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different treatment and opportunities. What needs to be done though remains a secret. Therefore, people are called on to abide by a secret law. At least two things need to be examined: First is that the operation of a more general "chilling effect" that imposing a non disclosed law may have and; Secondly the social effects of discrimination, which take an entirely new light in the context of no longer discriminating against race creed color age or religion, but on the basis of a number, a number which has been assigned to all members of society reflecting information about that person which is unknown. Accordingly, there can be no definition at present of what information credit repositories collect or even what the use of that information is or what it reflects. These questions can only be answered if the algorithms were publicized and expert statisticians were permitted to examine them and improve on the intent of the model, which intent is also undisclosed.
713:, judges, actors and celebrities. The VIP database is specially administered by the bureau, which ensures the credit report of the consumer is accurate and not negatively handled. The database exists because individuals in the VIP database could cause significant problems for the bureaus, including negative publicity and legislative action which could adversely affect the industry. So far an economic model to describe this industry has not been attempted, while the fundamentals are counter intuitive to any market known, since other industries (finance, banking, insurance) sponsor consumer reporting agencies to process information while consumers pay CRAs to receive that information. The utility of the consumer is hard to calculate since the consumer is given no recourse to correct mistakes processed about them, hence the dynamics of this triangle involving consumers, credit reporters, and sponsoring industries remain undefined.
123:. Consumers with poor credit repayment histories or court adjudicated debt obligations like tax liens or bankruptcies will pay a higher annual interest rate than consumers who don't have these factors. Additionally, decision-makers in areas unrelated to consumer credit, including employment screening and underwriting of property and casualty insurance, increasingly depend on credit records, as studies have shown that such records have predictive value. At the same time, consumers also benefit from a good credit information system because it reduces the effect of credit monopoly from banks and provides incentives for borrowers to repay their loans on time.
230:(SBP) in December, 1992. Under section 25(A) of the Banking Companies Ordinance (BCO), 1962, the SBP mandates that all financial institutions in Pakistan including banks, developmental financial institutions (DFIs) and micro finance banks (MFBs) are required to use the eCIB software for monitoring credit reports. SBP controls updates to the database, updates the reports and monitors the software. All member financial institutions are required to submit entire borrowers' records online to eCIB every month within two weeks after the end of the month.
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Exchange, Inc. (SBFE) is a trade association for small business lenders from all types of industries. SBFE gathers and protects small business payment data for its
Members to help build a true and accurate picture of small business then facilitates the exchange of that data to specific business credit reporting agencies that have a Certified Vendor licensing agreement with SBFE. SBFE only allows business credit reporting agencies to license its Member’s data for risk management purposes, marketing use of the data is not allowed by SBFE.
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689:(GAO), common causes of errors broadly fall into one of two categories: inclusion of incorrect information and exclusion of correct information. Reasons for the inaccuracies include consumers providing inaccurate information to the consumer reporting agencies; incorrect or incomplete data input by furnishers, or failing to provide data to the consumer reporting agency; and incorrect or incomplete data (or data applied to the wrong consumer) by the consumer reporting agency. According to Avery, Calem, and Canner in
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441:). These organizations are for-profit businesses and possess no government affiliation. Though they are competitors, they are members of a trade organization called the Consumer Data Industry Association (CDIA) to establish reporting standards and lobby on behalf of their industry issues in Washington. Current reporting standards accepted by the four U.S. CRAs are Metro and Metro2. The Metro2 standard is defined in the annual CDIA publication, the
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139:) that a consumer has had a relationship or experience with. Data furnishers report their payment experience with the consumer to the credit reporting agencies. The data provided by the furnishers as well as collected by the bureaus is then aggregated into the consumer reporting agency's data repository or files. The resulting information is made available on request to customers of the consumer reporting agencies' for the purposes of
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273:, which requires that data relating to identifiable individuals must be accurate, relevant, held for a proper purpose and not out-of-date, and gives individuals the legal right to access data held on them. Credit agencies are therefore required under law to provide an individual with a copy of their consumer credit report upon request. Most agencies also provide online services for ongoing access to reports.
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concerns. It aims to develop and undertake the continuing exchange of credit data within its members and subscribers and to provide an impartial source of credit information for debtors, creditors and the public. This will also cooperate and guide government agencies in their credit information requirements.
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Contributing TransUnion members are given access to credit information in the form of a credit report, consumer bureau score and additional value-added services. TransUnion
Philippines aims to strengthen the Philippine financial system through increased access to credit for borrowers and reduced risk
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Credit bureaus share consumer information in the form of a credit report to third parties with whom a consumer has given permission to. This includes banks, credit unions, lenders, credit card companies, and even landlords. These third parties use their credit report to help them make decisions about
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The Saudi Credit Bureau (SIMAH) is the first and sole licensed national credit bureau offering consumer and commercial credit information services to respective members in the
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. It was established in 2002 and began operating on the ground in 2004 under the supervisory umbrella
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In 2011, TransUnion
Information Solutions, Inc. begins operations in the Philippines, partnering with Bank of the Philippine Islands (BPI), Banco de Oro Unibank (BDO), Metrobank Card Corporation, HSBC and Citibank Philippines to launch the country's first comprehensive, international private credit
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In adherence to the order, Central Bank of the
Philippines organized the Credit Information Exchange System under the department of Loans and Credit. It was created to engage in collating, developing and analyzing credit information on individuals, institutions, business entities and other business
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The main
Objective of ICS is to help credit providers make improved lending decisions quickly and more objectively. To achieve this, ICS intends to aggregate credit related information among participating members to provide credit providers with a more complete risk profile of the customer (natural
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Iran Credit
Scoring (ICS) Company is the sole licensed national consumer reporting agency offering credit information services to respective members in Iran. ICS is a private equity company established in 2006, by all Iranian banks (private and public banks) and other financial institutions such as
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These credit reporting agencies are regulated by the governments on a provincial and territorial level. Most provinces in Canada have their own credit reporting legislation in place that dictates how credit reporting agencies may share consumer information. There's also a federal legislation called
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Credit bureaus in Canada gather this information from lenders and creditors who report it to them. However, it’s important to note that not all lenders and creditors report to the credit bureaus, some may only report information to one, while others may report to none. Other sources like collection
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of FICO). In consideration of the fact that algorithms which rate people are used in a discriminatory fashion to deny people legal rights (employment, insurance, credit, etc.), those very algorithms act as law. The law says that if one does "this" or if one "does" that, then they will be afforded
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The ICS tend to aggregates credit related information among participating members to provide the credit providers with a more complete risk profile of the customer. Participating members disclose credit related information to and obtain information from the CRA to assess the credit worthiness of
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Credit spending exploded during the 1910s and 1920s. By the 1920s, credit managers mined customer information for targeted sales promotions. During the 1930s, automobile, finance, petroleum, and direct sales companies sought standardized credit reports and pricing from the more than 1,000 credit
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In Canada, there are two credit bureaus (also known as credit reporting agencies): Equifax Canada and TransUnion Canada. They are private companies that collect information about a consumer’s credit accounts, payment history, and other information such as debts sold to a collection agency, and
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The idea goes back into 1998 when national commercial banks and SAMA thought of establishing a Saudi credit bureau offering consumer and commercial information. Meetings were held for this purpose and officials were assigned to coordinate with the World Bank to consider existing international
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In the U.S., there are six business or commercial bureau repositories (in alphabetical order): Cortera, Dun & Bradstreet, Experian
Business, Equifax Commercial, PayNet, and Southeastern Association of Credit Management (SACM). While not a credit reporting agency, Small Business Financial
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or for other purposes such as employment consideration or leasing an apartment. Given the large number of consumer borrowers, these credit scores tend to be mechanistic. To simplify the analytical process for their customers, the different consumer reporting agencies can apply a mathematical
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Some consumer reporting agencies in the United States provide two credit scores - an 'educational' score to the consumer and a customary FICO-like score to the lender or business. Liz Weston writes that some consumer advocates refer to these other credit scores as "FAKO scores" (a play on
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There are dozens of other similar information collection and reporting firms that analyze and sell information about consumers for other purposes, including those who aggregate multiple credit data sources and provide lenders with customized analytical tools. Furthermore, there are also
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According to David Szwak, a partner in
Bodenheimer, Jones & Szwak which specializes in insurance law and litigation against consumer reporting agencies, some consumer reporting agencies in the United States maintain a VIP database of special consumers such as members of
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CIBIL is now promoted by TransUnion
International Inc. (TransUnion) to provide comprehensive credit information by collecting, collating and disseminating credit information, pertaining to both commercial and consumer borrowers, to a closed user group of members.
475:. Incorporated in March 2002, PRBC enables consumers to self-enroll and build a positive credit file by reporting their on-time payments (such as rent, utilities, cable, and phone) that are not automatically reported to the three traditional credit bureaus.
187:), India's first Credit Information Bureau was established by the Reserve Bank of India to improve the functionality and stability of the Indian financial system by containing non-performing assets (NPAs) while improving credit grantors' portfolio quality.
340:
By the late 1890s, credit management was professionalizing, with retailers and bureau operators systematizing creditworthiness categories. During the early 20th century, stores interviewed, documented, and tracked customers in 35,000 credit departments.
106:
and moral hazard. For example, adequate credit information could facilitate lenders in screening and monitoring borrowers as well as avoiding giving loans to high risk individuals. Lenders use this to evaluate credit worthiness, the ability to pay back a
134:
on individuals from a variety of sources called data furnishers with which the reporting agencies have a relationship. Data furnishers are typically creditors, lenders, utilities, debt collection agencies (credit bureaus) and the courts (i.e.
818:
355:
In 1965, the first computerized bureau went online, starting the automation and consolidation of consumer credit reporting. Credit reports contained probing details about personality, habits, and health. In the hearings on the 1970
333:, the first commercial credit reporting organizations formed. By the 1850s, coded reference books were available to wholesalers, merchants, banks, and insurance companies that subscribed. In 1875, typed reports replaced handwritten
510:
leasing and insurance companies, operating in the Islamic Republic of Iran within the context of the current banking act and regulations issued by Iran Ministry of economic Affairs and Finance and Central Bank of Iran.
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Most banks and other credit-granting organisations subscribe to one or more of these organisations to ensure the quality of their lending. This includes companies who sell goods or services on credit such as
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High Mark launched India's first micro finance bureau in early 2011 and today operates the world's largest micro finance bureau besides offering traditional bureau services for the Retail lending industry.
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their existing and prospective customers, which enhances the credit providers risk assessment capabilities to determine whether or not the customer is likely to repay.
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In addition to providing credit information, these services have become authoritative sources of identity information against which people can be verified using an
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The formula to calculate consumer credit scores by a consumer reporting agency is proprietary and considered a trade secret of the agency in the United States.
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experiences for some countries to establish a credit bureau based on methodological and knowledge approaches to contribute to the Saudi national economy.
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493:, 472 U.S. 749 (1985) the U.S. Supreme Court held that a consumer reporting agency may be liable if it was careless in reporting an impending or past
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issuers, utility companies and store card issuers. Subscribing organisations are expected to provide relevant data to maintain the common data pool.
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Financial Consumer Agency of Canada (FCAC) p. (2012, August). Understanding Your Credit Report And Credit Score. Retrieved February 9, 2022, from
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Commercial credit reporting and scoring bureaus also exist and can be used to evaluate the likelihood of a business paying creditors. Examples of
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748:, the GCS score from Global Credit Services, SkyMinder service from CRIF and the CIC Score and NACM National Trade Credit Report from the
564:(SEC) and the Financial Executives Institute of the Philippines (FINEX); to initiate a credit information exchange system in the country.
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is India’s first full-service credit bureau serving all borrower segments – Retail, Agri & Rural, MSME, commercial and Microfinance.
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In the United States, a percentage of credit reports provided by consumer reporting agencies contain inaccuracies. According to the
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410:(OCC) charters, regulates, and supervises all national banks with regard to the data they furnish consumer reporting agencies.
2767:
Edited by Margaret Miller. (2003). Credit Reporting Systems and the International Economy. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press
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A consumer reporting agency is an organization providing information on individuals' borrowing and bill-paying habits. Such
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Most U.S. consumer credit information is collected and kept by the four national traditional consumer reporting agencies:
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Aquitas Information Services (AISL) under the brand name TASDEEQ is the first licensed private Credit Bureau in Pakistan.
152:
to provide a score the customer can use to more rapidly assess the likelihood that an individual will repay a particular
445:. Consumers are entitled to a free annual credit report from each of the three nationwide consumer reporting agencies,
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and general rules or governing guidelines for both the consumer reporting agencies and data furnishers are the federal
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was established through the power of Presidential decree 1941 and created under Central Bank of the Philippines, now
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for storage and retrieval. By the end of the 1880s, surveillance of retail customers existed in major urban centers.
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SIMAH was then established to operate within the context of the current banking act and regulations issued by SAMA.
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119:, a form of price discrimination based on the different expected risks of different borrowers, as set out in their
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530:, then President of the Republic of the Philippines, issued a Letter of Instructions No. 1107 mandating the
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In 1997, Credit Information Bureau, Inc. was incorporated and transformed into a private entity and became
3267:
Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) List of Consumer Reporting Agencies (CRAs) as of January 2015
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and other terms of a loan. Interest rates are not the same for everyone, but instead can be based on
2921:
https://cdn.opc.gouv.qc.ca/media/documents/zone_enseignants/understanging_credit_report_and_score.pdf
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373:
357:
3020:"Statement for the Record Before the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs, U.S. Senate"
403:
282:
270:
2814:"High Mark Credit Information Services is 4th credit information company in India - Banknet India"
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that states a Knowledge editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.
38:
agency that gathers account information from various creditors and provides that information to a
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Limited Information Exists On Extent of Credit Report Errors and Their Implications for Consumers
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was incorporated as a non-stock, non-profit corporation. (See: Presidential Decree No. 1941 )
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More flexible card files and widespread telephone usage made credit rating books obsolete. A
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2789:. Federal Reserve Bulletin, Summer 2004. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Federal Reserve. p. 26.
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8:
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lawmakers were troubled that individuals were helpless to clear up errors. In the 1960s,
3219:"Public Credit Registry Department - da Afghanistan Bank - Central Bank of Afghanistan"
3197:"How well do you know your customers, suppliers, competitors, and potential customers?"
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given the frequency that other individuals in similar situations have defaulted. Most
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In the United States, there is no legal term for a credit bureau under the federal
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Creditworthy: A History of Consumer Surveillance and Financial Identity in America
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agencies and public records information are also reported to the credit bureaus.
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2863:"Here's What Your Credit Score Is According to an Experian Executive - TheStreet"
2813:
461:, the Internet site maintained by the three companies, to get their free report.
35:
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2838:"High Mark Credit Information Services becomes CRIF High Mark post share sale"
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as the new government-owned and controlled credit registry in the country.
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persons, unincorporated entities, corporate entities or any other entity).
144:
3113:(Television Documentary). Mainstage Productions. Event occurs at 1:22:30.
3096:(Television Documentary). Mainstage Productions. Event occurs at 1:22:01.
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to analyze the probability of establishing and funding the operation of a
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of consumer reporting agencies and those that furnish data to them. The
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3004:(Television Documentary). Mainstage Productions. Event occurs at 43:38.
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2729:. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458: Pearson Prentice Hall. p.
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David Baldock (Creator), James Scurlock (Directory) (March 10, 2006).
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David Baldock (Creator), James Scurlock (Directory) (March 10, 2006).
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David Baldock (Creator), James Scurlock (Directory) (March 10, 2006).
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Teikoku Databank, Tokyo Shoko Research, Risk Monster, Creditsafe K.K.
352:
report took one minute to send, versus five minutes on the telephone.
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the consumer, such as whether to approve for a loan or credit card.
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Maxed Out: Hard Times, Easy Credit and the Era of Predatory Lenders
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Maxed Out: Hard Times, Easy Credit and the Era of Predatory Lenders
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Maxed Out: Hard Times, Easy Credit and the Era of Predatory Lenders
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due to the disturbing increase of failures on corporate borrowers.
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Federal Trade Commission Governmental Page on Free Credit Reports
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306:(PIPEDA) that must be abided by the credit reporting agencies.
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The activities of Credit Reference Agencies are governed by the
2705:"Credit Bureau: Definition and comparison to credit registries"
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2200:
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2011:
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In the U.S., consumer reporting agencies collect and aggregate
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1998:
CreditRegistry, FirstCentral Credit Bureau, CRC Credit Bureau
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1972:
1807:
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406:(FTC) has oversight for the consumer reporting agencies. The
206:. The consumer credit scores in India range from 300 to 900.
184:
71:
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304:
Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act
2780:
Avery, Robert B.; Calem, Paul S.; Canner, Glenn B. (2004).
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are also examples of commercial credit reporting agencies.
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personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay
391:(FCRA), Fair and Accurate Credit Transactions Act (FACTA),
223:
153:
108:
3029:, U.S. General Accounting Office, p. 22, GAO-03-1036T
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246:
In the United Kingdom, the Credit Reference Agencies are
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between borrowers and lenders, and alleviate problems of
27:
Consumer borrowing and bill-paying habit-tracking agency
2292:
1172:
82:, and also to private lenders. It is not the same as a
2801:
Credit Reporting Systems and the International Economy
2717:
490:
Dun & Bradstreet, Inc. v. Greenmoss Builders, Inc.
471:(Payment Reporting Builds Credit, Inc.) is a national
716:
767:
383:
In the United States, key consumer reporting agency
398:Two government bodies share responsibility for the
345:bureaus. An antitrust petition was filed in 1933.
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2773:
2345:National Information & Credit Evaluation(NICE)
194:RBI approved three other credit bureaus in 2010 –
164:at least once a year to ensure they are accurate.
3044:. Washington State Office of the Attorney General
920:
819:Bureau - Central Privada de Informação de Crédito
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3257:State Bank of Pakistan FAQs about Credit Bureau
3252:OCC - Office of the Comptroller of the Currency
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3174:"Why Is It Important To Know My Credit Score?"
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380:is often abbreviated in the industry as CRA.
276:
160:advocates advise individuals to review their
3065:"Credit bureau move creates 'secret' scores"
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367:
241:
2783:Credit Report Accuracy and Access to Credit
691:Credit Report Accuracy and Access to Credit
465:non-traditional credit reporting agencies.
269:Credit reference agencies are bound by the
183:Credit Information Bureau (India) Limited (
3013:
3011:
560:(BSP) department of Loans and Credit, the
2881:"Statutory Credit Report | Experian"
750:National Association of Credit Management
673:Learn how and when to remove this message
408:Office of the Comptroller of the Currency
3040:AGO Blog Moderator (December 18, 2007).
3194:
3171:
3017:
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14:
3274:
3195:Garrett, Joseph C. (20 January 2012).
3172:Garrett, Joseph C. (20 January 2012).
2803:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.
2127:TransUnion Information Solutions. Inc.
483:Tort liability for business defamation
419:TRW Information Systems & Services
3042:"New credit score formula on horizon"
3018:Hillman, Richard J. (July 31, 2003),
2982:
2419:Joint Credit Information Center(JCIC)
581:Credit Information System Act of 2008
3262:List of UK Credit Reporting Agencies
981:Credit Information Bureau of Bhutan
626:
224:Electronic Credit Information Bureau
2398:Zentralstelle fĂĽr Kreditinformation
497:filing of a business that is not a
24:
3062:
1540:https://www.irancreditscoring.com/
717:Business credit reporting agencies
562:Securities and Exchange Commission
98:institutions reduce the effect of
25:
3303:
3240:
2899:"How to check your credit report"
1599:Credit Information Services Ltd,
768:List of credit reporting agencies
236:
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2501:Creditinfo, Finedatta Africa Ltd
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949:
929:
908:
871:
863:Armenian Credit Reporting Agency
850:
826:
806:
786:
631:
536:credit bureau in the Philippines
313:
3211:
3188:
3165:
3141:
3117:
3100:
3083:
3056:
3033:
2991:
2925:
2913:
2891:
2725:Economics: Principles in Action
2541:Compuscan, Finedatta Africa Ltd
608:(SAMA), currently known as the
598:
554:Credit Information Bureau, Inc.
547:Credit Information Bureau, Inc.
532:Central Bank of the Philippines
443:Credit Reporting Resource Guide
2873:
2855:
2830:
2806:
2799:Margaret Miller (ed.) (2003).
2793:
2761:
2721:; Sheffrin, Steven M. (2003).
2711:
2697:
783:
687:U.S. General Accounting Office
622:
585:Credit Information Corporation
521:
173:knowledge-based authentication
89:
13:
1:
2690:
606:Saudi Arabian Monetary Agency
226:(CIB) was established by the
169:identity verification service
896:Tasmanian Collection Service
583:gave way to the creation of
7:
2668:
762:Rapid Ratings International
558:Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas
217:
10:
3308:
2901:. The Money Advice Service
433:(which was purchased from
395:(FCBA), and Regulation B.
324:
317:
277:Consumer Credit Act (1974)
64:credit information company
2273:Credit Bureau (Singapore)
723:commercial credit reports
473:alternative credit bureau
389:Fair Credit Reporting Act
378:consumer reporting agency
374:Fair Credit Reporting Act
368:Consumer reporting agency
358:Fair Credit Reporting Act
288:
242:Credit Reference Agencies
40:consumer reporting agency
2753:: CS1 maint: location (
2371:(companies only); ASNEF-
2349:Korea Credit Bureau(KCB)
921:Azerbaijan Credit Bureau
404:Federal Trade Commission
283:Consumer Credit Act 1974
271:Data Protection Act 2018
178:
76:Special Accessing Entity
2933:"Governing Legislation"
2581:Al Etihad Credit Bureau
2250:, Finedatta Africa Ltd
1980:, Finedatta Africa Ltd
1581:, Finedatta Africa Ltd
733:, the Risk Rating from
504:
393:Fair Credit Billing Act
48:credit reference agency
18:Credit reporting agency
3176:. Know My Credit Score
2481:National Credit Bureau
2119:CIBI Information, Inc.
1769:Credit Bureau Malaysia
653:by rewriting it in an
570:CIBI Information, Inc.
459:annualcreditreport.com
457:. Consumers can go to
435:First Data Corporation
228:State Bank of Pakistan
130:, financial data, and
100:asymmetric information
3067:. MSN. Archived from
2205:Finedatta Africa Ltd
744:, the CPR Score from
577:Republic Act No. 9510
198:(earlier High Mark),
111:, and can affect the
56:credit reporting body
2983:Lauer, Josh (2017).
2818:www.banknetindia.com
2576:United Arab Emirates
2461:Dun & Bradstreet
2147:Polish Credit Bureau
1542:iran credit scoring
731:Dun & Bradstreet
421:and the CCN Group),
385:consumer protections
364:was widely adopted.
128:personal information
84:credit rating agency
3292:Information systems
2869:. 27 December 2018.
2228:Bayan Credit Bureau
839:Nosis Credit Bureau
773:
545:On April 14, 1982,
2885:www.experian.co.uk
2842:The Economic Times
2719:O'Sullivan, Arthur
1919:, illion, Centrix
1208:Dominican Republic
1029:Boa Vista Serviços
772:
655:encyclopedic style
642:is written like a
610:Saudi Central Bank
117:risk-based pricing
96:credit information
3153:www.skyminder.com
3149:"About SkyMinder"
3129:www.skyminder.com
2937:www.transunion.ca
2867:www.thestreet.com
2707:. The World Bank.
2666:
2665:
2615:(business only),
1773:CTOS Data Systems
1057:TransUnion Canada
683:
682:
675:
104:adverse selection
16:(Redirected from
3299:
3234:
3233:
3231:
3230:
3221:. Archived from
3215:
3209:
3208:
3206:
3204:
3192:
3186:
3185:
3183:
3181:
3169:
3163:
3162:
3160:
3159:
3145:
3139:
3138:
3136:
3135:
3121:
3115:
3114:
3104:
3098:
3097:
3087:
3081:
3080:
3078:
3076:
3071:on March 2, 2011
3060:
3054:
3053:
3051:
3049:
3037:
3031:
3030:
3024:
3015:
3006:
3005:
2995:
2989:
2988:
2980:
2947:
2946:
2944:
2943:
2929:
2923:
2917:
2911:
2910:
2908:
2906:
2895:
2889:
2888:
2877:
2871:
2870:
2859:
2853:
2852:
2850:
2849:
2834:
2828:
2827:
2825:
2824:
2810:
2804:
2797:
2791:
2790:
2788:
2777:
2768:
2765:
2759:
2758:
2752:
2744:
2728:
2715:
2709:
2708:
2701:
2630:
2628:
2627:
2613:Creditsafe Group
2594:
2592:
2591:
2574:
2572:
2571:
2554:
2552:
2551:
2534:
2532:
2531:
2514:
2512:
2511:
2494:
2492:
2491:
2474:
2472:
2471:
2450:
2448:
2447:
2432:
2430:
2429:
2412:
2410:
2409:
2391:
2389:
2388:
2362:
2360:
2359:
2338:
2336:
2335:
2306:
2304:
2303:
2286:
2284:
2283:
2262:
2260:
2259:
2241:
2239:
2238:
2217:
2215:
2214:
2199:
2197:
2196:
2181:
2179:
2178:
2161:
2159:
2158:
2140:
2138:
2137:
2115:
2111:
2109:
2108:
2086:
2084:
2083:
2066:
2064:
2063:
2048:
2046:
2045:
2030:
2028:
2027:
2010:
2008:
2007:
1992:
1990:
1989:
1971:
1969:
1968:
1951:
1949:
1948:
1931:
1929:
1928:
1910:
1908:
1907:
1890:
1888:
1887:
1870:
1868:
1867:
1850:
1848:
1847:
1826:
1824:
1823:
1806:
1804:
1803:
1786:
1784:
1783:
1758:
1756:
1755:
1738:
1736:
1735:
1718:
1716:
1715:
1698:
1696:
1695:
1673:
1671:
1670:
1653:
1651:
1650:
1633:
1631:
1630:
1615:
1613:
1612:
1593:
1591:
1590:
1572:
1570:
1569:
1554:
1552:
1551:
1533:
1531:
1530:
1513:
1511:
1510:
1495:
1493:
1492:
1470:TransUnion CIBIL
1463:
1461:
1460:
1443:
1441:
1440:
1423:
1421:
1420:
1403:
1401:
1400:
1383:
1381:
1380:
1363:
1361:
1360:
1331:
1329:
1328:
1311:
1309:
1308:
1291:
1289:
1288:
1271:
1269:
1268:
1251:
1249:
1248:
1230:
1228:
1227:
1206:
1204:
1203:
1186:
1184:
1183:
1166:
1164:
1163:
1146:
1144:
1143:
1122:
1120:
1119:
1090:
1088:
1087:
1070:
1068:
1067:
1046:
1044:
1043:
1014:
1012:
1011:
993:
991:
990:
975:
973:
972:
955:
953:
952:
935:
933:
932:
914:
912:
911:
877:
875:
874:
856:
854:
853:
832:
830:
829:
812:
810:
809:
792:
790:
789:
774:
771:
678:
671:
667:
664:
658:
635:
634:
627:
528:Ferdinand Marcos
158:consumer welfare
132:alternative data
21:
3307:
3306:
3302:
3301:
3300:
3298:
3297:
3296:
3272:
3271:
3243:
3238:
3237:
3228:
3226:
3217:
3216:
3212:
3202:
3200:
3193:
3189:
3179:
3177:
3170:
3166:
3157:
3155:
3147:
3146:
3142:
3133:
3131:
3123:
3122:
3118:
3106:
3105:
3101:
3089:
3088:
3084:
3074:
3072:
3061:
3057:
3047:
3045:
3038:
3034:
3022:
3016:
3009:
2997:
2996:
2992:
2981:
2950:
2941:
2939:
2931:
2930:
2926:
2918:
2914:
2904:
2902:
2897:
2896:
2892:
2879:
2878:
2874:
2861:
2860:
2856:
2847:
2845:
2836:
2835:
2831:
2822:
2820:
2812:
2811:
2807:
2798:
2794:
2786:
2778:
2771:
2766:
2762:
2746:
2745:
2741:
2716:
2712:
2703:
2702:
2698:
2693:
2671:
2625:
2623:
2589:
2587:
2569:
2567:
2549:
2547:
2529:
2527:
2509:
2507:
2489:
2487:
2469:
2467:
2445:
2443:
2427:
2425:
2407:
2405:
2386:
2384:
2357:
2355:
2333:
2331:
2301:
2299:
2288:Slovak Republic
2281:
2279:
2257:
2255:
2236:
2234:
2212:
2210:
2194:
2192:
2176:
2174:
2156:
2154:
2135:
2133:
2106:
2104:
2081:
2079:
2061:
2059:
2043:
2041:
2025:
2023:
2005:
2003:
1987:
1985:
1966:
1964:
1946:
1944:
1926:
1924:
1905:
1903:
1885:
1883:
1865:
1863:
1845:
1843:
1821:
1819:
1801:
1799:
1781:
1779:
1753:
1751:
1733:
1731:
1713:
1711:
1693:
1691:
1668:
1666:
1648:
1646:
1628:
1626:
1610:
1608:
1588:
1586:
1567:
1565:
1549:
1547:
1528:
1526:
1508:
1506:
1490:
1488:
1458:
1456:
1438:
1436:
1418:
1416:
1398:
1396:
1378:
1376:
1358:
1356:
1326:
1324:
1306:
1304:
1286:
1284:
1266:
1264:
1246:
1244:
1225:
1223:
1201:
1199:
1181:
1179:
1161:
1159:
1141:
1139:
1117:
1115:
1085:
1083:
1065:
1063:
1041:
1039:
1033:Serasa Experian
1009:
1007:
988:
986:
970:
968:
950:
948:
930:
928:
909:
907:
872:
870:
851:
849:
827:
825:
807:
805:
787:
785:
770:
719:
679:
668:
662:
659:
651:help improve it
648:
636:
632:
625:
601:
524:
507:
487:In the case of
485:
370:
327:
322:
316:
294:bankruptcies.
291:
279:
244:
239:
220:
181:
92:
36:data collection
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3305:
3295:
3294:
3289:
3287:Credit scoring
3284:
3270:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3242:
3241:External links
3239:
3236:
3235:
3210:
3187:
3164:
3140:
3116:
3099:
3082:
3055:
3032:
3007:
2990:
2948:
2924:
2912:
2890:
2872:
2854:
2829:
2805:
2792:
2769:
2760:
2739:
2710:
2695:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2688:
2687:
2682:
2680:Credit history
2677:
2670:
2667:
2664:
2663:
2634:
2620:
2619:
2598:
2596:United Kingdom
2584:
2583:
2578:
2564:
2563:
2558:
2544:
2543:
2538:
2524:
2523:
2518:
2504:
2503:
2498:
2484:
2483:
2478:
2464:
2463:
2454:
2440:
2439:
2436:
2422:
2421:
2416:
2402:
2401:
2395:
2381:
2380:
2366:
2352:
2351:
2342:
2328:
2327:
2310:
2296:
2295:
2290:
2276:
2275:
2266:
2252:
2251:
2245:
2231:
2230:
2221:
2207:
2206:
2203:
2189:
2188:
2185:
2171:
2170:
2165:
2151:
2150:
2144:
2130:
2129:
2116:
2100:
2099:
2090:
2076:
2075:
2070:
2056:
2055:
2052:
2038:
2037:
2034:
2020:
2019:
2014:
2000:
1999:
1996:
1982:
1981:
1975:
1961:
1960:
1955:
1941:
1940:
1935:
1921:
1920:
1914:
1900:
1899:
1894:
1880:
1879:
1874:
1860:
1859:
1854:
1840:
1839:
1830:
1816:
1815:
1810:
1796:
1795:
1790:
1776:
1775:
1762:
1748:
1747:
1742:
1728:
1727:
1722:
1708:
1707:
1702:
1688:
1687:
1677:
1663:
1662:
1657:
1643:
1642:
1637:
1623:
1622:
1619:
1605:
1604:
1597:
1583:
1582:
1576:
1562:
1561:
1558:
1544:
1543:
1537:
1523:
1522:
1517:
1503:
1502:
1499:
1485:
1484:
1474:CRIF High Mark
1467:
1453:
1452:
1447:
1433:
1432:
1427:
1413:
1412:
1407:
1393:
1392:
1387:
1373:
1372:
1367:
1353:
1352:
1335:
1321:
1320:
1315:
1301:
1300:
1295:
1281:
1280:
1275:
1261:
1260:
1255:
1241:
1240:
1234:
1220:
1219:
1210:
1196:
1195:
1190:
1176:
1175:
1170:
1168:Czech Republic
1156:
1155:
1150:
1136:
1135:
1126:
1112:
1111:
1094:
1080:
1079:
1074:
1060:
1059:
1053:Equifax Canada
1050:
1036:
1035:
1018:
1004:
1003:
997:
983:
982:
979:
965:
964:
959:
945:
944:
939:
925:
924:
918:
904:
903:
881:
867:
866:
860:
846:
845:
836:
822:
821:
816:
802:
801:
796:
782:
781:
778:
769:
766:
718:
715:
681:
680:
639:
637:
630:
624:
621:
600:
597:
579:also known as
523:
520:
506:
503:
484:
481:
369:
366:
362:credit scoring
329:Following the
326:
323:
315:
312:
290:
287:
278:
275:
243:
240:
238:
237:United Kingdom
235:
219:
216:
212:CRIF High Mark
196:CRIF High Mark
180:
177:
162:credit reports
145:credit scoring
137:public records
91:
88:
52:United Kingdom
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3304:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3279:
3277:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3244:
3225:on 2016-05-06
3224:
3220:
3214:
3198:
3191:
3175:
3168:
3154:
3150:
3144:
3130:
3126:
3120:
3112:
3111:
3103:
3095:
3094:
3086:
3070:
3066:
3063:Weston, Liz.
3059:
3043:
3036:
3028:
3021:
3014:
3012:
3003:
3002:
2994:
2986:
2979:
2977:
2975:
2973:
2971:
2969:
2967:
2965:
2963:
2961:
2959:
2957:
2955:
2953:
2938:
2934:
2928:
2922:
2916:
2900:
2894:
2886:
2882:
2876:
2868:
2864:
2858:
2843:
2839:
2833:
2819:
2815:
2809:
2802:
2796:
2785:
2784:
2776:
2774:
2764:
2756:
2750:
2742:
2740:0-13-063085-3
2736:
2732:
2727:
2726:
2720:
2714:
2706:
2700:
2696:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2675:Credit circle
2673:
2672:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2632:United States
2622:
2621:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2586:
2585:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2566:
2565:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2546:
2545:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2526:
2525:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2506:
2505:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2486:
2485:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2466:
2465:
2462:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2442:
2441:
2437:
2435:
2424:
2423:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2404:
2403:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2383:
2382:
2378:
2375:and BADEXCUG-
2374:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2354:
2353:
2350:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2330:
2329:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2298:
2297:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2278:
2277:
2274:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2254:
2253:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2233:
2232:
2229:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2209:
2208:
2204:
2202:
2191:
2190:
2186:
2184:
2173:
2172:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2153:
2152:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2132:
2131:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2117:
2114:
2102:
2101:
2098:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2078:
2077:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2058:
2057:
2053:
2051:
2040:
2039:
2035:
2033:
2022:
2021:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2002:
2001:
1997:
1995:
1984:
1983:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1963:
1962:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1943:
1942:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1923:
1922:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1902:
1901:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1882:
1881:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1862:
1861:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1842:
1841:
1838:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1818:
1817:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1798:
1797:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1778:
1777:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1750:
1749:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1730:
1729:
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1097:Dicom Equifax
1095:
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884:CreditorWatch
882:
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869:
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861:
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848:
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844:
843:Veraz Equifax
840:
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640:This section
638:
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499:public figure
496:
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448:
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439:CBC Companies
436:
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396:
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386:
381:
379:
375:
365:
363:
359:
353:
351:
346:
342:
338:
336:
332:
331:Panic of 1837
321:
320:Credit freeze
314:United States
311:
307:
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299:
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286:
284:
274:
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267:
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133:
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124:
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121:credit rating
118:
114:
113:interest rate
110:
105:
101:
97:
87:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
44:United States
41:
37:
33:
32:credit bureau
19:
3227:. Retrieved
3223:the original
3213:
3201:. Retrieved
3199:. Creditsafe
3190:
3178:. Retrieved
3167:
3156:. Retrieved
3152:
3143:
3132:. Retrieved
3128:
3119:
3109:
3102:
3092:
3085:
3073:. Retrieved
3069:the original
3058:
3046:. Retrieved
3035:
3026:
3000:
2993:
2984:
2940:. Retrieved
2936:
2927:
2915:
2903:. Retrieved
2893:
2884:
2875:
2866:
2857:
2846:. Retrieved
2844:. 2014-09-09
2841:
2832:
2821:. Retrieved
2817:
2808:
2800:
2795:
2782:
2763:
2724:
2713:
2699:
2390:
2379:(consumers)
2308:South Africa
2219:Saudi Arabia
2097:Xchange Peru
1338:Creditreform
1213:Data-Crédito
742:Intelliscore
720:
707:
698:
695:
690:
684:
669:
660:
641:
618:
614:
602:
599:Saudi Arabia
595:to lenders.
593:
589:
574:
568:
566:
551:
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516:
512:
508:
488:
486:
477:
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328:
308:
300:
296:
292:
280:
268:
260:
245:
232:
221:
208:
193:
189:
182:
166:
143:assessment,
125:
93:
75:
67:
63:
55:
47:
39:
31:
29:
3180:21 February
3075:January 11,
3048:January 11,
2685:Credit risk
2393:Switzerland
2340:South Korea
2113:Philippines
1933:Netherlands
1912:New Zealand
1574:Ivory Coast
1293:El Salvador
1239:, Acredita
780:Major CRAs
729:score from
663:August 2018
623:Controversy
522:Philippines
437:in 1999 by
376:(FCRA). A
264:credit card
141:credit risk
90:Description
80:Philippines
3276:Categories
3229:2016-04-26
3203:7 November
3158:2019-07-04
3134:2019-07-04
2942:2022-02-09
2905:19 January
2848:2019-07-04
2823:2019-07-04
2691:References
2649:TransUnion
2609:TransUnion
2561:Creditinfo
2457:Creditinfo
2434:Tajikistan
2325:LexisNexis
2321:TransUnion
2248:Creditinfo
2168:Creditinfo
1978:Creditinfo
1958:TransUnion
1872:Mozambique
1857:Creditinfo
1837:TransUnion
1813:Creditinfo
1793:Creditinfo
1725:Creditinfo
1705:Creditinfo
1680:Creditinfo
1660:Creditinfo
1655:Kazakhstan
1601:Creditinfo
1579:Creditinfo
1520:Creditinfo
1450:Creditinfo
1430:TransUnion
1410:TransUnion
1390:Creditinfo
1370:TransUnion
1350:Boniversum
1318:Creditinfo
1298:TransUnion
1217:TransUnion
1153:TransUnion
1148:Costa Rica
1133:TransUnion
1101:TransUnion
1077:Creditinfo
1072:Cape Verde
1025:SPC Brasil
962:Creditinfo
916:Azerbaijan
890:, illion,
754:TransUnion
735:Creditsafe
495:bankruptcy
455:TransUnion
427:TransUnion
417:(formerly
318:See also:
256:TransUnion
2749:cite book
2313:Compuscan
2264:Singapore
2123:Compuscan
2054:APC Buro
1953:Nicaragua
1897:Compuscan
1877:Compuscan
1745:Compuscan
1720:Lithuania
1497:Indonesia
1425:Hong Kong
1365:Guatemala
1278:Compuscan
1000:Compuscan
888:Compuscan
879:Australia
834:Argentina
575:In 2008,
552:In 1982,
526:In 1981,
400:oversight
150:algorithm
60:Australia
2669:See also
2637:Experian
2601:Experian
2476:Thailand
2452:Tanzania
2377:Experian
2317:Experian
2269:Experian
2068:Pakistan
2017:Experian
1938:Experian
1765:Experian
1760:Malaysia
1684:Metropol
1478:Experian
1405:Honduras
1273:Ethiopia
1193:Experian
1129:Experian
1124:Colombia
1109:Sinacofi
995:Botswana
892:Experian
777:Country
739:Experian
725:are the
711:Congress
591:bureau.
451:Experian
415:Experian
350:teletype
248:Experian
218:Pakistan
204:Experian
3282:Banking
2653:Innovis
2645:Equifax
2605:Equifax
2556:Ukraine
2400:, Crif
2373:Equifax
2243:Senegal
2163:Romania
2093:Equifax
2036:Mala'a
1994:Nigeria
1917:Equifax
1892:Namibia
1852:Morocco
1833:Equifax
1740:Lesotho
1603:, CRIF
1595:Jamaica
1515:Ireland
1482:Equifax
1445:Iceland
1333:Germany
1313:Georgia
1258:I-Score
1237:Equifax
1232:Ecuador
1188:Denmark
942:BENEFIT
937:Bahrain
900:Equifax
865:(ACRA)
858:Armenia
794:Andorra
758:Equifax
746:Cortera
702:acronym
649:Please
447:Equifax
431:Innovis
423:Equifax
335:ledgers
325:History
252:Equifax
200:Equifax
78:in the
50:in the
42:in the
3125:"News"
2737:
2629:
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2536:Uganda
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2473:
2449:
2431:
2414:Taiwan
2411:
2361:
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2201:Rwanda
2198:
2183:Russia
2180:
2160:
2149:"BIK"
2142:Poland
2139:
2110:
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2012:Norway
2009:
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1970:
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1930:
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1828:Mexico
1825:
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1700:Latvia
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1635:Jordan
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1385:Guyana
1382:
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1342:BĂĽrgel
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1048:Canada
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1016:Brazil
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977:Bhutan
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913:
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814:Angola
811:
799:Ram.ad
791:
760:, and
737:, the
727:Paydex
429:, and
289:Canada
3023:(PDF)
2787:(PDF)
2438:CRIF
2364:Spain
2224:SIMAH
2187:CRIF
1973:Niger
1808:Malta
1675:Kenya
1617:Japan
1560:CRIF
1556:Italy
1501:CRIF
1465:India
1253:Egypt
1105:Siisa
1092:Chile
957:Benin
185:CIBIL
179:India
72:India
70:) in
34:is a
3205:2017
3182:2012
3077:2012
3050:2012
2907:2019
2755:link
2735:ISBN
2661:Aire
2657:PRBC
2641:FICO
2617:Aire
2496:Togo
2293:CRIF
2088:Peru
2073:eCIB
2032:Oman
1788:Mali
1640:CRIF
1535:Iran
1173:CRIF
1021:Quod
505:Iran
469:PRBC
453:and
302:the
254:and
222:The
202:and
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