2724:
3236:
3126:
2994:
2742:
2917:. Oppenheimer, who was appointed chief court factor, together with his two sons Emanuel and Wolf, and Wertheimer, who was at first associated with him, devoted their time and talents to the service of Austria and the House of Habsburg: during the Rhenish, French, Turkish, and Spanish wars they loaned millions of florins for provisions, munitions, etc. Wertheimer, who, by title at least, was also chief court factor to the
4361:
2570:, causing profits associated with moneylending to be higher than they otherwise would have been. By most parameters, the standard of living of the Jewish community in Early Medieval period was at least equal to that of the lower nobility. However, despite this economic prosperity, the community was not safe: religious hostility manifested itself in the form of massacres and
2668:
were primarily active in the west in maritime and colonial trade, the
Ashkenazi Jews in the service of the emperor and princes tended toward domestic trade. They were mostly wealthy businessmen, distinguished above their co-religionists by their commercial instincts and their adaptability. Court Jews
2565:
applied only to
Christians, meaning that Jews were allowed to lend money at interest. Eventually, a sizable sector of the Jewish community were engaged in financial occupations, and the community was a financially highly successful part of the medieval economy. The religious restrictions on
3888:
Western Europe suffered virtual famine for many years in the tenth and eleventh centuries, there is no hint or echo of this in the Jewish sources of the region in this period. They lived at an aristocratic level, as befitted international merchants and honored local
2514:
mainly through the
Christian nobility and church. Due to the precarious position of Jews, some nobles could ignore their debts. If the sponsoring noble died, his Jewish financier could face exile or execution. The most famous example of this occurred in
3206:. Through his marriage with the widow of the above-named Israel Aaron, he succeeded to the latter's position, and was highly esteemed by the elector. He had continual quarrels with the court Jew of the crown prince,
3100:, and, in 1730, Isaac Nathan (Ischerlein) were court Jews together with Elkan Fränkel; Ischerlein, through the intrigues of the Fränkels, suffered the same fate as Elkan Fränkel. Nevertheless, Nathan's son-in-law,
2577:
Although the phenomenon of "Court Jewry" did not occur until the early 17th century, there are some earlier examples of Jewish moneylenders who accumulated enough capital to finance the nobility. Among them was
3328:, in 1750 had a fixed salary as court agent. About this time the court agent Wolf lived at the court of Frederick III of Mecklenburg-Strelitz. Disputes with the court Jews often led to protracted lawsuits.
3332:
3074:, energetic, and proud man, possessed the confidence of the margrave to such a degree that his advice was sought in the most important affairs of the state. Denounced by a certain
3591:
2871:
2607:
1036:
2510:
for the various courts. They could amass personal fortunes and gain political and social influence. However, the court Jew had social connections and influence in the
2464:
who handled the finances of, or lent money to, royalty and nobility. In return for their services, court Jews gained social privileges, including, in some cases, being
3066:, who had the largest business in the whole principality and extensively supplied the court and the army. He fell into disgrace through the intrigues of the court Jew
3109:
2867:
1614:
2949:
3297:
2579:
1269:
964:
3313:
2863:
3199:
3097:
1156:
3309:
2977:
3075:
3654:
3352:
3325:
2847:
2835:
2827:
2638:
2364:
3067:
2953:
2839:
2650:
2646:
128:
3582:
2945:
2855:
1151:
2815:
1399:
3105:
4281:
3195:
2621:(d. 1572), also known as "Jud Joseph zum Goldenen Schwan", became the most important Jewish businessman of his era, trading not only with the
1653:
3814:
Backhaus, Fritz (1996). "The Last of the Court Jews â Mayer
Amschel Rothschild and His Sons". In Mann, Vivian B.; Cohen, Richard I. (eds.).
3093:
3063:
2819:
638:
601:
4198:
3730:
3187:
1577:
3564:
2553:
Prohibited from nearly every other trade, some Jews began to occupy an economic niche as moneylenders in the Middle Ages. While the
2520:
4404:
1600:
950:
2696:, even in places where no other Jews were allowed. Wherever they settled they could buy houses, slaughter meat according to the
4216:
2583:
2357:
1527:
1462:
1344:
2539:â successfully detached their businesses from these courts and established what eventually developed into full-fledged banks.
648:
1086:
4091:
3484:
1354:
1171:
1161:
401:
2574:, culminating in the repetitive expulsion of all Jews from various parts of Western Europe in the late medieval period.
2527:
was put on trial and executed. In an effort to avoid such fate, some court bankers in the late 18th century â including
4022:
1750:
1700:
1665:
1359:
1224:
1091:
3904:
Koyama, Mark (2010). "The
Political Economy of Expulsion: The Regulation of Jewish Moneylending in Medieval England".
4343:
4076:
4038:
3823:
3798:
3658:
3283:
3173:
3041:
2789:
2350:
1442:
1404:
1379:
1299:
1284:
1131:
1071:
1026:
3265:
3190:, also kept a court Jew, Israel Aaron (1670), who by his influence tried to prevent the influx of foreign Jews into
3155:
3023:
2771:
3735:
2823:
2811:
1735:
1717:
1623:
1517:
1369:
1364:
1289:
1254:
1121:
3619:
2571:
2253:
2152:
1707:
1690:
1643:
1542:
1452:
1389:
1339:
1319:
1314:
1234:
1208:
1183:
1061:
1051:
1041:
1021:
1016:
4324:
3948:
3881:
3850:
3671:
3261:
3151:
3019:
2767:
2612:
1726:
1712:
1680:
1660:
1628:
1572:
1547:
1522:
1502:
1492:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1447:
1437:
1432:
1409:
1324:
1309:
1229:
1188:
1141:
1136:
1056:
1001:
3667:
3595:
2147:
1685:
1670:
1633:
1595:
1567:
1557:
1552:
1537:
1532:
1512:
1497:
1482:
1457:
1423:
1394:
1294:
1279:
1203:
1193:
1111:
1081:
1006:
992:
3700:
3078:, however, who desired to be baptized, an accusation was brought against Elkan Fränkel; and the latter was
2926:
1755:
1675:
1638:
1562:
1507:
1374:
1349:
1274:
1249:
1239:
1178:
1101:
1096:
1076:
1066:
1046:
1031:
924:
628:
392:
387:
3964:
Hillaby, Joe (2001). "Testimony from the margin: the
Gloucester Jewry and its neighbours, c. 1159â1290".
3640:
3560:
2524:
1745:
1740:
1695:
1648:
1334:
1304:
1264:
1259:
1116:
422:
3997:
2956:
and Isaac, received the same titles as he, chief court factors and agents. Isaac Cohen's father-in-law,
4067:
Graetz, Michael. "Court Jews in
Economics and Politics". In Mann, Vivian B.; Cohen, Richard I. (eds.).
3545:
3257:
3147:
3015:
2763:
2219:
2064:
1772:
1166:
362:
352:
88:
17:
2590:, "probably the wealthiest person in England," who left an estate of about ÂŁ100,000. Also notable was
4131:
3966:
3594:(1724â1789), court agent and lessee of the tobacco monopoly from the Habsburgs. "Bankaldirektor" for
2487:. Jewish financiers could use their family connections to provide their sponsors with finance, food,
2333:
2026:
1877:
1818:
709:
3636:
3601:
3447:
3246:
3136:
3004:
2752:
2532:
2036:
2016:
1126:
606:
147:
4409:
4376:
3615:
3541:
3423:
3250:
3140:
3008:
2756:
2606:. By the 16th century, Jewish financiers had become increasingly connected to rulers and courts.
2548:
2447:
2411:
2177:
2167:
2132:
2011:
2001:
1784:
955:
897:
731:
410:
367:
82:
4367:
4295:
4246:
4183:
4170:
4157:
4144:
4119:
2952:. He also had relationships with several other rulers and high dignitaries. Behrends' two sons,
2516:
4195:
3215:
2618:
2296:
2031:
1945:
1011:
563:
182:
152:
3873:
3867:
2936:
Samson
Wertheimer was succeeded as court factor by his son Wolf. Contemporaneous with him was
4399:
3688:
2603:
2595:
2591:
2484:
2187:
2182:
2127:
1915:
830:
558:
545:
440:
157:
3480:
3321:
2528:
3663:
3535:
3433:
2843:
2536:
2258:
2210:
1950:
1808:
621:
486:
475:
433:
27:
Jewish banker who handled the finances of, or lent money to, European royalty and nobility
8:
4394:
4261:
Joachim Edler von Popper. Ein Zeit- und
Lebensbild aus der Geschichte der Juden in BĂśhmen
2973:
2803:
2378:
2311:
2006:
684:
551:
454:
447:
377:
265:
140:
4313:
4275:
3975:
3921:
3840:
3499:
3495:
2898:
2822:, who furnished cloth for four squadrons of cavalry for the wedding of the Emperor and
2162:
2112:
2059:
2054:
1968:
1838:
1106:
935:
694:
614:
468:
34:
3104:, became court Jew. Other court Jews of the princes of Ansbach were Michael Simon and
4339:
4320:
4072:
4018:
3944:
3877:
3846:
3819:
3794:
3715:
3510:
3489:
2937:
2910:
2875:
2807:
2693:
2630:
2499:
2306:
2248:
2228:
2045:
1605:
1244:
704:
575:
505:
382:
295:
162:
4224:
3925:
3913:
3429:
3371:
3356:
2723:
2587:
2488:
2480:
2472:
2436:
2400:
2276:
2157:
2117:
2081:
1779:
1329:
840:
596:
500:
415:
305:
97:
4336:
The Court Jew: A Contribution to the
History of the Period of Absolutism in Europe
3194:. Other court Jews of Frederick William were Elias Gumperz in Cleves (died 1672),
3071:
2680:
of the state, enjoyed special privileges. They were under the jurisdiction of the
4265:
Joachim Edler of Popper. A time and life picture from the history of the Jews in
4202:
3710:
3645:
3630:
3555:
3504:
3452:
3395:
3389:
3377:
3344:
3211:
2879:
2554:
2511:
2426:
2390:
2238:
2197:
2192:
2172:
2094:
2088:
2021:
1973:
1813:
1794:
945:
674:
586:
569:
113:
3470:
4371:
3725:
3624:
3551:
3458:
3443:
3415:
3408:
3399:
3383:
2957:
2918:
2914:
2503:
2338:
2137:
1992:
1872:
1851:
1828:
1823:
1801:
1789:
1384:
865:
799:
764:
742:
679:
517:
495:
357:
336:
312:
78:
60:
3943:. Routledge Encyclopedias of the Middle Ages. Vol. 7. London: Routledge.
3917:
3598:. First Austrian Jew to be ennobled without converting to Christianity (1789).
3210:. After his death, his influential position fell to his widow, the well-known
4388:
3464:
3308:. Others mentioned toward the end of the seventeenth century are: Bendix and
3301:
3207:
3203:
2887:
2665:
2634:
2626:
2567:
2476:
2286:
2281:
1487:
1414:
940:
789:
784:
779:
769:
747:
699:
461:
300:
205:
167:
118:
3608:. Second Austrian Jew to be ennobled without needing to be converted (1790).
3317:
3705:
3678:
3649:
3611:
3348:
3336:
2685:
2681:
2661:
2629:, but also with the nobility and the Church. In the early 17th century the
2316:
2142:
1983:
1978:
1936:
1889:
983:
850:
835:
794:
759:
372:
214:
4046:
3473:(ca. 1580â1653), court agent in Hamburg, elder of the Jewish community in
3331:
3514:
3439:
3305:
2968:, with the title of "Resident"; and his son Lehman Behrend was called to
2465:
2301:
2243:
1908:
814:
809:
804:
774:
4015:
Cultural Exchange: Jews, Christians, and Art in the Medieval Marketplace
3979:
3087:
3062:
about the middle of the seventeenth century. Especially influential was
2672:
The court Jews, as the agents of the rulers, and in times of war as the
4069:
From Court Jews to the Rothschilds: Art, Patronage, and Power 1600â1800
3993:
3816:
From Court Jews to the Rothschilds: Art, Patronage, and Power 1600â1800
3750:
3740:
3569:
3530:
2902:
2713:
2677:
1959:
973:
902:
860:
689:
669:
228:
135:
55:
3359:, both of whom occupy honorable positions in the history of the Jews.
3605:
3604:(1720â1795), court agent and lessee of the tobacco monopoly from the
3577:
2705:
2673:
2669:
frequently came into conflict with court rivals and co-religionists.
2562:
2479:
or employed them as financiers. Among the most notable of these were
2122:
2107:
1197:
1145:
907:
855:
845:
526:
522:
512:
427:
187:
3791:
The Jew SĂźss: His Life and Afterlife in Legend, Literature, and Film
3419:
3235:
3125:
2993:
2741:
875:
3745:
3720:
3403:
3101:
3055:
2697:
2654:
2475:
when the royalty, the nobility, and the church borrowed money from
2291:
1901:
1833:
664:
172:
123:
3090:
for life imprisonment on November 2, 1712. He died there in 1720.
3070:, member of a family that had been driven from Vienna. Fränkel, a
4266:
3683:
3522:
3518:
3474:
3219:
3083:
3079:
3059:
2969:
2941:
2933:, received from the emperor a chain of honor with his miniature.
2851:
2810:
kept a considerable number of court Jews. Among those of Emperor
2689:
2642:
2471:
Examples of what would be later called court Jews emerged in the
2458:
2382:
2267:
2233:
2102:
1896:
885:
880:
752:
643:
538:
534:
530:
279:
274:
251:
233:
108:
103:
93:
71:
46:
4120:
Josel (Joselmann, Joselin) of Rosheim (Joseph Ben Gershon Loanz)
2831:
3573:
3191:
2965:
2930:
2906:
2883:
2859:
2709:
2622:
2599:
2461:
1927:
1922:
1882:
1867:
978:
870:
290:
256:
242:
177:
3586:
3526:
2922:
2701:
2558:
890:
319:
223:
192:
3296:
There were court Jews at all the petty German courts; e.g.,
4106:
The first of the Tudors: a study of Henry VII and his reign
3845:. Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society of America.
2507:
2492:
42:
3426:; Rachel was lady-in-waiting of the queen mother Elizabeth
3648:(1768â1828), philanthropist and reformer, court agent of
2717:
3392:(1437â1508), financier for Portuguese and Spanish courts
3859:
3657:(1751â1829), factor to the Elector of Hesse, father of
4365:
3507:(1649â1714), court Jew to King Frederick I of Prussia
2712:, and could not be taxed or assessed higher than the
2452:
2416:
4315:
European Jewry in the Age of Mercantilism, 1550â1750
4103:
3672:
Francis II of the Holy Roman Empire and I of Austria
1906:
1887:
310:
2566:moneylending had inadvertently created a source of
2519:in 1737â1738, when, after the death of his sponsor
4366:Deutsch, Gotthard; Kayserling, Meyer (1901â1906).
4312:
3222:) that she could go unannounced into his cabinet.
2716:. Jews were sometimes assigned the role of local
3633:(1739â1809), court Jew of the Duke of WĂźrttemberg
3320:in Mecklenburg, who soon associated himself with
4386:
2980:of Prague was also court Jew of Saxony in 1679.
2890:, the first Jew to be ennobled, with the title "
3872:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. p.
3202:(1678). More influential than any of these was
2502:in Central Europe brought many Jews, mostly of
3627:(â 1810), court Jew of the Duke of WĂźrttemberg
3941:Medieval Jewish Civilization: An Encyclopedia
3554:(1670â1739), vice-chancellor of Russia under
2358:
3899:
3897:
3304:, and others in the service of the dukes of
2692:held his court, and to live anywhere in the
4012:
3264:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
3154:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
3022:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2770:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2688:. They were permitted to stay wherever the
602:History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire
4280:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
4017:. Princeton University Press. p. 53.
3992:
3865:
3832:
3731:List of British Jewish nobility and gentry
3492:(Liepmann Cohen) of Hanover (c. 1630â1714)
2983:
2365:
2351:
4118:Deutsch, Gotthard; Feilchenfeld, Alfred.
3894:
3362:
3284:Learn how and when to remove this message
3174:Learn how and when to remove this message
3042:Learn how and when to remove this message
2790:Learn how and when to remove this message
2506:origin, into the position of negotiating
3813:
3483:(1617â1692), court agent in Hamburg and
3330:
3054:The Model family were court Jews of the
2944:, court factor and agent of the elector
2731:
2722:
3986:
3963:
3498:(1635â1703), military supplier for the
3300:(1694) in the service of the Prince of
14:
4387:
4310:
4258:
4104:Van Cleave Alexander, Michael (1981).
4002:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 15.
3903:
3565:Charles Alexander, Duke of WĂźrttemberg
3225:
2584:Richard de Clare, 2nd Earl of Pembroke
4333:
4319:. New York: Oxford University Press.
4214:
4071:. New York: Prestel. pp. 27â43.
3838:
3818:. New York: Prestel. pp. 79â95.
3788:
2684:, and were not compelled to wear the
4245:Singer, Isidore; Templer, Bernhard.
3938:
3467:von Treuenberg (a noble) (1580â1634)
3262:adding citations to reliable sources
3229:
3152:adding citations to reliable sources
3119:
3115:
3020:adding citations to reliable sources
2987:
2886:. A specially favored court Jew was
2768:adding citations to reliable sources
2735:
2586:'s conquest of Ireland in 1170; and
4247:Israel HĂśnig (Edler Von HĂśnigsberg)
4169:Singer, Isidore; Kisch, Alexander.
4108:. Taylor & Francis. p. 97.
2440:
2404:
24:
4304:
4066:
3842:Aspects of Jewish Economic History
3585:(c. 1675â1744), court purveyor of
2897:Important as court Jews were also
2594:, who in 1339 â just prior to the
25:
4421:
4353:
3659:Moritz Wilhelm August Breidenbach
3513:(1658â1724), Austrian financier,
3422:, court Jews during the reign of
393:Historical population comparisons
4380:. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.
4359:
4182:Singer, Isidore; Mannheimer, S.
4156:Gottheil, Richard; Freimann, A.
3999:A History of the Jews in England
3906:Constitutional Political Economy
3736:List of European Jewish nobility
3639:(1744â1812), "court factor" for
3455:(MiĹĄka Marek Meisel) (1528â1601)
3343:The last actual court Jews were
3234:
3124:
2992:
2740:
2727:Lämmle Seeligmann, the court Jew
1037:Democratic Republic of the Congo
951:Historical population by country
4405:Historical economic occupations
4288:
4252:
4239:
4208:
4189:
4176:
4163:
4150:
4137:
4125:
4112:
4097:
4085:
4060:
4039:"Judengasse:Goldschmidt, Josef"
4031:
4006:
3620:Frederick William II of Prussia
3218:(from 1701 King Frederick I of
3957:
3932:
3869:A History of the Jewish People
3807:
3782:
3763:
3442:(1524â1579), court Jew in the
3402:, he was made the governor of
3367:In rough chronological order:
3214:, who was so well received by
2704:. They could sell their goods
13:
1:
3776:
3677:In fiction, Isaac the Jew in
2814:are mentioned the following:
2542:
608:Christianity and Judaism
4311:Israel, Jonathan I. (1985).
4145:Jacob Bassevi Von Treuenberg
4013:Shatzmiller, Joseph (2013).
3866:Ben-Sasson, H., ed. (1976).
3666:(1753â1839), a court Jew of
3614:(1723â1799), a court Jew of
3398:(c. 1440â1508), a godson of
2927:Electorate of the Palatinate
7:
4217:"Alan A. Guggenheim Family"
3839:Arkin, Marcus, ed. (1975).
3694:
3641:William I, Elector of Hesse
3592:Israel Edler von HĂśnigsberg
3563:(1698â1738), financier for
2495:and other precious metals.
2453:
2417:
1907:
1888:
1615:Latin America and Caribbean
311:
10:
4426:
4294:Singer, Isidore; Baar, H.
4270:] (in German). Vienna.
3108:(1743), Meyer Berlin, and
2950:Rudolf August of Brunswick
2872:Samuel zum Weissen Drachen
2546:
2220:Jewish political movements
1917:Conversion to Judaism
4338:. New York: Transaction.
4298:at JewishEncyclopedia.com
4249:at JewishEncyclopedia.com
4186:at JewishEncyclopedia.com
4173:at JewishEncyclopedia.com
4160:at JewishEncyclopedia.com
4147:at JewishEncyclopedia.com
4134:at JewishEncyclopedia.com
4122:at JewishEncyclopedia.com
4094:at JewishEncyclopedia.com
3967:Jewish Historical Studies
3918:10.1007/s10602-010-9087-3
2633:employed the services of
623:Hinduism and Judaism
4196:Genealogy Data Page 1948
3756:
3637:Mayer Amschel Rothschild
3602:Joachim Edler von Popper
3477:, richest Jew in Hamburg
2972:as court factor by King
2964:, was a court factor of
2533:Mayer Amschel Rothschild
2381:Europe, particularly in
449:Temple in Jerusalem
142:Bar and bat mitzvah
4377:The Jewish Encyclopedia
4259:Krauss, Samuel (1926).
3687:serves this purpose to
3542:Issachar Berend Lehmann
3424:John I Albert of Poland
3339:'s seventieth birthday.
3110:Amson Solomon Seligmann
2984:Intrigues of court Jews
2549:Jews in the Middle Ages
411:Twelve Tribes of Israel
4374:; et al. (eds.).
3616:Frederick II the Great
3561:Joseph Sßà Oppenheimer
3363:Examples of court Jews
3340:
2728:
2525:Joseph Sßà Oppenheimer
2430:
2394:
4334:Stern, Selma (1950).
3793:. London: Continuum.
3789:Tegel, Susan (2011).
3334:
2732:At the Austrian court
2726:
2604:Edward III of England
2592:Vivelin of Strasbourg
2485:Vivelin of Strasbourg
1157:SĂŁo TomĂŠ and PrĂncipe
1152:Republic of the Congo
546:Second Temple Judaism
417:Kingdom of Judah
388:Modern historiography
3664:Bernhard von Eskeles
3552:Baron Peter Shafirov
3536:Moses Benjamin Wulff
3485:MecklenburgâSchwerin
3258:improve this section
3148:improve this section
3016:improve this section
2868:Samuel zum Straussen
2764:improve this section
2537:Aron Elias Seligmann
2466:granted noble status
2259:World Agudath Israel
1400:United Arab Emirates
487:Second Temple period
477:Babylonian captivity
4205:, HeymannFamily.com
4143:Deutsch, Gotthard.
4092:Abrabanel/Abravanel
3769:around AD 1000â1250
3396:Sir Edward Brampton
3298:Zacharias Seligmann
3226:Other German courts
3186:The Great Elector,
2974:Augustus the Strong
2962:Bärmann Halberstadt
2913:(Wertheimher) from
2804:Holy Roman Emperors
2580:Josce of Gloucester
2500:absolute monarchies
552:Hellenistic Judaism
130:Land of Israel
89:Principles of faith
4227:on January 1, 2005
4201:2012-12-09 at the
4171:Samuel Oppenheimer
3691:and other nobles.
3500:Holy Roman Emperor
3496:Samuel Oppenheimer
3481:Moses Israel FĂźrst
3341:
3322:Moses Israel FĂźrst
3314:Michael Hinrichsen
3086:, and sent to the
2899:Samuel Oppenheimer
2864:Samuel zum Drachen
2824:Eleonora of Mantua
2729:
2596:Hundred Years' War
2529:Samuel BleichrĂśder
2113:Jewish Koine Greek
1655:Dominican Republic
936:Judaism by country
615:Jews and Christmas
470:Assyrian captivity
4184:Samson Wertheimer
4158:Leffmann Behrends
4043:www.judengasse.de
3939:Roth, N. (2002).
3511:Samson Wertheimer
3490:Leffmann Behrends
3411:(c. 1450âc. 1510)
3347:, court agent of
3324:, and whose son,
3310:Ruben Goldschmidt
3294:
3293:
3286:
3188:Frederick William
3184:
3183:
3176:
3116:The Great Elector
3052:
3051:
3044:
2978:Moses Bonaventura
2938:Leffmann Behrends
2911:Samson Wertheimer
2876:Frankfurt am Main
2808:House of Habsburg
2800:
2799:
2792:
2700:, and maintain a
2694:Holy Roman Empire
2608:Josef Goldschmidt
2521:Charles Alexander
2451:
2415:
2375:
2374:
2324:
2323:
2072:
2071:
1819:Reconstructionist
1763:
1762:
915:
914:
722:
721:
559:JewishâRoman wars
507:Hasmonean dynasty
423:Kingdom of Israel
327:
326:
16:(Redirected from
4417:
4381:
4363:
4362:
4349:
4330:
4318:
4299:
4292:
4286:
4285:
4279:
4271:
4256:
4250:
4243:
4237:
4236:
4234:
4232:
4223:. Archived from
4212:
4206:
4193:
4187:
4180:
4174:
4167:
4161:
4154:
4148:
4141:
4135:
4129:
4123:
4116:
4110:
4109:
4101:
4095:
4089:
4083:
4082:
4064:
4058:
4057:
4055:
4054:
4045:. Archived from
4035:
4029:
4028:
4010:
4004:
4003:
3990:
3984:
3983:
3961:
3955:
3954:
3936:
3930:
3929:
3901:
3892:
3891:
3863:
3857:
3856:
3836:
3830:
3829:
3811:
3805:
3804:
3786:
3770:
3767:
3655:Wolf Breidenbach
3430:Josel of Rosheim
3372:Aaron of Lincoln
3357:Elector of Hesse
3355:, factor to the
3353:Wolf Breidenbach
3326:Ruben Hinrichsen
3289:
3282:
3278:
3275:
3269:
3238:
3230:
3179:
3172:
3168:
3165:
3159:
3128:
3120:
3047:
3040:
3036:
3033:
3027:
2996:
2988:
2948:and of the duke
2901:, who went from
2854:; the physician
2848:Ventura Pariente
2836:Joseph Marburger
2828:Joseph Pincherle
2795:
2788:
2784:
2781:
2775:
2744:
2736:
2639:Joseph Pincherle
2616:
2588:Aaron of Lincoln
2498:The rise of the
2481:Aaron of Lincoln
2473:High Middle Ages
2456:
2446:
2444:
2420:
2410:
2408:
2367:
2360:
2353:
2216:
2215:
2097:
1918:
1912:
1893:
1857:
1856:
1804:
1751:New Zealand
1703:
1666:El Salvador
1656:
1588:Northern America
1580:
1174:
930:
929:
841:Crimean Karaites
737:
736:
715:
713:
634:
632:
624:
618:
609:
597:Rabbinic Judaism
578:
572:
566:
554:
542:
508:
501:Maccabean Revolt
478:
471:
465:
457:
450:
444:
436:
418:
342:
341:
316:
211:
210:
143:
131:
30:
29:
21:
4425:
4424:
4420:
4419:
4418:
4416:
4415:
4414:
4385:
4384:
4372:Singer, Isidore
4360:
4356:
4346:
4327:
4307:
4305:Further reading
4302:
4296:Israel Jacobson
4293:
4289:
4273:
4272:
4257:
4253:
4244:
4240:
4230:
4228:
4221:users.qwest.net
4213:
4209:
4203:Wayback Machine
4194:
4190:
4181:
4177:
4168:
4164:
4155:
4151:
4142:
4138:
4130:
4126:
4117:
4113:
4102:
4098:
4090:
4086:
4079:
4065:
4061:
4052:
4050:
4037:
4036:
4032:
4025:
4011:
4007:
3991:
3987:
3962:
3958:
3951:
3937:
3933:
3902:
3895:
3884:
3864:
3860:
3853:
3837:
3833:
3826:
3812:
3808:
3801:
3787:
3783:
3779:
3774:
3773:
3768:
3764:
3759:
3711:Jewish heraldry
3697:
3646:Israel Jacobson
3631:Karoline Kaulla
3556:Peter the Great
3505:Esther Liebmann
3453:Mordecai Meisel
3390:Isaac Abravanel
3378:Elias of London
3365:
3345:Israel Jacobson
3290:
3279:
3273:
3270:
3255:
3239:
3228:
3200:Solomon Fränkel
3180:
3169:
3163:
3160:
3145:
3129:
3118:
3098:Gabriel Fränkel
3048:
3037:
3031:
3028:
3013:
2997:
2986:
2954:Mordecai Gumpel
2946:Ernest Augustus
2880:Mordecai Meisel
2796:
2785:
2779:
2776:
2761:
2745:
2734:
2660:At the dawn of
2651:Jacob Marburger
2610:
2598:â lent 340,000
2582:, who financed
2551:
2545:
2512:Christian world
2442:ק×Öˇ××¨× ×¤×֡ק××֡ר
2371:
2326:
2325:
2213:
2203:
2202:
2193:Judeo-Malayalam
2173:Judaeo-Georgian
2093:
2084:
2074:
2073:
1974:Yiddish theatre
1916:
1854:
1844:
1843:
1802:
1775:
1765:
1764:
1701:
1654:
1578:
1172:
956:Genetic studies
927:
917:
916:
734:
724:
723:
711:
710:
630:
629:
622:
612:
607:
589:and Middle Ages
587:Rabbinic period
574:
568:
561:
549:
520:
506:
476:
469:
460:
452:
448:
439:
434:in Judaism
431:
416:
339:
329:
328:
208:
198:
197:
141:
129:
74:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4423:
4413:
4412:
4410:Jewish bankers
4407:
4402:
4397:
4383:
4382:
4355:
4354:External links
4352:
4351:
4350:
4344:
4331:
4325:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4300:
4287:
4251:
4238:
4207:
4188:
4175:
4162:
4149:
4136:
4124:
4111:
4096:
4084:
4077:
4059:
4030:
4024:978-1400846092
4023:
4005:
3985:
3956:
3949:
3931:
3912:(4): 374â406.
3893:
3882:
3858:
3851:
3831:
3824:
3806:
3799:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3772:
3771:
3761:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3754:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3726:Landesrabbiner
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3696:
3693:
3675:
3674:
3661:
3652:
3643:
3634:
3628:
3625:Raphael Kaulla
3622:
3609:
3599:
3589:
3580:
3567:
3558:
3549:
3539:
3533:
3508:
3502:
3493:
3487:
3478:
3468:
3462:
3459:Abramo Colorni
3456:
3450:
3444:Ottoman Empire
3437:
3427:
3412:
3409:Abraham Zacuto
3406:
3400:King Edward IV
3393:
3387:
3384:Abraham Senior
3381:
3380:(13th century)
3375:
3374:(12th century)
3364:
3361:
3292:
3291:
3242:
3240:
3233:
3227:
3224:
3182:
3181:
3132:
3130:
3123:
3117:
3114:
3076:Isaiah Fränkel
3050:
3049:
3000:
2998:
2991:
2985:
2982:
2960:, called also
2958:Behrend Lehman
2892:von Treuenberg
2856:Elijah Chalfon
2798:
2797:
2748:
2746:
2739:
2733:
2730:
2568:monopoly rents
2544:
2541:
2491:, ammunition,
2477:money changers
2373:
2372:
2370:
2369:
2362:
2355:
2347:
2344:
2343:
2342:
2341:
2336:
2328:
2327:
2322:
2321:
2320:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2271:
2270:
2264:
2263:
2262:
2261:
2256:
2254:Territorialism
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2223:
2222:
2214:
2209:
2208:
2205:
2204:
2201:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2138:Judaeo-Spanish
2135:
2133:Judaeo-Iranian
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2099:
2098:
2085:
2080:
2079:
2076:
2075:
2070:
2069:
2068:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2049:
2048:
2042:
2041:
2040:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1996:
1995:
1989:
1988:
1987:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1963:
1962:
1956:
1955:
1954:
1953:
1948:
1940:
1939:
1933:
1932:
1931:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1913:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1862:
1861:
1855:
1850:
1849:
1846:
1845:
1842:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1799:
1798:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1776:
1771:
1770:
1767:
1766:
1761:
1760:
1759:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1730:
1729:
1723:
1722:
1721:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1618:
1617:
1611:
1610:
1609:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1590:
1589:
1585:
1584:
1583:
1582:
1579:United Kingdom
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1427:
1426:
1420:
1419:
1418:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1219:
1218:
1214:
1213:
1212:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1012:Bilad-el-Sudan
1009:
1004:
996:
995:
989:
988:
987:
986:
981:
976:
968:
967:
965:Land of Israel
961:
960:
959:
958:
953:
948:
943:
938:
928:
923:
922:
919:
918:
913:
912:
911:
910:
905:
900:
895:
894:
893:
888:
883:
878:
873:
863:
858:
853:
848:
843:
838:
833:
825:
824:
823:Related groups
820:
819:
818:
817:
812:
807:
802:
797:
792:
787:
782:
777:
772:
767:
762:
757:
756:
755:
750:
735:
730:
729:
726:
725:
720:
719:
718:
717:
707:
702:
697:
692:
687:
682:
680:Jewish atheism
677:
672:
667:
659:
658:
654:
653:
652:
651:
646:
641:
636:
631:IslamicâJewish
626:
619:
604:
599:
591:
590:
583:
582:
581:
580:
556:
543:
515:
510:
503:
498:
496:Yehud Medinata
490:
489:
483:
482:
481:
480:
473:
466:
458:
445:
437:
425:
420:
413:
405:
404:
402:Ancient Israel
398:
397:
396:
395:
390:
385:
380:
375:
370:
365:
360:
358:Land of Israel
355:
347:
346:
340:
335:
334:
331:
330:
325:
324:
323:
322:
317:
313:Shulchan Aruch
308:
303:
298:
293:
285:
284:
283:
282:
277:
269:
268:
262:
261:
260:
259:
254:
246:
245:
239:
238:
237:
236:
231:
226:
218:
217:
209:
204:
203:
200:
199:
196:
195:
190:
185:
180:
175:
170:
165:
160:
155:
150:
145:
138:
133:
126:
121:
116:
111:
106:
101:
91:
86:
79:God in Judaism
75:
70:
69:
66:
65:
64:
63:
58:
50:
49:
39:
38:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4422:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4392:
4390:
4379:
4378:
4373:
4369:
4358:
4357:
4347:
4345:0-88738-019-0
4341:
4337:
4332:
4328:
4322:
4317:
4316:
4309:
4308:
4297:
4291:
4283:
4277:
4269:
4268:
4262:
4255:
4248:
4242:
4226:
4222:
4218:
4211:
4204:
4200:
4197:
4192:
4185:
4179:
4172:
4166:
4159:
4153:
4146:
4140:
4133:
4128:
4121:
4115:
4107:
4100:
4093:
4088:
4080:
4078:3-7913-1624-9
4074:
4070:
4063:
4049:on 2013-02-07
4048:
4044:
4040:
4034:
4026:
4020:
4016:
4009:
4001:
4000:
3995:
3989:
3981:
3977:
3973:
3969:
3968:
3960:
3952:
3946:
3942:
3935:
3927:
3923:
3919:
3915:
3911:
3907:
3900:
3898:
3890:
3885:
3879:
3875:
3871:
3870:
3862:
3854:
3848:
3844:
3843:
3835:
3827:
3825:3-7913-1624-9
3821:
3817:
3810:
3802:
3800:9781847250179
3796:
3792:
3785:
3781:
3766:
3762:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3698:
3692:
3690:
3686:
3685:
3680:
3673:
3669:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3638:
3635:
3632:
3629:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3617:
3613:
3610:
3607:
3603:
3600:
3597:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3575:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3553:
3550:
3547:
3543:
3540:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3516:
3512:
3509:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3497:
3494:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3482:
3479:
3476:
3472:
3469:
3466:
3465:Jacob Bassevi
3463:
3460:
3457:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3448:Duke of Naxos
3445:
3441:
3438:
3436:) (1476â1554)
3435:
3431:
3428:
3425:
3421:
3417:
3416:Rachel Fishel
3413:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3394:
3391:
3388:
3385:
3382:
3379:
3376:
3373:
3370:
3369:
3368:
3360:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3338:
3333:
3329:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3302:Hesse-Homburg
3299:
3288:
3285:
3277:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3253:
3252:
3248:
3243:This section
3241:
3237:
3232:
3231:
3223:
3221:
3217:
3216:Frederick III
3213:
3209:
3208:Markus Magnus
3205:
3204:Jost Liebmann
3201:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3178:
3175:
3167:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3143:
3142:
3138:
3133:This section
3131:
3127:
3122:
3121:
3113:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3068:Elkan Fränkel
3065:
3061:
3057:
3046:
3043:
3035:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3011:
3010:
3006:
3001:This section
2999:
2995:
2990:
2989:
2981:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2934:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2895:
2893:
2889:
2888:Jacob Bassevi
2885:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2794:
2791:
2783:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2759:
2758:
2754:
2749:This section
2747:
2743:
2738:
2737:
2725:
2721:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2698:Jewish ritual
2695:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2682:court marshal
2679:
2675:
2670:
2667:
2666:Sephardi Jews
2664:, while most
2663:
2658:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2635:Jacob Bassevi
2632:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2614:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2575:
2573:
2569:
2564:
2561:universally,
2560:
2556:
2550:
2540:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2496:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2469:
2467:
2463:
2460:
2455:
2449:
2443:
2438:
2434:
2433:
2428:
2424:
2419:
2413:
2407:
2402:
2398:
2397:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2368:
2363:
2361:
2356:
2354:
2349:
2348:
2346:
2345:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2331:
2330:
2329:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2274:
2273:
2272:
2269:
2266:
2265:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2226:
2225:
2224:
2221:
2218:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2206:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2178:Judeo-Aramaic
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2168:Judeo-Italian
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2148:GhardaĂŻa Sign
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2096:
2092:
2091:
2090:
2087:
2086:
2083:
2078:
2077:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2052:
2051:
2050:
2047:
2044:
2043:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1999:
1998:
1997:
1994:
1991:
1990:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1966:
1965:
1964:
1961:
1958:
1957:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1943:
1942:
1941:
1938:
1935:
1934:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1914:
1911:
1910:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1892:
1891:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1865:
1864:
1863:
1859:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1847:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1800:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1782:
1781:
1778:
1777:
1774:
1773:Denominations
1769:
1768:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1733:
1732:
1731:
1728:
1725:
1724:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1621:
1620:
1619:
1616:
1613:
1612:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1601:United States
1599:
1597:
1594:
1593:
1592:
1591:
1587:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1430:
1429:
1428:
1425:
1422:
1421:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1222:
1221:
1220:
1216:
1215:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1087:Guinea-Bissau
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
999:
998:
997:
994:
991:
990:
985:
982:
980:
977:
975:
972:
971:
970:
969:
966:
963:
962:
957:
954:
952:
949:
947:
944:
942:
941:Lists of Jews
939:
937:
934:
933:
932:
931:
926:
921:
920:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
892:
889:
887:
884:
882:
879:
877:
874:
872:
869:
868:
867:
864:
862:
859:
857:
854:
852:
849:
847:
844:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
828:
827:
826:
822:
821:
816:
813:
811:
808:
806:
803:
801:
798:
796:
793:
791:
788:
786:
783:
781:
778:
776:
773:
771:
768:
766:
763:
761:
758:
754:
751:
749:
746:
745:
744:
741:
740:
739:
738:
733:
728:
727:
716:
708:
706:
703:
701:
700:The Holocaust
698:
696:
693:
691:
688:
686:
683:
681:
678:
676:
673:
671:
668:
666:
663:
662:
661:
660:
656:
655:
650:
647:
645:
642:
640:
637:
635:
627:
625:
620:
616:
610:
605:
603:
600:
598:
595:
594:
593:
592:
588:
585:
584:
577:
571:
565:
560:
557:
553:
547:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
519:
516:
514:
511:
509:
504:
502:
499:
497:
494:
493:
492:
491:
488:
485:
484:
479:
474:
472:
467:
463:
459:
456:
451:
446:
442:
438:
435:
429:
426:
424:
421:
419:
414:
412:
409:
408:
407:
406:
403:
400:
399:
394:
391:
389:
386:
384:
381:
379:
376:
374:
371:
369:
366:
364:
361:
359:
356:
354:
351:
350:
349:
348:
344:
343:
338:
333:
332:
321:
318:
315:
314:
309:
307:
304:
302:
301:Mishneh Torah
299:
297:
294:
292:
289:
288:
287:
286:
281:
278:
276:
273:
272:
271:
270:
267:
264:
263:
258:
255:
253:
250:
249:
248:
247:
244:
241:
240:
235:
232:
230:
227:
225:
222:
221:
220:
219:
216:
213:
212:
207:
202:
201:
194:
191:
189:
186:
184:
181:
179:
176:
174:
171:
169:
166:
164:
161:
159:
156:
154:
151:
149:
146:
144:
139:
137:
134:
132:
127:
125:
122:
120:
117:
115:
112:
110:
107:
105:
102:
99:
95:
92:
90:
87:
84:
80:
77:
76:
73:
68:
67:
62:
61:Who is a Jew?
59:
57:
54:
53:
52:
51:
48:
44:
41:
40:
36:
32:
31:
19:
4400:Court titles
4375:
4368:"Court Jews"
4335:
4314:
4290:
4264:
4260:
4254:
4241:
4229:. Retrieved
4225:the original
4220:
4210:
4191:
4178:
4165:
4152:
4139:
4127:
4114:
4105:
4099:
4087:
4068:
4062:
4051:. Retrieved
4047:the original
4042:
4033:
4014:
4008:
3998:
3988:
3971:
3965:
3959:
3940:
3934:
3909:
3905:
3887:
3868:
3861:
3841:
3834:
3815:
3809:
3790:
3784:
3765:
3706:Hakham Bashi
3682:
3679:Walter Scott
3676:
3612:Daniel Itzig
3583:LĂśw Sinzheim
3572:(â 1740) of
3471:Chajim FĂźrst
3366:
3342:
3337:Daniel Itzig
3312:of Hamburg;
3295:
3280:
3271:
3256:Please help
3244:
3198:(1675), and
3196:Berend Wulff
3185:
3170:
3161:
3146:Please help
3134:
3092:
3053:
3038:
3029:
3014:Please help
3002:
2961:
2935:
2896:
2891:
2834:; Moses and
2812:Ferdinand II
2801:
2786:
2777:
2762:Please help
2750:
2720:collectors.
2671:
2662:mercantilism
2659:
2576:
2552:
2497:
2470:
2454:kourt faktor
2441:
2431:
2423:court factor
2422:
2405:
2395:
2386:
2379:early modern
2376:
2317:Post-Zionism
2188:Judeo-Berber
2183:Judeo-Arabic
2143:Judeo-Gascon
1890:Pidyon haben
1809:Conservative
1355:Saudi Arabia
1173:South Africa
1162:Sierra Leone
984:Israeli Jews
898:Mosaic Arabs
851:Kaifeng Jews
712:ArabâIsraeli
685:Emancipation
564:Great Revolt
373:Anti-Judaism
368:Antisemitism
363:Name "Judea"
158:Baal teshuva
4215:gasuzanne.
3889:financiers.
3716:Jewish oath
3701:Crown rabbi
3689:Prince John
3548:(1661â1730)
3538:(1661-1729)
3515:chief rabbi
3461:(1544-1599)
3440:Joseph Nasi
3386:(1412â1493)
3306:Mecklenburg
3072:circumspect
2686:Jews' badge
2637:of Prague,
2611: [
2517:WĂźrttemberg
2312:Revisionist
2302:Neo-Zionism
1909:Zeved habat
1702:Puerto Rico
1528:Netherlands
1360:South Korea
1345:Philippines
1225:Afghanistan
1092:Ivory Coast
866:Crypto-Jews
831:Bnei Anusim
810:Bene Israel
775:Beta Israel
732:Communities
639:Middle Ages
378:Persecution
153:Bereavement
4395:Court Jews
4389:Categories
4326:0198219288
4053:2013-07-02
3994:Cecil Roth
3974:: 41â112.
3950:0415937124
3883:0674397304
3852:0827600674
3777:References
3751:Useful Jew
3741:Schutzjude
3570:Aaron Beer
3531:Eisenstadt
3414:Moses and
3335:Medal for
3318:GlĂźckstadt
3212:Liebmannin
3106:LĂśw Israel
3094:David Rost
3064:Marx Model
2903:Heidelberg
2714:Christians
2678:treasurers
2572:expulsions
2557:condemned
2547:See also:
2543:Background
2297:Maximalism
2249:Secularism
2229:Autonomism
2046:Literature
1839:Humanistic
1443:Azerbaijan
1405:Uzbekistan
1380:Tajikistan
1300:Kyrgyzstan
1285:Kazakhstan
1132:Mozambique
1107:Madagascar
1027:Cape Verde
979:New Yishuv
974:Old Yishuv
925:Population
903:Subbotniks
861:Samaritans
800:Romanyotim
743:Ashkenazim
690:Old Yishuv
670:Sabbateans
657:Modern era
649:Golden Age
576:Bar Kokhba
296:Beit Yosef
163:Philosophy
18:Court Jews
4276:cite book
3668:Joseph II
3650:Brunswick
3606:Habsburgs
3596:Joseph II
3578:Frankfurt
3349:Brunswick
3245:does not
3135:does not
3080:pilloried
3056:margraves
3003:does not
2820:Ber Mayer
2806:from the
2751:does not
2706:wholesale
2674:purveyors
2631:Habsburgs
2619:Frankfurt
2563:canon law
2504:Ashkenazi
2448:romanized
2432:Hoffaktor
2412:romanized
2387:court Jew
2307:Religious
2163:Zarphatic
2153:Bukharian
2123:Judeo-Tat
2108:Yeshivish
2082:Languages
2037:Sephardic
2027:Israelite
2017:Ethiopian
2007:Ashkenazi
1946:Religious
1736:Australia
1718:Venezuela
1624:Argentina
1606:Greenland
1518:Lithuania
1370:Sri Lanka
1365:Singapore
1290:Kurdistan
1255:Indonesia
1245:Hong Kong
1198:Abayudaya
1122:Mauritius
856:Igbo Jews
846:Krymchaks
765:Sephardim
633:relations
527:Sadducees
523:Pharisees
513:Sanhedrin
428:Jerusalem
188:Synagogue
56:Etymology
4199:Archived
3996:(1941).
3980:29780029
3746:Shtadlan
3721:Judenhut
3695:See also
3404:Guernsey
3274:May 2023
3164:May 2023
3112:(1763).
3102:Dessauer
3088:WĂźrzburg
3084:scourged
3032:May 2023
2919:electors
2844:Gradisca
2840:Morpurgo
2780:May 2023
2676:and the
2655:Gradisca
2457:) was a
2406:×××ף ×××
2334:Category
2292:Kahanism
2239:Feminism
2211:Politics
2095:Biblical
2065:American
2012:Bukharan
2002:American
1902:Shidduch
1878:Clothing
1834:Haymanot
1780:Orthodox
1708:Suriname
1691:Paraguay
1644:Colombia
1543:Portugal
1453:Bulgaria
1390:Thailand
1340:Pakistan
1320:Mongolia
1315:Malaysia
1235:Cambodia
1209:Zimbabwe
1184:Tanzania
1062:Eswatini
1052:Ethiopia
1042:Djibouti
1022:Cameroon
1017:Botswana
946:Diaspora
908:Noahides
881:Marranos
805:Cochinim
790:Bukharim
780:Gruzinim
770:Teimanim
760:Mizrahim
748:Galician
714:conflict
675:Hasidism
665:Haskalah
570:Diaspora
441:timeline
353:Timeline
266:Rabbinic
173:Kabbalah
148:Marriage
124:Tzedakah
114:Holidays
72:Religion
35:a series
33:Part of
4267:Bohemia
4231:May 22,
3926:7573759
3684:Ivanhoe
3523:Moravia
3519:Hungary
3475:Hamburg
3266:removed
3251:sources
3220:Prussia
3156:removed
3141:sources
3060:Ansbach
3024:removed
3009:sources
2970:Dresden
2942:Hanover
2852:Trieste
2816:Solomon
2772:removed
2757:sources
2690:Emperor
2643:Gorizia
2627:Imhoffs
2623:Fuggers
2600:florins
2450::
2437:Yiddish
2418:hoyf id
2414::
2401:Yiddish
2396:Hofjude
2383:Germany
2277:General
2268:Zionism
2244:Leftism
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1993:Cuisine
1969:Ancient
1951:Secular
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1873:Wedding
1860:Customs
1852:Culture
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1814:Karaite
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1727:Oceania
1713:Uruguay
1681:Jamaica
1661:Ecuador
1629:Bolivia
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1548:Romania
1523:Moldova
1503:Hungary
1493:Germany
1488:Georgia
1478:Finland
1473:Estonia
1468:Denmark
1463:Czechia
1448:Belarus
1438:Austria
1433:Armenia
1410:Vietnam
1325:Myanmar
1310:Lebanon
1230:Bahrain
1189:Tunisia
1167:Somalia
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1127:Morocco
1057:Eritrea
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785:Juhurim
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644:Khazars
539:Sicarii
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383:Leaders
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337:History
280:Tosefta
275:Midrash
252:Mishnah
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1194:Uganda
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1350:Qatar
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