of the
1907:Libya in the Roman era
1586:Late Antique/Medieval)
1429:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1220:Hispania Tarraconensis
931:First Byzantine period
767:. BRILL. p. 394.
571:Quintus Julius Potitus
537:Gaius Memmius (98/99)
526:Aulus Julius Quadratus
517:Gaius Arinius Modestus
462:(between AD 14 and 37)
417:(between AD 37 and 54)
257:
121:• Disestablished
1902:20s BC establishments
1371:in modern territories
951:Revolt of Saint Titus
603:(between 160 and 180)
585:(between 165 and 169)
573:(between 138 and 161)
420:Fabius (before 13 BC)
1872:20 BC establishments
1252:Mauretania Tingitana
1145:Corsica and Sardinia
1085:Africa proconsularis
555:(between 97 and 118)
549:(between 97 and 118)
508:Aulus Minicius Rufus
436:Marcus Nonius Balbus
329:Kingdom of Cyrenaica
307:Wars of the Diadochi
1837:Crete and Cyrenaica
1808:35.0621°N 24.9470°E
1804: /
1561:Sardinia (Classical
1434:Bulgaria (Classical
1150:Crete and Cyrenaica
1125:Bithynia and Pontus
924:Crete and Cyrenaica
583:Pomponius Naevianus
502:Titus Atilius Rufus
483:(between 37 and 54)
303:Alexander the Great
279:senatorial province
274:Krḗtē kaì Kyrēnaïkḗ
266:Κρήτη καὶ Κυρηναϊκή
250:Crete and Cyrenaica
111:• Established
1480:Corsica (Classical
1400:Armenia (Classical
1381:Albania (Classical
1237:Lycia et Pamphylia
1215:Hispania Lusitania
1195:Gallia Narbonensis
1190:Gallia Lugdunensis
589:Veturius Paccianus
553:Titus Vibius Varus
415:Pomponius Secundus
293:and the region of
258:Creta et Cyrenaica
1867:Ancient Cyrenaica
1787:
1786:
1769:Thrace (Classical
1761:Turkey (Classical
1553:Sicily (Classical
1500:Greece (Classical
1462:Cyprus (Classical
1448:Crimea (Classical
1443:Britain (England)
1330:
1329:
1282:Pannonia Superior
1277:Pannonia Inferior
1205:Germania Superior
1200:Germania Inferior
1064:
1027:
1026:
774:978-90-04-06403-4
465:P. Viriasius Naso
385:province of Crete
271:
247:
246:
213:
212:
209:
208:
175:
174:
1914:
1819:
1818:
1816:
1815:
1814:
1813:35.0621; 24.9470
1809:
1805:
1802:
1801:
1800:
1797:
1715:Spain (Classical
1545:Italy (Classical
1508:Crete (Classical
1369:Byzantine Empire
1357:
1350:
1343:
1334:
1333:
1314:
1210:Hispania Baetica
1180:Gallia Aquitania
1062:
1054:
1047:
1040:
1031:
1030:
990:1897–1898 revolt
879:
872:
865:
856:
855:
849:
838:
832:
823:
817:
806:
800:
799:
797:
796:
785:
779:
778:
758:
752:
751:
749:
747:
736:
730:
729:
727:
726:
715:
706:
705:
703:
702:
691:
685:
684:
682:
681:
670:
655:
636:. Oxford: Oxbow.
513:Catullus (72/73)
399:as its capital.
276:
270:romanized:
269:
267:
240:
238:
237:
228:
226:
225:
205:
204:
191:
190:
179:
178:
166:
165:
159:
158:
143:
142:
77:
60:Province of the
54:
46:
45:
40:
32:
31:
30:
29:
19:
18:
1922:
1921:
1917:
1916:
1915:
1913:
1912:
1911:
1822:
1821:
1812:
1810:
1806:
1803:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1791:
1790:
1788:
1783:
1741:Early Medieval)
1654:The Netherlands
1565:Early Medieval)
1484:Early Medieval)
1372:
1363:History of the
1361:
1331:
1326:
1315:
1306:
1267:Moesia Superior
1262:Moesia Inferior
1095:Alpes Maritimae
1066:
1058:
1028:
1023:
1012:Battle of Crete
963:Siege of Candia
946:Venetian period
906:Mycenean period
892:
883:
853:
852:
839:
835:
824:
820:
807:
803:
794:
792:
787:
786:
782:
775:
759:
755:
745:
743:
738:
737:
733:
724:
722:
717:
716:
709:
700:
698:
693:
692:
688:
679:
677:
676:. Chris Bennett
674:"Ptolemy Apion"
672:
671:
667:
662:
652:
629:. Oxford: Oxbow
622:
620:Further reading
460:Cornelius Lupus
405:
369:
346:
319:
235:
233:
232:
223:
221:
202:
188:
183:Byzantine Crete
170:Roman Cyrenaica
163:
122:
112:
78:
68:67 BC–c. 297 AD
55:
48:
41:
34:
27:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1920:
1910:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1785:
1784:
1782:
1781:
1776:
1758:
1755:Roman Carthage
1748:
1743:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1588:
1576:
1568:
1542:
1537:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1473:
1468:
1459:
1454:
1445:
1440:
1438:High Medieval)
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1377:
1374:
1373:
1360:
1359:
1352:
1345:
1337:
1328:
1327:
1320:
1317:
1316:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1185:Gallia Belgica
1182:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1105:Arabia Petraea
1102:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1071:
1068:
1067:
1057:
1056:
1049:
1042:
1034:
1025:
1024:
1022:
1021:
1020:
1019:
1014:
1006:
1005:
1004:
1002:Theriso revolt
994:
993:
992:
987:
982:
977:
970:Ottoman period
967:
966:
965:
955:
954:
953:
943:
938:
933:
928:
927:
926:
921:
913:
908:
903:
897:
894:
893:
882:
881:
874:
867:
859:
851:
850:
833:
818:
801:
780:
773:
753:
731:
707:
686:
664:
663:
661:
658:
657:
656:
650:
637:
630:
621:
618:
617:
616:
610:
604:
598:
592:
586:
580:
574:
568:
562:
556:
550:
544:
538:
535:
529:
523:
520:
514:
511:
505:
499:
493:
490:
487:
484:
478:
475:
472:
469:
466:
463:
457:
454:
451:
448:
442:
439:
433:
430:
427:
424:
421:
418:
412:
409:
404:
401:
368:
365:
345:
342:
318:
315:
297:in modern-day
285:and later the
283:Roman Republic
245:
244:
219:
215:
214:
211:
210:
207:
206:
199:
197:Libya Superior
193:
192:
185:
176:
173:
172:
167:
155:
154:
149:
139:
138:
135:
134:
131:
130:
127:
126:
123:
120:
117:
116:
113:
110:
107:
106:
103:
102:
99:
95:
94:
91:
90:
85:
81:
80:
70:
69:
65:
64:
57:
56:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1919:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1829:
1827:
1820:
1817:
1780:
1777:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1759:
1756:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1738:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1719:Late Antique)
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1614:Liechtenstein
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1583:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1569:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1532:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1404:Late Antique)
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1382:
1379:
1378:
1375:
1370:
1366:
1358:
1353:
1351:
1346:
1344:
1339:
1338:
1335:
1324:
1318:
1313:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1227:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
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842:Géza Alföldy
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287:Roman Empire
249:
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152:Succeeded by
151:
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62:Roman Empire
1847:Roman Libya
1842:Roman Crete
1811: /
1724:Switzerland
1690:(Classical)
1672:(Classical)
1594:(Classical)
1574:(Classical)
1325:'s reforms.
1257:Mesopotamia
985:1878 revolt
975:1841 revolt
936:Arab period
789:"Cyernaica"
746:27 December
695:"Cyrenaica"
397:Paraetonium
326:Hellenistic
262:Koinē Greek
147:Preceded by
51:Koinē Greek
1826:Categories
1799:24°56′49″E
1796:35°03′44″N
1737:(Classical
1682:San Marino
1644:Montenegro
1619:Luxembourg
1582:(Classical
1531:(Classical
1409:Azerbaijan
1323:Diocletian
1135:Cappadocia
1017:Resistance
958:Cretan War
810:Werner Eck
795:2016-11-24
725:2016-11-24
721:. UNRV.com
701:2016-11-24
697:. UNRV.com
680:2016-11-24
660:References
381:Diocletian
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1765:Medieval)
1629:Macedonia
1557:Medieval)
1549:Medieval)
1535:Medieval)
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1504:Medieval)
1466:Medieval)
1452:Medieval)
1385:Medieval)
1242:Macedonia
1130:Britannia
609:(164/165)
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389:Cyrenaica
351:attacked
295:Cyrenaica
125:c. 297 AD
1710:Slovenia
1705:Slovakia
1695:Scotland
1669:Portugal
1518:Guernsey
1165:Dalmatia
1080:Aegyptus
1063:(117 AD)
567:(c. 140)
543:(99/100)
367:Province
277:) was a
1751:Tunisia
1746:Ukraine
1677:Romania
1649:Morocco
1634:Moldova
1523:Hungary
1495:Germany
1490:Georgia
1457:Croatia
1424:Belgium
1419:Balkans
1414:Austria
1395:Andorra
1390:Algeria
1302:Thracia
1292:Sicilia
1272:Noricum
1175:Galatia
1140:Cilicia
1120:Assyria
1110:Armenia
886:History
719:"Crete"
534:(88/89)
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361:agnomen
281:of the
98:History
88:Gortyna
84:Capital
1700:Serbia
1639:Monaco
1599:Kuwait
1591:Kosovo
1579:Jordan
1571:Jersey
1476:France
1287:Raetia
1232:Iudaea
1226:Italia
1170:Epirus
1155:Cyprus
1075:Achaia
828:Chiron
814:Zephyr
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230:Greece
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1624:Malta
1609:Libya
1365:Roman
1297:Syria
1160:Dacia
890:Crete
615:(250)
468:Celer
387:from
353:Crete
299:Libya
291:Crete
254:Latin
242:Libya
115:67 BC
37:Latin
1528:Iraq
1367:and
1115:Asia
769:ISBN
748:2017
646:ISBN
522:Silo
504:(67)
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