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Credit bureau

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different treatment and opportunities. What needs to be done though remains a secret. Therefore, people are called on to abide by a secret law. At least two things need to be examined: First is that the operation of a more general "chilling effect" that imposing a non disclosed law may have and; Secondly the social effects of discrimination, which take an entirely new light in the context of no longer discriminating against race creed color age or religion, but on the basis of a number, a number which has been assigned to all members of society reflecting information about that person which is unknown. Accordingly, there can be no definition at present of what information credit repositories collect or even what the use of that information is or what it reflects. These questions can only be answered if the algorithms were publicized and expert statisticians were permitted to examine them and improve on the intent of the model, which intent is also undisclosed.
713:, judges, actors and celebrities. The VIP database is specially administered by the bureau, which ensures the credit report of the consumer is accurate and not negatively handled. The database exists because individuals in the VIP database could cause significant problems for the bureaus, including negative publicity and legislative action which could adversely affect the industry. So far an economic model to describe this industry has not been attempted, while the fundamentals are counter intuitive to any market known, since other industries (finance, banking, insurance) sponsor consumer reporting agencies to process information while consumers pay CRAs to receive that information. The utility of the consumer is hard to calculate since the consumer is given no recourse to correct mistakes processed about them, hence the dynamics of this triangle involving consumers, credit reporters, and sponsoring industries remain undefined. 123:. Consumers with poor credit repayment histories or court adjudicated debt obligations like tax liens or bankruptcies will pay a higher annual interest rate than consumers who don't have these factors. Additionally, decision-makers in areas unrelated to consumer credit, including employment screening and underwriting of property and casualty insurance, increasingly depend on credit records, as studies have shown that such records have predictive value. At the same time, consumers also benefit from a good credit information system because it reduces the effect of credit monopoly from banks and provides incentives for borrowers to repay their loans on time. 230:(SBP) in December, 1992. Under section 25(A) of the Banking Companies Ordinance (BCO), 1962, the SBP mandates that all financial institutions in Pakistan including banks, developmental financial institutions (DFIs) and micro finance banks (MFBs) are required to use the eCIB software for monitoring credit reports. SBP controls updates to the database, updates the reports and monitors the software. All member financial institutions are required to submit entire borrowers' records online to eCIB every month within two weeks after the end of the month. 873: 2387: 2570: 479:
Exchange, Inc. (SBFE) is a trade association for small business lenders from all types of industries. SBFE gathers and protects small business payment data for its Members to help build a true and accurate picture of small business then facilitates the exchange of that data to specific business credit reporting agencies that have a Certified Vendor licensing agreement with SBFE. SBFE only allows business credit reporting agencies to license its Member’s data for risk management purposes, marketing use of the data is not allowed by SBFE.
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concerns. It aims to develop and undertake the continuing exchange of credit data within its members and subscribers and to provide an impartial source of credit information for debtors, creditors and the public. This will also cooperate and guide government agencies in their credit information requirements.
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Contributing TransUnion members are given access to credit information in the form of a credit report, consumer bureau score and additional value-added services. TransUnion Philippines aims to strengthen the Philippine financial system through increased access to credit for borrowers and reduced risk
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Credit bureaus share consumer information in the form of a credit report to third parties with whom a consumer has given permission to. This includes banks, credit unions, lenders, credit card companies, and even landlords. These third parties use their credit report to help them make decisions about
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The Saudi Credit Bureau (SIMAH) is the first and sole licensed national credit bureau offering consumer and commercial credit information services to respective members in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. It was established in 2002 and began operating on the ground in 2004 under the supervisory umbrella
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In 2011, TransUnion Information Solutions, Inc. begins operations in the Philippines, partnering with Bank of the Philippine Islands (BPI), Banco de Oro Unibank (BDO), Metrobank Card Corporation, HSBC and Citibank Philippines to launch the country's first comprehensive, international private credit
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In adherence to the order, Central Bank of the Philippines organized the Credit Information Exchange System under the department of Loans and Credit. It was created to engage in collating, developing and analyzing credit information on individuals, institutions, business entities and other business
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The main Objective of ICS is to help credit providers make improved lending decisions quickly and more objectively. To achieve this, ICS intends to aggregate credit related information among participating members to provide credit providers with a more complete risk profile of the customer (natural
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Iran Credit Scoring (ICS) Company is the sole licensed national consumer reporting agency offering credit information services to respective members in Iran. ICS is a private equity company established in 2006, by all Iranian banks (private and public banks) and other financial institutions such as
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These credit reporting agencies are regulated by the governments on a provincial and territorial level. Most provinces in Canada have their own credit reporting legislation in place that dictates how credit reporting agencies may share consumer information. There's also a federal legislation called
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Credit bureaus in Canada gather this information from lenders and creditors who report it to them. However, it’s important to note that not all lenders and creditors report to the credit bureaus, some may only report information to one, while others may report to none. Other sources like collection
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of FICO). In consideration of the fact that algorithms which rate people are used in a discriminatory fashion to deny people legal rights (employment, insurance, credit, etc.), those very algorithms act as law. The law says that if one does "this" or if one "does" that, then they will be afforded
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The ICS tend to aggregates credit related information among participating members to provide the credit providers with a more complete risk profile of the customer. Participating members disclose credit related information to and obtain information from the CRA to assess the credit worthiness of
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Credit spending exploded during the 1910s and 1920s. By the 1920s, credit managers mined customer information for targeted sales promotions. During the 1930s, automobile, finance, petroleum, and direct sales companies sought standardized credit reports and pricing from the more than 1,000 credit
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In Canada, there are two credit bureaus (also known as credit reporting agencies): Equifax Canada and TransUnion Canada. They are private companies that collect information about a consumer’s credit accounts, payment history, and other information such as debts sold to a collection agency, and
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The idea goes back into 1998 when national commercial banks and SAMA thought of establishing a Saudi credit bureau offering consumer and commercial information. Meetings were held for this purpose and officials were assigned to coordinate with the World Bank to consider existing international
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In the U.S., there are six business or commercial bureau repositories (in alphabetical order): Cortera, Dun & Bradstreet, Experian Business, Equifax Commercial, PayNet, and Southeastern Association of Credit Management (SACM). While not a credit reporting agency, Small Business Financial
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or for other purposes such as employment consideration or leasing an apartment. Given the large number of consumer borrowers, these credit scores tend to be mechanistic. To simplify the analytical process for their customers, the different consumer reporting agencies can apply a mathematical
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Some consumer reporting agencies in the United States provide two credit scores - an 'educational' score to the consumer and a customary FICO-like score to the lender or business. Liz Weston writes that some consumer advocates refer to these other credit scores as "FAKO scores" (a play on
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There are dozens of other similar information collection and reporting firms that analyze and sell information about consumers for other purposes, including those who aggregate multiple credit data sources and provide lenders with customized analytical tools. Furthermore, there are also
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According to David Szwak, a partner in Bodenheimer, Jones & Szwak which specializes in insurance law and litigation against consumer reporting agencies, some consumer reporting agencies in the United States maintain a VIP database of special consumers such as members of
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CIBIL is now promoted by TransUnion International Inc. (TransUnion) to provide comprehensive credit information by collecting, collating and disseminating credit information, pertaining to both commercial and consumer borrowers, to a closed user group of members.
475:. Incorporated in March 2002, PRBC enables consumers to self-enroll and build a positive credit file by reporting their on-time payments (such as rent, utilities, cable, and phone) that are not automatically reported to the three traditional credit bureaus. 187:), India's first Credit Information Bureau was established by the Reserve Bank of India to improve the functionality and stability of the Indian financial system by containing non-performing assets (NPAs) while improving credit grantors' portfolio quality. 340:
By the late 1890s, credit management was professionalizing, with retailers and bureau operators systematizing creditworthiness categories. During the early 20th century, stores interviewed, documented, and tracked customers in 35,000 credit departments.
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and moral hazard. For example, adequate credit information could facilitate lenders in screening and monitoring borrowers as well as avoiding giving loans to high risk individuals. Lenders use this to evaluate credit worthiness, the ability to pay back a
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on individuals from a variety of sources called data furnishers with which the reporting agencies have a relationship. Data furnishers are typically creditors, lenders, utilities, debt collection agencies (credit bureaus) and the courts (i.e.
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In 1965, the first computerized bureau went online, starting the automation and consolidation of consumer credit reporting. Credit reports contained probing details about personality, habits, and health. In the hearings on the 1970
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leasing and insurance companies, operating in the Islamic Republic of Iran within the context of the current banking act and regulations issued by Iran Ministry of economic Affairs and Finance and Central Bank of Iran.
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Most banks and other credit-granting organisations subscribe to one or more of these organisations to ensure the quality of their lending. This includes companies who sell goods or services on credit such as
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High Mark launched India's first micro finance bureau in early 2011 and today operates the world's largest micro finance bureau besides offering traditional bureau services for the Retail lending industry.
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their existing and prospective customers, which enhances the credit providers risk assessment capabilities to determine whether or not the customer is likely to repay.
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In addition to providing credit information, these services have become authoritative sources of identity information against which people can be verified using an
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The formula to calculate consumer credit scores by a consumer reporting agency is proprietary and considered a trade secret of the agency in the United States.
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experiences for some countries to establish a credit bureau based on methodological and knowledge approaches to contribute to the Saudi national economy.
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issuers, utility companies and store card issuers. Subscribing organisations are expected to provide relevant data to maintain the common data pool.
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Financial Consumer Agency of Canada (FCAC) p. (2012, August). Understanding Your Credit Report And Credit Score. Retrieved February 9, 2022, from
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Commercial credit reporting and scoring bureaus also exist and can be used to evaluate the likelihood of a business paying creditors. Examples of
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is India’s first full-service credit bureau serving all borrower segments – Retail, Agri & Rural, MSME, commercial and Microfinance.
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In the United States, a percentage of credit reports provided by consumer reporting agencies contain inaccuracies. According to the
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Edited by Margaret Miller. (2003). Credit Reporting Systems and the International Economy. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press
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A consumer reporting agency is an organization providing information on individuals' borrowing and bill-paying habits. Such
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Most U.S. consumer credit information is collected and kept by the four national traditional consumer reporting agencies:
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Aquitas Information Services (AISL) under the brand name TASDEEQ is the first licensed private Credit Bureau in Pakistan.
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to provide a score the customer can use to more rapidly assess the likelihood that an individual will repay a particular
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and general rules or governing guidelines for both the consumer reporting agencies and data furnishers are the federal
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was established through the power of Presidential decree 1941 and created under Central Bank of the Philippines, now
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for storage and retrieval. By the end of the 1880s, surveillance of retail customers existed in major urban centers.
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SIMAH was then established to operate within the context of the current banking act and regulations issued by SAMA.
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In 1997, Credit Information Bureau, Inc. was incorporated and transformed into a private entity and became
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Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) List of Consumer Reporting Agencies (CRAs) as of January 2015
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and other terms of a loan. Interest rates are not the same for everyone, but instead can be based on
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https://cdn.opc.gouv.qc.ca/media/documents/zone_enseignants/understanging_credit_report_and_score.pdf
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that states a Knowledge editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.
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agency that gathers account information from various creditors and provides that information to a
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Limited Information Exists On Extent of Credit Report Errors and Their Implications for Consumers
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was incorporated as a non-stock, non-profit corporation. (See: Presidential Decree No. 1941 )
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More flexible card files and widespread telephone usage made credit rating books obsolete. A
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lawmakers were troubled that individuals were helpless to clear up errors. In the 1960s,
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given the frequency that other individuals in similar situations have defaulted. Most
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In the United States, there is no legal term for a credit bureau under the federal
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Creditworthy: A History of Consumer Surveillance and Financial Identity in America
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agencies and public records information are also reported to the credit bureaus.
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as the new government-owned and controlled credit registry in the country.
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persons, unincorporated entities, corporate entities or any other entity).
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to analyze the probability of establishing and funding the operation of a
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of consumer reporting agencies and those that furnish data to them. The
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David Baldock (Creator), James Scurlock (Directory) (March 10, 2006).
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David Baldock (Creator), James Scurlock (Directory) (March 10, 2006).
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David Baldock (Creator), James Scurlock (Directory) (March 10, 2006).
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Teikoku Databank, Tokyo Shoko Research, Risk Monster, Creditsafe K.K.
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report took one minute to send, versus five minutes on the telephone.
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the consumer, such as whether to approve for a loan or credit card.
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Maxed Out: Hard Times, Easy Credit and the Era of Predatory Lenders
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Maxed Out: Hard Times, Easy Credit and the Era of Predatory Lenders
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Maxed Out: Hard Times, Easy Credit and the Era of Predatory Lenders
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due to the disturbing increase of failures on corporate borrowers.
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Federal Trade Commission Governmental Page on Free Credit Reports
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The activities of Credit Reference Agencies are governed by the
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In the U.S., consumer reporting agencies collect and aggregate
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CreditRegistry, FirstCentral Credit Bureau, CRC Credit Bureau
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Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act
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Avery, Robert B.; Calem, Paul S.; Canner, Glenn B. (2004).
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are also examples of commercial credit reporting agencies.
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personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay
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In the United Kingdom, the Credit Reference Agencies are
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between borrowers and lenders, and alleviate problems of
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Consumer borrowing and bill-paying habit-tracking agency
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Credit Reporting Systems and the International Economy
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Dun & Bradstreet, Inc. v. Greenmoss Builders, Inc.
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In the United States, key consumer reporting agency
398:Two government bodies share responsibility for the 345:bureaus. An antitrust petition was filed in 1933. 3039: 2775: 2773: 2345:National Information & Credit Evaluation(NICE) 194:RBI approved three other credit bureaus in 2010 – 164:at least once a year to ensure they are accurate. 3044:. Washington State Office of the Attorney General 920: 819:Bureau - Central Privada de Informação de CrĂ©dito 3273: 2978: 2976: 2974: 2972: 2779: 3257:State Bank of Pakistan FAQs about Credit Bureau 3252:OCC - Office of the Comptroller of the Currency 2970: 2968: 2966: 2964: 2962: 2960: 2958: 2956: 2954: 2952: 2770: 3174:"Why Is It Important To Know My Credit Score?" 2103: 380:is often abbreviated in the industry as CRA. 276: 160:advocates advise individuals to review their 3065:"Credit bureau move creates 'secret' scores" 2949: 367: 241: 2783:Credit Report Accuracy and Access to Credit 691:Credit Report Accuracy and Access to Credit 465:non-traditional credit reporting agencies. 269:Credit reference agencies are bound by the 183:Credit Information Bureau (India) Limited ( 3013: 3011: 560:(BSP) department of Loans and Credit, the 2881:"Statutory Credit Report | Experian" 750:National Association of Credit Management 673:Learn how and when to remove this message 408:Office of the Comptroller of the Currency 3040:AGO Blog Moderator (December 18, 2007). 3194: 3171: 3017: 3008: 14: 3274: 3195:Garrett, Joseph C. (20 January 2012). 3172:Garrett, Joseph C. (20 January 2012). 2803:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. 2127:TransUnion Information Solutions. Inc. 483:Tort liability for business defamation 419:TRW Information Systems & Services 3042:"New credit score formula on horizon" 3018:Hillman, Richard J. (July 31, 2003), 2982: 2419:Joint Credit Information Center(JCIC) 581:Credit Information System Act of 2008 3262:List of UK Credit Reporting Agencies 981:Credit Information Bureau of Bhutan 626: 224:Electronic Credit Information Bureau 2398:Zentralstelle fĂĽr Kreditinformation 497:filing of a business that is not a 24: 3062: 1540:https://www.irancreditscoring.com/ 717:Business credit reporting agencies 562:Securities and Exchange Commission 98:institutions reduce the effect of 25: 3303: 3240: 2899:"How to check your credit report" 1599:Credit Information Services Ltd, 768:List of credit reporting agencies 236: 2624: 2588: 2568: 2548: 2528: 2508: 2501:Creditinfo, Finedatta Africa Ltd 2488: 2468: 2444: 2426: 2406: 2385: 2356: 2332: 2300: 2280: 2256: 2235: 2211: 2193: 2175: 2155: 2134: 2105: 2080: 2060: 2042: 2024: 2004: 1986: 1965: 1945: 1925: 1904: 1884: 1864: 1844: 1820: 1800: 1780: 1752: 1732: 1712: 1692: 1667: 1647: 1627: 1609: 1587: 1566: 1548: 1527: 1507: 1489: 1457: 1437: 1417: 1397: 1377: 1357: 1325: 1305: 1285: 1265: 1245: 1224: 1200: 1180: 1160: 1140: 1116: 1084: 1064: 1040: 1008: 987: 969: 949: 929: 908: 871: 863:Armenian Credit Reporting Agency 850: 826: 806: 786: 631: 536:credit bureau in the Philippines 313: 3211: 3188: 3165: 3141: 3117: 3100: 3083: 3056: 3033: 2991: 2925: 2913: 2891: 2725:Economics: Principles in Action 2541:Compuscan, Finedatta Africa Ltd 608:(SAMA), currently known as the 598: 554:Credit Information Bureau, Inc. 547:Credit Information Bureau, Inc. 532:Central Bank of the Philippines 443:Credit Reporting Resource Guide 2873: 2855: 2830: 2806: 2799:Margaret Miller (ed.) (2003). 2793: 2761: 2721:; Sheffrin, Steven M. (2003). 2711: 2697: 783: 687:U.S. General Accounting Office 622: 585:Credit Information Corporation 521: 173:knowledge-based authentication 89: 13: 1: 2690: 606:Saudi Arabian Monetary Agency 226:(CIB) was established by the 169:identity verification service 896:Tasmanian Collection Service 583:gave way to the creation of 7: 2668: 762:Rapid Ratings International 558:Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas 217: 10: 3308: 2901:. The Money Advice Service 433:(which was purchased from 395:(FCBA), and Regulation B. 324: 317: 277:Consumer Credit Act (1974) 64:credit information company 2273:Credit Bureau (Singapore) 723:commercial credit reports 473:alternative credit bureau 389:Fair Credit Reporting Act 378:consumer reporting agency 374:Fair Credit Reporting Act 368:Consumer reporting agency 358:Fair Credit Reporting Act 288: 242:Credit Reference Agencies 40:consumer reporting agency 2753:: CS1 maint: location ( 2371:(companies only); ASNEF- 2349:Korea Credit Bureau(KCB) 921:Azerbaijan Credit Bureau 404:Federal Trade Commission 283:Consumer Credit Act 1974 271:Data Protection Act 2018 178: 76:Special Accessing Entity 2933:"Governing Legislation" 2581:Al Etihad Credit Bureau 2250:, Finedatta Africa Ltd 1980:, Finedatta Africa Ltd 1581:, Finedatta Africa Ltd 733:, the Risk Rating from 504: 393:Fair Credit Billing Act 48:credit reference agency 18:Credit reporting agency 3176:. Know My Credit Score 2481:National Credit Bureau 2119:CIBI Information, Inc. 1769:Credit Bureau Malaysia 653:by rewriting it in an 570:CIBI Information, Inc. 459:annualcreditreport.com 457:. Consumers can go to 435:First Data Corporation 228:State Bank of Pakistan 130:, financial data, and 100:asymmetric information 3067:. MSN. Archived from 2205:Finedatta Africa Ltd 744:, the CPR Score from 577:Republic Act No. 9510 198:(earlier High Mark), 111:, and can affect the 56:credit reporting body 2983:Lauer, Josh (2017). 2818:www.banknetindia.com 2576:United Arab Emirates 2461:Dun & Bradstreet 2147:Polish Credit Bureau 1542:iran credit scoring 731:Dun & Bradstreet 421:and the CCN Group), 385:consumer protections 364:was widely adopted. 128:personal information 84:credit rating agency 3292:Information systems 2869:. 27 December 2018. 2228:Bayan Credit Bureau 839:Nosis Credit Bureau 773: 545:On April 14, 1982, 2885:www.experian.co.uk 2842:The Economic Times 2719:O'Sullivan, Arthur 1919:, illion, Centrix 1208:Dominican Republic 1029:Boa Vista Serviços 772: 655:encyclopedic style 642:is written like a 610:Saudi Central Bank 117:risk-based pricing 96:credit information 3153:www.skyminder.com 3149:"About SkyMinder" 3129:www.skyminder.com 2937:www.transunion.ca 2867:www.thestreet.com 2707:. The World Bank. 2666: 2665: 2615:(business only), 1773:CTOS Data Systems 1057:TransUnion Canada 683: 682: 675: 104:adverse selection 16:(Redirected from 3299: 3234: 3233: 3231: 3230: 3221:. Archived from 3215: 3209: 3208: 3206: 3204: 3192: 3186: 3185: 3183: 3181: 3169: 3163: 3162: 3160: 3159: 3145: 3139: 3138: 3136: 3135: 3121: 3115: 3114: 3104: 3098: 3097: 3087: 3081: 3080: 3078: 3076: 3071:on March 2, 2011 3060: 3054: 3053: 3051: 3049: 3037: 3031: 3030: 3024: 3015: 3006: 3005: 2995: 2989: 2988: 2980: 2947: 2946: 2944: 2943: 2929: 2923: 2917: 2911: 2910: 2908: 2906: 2895: 2889: 2888: 2877: 2871: 2870: 2859: 2853: 2852: 2850: 2849: 2834: 2828: 2827: 2825: 2824: 2810: 2804: 2797: 2791: 2790: 2788: 2777: 2768: 2765: 2759: 2758: 2752: 2744: 2728: 2715: 2709: 2708: 2701: 2630: 2628: 2627: 2613:Creditsafe Group 2594: 2592: 2591: 2574: 2572: 2571: 2554: 2552: 2551: 2534: 2532: 2531: 2514: 2512: 2511: 2494: 2492: 2491: 2474: 2472: 2471: 2450: 2448: 2447: 2432: 2430: 2429: 2412: 2410: 2409: 2391: 2389: 2388: 2362: 2360: 2359: 2338: 2336: 2335: 2306: 2304: 2303: 2286: 2284: 2283: 2262: 2260: 2259: 2241: 2239: 2238: 2217: 2215: 2214: 2199: 2197: 2196: 2181: 2179: 2178: 2161: 2159: 2158: 2140: 2138: 2137: 2115: 2111: 2109: 2108: 2086: 2084: 2083: 2066: 2064: 2063: 2048: 2046: 2045: 2030: 2028: 2027: 2010: 2008: 2007: 1992: 1990: 1989: 1971: 1969: 1968: 1951: 1949: 1948: 1931: 1929: 1928: 1910: 1908: 1907: 1890: 1888: 1887: 1870: 1868: 1867: 1850: 1848: 1847: 1826: 1824: 1823: 1806: 1804: 1803: 1786: 1784: 1783: 1758: 1756: 1755: 1738: 1736: 1735: 1718: 1716: 1715: 1698: 1696: 1695: 1673: 1671: 1670: 1653: 1651: 1650: 1633: 1631: 1630: 1615: 1613: 1612: 1593: 1591: 1590: 1572: 1570: 1569: 1554: 1552: 1551: 1533: 1531: 1530: 1513: 1511: 1510: 1495: 1493: 1492: 1470:TransUnion CIBIL 1463: 1461: 1460: 1443: 1441: 1440: 1423: 1421: 1420: 1403: 1401: 1400: 1383: 1381: 1380: 1363: 1361: 1360: 1331: 1329: 1328: 1311: 1309: 1308: 1291: 1289: 1288: 1271: 1269: 1268: 1251: 1249: 1248: 1230: 1228: 1227: 1206: 1204: 1203: 1186: 1184: 1183: 1166: 1164: 1163: 1146: 1144: 1143: 1122: 1120: 1119: 1090: 1088: 1087: 1070: 1068: 1067: 1046: 1044: 1043: 1014: 1012: 1011: 993: 991: 990: 975: 973: 972: 955: 953: 952: 935: 933: 932: 914: 912: 911: 877: 875: 874: 856: 854: 853: 832: 830: 829: 812: 810: 809: 792: 790: 789: 774: 771: 678: 671: 667: 664: 658: 635: 634: 627: 528:Ferdinand Marcos 158:consumer welfare 132:alternative data 21: 3307: 3306: 3302: 3301: 3300: 3298: 3297: 3296: 3272: 3271: 3243: 3238: 3237: 3228: 3226: 3217: 3216: 3212: 3202: 3200: 3193: 3189: 3179: 3177: 3170: 3166: 3157: 3155: 3147: 3146: 3142: 3133: 3131: 3123: 3122: 3118: 3106: 3105: 3101: 3089: 3088: 3084: 3074: 3072: 3061: 3057: 3047: 3045: 3038: 3034: 3022: 3016: 3009: 2997: 2996: 2992: 2981: 2950: 2941: 2939: 2931: 2930: 2926: 2918: 2914: 2904: 2902: 2897: 2896: 2892: 2879: 2878: 2874: 2861: 2860: 2856: 2847: 2845: 2836: 2835: 2831: 2822: 2820: 2812: 2811: 2807: 2798: 2794: 2786: 2778: 2771: 2766: 2762: 2746: 2745: 2741: 2716: 2712: 2703: 2702: 2698: 2693: 2671: 2625: 2623: 2589: 2587: 2569: 2567: 2549: 2547: 2529: 2527: 2509: 2507: 2489: 2487: 2469: 2467: 2445: 2443: 2427: 2425: 2407: 2405: 2386: 2384: 2357: 2355: 2333: 2331: 2301: 2299: 2288:Slovak Republic 2281: 2279: 2257: 2255: 2236: 2234: 2212: 2210: 2194: 2192: 2176: 2174: 2156: 2154: 2135: 2133: 2106: 2104: 2081: 2079: 2061: 2059: 2043: 2041: 2025: 2023: 2005: 2003: 1987: 1985: 1966: 1964: 1946: 1944: 1926: 1924: 1905: 1903: 1885: 1883: 1865: 1863: 1845: 1843: 1821: 1819: 1801: 1799: 1781: 1779: 1753: 1751: 1733: 1731: 1713: 1711: 1693: 1691: 1668: 1666: 1648: 1646: 1628: 1626: 1610: 1608: 1588: 1586: 1567: 1565: 1549: 1547: 1528: 1526: 1508: 1506: 1490: 1488: 1458: 1456: 1438: 1436: 1418: 1416: 1398: 1396: 1378: 1376: 1358: 1356: 1326: 1324: 1306: 1304: 1286: 1284: 1266: 1264: 1246: 1244: 1225: 1223: 1201: 1199: 1181: 1179: 1161: 1159: 1141: 1139: 1117: 1115: 1085: 1083: 1065: 1063: 1041: 1039: 1033:Serasa Experian 1009: 1007: 988: 986: 970: 968: 950: 948: 930: 928: 909: 907: 872: 870: 851: 849: 827: 825: 807: 805: 787: 785: 770: 719: 679: 668: 662: 659: 651:help improve it 648: 636: 632: 625: 601: 524: 507: 487:In the case of 485: 370: 327: 322: 316: 294:bankruptcies. 291: 279: 244: 239: 220: 181: 92: 36:data collection 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3305: 3295: 3294: 3289: 3287:Credit scoring 3284: 3270: 3269: 3264: 3259: 3254: 3249: 3242: 3241:External links 3239: 3236: 3235: 3210: 3187: 3164: 3140: 3116: 3099: 3082: 3055: 3032: 3007: 2990: 2948: 2924: 2912: 2890: 2872: 2854: 2829: 2805: 2792: 2769: 2760: 2739: 2710: 2695: 2694: 2692: 2689: 2688: 2687: 2682: 2680:Credit history 2677: 2670: 2667: 2664: 2663: 2634: 2620: 2619: 2598: 2596:United Kingdom 2584: 2583: 2578: 2564: 2563: 2558: 2544: 2543: 2538: 2524: 2523: 2518: 2504: 2503: 2498: 2484: 2483: 2478: 2464: 2463: 2454: 2440: 2439: 2436: 2422: 2421: 2416: 2402: 2401: 2395: 2381: 2380: 2366: 2352: 2351: 2342: 2328: 2327: 2310: 2296: 2295: 2290: 2276: 2275: 2266: 2252: 2251: 2245: 2231: 2230: 2221: 2207: 2206: 2203: 2189: 2188: 2185: 2171: 2170: 2165: 2151: 2150: 2144: 2130: 2129: 2116: 2100: 2099: 2090: 2076: 2075: 2070: 2056: 2055: 2052: 2038: 2037: 2034: 2020: 2019: 2014: 2000: 1999: 1996: 1982: 1981: 1975: 1961: 1960: 1955: 1941: 1940: 1935: 1921: 1920: 1914: 1900: 1899: 1894: 1880: 1879: 1874: 1860: 1859: 1854: 1840: 1839: 1830: 1816: 1815: 1810: 1796: 1795: 1790: 1776: 1775: 1762: 1748: 1747: 1742: 1728: 1727: 1722: 1708: 1707: 1702: 1688: 1687: 1677: 1663: 1662: 1657: 1643: 1642: 1637: 1623: 1622: 1619: 1605: 1604: 1597: 1583: 1582: 1576: 1562: 1561: 1558: 1544: 1543: 1537: 1523: 1522: 1517: 1503: 1502: 1499: 1485: 1484: 1474:CRIF High Mark 1467: 1453: 1452: 1447: 1433: 1432: 1427: 1413: 1412: 1407: 1393: 1392: 1387: 1373: 1372: 1367: 1353: 1352: 1335: 1321: 1320: 1315: 1301: 1300: 1295: 1281: 1280: 1275: 1261: 1260: 1255: 1241: 1240: 1234: 1220: 1219: 1210: 1196: 1195: 1190: 1176: 1175: 1170: 1168:Czech Republic 1156: 1155: 1150: 1136: 1135: 1126: 1112: 1111: 1094: 1080: 1079: 1074: 1060: 1059: 1053:Equifax Canada 1050: 1036: 1035: 1018: 1004: 1003: 997: 983: 982: 979: 965: 964: 959: 945: 944: 939: 925: 924: 918: 904: 903: 881: 867: 866: 860: 846: 845: 836: 822: 821: 816: 802: 801: 796: 782: 781: 778: 769: 766: 718: 715: 681: 680: 639: 637: 630: 624: 621: 600: 597: 579:also known as 523: 520: 506: 503: 484: 481: 369: 366: 362:credit scoring 329:Following the 326: 323: 315: 312: 290: 287: 278: 275: 243: 240: 238: 237:United Kingdom 235: 219: 216: 212:CRIF High Mark 196:CRIF High Mark 180: 177: 162:credit reports 145:credit scoring 137:public records 91: 88: 52:United Kingdom 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3304: 3293: 3290: 3288: 3285: 3283: 3280: 3279: 3277: 3268: 3265: 3263: 3260: 3258: 3255: 3253: 3250: 3248: 3245: 3244: 3225:on 2016-05-06 3224: 3220: 3214: 3198: 3191: 3175: 3168: 3154: 3150: 3144: 3130: 3126: 3120: 3112: 3111: 3103: 3095: 3094: 3086: 3070: 3066: 3063:Weston, Liz. 3059: 3043: 3036: 3028: 3021: 3014: 3012: 3003: 3002: 2994: 2986: 2979: 2977: 2975: 2973: 2971: 2969: 2967: 2965: 2963: 2961: 2959: 2957: 2955: 2953: 2938: 2934: 2928: 2922: 2916: 2900: 2894: 2886: 2882: 2876: 2868: 2864: 2858: 2843: 2839: 2833: 2819: 2815: 2809: 2802: 2796: 2785: 2784: 2776: 2774: 2764: 2756: 2750: 2742: 2740:0-13-063085-3 2736: 2732: 2727: 2726: 2720: 2714: 2706: 2700: 2696: 2686: 2683: 2681: 2678: 2676: 2675:Credit circle 2673: 2672: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2635: 2633: 2632:United States 2622: 2621: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2599: 2597: 2586: 2585: 2582: 2579: 2577: 2566: 2565: 2562: 2559: 2557: 2546: 2545: 2542: 2539: 2537: 2526: 2525: 2522: 2519: 2517: 2506: 2505: 2502: 2499: 2497: 2486: 2485: 2482: 2479: 2477: 2466: 2465: 2462: 2458: 2455: 2453: 2442: 2441: 2437: 2435: 2424: 2423: 2420: 2417: 2415: 2404: 2403: 2399: 2396: 2394: 2383: 2382: 2378: 2375:and BADEXCUG- 2374: 2370: 2367: 2365: 2354: 2353: 2350: 2346: 2343: 2341: 2330: 2329: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2311: 2309: 2298: 2297: 2294: 2291: 2289: 2278: 2277: 2274: 2270: 2267: 2265: 2254: 2253: 2249: 2246: 2244: 2233: 2232: 2229: 2225: 2222: 2220: 2209: 2208: 2204: 2202: 2191: 2190: 2186: 2184: 2173: 2172: 2169: 2166: 2164: 2153: 2152: 2148: 2145: 2143: 2132: 2131: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2117: 2114: 2102: 2101: 2098: 2094: 2091: 2089: 2078: 2077: 2074: 2071: 2069: 2058: 2057: 2053: 2051: 2040: 2039: 2035: 2033: 2022: 2021: 2018: 2015: 2013: 2002: 2001: 1997: 1995: 1984: 1983: 1979: 1976: 1974: 1963: 1962: 1959: 1956: 1954: 1943: 1942: 1939: 1936: 1934: 1923: 1922: 1918: 1915: 1913: 1902: 1901: 1898: 1895: 1893: 1882: 1881: 1878: 1875: 1873: 1862: 1861: 1858: 1855: 1853: 1842: 1841: 1838: 1834: 1831: 1829: 1818: 1817: 1814: 1811: 1809: 1798: 1797: 1794: 1791: 1789: 1778: 1777: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1763: 1761: 1750: 1749: 1746: 1743: 1741: 1730: 1729: 1726: 1723: 1721: 1710: 1709: 1706: 1703: 1701: 1690: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1678: 1676: 1665: 1664: 1661: 1658: 1656: 1645: 1644: 1641: 1638: 1636: 1625: 1624: 1620: 1618: 1607: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1596: 1585: 1584: 1580: 1577: 1575: 1564: 1563: 1559: 1557: 1546: 1545: 1541: 1538: 1536: 1525: 1524: 1521: 1518: 1516: 1505: 1504: 1500: 1498: 1487: 1486: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1468: 1466: 1455: 1454: 1451: 1448: 1446: 1435: 1434: 1431: 1428: 1426: 1415: 1414: 1411: 1408: 1406: 1395: 1394: 1391: 1388: 1386: 1375: 1374: 1371: 1368: 1366: 1355: 1354: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1336: 1334: 1323: 1322: 1319: 1316: 1314: 1303: 1302: 1299: 1296: 1294: 1283: 1282: 1279: 1276: 1274: 1263: 1262: 1259: 1256: 1254: 1243: 1242: 1238: 1235: 1233: 1222: 1221: 1218: 1214: 1211: 1209: 1198: 1197: 1194: 1191: 1189: 1178: 1177: 1174: 1171: 1169: 1158: 1157: 1154: 1151: 1149: 1138: 1137: 1134: 1130: 1127: 1125: 1114: 1113: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1097:Dicom Equifax 1095: 1093: 1082: 1081: 1078: 1075: 1073: 1062: 1061: 1058: 1054: 1051: 1049: 1038: 1037: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1019: 1017: 1006: 1005: 1002:, TransUnion 1001: 998: 996: 985: 984: 980: 978: 967: 966: 963: 960: 958: 947: 946: 943: 940: 938: 927: 926: 922: 919: 917: 906: 905: 901: 897: 893: 889: 885: 884:CreditorWatch 882: 880: 869: 868: 864: 861: 859: 848: 847: 844: 843:Veraz Equifax 840: 837: 835: 824: 823: 820: 817: 815: 804: 803: 800: 797: 795: 784: 779: 776: 775: 765: 763: 759: 755: 751: 747: 743: 740: 736: 732: 728: 724: 714: 712: 706: 703: 697: 694: 692: 688: 677: 674: 666: 656: 652: 646: 645: 640:This section 638: 629: 628: 620: 617: 613: 611: 607: 596: 592: 588: 586: 582: 578: 573: 572: 571: 565: 563: 559: 555: 550: 548: 543: 539: 537: 533: 529: 519: 515: 511: 502: 500: 499:public figure 496: 492: 491: 480: 476: 474: 470: 466: 462: 460: 456: 452: 448: 444: 440: 439:CBC Companies 436: 432: 428: 424: 420: 416: 411: 409: 405: 401: 396: 394: 390: 386: 381: 379: 375: 365: 363: 359: 353: 351: 346: 342: 338: 336: 332: 331:Panic of 1837 321: 320:Credit freeze 314:United States 311: 307: 305: 299: 295: 286: 284: 274: 272: 267: 265: 259: 257: 253: 249: 234: 231: 229: 225: 215: 213: 207: 205: 201: 197: 192: 188: 186: 176: 174: 170: 165: 163: 159: 155: 151: 146: 142: 138: 133: 129: 124: 122: 121:credit rating 118: 114: 113:interest rate 110: 105: 101: 97: 87: 85: 81: 77: 73: 69: 65: 61: 57: 53: 49: 45: 44:United States 41: 37: 33: 32:credit bureau 19: 3227:. Retrieved 3223:the original 3213: 3201:. Retrieved 3199:. Creditsafe 3190: 3178:. Retrieved 3167: 3156:. Retrieved 3152: 3143: 3132:. Retrieved 3128: 3119: 3109: 3102: 3092: 3085: 3073:. Retrieved 3069:the original 3058: 3046:. Retrieved 3035: 3026: 3000: 2993: 2984: 2940:. Retrieved 2936: 2927: 2915: 2903:. Retrieved 2893: 2884: 2875: 2866: 2857: 2846:. Retrieved 2844:. 2014-09-09 2841: 2832: 2821:. Retrieved 2817: 2808: 2800: 2795: 2782: 2763: 2724: 2713: 2699: 2390:   2379:(consumers) 2308:South Africa 2219:Saudi Arabia 2097:Xchange Peru 1338:Creditreform 1213:Data-CrĂ©dito 742:Intelliscore 720: 707: 698: 695: 690: 684: 669: 660: 641: 618: 614: 602: 599:Saudi Arabia 595:to lenders. 593: 589: 574: 568: 566: 551: 544: 540: 525: 516: 512: 508: 488: 486: 477: 467: 463: 442: 412: 397: 382: 377: 371: 354: 347: 343: 339: 328: 308: 300: 296: 292: 280: 268: 260: 245: 232: 221: 208: 193: 189: 182: 166: 143:assessment, 125: 93: 75: 67: 63: 55: 47: 39: 31: 29: 3180:21 February 3075:January 11, 3048:January 11, 2685:Credit risk 2393:Switzerland 2340:South Korea 2113:Philippines 1933:Netherlands 1912:New Zealand 1574:Ivory Coast 1293:El Salvador 1239:, Acredita 780:Major CRAs 729:score from 663:August 2018 623:Controversy 522:Philippines 437:in 1999 by 376:(FCRA). A 264:credit card 141:credit risk 90:Description 80:Philippines 3276:Categories 3229:2016-04-26 3203:7 November 3158:2019-07-04 3134:2019-07-04 2942:2022-02-09 2905:19 January 2848:2019-07-04 2823:2019-07-04 2691:References 2649:TransUnion 2609:TransUnion 2561:Creditinfo 2457:Creditinfo 2434:Tajikistan 2325:LexisNexis 2321:TransUnion 2248:Creditinfo 2168:Creditinfo 1978:Creditinfo 1958:TransUnion 1872:Mozambique 1857:Creditinfo 1837:TransUnion 1813:Creditinfo 1793:Creditinfo 1725:Creditinfo 1705:Creditinfo 1680:Creditinfo 1660:Creditinfo 1655:Kazakhstan 1601:Creditinfo 1579:Creditinfo 1520:Creditinfo 1450:Creditinfo 1430:TransUnion 1410:TransUnion 1390:Creditinfo 1370:TransUnion 1350:Boniversum 1318:Creditinfo 1298:TransUnion 1217:TransUnion 1153:TransUnion 1148:Costa Rica 1133:TransUnion 1101:TransUnion 1077:Creditinfo 1072:Cape Verde 1025:SPC Brasil 962:Creditinfo 916:Azerbaijan 890:, illion, 754:TransUnion 735:Creditsafe 495:bankruptcy 455:TransUnion 427:TransUnion 417:(formerly 318:See also: 256:TransUnion 2749:cite book 2313:Compuscan 2264:Singapore 2123:Compuscan 2054:APC Buro 1953:Nicaragua 1897:Compuscan 1877:Compuscan 1745:Compuscan 1720:Lithuania 1497:Indonesia 1425:Hong Kong 1365:Guatemala 1278:Compuscan 1000:Compuscan 888:Compuscan 879:Australia 834:Argentina 575:In 2008, 552:In 1982, 526:In 1981, 400:oversight 150:algorithm 60:Australia 2669:See also 2637:Experian 2601:Experian 2476:Thailand 2452:Tanzania 2377:Experian 2317:Experian 2269:Experian 2068:Pakistan 2017:Experian 1938:Experian 1765:Experian 1760:Malaysia 1684:Metropol 1478:Experian 1405:Honduras 1273:Ethiopia 1193:Experian 1129:Experian 1124:Colombia 1109:Sinacofi 995:Botswana 892:Experian 777:Country 739:Experian 725:are the 711:Congress 591:bureau. 451:Experian 415:Experian 350:teletype 248:Experian 218:Pakistan 204:Experian 3282:Banking 2653:Innovis 2645:Equifax 2605:Equifax 2556:Ukraine 2400:, Crif 2373:Equifax 2243:Senegal 2163:Romania 2093:Equifax 2036:Mala'a 1994:Nigeria 1917:Equifax 1892:Namibia 1852:Morocco 1833:Equifax 1740:Lesotho 1603:, CRIF 1595:Jamaica 1515:Ireland 1482:Equifax 1445:Iceland 1333:Germany 1313:Georgia 1258:I-Score 1237:Equifax 1232:Ecuador 1188:Denmark 942:BENEFIT 937:Bahrain 900:Equifax 865:(ACRA) 858:Armenia 794:Andorra 758:Equifax 746:Cortera 702:acronym 649:Please 447:Equifax 431:Innovis 423:Equifax 335:ledgers 325:History 252:Equifax 200:Equifax 78:in the 50:in the 42:in the 3125:"News" 2737:  2629:  2593:  2573:  2553:  2536:Uganda 2533:  2516:Turkey 2513:  2493:  2473:  2449:  2431:  2414:Taiwan 2411:  2361:  2337:  2305:  2285:  2261:  2240:  2216:  2201:Rwanda 2198:  2183:Russia 2180:  2160:  2149:"BIK" 2142:Poland 2139:  2110:  2085:  2065:  2050:Panama 2047:  2029:  2012:Norway 2009:  1991:  1970:  1950:  1930:  1909:  1889:  1869:  1849:  1828:Mexico 1825:  1805:  1785:  1757:  1737:  1717:  1700:Latvia 1697:  1672:  1652:  1635:Jordan 1632:  1614:  1592:  1571:  1553:  1532:  1512:  1494:  1480:& 1462:  1442:  1422:  1402:  1385:Guyana 1382:  1362:  1346:SCHUFA 1342:BĂĽrgel 1330:  1310:  1290:  1270:  1250:  1229:  1205:  1185:  1165:  1145:  1121:  1089:  1069:  1048:Canada 1045:  1016:Brazil 1013:  992:  977:Bhutan 974:  954:  934:  923:(ACB) 913:  876:  855:  831:  814:Angola 811:  799:Ram.ad 791:  760:, and 737:, the 727:Paydex 429:, and 289:Canada 3023:(PDF) 2787:(PDF) 2438:CRIF 2364:Spain 2224:SIMAH 2187:CRIF 1973:Niger 1808:Malta 1675:Kenya 1617:Japan 1560:CRIF 1556:Italy 1501:CRIF 1465:India 1253:Egypt 1105:Siisa 1092:Chile 957:Benin 185:CIBIL 179:India 72:India 70:) in 34:is a 3205:2017 3182:2012 3077:2012 3050:2012 2907:2019 2755:link 2735:ISBN 2661:Aire 2657:PRBC 2641:FICO 2617:Aire 2496:Togo 2293:CRIF 2088:Peru 2073:eCIB 2032:Oman 1788:Mali 1640:CRIF 1535:Iran 1173:CRIF 1021:Quod 505:Iran 469:PRBC 453:and 302:the 254:and 222:The 202:and 171:and 154:debt 109:loan 74:, a 62:, a 54:, a 46:, a 2731:512 2521:KKB 2369:RAI 1686:, 604:of 68:CIC 58:in 3278:: 3151:. 3127:. 3025:, 3010:^ 2951:^ 2935:. 2883:. 2865:. 2840:. 2816:. 2772:^ 2751:}} 2747:{{ 2733:. 2659:, 2655:, 2651:, 2647:, 2643:, 2639:, 2611:, 2607:, 2603:, 2459:, 2347:, 2323:, 2319:, 2315:, 2271:, 2226:, 2125:, 2121:, 2095:, 1835:, 1771:, 1767:, 1682:, 1476:, 1472:, 1348:, 1344:, 1340:, 1215:, 1131:, 1107:, 1103:, 1099:, 1055:, 1031:, 1027:, 1023:, 902:, 898:, 894:, 886:, 841:, 756:, 752:. 612:. 501:. 449:, 425:, 285:. 258:. 250:, 175:. 86:. 30:A 3232:. 3207:. 3184:. 3161:. 3137:. 3079:. 3052:. 2987:. 2945:. 2909:. 2887:. 2851:. 2826:. 2757:) 2743:. 676:) 670:( 665:) 661:( 657:. 66:( 20:)

Index

Credit reporting agency
data collection
United States
United Kingdom
Australia
India
Philippines
credit rating agency
credit information
asymmetric information
adverse selection
loan
interest rate
risk-based pricing
credit rating
personal information
alternative data
public records
credit risk
credit scoring
algorithm
debt
consumer welfare
credit reports
identity verification service
knowledge-based authentication
CIBIL
CRIF High Mark
Equifax
Experian

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