Council of Jerusalem

1967:

gentiles should have some observances in common with Jews, and occasion would be offered of coming together in one worship and faith of God and a cause of dissension might be removed, since by ancient custom blood and strangled things seemed abominable to Jews, and gentiles could be thought to be returning to idolatry if they ate sacrificial food. In places, however, where the Christian religion has been promulgated to such an extent that no Jew is to be met with and all have joined the church, uniformly practicing the same rites and ceremonies of the gospel and believing that to the clean all things are clean, since the cause of that apostolic prohibition has ceased, so its effect has ceased.

2755:"There is an increasing trend among scholars toward considering the Jerusalem Council as historical event. An overwhelming majority identifies the reference to the Jerusalem Council in Acts 15 with Paul's account in Gal. 2.1–10, and this accord is not just limited to the historicity of the gathering alone but extends also to the authenticity of the arguments deriving from the Jerusalem church itself.", Philip, "The Origins of Pauline Pneumatology: the Eschatological Bestowal of the Spirit", Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament 2, Reihe, p. 205 (2005). Mohr Siebeck. 3841:

made by the Mosaic Law between clean and unclean foods belongs to the ceremonial laws which have passed away with the coming of the Gospel…. So it declares that no kind of food is to be condemned which human society regards as food, and no distinction is to be made between animals on the basis of gender or the manner of their death. However many things which are not forbidden may and should be given up for the health of the body, the practice of virtue, and regular Church discipline. As the Apostle says: 'All things are permitted, but not all are expedient.'

3524:"Sahlin rejects the historicity of Acts completely (Der Messias und das Gottesvolk ). Haenchen's view is that the Apostolic Council "is an imaginary construction answering to no historical reality" (The Acts of the Apostles , p. 463). Dibelius' view (Studies in the Acts of the Apostles , pp. 93–101) is that Luke's treatment is literary-theological and can make no claim to historical worth.", Mounce, "Apostolic Council", in Bromiley (ed.) "The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia", volume 1, p. 200 (rev. ed. 2001). Wm. B. Eerdmans. 1455: 3533:"The present writer accepts its basic historicity, i.e. that there was an event at Jerusalem concerning the matter of the entry of the Gentiles into the Christian community, but would be circumspect about going much further than that. For a robust defence of its historicity, see Bauckham, "James", and the relevant literature cited there.", Paget, "Jewish Christianity", in Horbury, et al., "The Cambridge History of Judaism: The Early Roman Period", volume 3, p. 744 (2008). Cambridge University Press. 210: 853: 2005: 1798: 3714:(Yeb. 46b, 47b; Ker. 9a; 'Ab. Zarah 57a; Shab. 135a; Yer. Kid. iii. 14, 64d). Circumcision, however, was much more important, and, like baptism, was called a "seal" (Schlatter, "Die Kirche Jerusalems," 1898, p. 70). But as circumcision was discarded by Christianity, and the sacrifices had ceased, Baptism remained the sole condition for initiation into religious life. The next ceremony, adopted shortly after the others, was the 1786: 3515:"However, numerous scholars have challenged the historicity of the Jerusalem Council as related by Acts, Paul's presence there in the manner that Luke describes, the issue of idol-food being thrust on Paul's Gentile mission, and the historical reliability of Acts in general.", Fotopolous, "Food Offered to Idols in Roman Corinth: a socio-rhetorical reconsideration", pp. 181–182 (2003). Mohr Siebeck. 3443:. p. 292. "He chided Paul later for his failure to require the Gentiles to observe the decree (Acts 21:25). Paul delivered the letter from the Jerusalem meeting expressing James's decree, but only to churches in Syria, Cilicia and Galatia ... Paul did not impose the food requirements for the kosher-killed meat and against the idol-sacrificed meat upon the Corinthians" 3778:, where he states that the Apostles had given this command in order to unite the heathens and Jews in the one ark of Noah; but that then, when the barrier between Jewish and heathen converts had fallen, this command concerning things strangled and blood had lost its meaning, and was only observed by few. But still, as late as the eighth century, 2182:, where he states that the Apostles had given this command in order to unite the heathens and Jews in the one ark of Noah; but that then, when the barrier between Jewish and heathen converts had fallen, this command concerning things strangled and blood had lost its meaning, and was only observed by few. But still, as late as the eighth century, 3488:"Paul's account of the Jerusalem Council in Galatians 2 and the account of it recorded in Acts have been considered by some scholars as being in open contradiction.", Paget, "Jewish Christianity", in Horbury, et al., "The Cambridge History of Judaism: The Early Roman Period", volume 3, p. 744 (2008). Cambridge University Press. 3824:: 18. And also that that prohibition of the Apostles of foods sacrificed to idols, and of blood, and of what has been strangled was suited to that time, so that matter for dissension between Jews and Gentiles might be taken away. With the cause of that Apostolic prohibition coming to an end, the effect came to an end also. 1369:

idols, and from blood, and from what has been strangled, and from sexual immorality". In the view of some scholars, the reminder of James and the elders here is an expression of concern that Paul was not fully teaching the decision of the Jerusalem Council's letter to Gentiles, particularly in regard to non-strangled

3786:, can be of greater and more unchanging force than the decree of that first council, held by the Holy Apostles at Jerusalem, and the fact that its decree has been obsolete for centuries in the West is proof that even Ecumenical canons may be of only temporary utility and may be repealed by disuse, like other laws." 2190:, can be of greater and more unchanging force than the decree of that first council, held by the Holy Apostles at Jerusalem, and the fact that its decree has been obsolete for centuries in the West is proof that even Ecumenical canons may be of only temporary utility and may be repealed by disuse, like other laws." 152: 1871:

For great as was the success of Barnabas and Paul in the heathen world, the authorities in Jerusalem insisted upon circumcision as the condition of admission of members into the church, until, on the initiative of Peter, and of James, the head of the Jerusalem church, it was agreed that acceptance of

1391:

The description of the Apostolic Council in Acts 15, generally considered the same event described in Galatians 2, is considered by some scholars to be contradictory to the Galatians account. The historicity of Luke's in Acts account has been challenged and was rejected by some scholars in the mid to

1230:

The primary issue which was addressed related to the requirement of circumcision, as the author of Acts relates, but other important matters arose as well, as the Apostolic Decree indicates. The dispute was between those such as the followers of the "Pillars of the Church", led by James, who believed

3840:

of the Council of Florence reads: "The holy Roman Church firmly believes, professes, and preaches that every creature of God is good and not to be rejected if it is taken with thanks. According to the Lord's word, a man is not defiled by what enters his mouth. The Church affirms that the distinction

3741:

Canon 67: "Divine Scripture has commanded us to ‘abstain from blood, and strangled flesh and fornication’ (Gen 9:3-4, Lev 17 & 18:3, Acts 15: 28-29). We therefore suitably penance those who on account of their dainty stomach eat the blood of any animal after they have rendered it eatable by some

3479:"In spite of the presence of discrepancies between these two accounts, most scholars agree that they do in fact refer to the same event.", Paget, "Jewish Christianity", in Horbury, et al., "The Cambridge History of Judaism: The Early Roman Period", volume 3, p. 744 (2008). Cambridge University Press. 1368:

Jewish converts to Christianity "to forsake Moses, telling them not to circumcise their children or walk according to our customs." They remind the assembly that, "as for the Gentiles who have believed, we have sent a letter with our judgment that they should abstain from what has been sacrificed to

1966:

also declares that the apostolic prohibition, to abstain from what has been sacrificed to idols and from blood and from what is strangled, was suited to that time when a single church was rising from Jews and gentiles, who previously lived with different ceremonies and customs. This was so that the

1404:

In conclusion, therefore, it appears that the least unsatisfactory solution of the complicated textual and exegetical problems of the Apostolic Decree is to regard the fourfold decree as original (foods offered to idols, strangled meat, eating blood, and unchastity—whether ritual or moral), and to

1359:

The author of Acts gives an account of a restatement by James and the elders in Jerusalem of the contents of the letter on the occasion of Paul's final Jerusalem visit, immediately prior to Paul's arrest at the temple, recounting: "When we had come to Jerusalem, the brothers received us gladly. On

1294:

It is my judgment, therefore, that we should not make it difficult for the Gentiles who are turning to God. Instead we should write to them, telling them to abstain from food polluted by idols, from sexual immorality, from the meat of strangled animals and from blood. For the law of Moses has been

3731:

Canon 63: "If any bishop, or presbyter or deacon or anyone else on the sacerdotal list at all, eat meat in the blood of its soul, or that has been killed by a wild beast, or that has died a natural death, let him be deposed. For the Law has forbidden this. But if any layman do the same let him be

3452:

1 Corinthians: a new translation Volume 32 Anchor Bible William Fridell Orr, James Arthur Walther – 1976 "Paul's openness regarding dietary restrictions raises again the question of the connection with the decrees of the council at Jerusalem (Acts 15:29; Introduction, pp. 63–65). There is no hint

1355:

and we ourselves have favored adding no further burden to you, except these necessary things, to abstain from things sacrificed to idols, and from blood, and from things strangled, and from fornication. If you carefully keep yourselves from these things, you will prosper." (Acts 15:27–28) This

1405:

explain the two forms of the threefold decree in some such way as those suggested above. An extensive literature exists on the text and exegesis of the Apostolic Decree. ... According to Jacques Dupont, "Present day scholarship is practically unanimous in considering the

2128:), or participation in pagan worship which had long been described by Old Testament prophets as spiritual adultery and which, in fact, offered opportunity in many temples for religious prostitution"; "An extensive literature exists on the text and exegesis"; 3506:"The historicity of Luke's account in Acts 15 has been questioned on a number of grounds.", Paget, "Jewish Christianity", in Horbury, et al., "The Cambridge History of Judaism: The Early Roman Period", volume 3, p. 744 (2008). Cambridge University Press. 3119:("making themselves foreskins"; I Macc. i. 15; Josephus, "Ant." xii. 5, § 1; Assumptio Mosis, viii.; I Cor. vii. 18; Tosef., Shab. xv. 9; Yeb. 72a, b; Yer. Peah i. 16b; Yeb. viii. 9a). All the more did the law-observing Jews defy the edict of 3497:"There is a very strong case against the historicity of Luke's account of the Apostolic Council", Esler, "Community and Gospel in Luke-Acts: The Social and Political Motivations of Lucan Theology", p. 97 (1989). Cambridge University Press. 1842:

The Council of Jerusalem retained the prohibitions on eating blood, meat containing blood, and meat of animals that were strangled, and on fornication and idolatry. The resulting Apostolic Decree in Acts 15 may simply parallel the

2841:: "Then we lose sight of James till St. Paul, three years after his conversion (A.D. 37), went up to Jerusalem. ... On the same occasion, the "pillars" of the Church, James, Peter, and John "gave to me (Paul) and Barnabas the 3742:

art. If therefore anyone from now on should attempt to eat the blood of any animal in any way whatsoever, if he be a clergyman, let him be deposed from office; but if he be a layman let him be excommunicated. "

2730:

or a different event is not agreed. Paul writes of laying his gospel before the others "privately", not in a Council. It has been argued that Galatians was written as Paul was on his way to the Council (see

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Contact with Grecian life, especially at the games of the arena , made this distinction obnoxious to the Hellenists, or antinationalists; and the consequence was their attempt to appear like the Greeks by

3782:(731) forbade the eating of blood or things strangled under threat of a penance of forty days. No one will pretend that the disciplinary enactments of any council, even though it be one of the undisputed 2186:(731) forbade the eating of blood or things strangled under threat of a penance of forty days. No one will pretend that the disciplinary enactments of any council, even though it be one of the undisputed 1290:). James added his own words to the quotation: "Known to God from eternity are all His works" and then submitted a proposal, which was accepted by the Church and became known as the Apostolic Decree: 2526: 6129: 1239:)), and Paul the Apostle, who called himself "Apostle to the Gentiles", who believed there was no such necessity. The main concern for Paul, which he subsequently expressed in greater detail with 1392:

late 20th century. However, more recent scholarship inclines towards treating the Jerusalem Council and its rulings as a historical event, though this is sometimes expressed with caution.

3185:. Page 174: "In effect, they seemed to regard Christianity as an affirmation of every aspect of contemporary Judaism, with the addition of one extra belief — that Jesus was the Messiah." 1872:

the Noachian Laws—namely, regarding avoidance of idolatry, fornication, and the eating of flesh cut from a living animal—should be demanded of the heathen desirous of entering the Church.

1851:, and thus be a commonality rather than a differential. However, modern scholars dispute the connection between Acts 15 and the seven Noahide laws. The Apostolic Decree may have been a 3762:, the rule of the Apostolic Synod with regard to blood and things strangled was still in force. With the Greeks, indeed, it continued always in force as their Euchologies still show. 3160:

portrays the foreskin, often drawn in meticulous detail, as an emblem of male beauty; and children with congenitally short foreskins were sometimes subjected to a treatment, known as

3123:

prohibiting circumcision (I Macc. i. 48, 60; ii. 46); and the Jewish women showed their loyalty to the Law, even at the risk of their lives, by themselves circumcising their sons.

5837: 2767:: "During the first Christian centuries the church at this place was the centre of Christianity in Jerusalem, "Holy and glorious Sion, mother of all churches" (Intercession in " 536: 3770:, expressly blames the Latins because they had ceased to observe this command. What the Latin Church, however, thought on this subject about the year 400, is shown by 2174:, expressly blames the Latins because they had ceased to observe this command. What the Latin Church, however, thought on this subject about the year 400, is shown by 6482: 5631: 5036: 996: 6695: 2864:"The Ideal Prepuce in Ancient Greece and Rome: Male Genital Aesthetics and Their Relation to Lipodermos, Circumcision, Foreskin Restoration, and the Kynodesme" 5041: 3722:

with oil, which at first also accompanied the act of Baptism, and was analogous to the anointment of priests among the Jews, was not a necessary condition."

3430:. Louisville: Westminster John Knox, p. iv. "According to Acts 21:25, the elders at Jerusalem were still concerned with observance of them when Paul last " 1339:

This determined questions wider than that of circumcision, particularly dietary questions, fornication, idolatry, and blood, as well as the application of

4865: 1386: 1168: 5101: 2108:: "the Apostolic Decree contain many problems concerning text and exegesis"; "it is possible (fornication means) marriage within the prohibited 2615:

Thiessen, Matthew (September 2014). Breytenbach, Cilliers; Thom, Johan (eds.). "Paul's Argument against Gentile Circumcision in Romans 2:17-29".

3659:

Bockmuehl, Markus (January 1995). "The Noachide Commandments and New Testament Ethics: with Special Reference to Acts 15 and Pauline Halakhah".

5847: 5594: 4241: 2044: 1643: 1454: 1095: 939: 101: 5406: 1829: 6114: 4875: 514: 6578: 561: 2771:", ed. Brightman, p. 54). Saint Mark of syriac orthodox church is also known as last supper church and believe first christian church. " 6151: 5255: 3921: 986: 977:(chapter 2). Some scholars dispute that Galatians 2 is about the Council of Jerusalem, while others have defended this identification. 6824: 5457: 4441: 4053: 6794: 6623: 6573: 5880: 5493: 2019: 1989: 1409:

of the decree as the only authentic text (in four items) and in interpreting its prescriptions in a sense not ethical but ritual" .

1225: 66: 3406: 1364:) The elders then proceed to notify Paul of what seems to have been a common concern among Jewish believers, that he was teaching 992: 5885: 4870: 881: 677: 583: 6730: 6598: 5842: 5750: 5481: 5401: 5349: 5147: 3553: 1638: 483: 364: 359: 1886:

gives it as his opinion that the original intention of Jesus, and especially of Paul, was to convert only the Gentiles to the

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both suggest that the meeting was called to debate the legitimacy of the evangelizing mission of Barnabas and Paul to the

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and to let the Jews follow the Mosaic law—which explains the apparent contradictions in the New Testament regarding the

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argues that they (Acts 15 and Galatians 2) are the same event but each from a different viewpoint with its own bias.

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likely held leadership positions in the surrounding area after the destruction of the city until its rebuilding as

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James the Brother of Jesus: The Key to Unlocking the Secrets of Early Christianity and the Dead Sea Scrolls.

3466:. p. 480. "Paul's 'rule' for everyday life in Corinth is a simple one: 'Eat anything sold in the meat market 3205: 5924: 4843: 3392: 2029: 1891: 1856: 1815: 1680: 1623: 1438: 1429: 4167:

Savelle, Charles. “A Reexamination of the Prohibitions in Acts 15.” Bibliotheca Ssacra 161 (2004): 449–68.

6288: 5934: 5919: 5905: 5812: 5802: 5292: 4853: 4822: 4661: 4552: 4522: 2397: 2393: 2377: 2162:, the rule of the Apostolic Synod with regard to blood and things strangled was still in force. With the 1356:

Apostolic Decree was considered binding on all the other local Christian congregations in other regions.

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also, the well-known commentator on the canons of the Middle Ages, in his commentary on the sixty-third

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also, the well-known commentator on the canons of the Middle Ages, in his commentary on the sixty-third

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the following day Paul went in with us to James, and all the elders were present." (Acts 21:17–18,

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Accounts of the council are found in Acts of the Apostles (chapter 15 in two different forms, the

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Keener, Craig S. Acts: An Exegetical Commentary: Volume 3, 15:1–23:35. Grand Rapids: Baker, 2014.

3960: 3944: 3928: 3912: 3710:, next to circumcision and sacrifice, was an absolutely necessary condition to be fulfilled by a 2804: 2556: 2474: 2293: 2125: 2079: 1912: 1863: 1759: 1697: 1687: 1024: 947: 943: 771: 756: 706: 541: 341: 329: 310: 178: 155: 81: 70: 54: 50: 1962:

to have been obsolete when the distinction between Jewish and gentile converts had disappeared:

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who had become believers stated that it was "needful to circumcise and to command to keep the

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preached in every city from the earliest times and is read in the synagogues on every Sabbath.

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Professio Orthodoxae Fidei ab orientalibus facienda, Congregatio De Propaganda Fide, 1642

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This article is about the 1st-century council of early Christianity. For other uses, see

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has pollution of idolatrous sacrifices, unchastity, meat of strangled animals, blood;

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Imperial Rome and Christian Triumph: Oxford History of Early Non-Pauline Christianity

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while standing on one foot cited the negative form of the Golden Rule, also cited in

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Men and movements in the primitive church: Studies in early non-Pauline Christianity

3380: 2904: 1322:("and whatever things ye would not have done to yourselves, do not do to another"). 6313: 6253: 5641: 5626: 5327: 5307: 5302: 5285: 5265: 4971: 4691: 4632: 4627: 4617: 4572: 4492: 4456: 3868: 3779: 3609: 3345: 3234: 3043: 2983: 2947: 2884: 2808: 2736: 2732: 2634: 2630: 2578: 2478: 2445: 2297: 2199: 2183: 2039: 1936: 1907: 1895: 1764: 1719: 1673: 1513: 1483: 1419: 1310:

sets out the content of the letter written in accordance with James' proposal. The

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What Saint Paul Really Said: Was Paul of Tarsus the Real Founder of Christianity?

3837: 3821: 3594:"Les lois noaẖides: Une mini-Torah pré-sinaïtique pour l'humanité et pour Israël" 3546: 3410: 3325: 3177:

McGrath, Alister E., Christianity: An Introduction. Blackwell Publishing (2006).

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has food polluted by idols, sexual immorality, meat of strangled animals, blood;

1980: 1911:

disputes the claim that the Apostolic Decree is based on the seven Noahide laws (

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Augustus to Constantine: The Rise and triumph of Christianity in the Roman World

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The purpose of the meeting, according to Acts, was to resolve a disagreement in

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has pollution from idols, unlawful marriage, meat of strangled animals, blood.

2132:

has things polluted by idols, fornication, whatever has been strangled, blood;

1790: 1498: 1279: 1150: 1115: 741: 617: 431: 222: 193: 3718:, which, it is known, was the usage of the Jews at the ordination of a rabbi. 3256: 3024:

Schultheiss, Dirk; Truss, Michael C.; Stief, Christian G.; Jonas, Udo (1998).

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Justification by Faith: The Origin and Development of a Central Pauline Theme

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Paul and the New Perspective: Second Thoughts on the Origin of Paul's Gospel

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Approaches to Ancient Judaism, New Series: Religious and Theological Studies

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The Acts of the Apostles: A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary

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went to Jerusalem to meet with the "Pillars of the Church": James the Just,

6618: 6548: 6426: 6235: 6206: 6073: 5770: 5513: 5472: 4751: 4198: 4065: 3614: 3593: 3238: 2896: 2563:(ed.). "Echoes of Intra-Jewish Polemic in Paul's Letter to the Galatians". 1924: 1573: 1340: 1274:), Barnabas and Paul gave an account of their ministry among the gentiles ( 1252: 1119: 1006: 930:

were not obligated to keep most of the rules prescribed to the Jews by the

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Lost Christianities: The Battle for Scripture and the Faiths We Never Knew

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Peter, Stephen, James and John: Studies in Early Non-Pauline Christianity

3226: 3153: 2784: 2273: 1883: 1488: 1352: 1319: 1083: 1056: 951: 85: 3690: 2845:; that we should go unto the Gentiles, and they unto the circumcision" ( 2662: 2166:, indeed, it continued always in force as their Euchologies still show. 6638: 6388: 6336: 6141: 5971: 5616: 5445: 5389: 5384: 4986: 4981: 4976: 4951: 4946: 4941: 4936: 4931: 4926: 4921: 4916: 4911: 4906: 4901: 4817: 4219: 3999: 3897: 3889: 3645: 3145: 2930:"Celsus' Decircumcision Operation: Medical and Historical Implications" 2598: 2498: 2230: 1628: 1538: 1377:, to "eat whatever is sold in the meat markets" (1 Corinthians 10:25). 1248: 1091: 997:

Circumcision controversy in early Christianity § Jewish background

931: 796: 446: 244: 151: 109: 3441:

Jesus & the Rise of Early Christianity: A History of New Testament

1935:

While the prohibitions of the Apostolic Decree were reiterated in the

1400:

includes a summary of current research on the topic as of about 1994:

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Perspectives Old and New on Paul: The "Lutheran" Paul and His Critics

4174:

Bulletin of the John Rylands Library, LII (1969–70), pp. 437–460

3719: 3298: 3217:

Black, C. Clifton; Smith, D. Moody; Spivey, Robert A., eds. (2019) .

2466: 2140:

has pollutions of the idols, whoredom, strangled thing, blood; Gaus'

2069: 1769: 1593: 1533: 1202: 1134: 1020: 3545:

For a clarification of "fourfold decree" vs "threefold decree", see

2582: 169:: "we should write to them to abstain only from things polluted by 6477: 6356: 5996: 5775: 5689: 5435: 5425: 5379: 5374: 5369: 4801: 4686: 4597: 4577: 4532: 4181:

The Journal of Theological Studies, 1939, pp. 133–146, 258–271

3996:

A cultural historian's dissenting view based on contemporary texts.

3763: 3383:. Gill's Exposition of the Whole Bible. Accessed 13 September 2015. 3162: 3116: 2943: 1365: 1129:

At the time, most followers of Jesus (which historians refer to as

1123: 1087: 1048: 451: 117: 4130:

Paul and Palestinian Judaism: A Comparison of Patterns of Religion

4087:

The Legend and the Apostle: The Battle for Paul in Story and Canon

1027:

was leader of the early Christian community in Jerusalem, and his

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The Beginnings of Christianity: Part I: The Acts of the Apostles

2506: 1098:, a practice that was considered execrable and repulsive in the 962:. The purpose and origin of these four prohibitions is debated. 5530: 5450: 5317: 4562: 4527: 4482: 4315: 4310: 4305: 4300: 4295: 4290: 4285: 4280: 4275: 3759: 3670: 3341: 3294: 2993: 2800: 2779: 2777: 2626: 2450:"The Apostle Paul and the Introspective Conscience of the West" 2289: 1902:

The 20th-century American Catholic priest and biblical scholar

1744: 1370: 1190: 658: 441: 3026:"Uncircumcision: A Historical Review of Preputial Restoration" 942:. The council did, however, retain the prohibitions on eating 6078: 4746: 4736: 4612: 4258: 3856:

Christ the End of the Law, Romans 10.4 in Pauline Perspective

3605: 2268: 2266: 2264: 2262: 2260: 2258: 2256: 2254: 2252: 2250: 2226: 2214: 2203: 1471: 1232: 1198: 239: 201: 2774: 2346:(Revised and expanded ed.). Doubleday. pp. 19–21. 4172:

The Apostolic Decree and its Setting in the Ancient Church.

2129: 938:

and other specific rituals, including the rules concerning

182: 3023: 2247: 1951:, though it is still nominally recognized and observed by 993:

Biblical law in Christianity § History and background

3758:

notes: "We further see that, at the time of the Synod of

3075: 2133: 1210: 1947:", according to the 19th-century German Catholic bishop 1373:

meat, which contrasts with Paul's advice to Gentiles in

158:, whose judgment was adopted in the Apostolic Decree of 3569:, 2nd edn, (NY: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, 1994), 382. 3552:, 1995, by Geoffrey W. Bromiley ("Apostolic Council"), 3093:"Circumcision: In Apocryphal and Rabbinical Literature" 1189:). The Acts say that "certain men which came down from 6696:

Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America

4110:

Pauline Christianity: Luke-Acts and the Legacy of Paul

4054:"XCV. The Council of Jerusalem (about A. D. 50)" 4069:

The Mythmaker: Paul and the Invention of Christianity

2000: 1015:) the location of "the first Christian church". The 3809:"Council of Florence, Bull of Union with the Copts" 3019: 3017: 1413: 1266:

At the council, following advice offered by Peter (

1149:with the addition of the belief that Jesus was the 1090:and the Gentile converts' freedom from most of the 2978: 2976: 1387:Historical reliability of the Acts of the Apostles 1335:Proselyte § Rules for proselytes in the Torah 1278:), and James quoted from the words of the prophet 1169:Historical reliability of the Acts of the Apostles 950:, and meat of animals that were strangled, and on 3592:Vana, Liliane (May 2013). Trigano, Shmuel (ed.). 1063:. The Council of Jerusalem is generally dated to 6761: 3216: 3014: 2783: 2272: 2158:notes: "We further see that, at the time of the 2116:), which the rabbis described as "forbidden for 2050:Circumcision in the Bible#In rabbinic literature 4096:A Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament 3567:A Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament 3320: 3318: 2989:When Christians Were Jews: The First Generation 2973: 2678: 2676: 2674: 2672: 2610: 2608: 2440: 2438: 1197:you are circumcised according to the custom of 4179:The Didache and the Apostolic Synod of Antioch 3948:The Theology of Paul's Letter to the Galatians 3134: 2045:Circumcision controversy in early Christianity 1044:, when all Jews were banished from Jerusalem. 177:and from whatever has been strangled and from 5095: 4235: 3276: 3274: 2923: 2921: 2857: 2855: 2797:The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church 2335: 2333: 2331: 2329: 2327: 2325: 2323: 2321: 2286:The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church 2225:, cited the positive form as summary of the " 2106:Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament 1943:, it "has been obsolete for centuries in the 1823: 1398:Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament 875: 3541: 3539: 3453:here of an apostolic decree involving food." 3315: 2669: 2605: 2435: 1983:'s Creed for Oriental converts of 1642 and 5109: 2551: 2549: 2547: 2339: 2202:when asked by a Gentile to teach the whole 1251:, was the inclusion of Gentiles into God's 1019:lived and taught there for some time after 5102: 5088: 4242: 4228: 3795:Convent of St. Elisabeth, Minsk, Belarus. 3697: 3271: 2982: 2918: 2852: 2318: 1830: 1816: 987:Historical background of the New Testament 882: 868: 4123:, London: MacMillan & Co., Ltd., 1926 3658: 3613: 3548:International Standard Bible Encyclopedia 3536: 3148:, along with any others who revealed the 144:Chronological list of ecumenical councils 4249: 4059:A Practical Commentary on Holy Scripture 2682: 2614: 2544: 2444: 2343:A Concise History of the Catholic Church 2020:Ancient church councils (pre-ecumenical) 1958:The apostolic decree was defined by the 1235:(i.e. the rules of traditional Judaism ( 1226:Paul the Apostle and Jewish Christianity 980: 150: 67:Ancient church councils (pre-ecumenical) 6520:Fostering of early experimental science 4871:Holy Spirit in the Acts of the Apostles 3324: 6762: 6624:Fundamentalist – Modernist controversy 4050: 2861: 2365: 2363: 1001:Jerusalem was the first center of the 5083: 4223: 3280: 2927: 2532:from the original on 24 December 2021 1156: 4071:. New York: Harper & Row, 1986. 3872:An Introduction to the New Testament 3591: 3464:The First Epistle to the Corinthians 2813:10.1093/acref/9780192802903.001.0001 2751: 2749: 2555: 2302:10.1093/acref/9780192802903.001.0001 3289:. Routledge Worlds (1st ed.). 2872:Bulletin of the History of Medicine 2360: 2120:", or mixed marriages with pagans ( 1331:Christian views on the Old Covenant 1070:, roughly 15 to 25 years after the 106:Christian views on the Old Covenant 16:First Christian synod (c. 48–50 AD) 13: 4146:Paul the Law and the Jewish People 3848: 3031:Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 2692:The Anchor Yale Bible Commentaries 1973:Bull of Union with the Copts, 1442 1343:to non-Jews. It was stated by the 1110:, and was especially disdained in 14: 6846: 4215: 4051:Knecht, Friedrich Justus (1910). 3040:Lippincott Williams & Wilkins 2746: 2741:Introduction to the New Testament 1619:Split of Christianity and Judaism 1316:Acts of the Apostles: Manuscripts 1231:that the church must observe the 6825:Mosaic law in Christian theology 4089:Philadelphia: Westminster Press. 3964:The Theology of Paul the Apostle 3797:Eating food that has blood in it 3756:commentary on canon II of Gangra 3598:Pardés: Études et culture juives 3048:10.1097/00006534-199806000-00037 2156:commentary on canon II of Gangra 2003: 1796: 1784: 1453: 1414:Origin of the Council's decision 1318:) adds the negative form of the 1133:) were Jewish by birth and even 1025:James the Just, brother of Jesus 967:Alexandrian and Western versions 851: 208: 6795:Ancient Christian controversies 3827: 3815: 3801: 3789: 3745: 3735: 3725: 3652: 3585: 3572: 3559: 3527: 3518: 3509: 3500: 3491: 3482: 3473: 3456: 3446: 3433: 3420: 3397: 3386: 3370: 3219:"Paul: Apostle to the Gentiles" 3210: 3199: 3188: 3171: 3166:, that was aimed at elongation. 3142:. Scholars Press. p. 149. 3128: 3069: 2829: 2758: 2193: 2098: 1979:This reasoning was repeated in 1930: 958:, sometimes referred to as the 847:Outline of Bible-related topics 6483:Separation of church and state 6152:Formal and material principles 6137:Separation of church and state 3608:: Éditions in Press: 211–236. 3338:Novum Testamentum, Supplements 2881:Johns Hopkins University Press 2716: 2575:Society of Biblical Literature 2566:Journal of Biblical Literature 1380: 556:Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia 1: 6147:Hymnody of continental Europe 5298:Apostles in the New Testament 3348:. pp. 210–211, 246–247. 3285:. In Esler, Philip F. (ed.). 2862:Hodges, Frederick M. (2001). 2240: 2104:According to Bruce Metzger's 1163:History of early Christianity 1064: 1038: 914: 683:Historical-grammatical method 163: 130:Excerpts from New Testament ( 126:Documents and statements 37: 6815:Judaism in the New Testament 4844:Acts of the Apostles (genre) 3836:: 62. So the Decree for the 3704:Jewish Encyclopedia: Baptism 3223:Anatomy of the New Testament 2952:10.1016/0090-4295(80)90354-4 2928:Rubin, Jody P. (July 1980). 2340:Bokenkotter, Thomas (2004). 2030:Biblical law in Christianity 1853:major act of differentiation 1430:Paul the Apostle and Judaism 7: 6770:1st-century church councils 5595:Eastern Orthodox opposition 4823:Synagogue of the Libertines 3404:"Apostolic Presbyterianism" 1996: 1953:Eastern Orthodox Christians 1255:, sending the message that 1245:early Christian communities 1122:, which instead valued the 80:Unspecified but presumably 10: 6851: 5612:Art patronage of Julius II 3915:"The Incident at Antioch ( 3834:Ex Quo, Benedict XIV, 1756 3152:, were the butt of ribald 2471:Cambridge University Press 2458:Harvard Theological Review 1423: 1417: 1384: 1324: 1215: 1166: 1160: 1137:would have considered the 990: 984: 902:is a council described in 678:Allegorical interpretation 108:, and whether keeping the 18: 6800:Christianity in Jerusalem 6704: 6539: 6458: 6387: 6322: 6244: 6175: 6115:Calvinist–Arminian debate 6089: 5856: 5739: 5575: 5466: 5348: 5246: 5135: 5117: 5050: 4889: 4831: 4810: 4470: 4419: 4257: 4020:Unvarnished New Testament 3287:The Early Christian World 2843:right hands of fellowship 2639:10.1163/15685365-12341488 2483:10.1017/S0017816000024779 2143:Unvarnished New Testament 2055:Circumcision in the Bible 1564:Hebrew Christian movement 923:The council decided that 142: 124: 96: 76: 60: 46: 33: 28: 6775:1st century in Jerusalem 6604:Christian existentialism 4667:Mary mother of John Mark 4157:, Fortress Press, 1987, 4083:MacDonald, Dennis Ronald 3985:Eisenman, Robert, 1997. 3907:The Acts of the Apostles 2799:(3rd Revised ed.). 2765:Jerusalem (A.D. 71–1099) 2288:(3rd Revised ed.). 2091: 1915:), and instead proposes 1888:seven moral laws of Noah 1681:Jewish–Christian gospels 1644:Circumcision controversy 928:converts to Christianity 568:Novum Testamentum Graece 370:Composition of the Torah 136:Epistle to the Galatians 6830:James, brother of Jesus 6785:50s in the Roman Empire 5111:History of Christianity 4462:Book burning at Ephesus 3932:Jesus, Paul and the Law 3898:Bruce, Frederick Fyvie. 3890:Bruce, Frederick Fyvie. 2805:Oxford University Press 2475:Harvard Divinity School 2294:Oxford University Press 2080:New Perspective on Paul 1877:The Jewish Encyclopedia 1864:The Jewish Encyclopedia 1803:Christianity portal 1698:Gospel of the Nazarenes 1688:Gospel of the Ebionites 1634:Christian anti-semitism 975:letter to the Galatians 969:) and also possibly in 71:First Council of Nicaea 55:Christian denominations 51:Mainstream Christianity 6672:Fourth Great Awakening 6559:Second Great Awakening 5798:Fall of Constantinople 5590:Development of primacy 5067:The Visual Bible: Acts 4866:Historical reliability 4108:Mount, Christopher N. 3780:Pope Gregory the Third 3615:10.3917/parde.052.0211 3462:Gordon D. Fee (1987). 3239:10.2307/j.ctvcb5b9q.17 3087:; Friedenwald, Aaron; 2696:New Haven, Connecticut 2184:Pope Gregory the Third 1977: 1919:as the basis for it. ( 1900: 1874: 1411: 1305: 1193:" were preaching that 1112:Classical civilization 1094:, especially from the 1009:and (according to the 831:Criticism of the Bible 574:Documentary hypothesis 186: 6805:Christian terminology 6667:Reformed epistemology 6609:Third Great Awakening 6579:Seventh-day Adventist 6500:First Great Awakening 6373:Book of Common Prayer 6167:Protestant work ethic 5710:Independent Catholics 5661:Monastery dissolution 4503:Ananias (High Priest) 4184:Westerholm, Stephen. 3752:Karl Josef von Hefele 3439:Paul Barnett (2004). 3426:Robert McQueen Grant 3281:Klutz, Todd (2002) . 2998:Yale University Press 2889:10.1353/bhm.2001.0119 2839:Catholic Encyclopedia 2702:. p. Chapter V. 2700:Yale University Press 2402:1 Corinthians 7:17–21 2152:Karl Josef von Hefele 1964: 1949:Karl Josef von Hefele 1881: 1869: 1857:from its Jewish roots 1755:Expounding of the Law 1693:Gospel of the Hebrews 1424:Further information: 1402: 1351:in the council: "the 1292: 1167:Further information: 1147:Second Temple Judaism 1108:Eastern Mediterranean 1102:during the period of 1096:circumcision of males 1012:Catholic Encyclopedia 991:Further information: 981:Historical background 948:meat containing blood 940:circumcision of males 584:NT textual categories 154: 112:is necessary for the 6790:Acts of the Apostles 6490:Edicts of toleration 6299:Three Forms of Unity 6064:Bohemian Reformation 5637:Catholic Reformation 5494:Roman state religion 5313:Council of Jerusalem 5042:Mihanović's fragment 4881:Gamaliel's principle 4452:Council of Jerusalem 4251:Acts of the Apostles 3712:proselyte to Judaism 3301:. pp. 178–190. 3233:. pp. 187–226. 2728:Council of Jerusalem 2296:. pp. 1243–45. 2085:Pauline Christianity 1855:of the early Church 1750:Council of Jerusalem 1426:Pauline Christianity 1072:crucifixion of Jesus 908:Acts of the Apostles 896:Council of Jerusalem 531:Internal consistency 437:Samaritan Pentateuch 29:Council of Jerusalem 6662:Liberation theology 6569:Jehovah's Witnesses 6402:Radical Reformation 6130:Resistance theories 6017:Christian mysticism 6012:Early Scholasticism 5724:Ecclesial community 5622:Counter-Reformation 5487:Constantinian shift 5037:Gršković's fragment 4859:Luke the Evangelist 3925:18, 1983, pg 95–122 3876:Anchor Bible Series 3811:. 14 December 1431. 3716:imposition of hands 3121:Antiochus Epiphanes 3103:Kopelman Foundation 3098:Jewish Encyclopedia 2726:is a record of the 2684:Fitzmyer, Joseph A. 2223:Sermon on the Mount 2075:Legalism (theology) 2060:Incident at Antioch 2035:Binding and loosing 2011:Christianity portal 1960:Council of Florence 1504:Simeon of Jerusalem 1447:Jewish Christianity 1222:Hellenistic Judaism 936:Jewish dietary laws 365:New Testament canon 360:Old Testament canon 288:Chapters and verses 6736:Oriental Orthodoxy 6379:King James Version 6191:Ninety-five Theses 5987:Apostolic Brethren 5761:Church of the East 5756:Oriental Orthodoxy 5602:Crusading movement 5122:Early Christianity 5051:In popular culture 4757:Simon the Sorcerer 4662:cousin of Barnabas 4498:Ananias (Damascus) 4447:Peter's liberation 4437:Conversion of Paul 3675:Peeters Publishers 3580:Textual Commentary 3565:Bruce M. Metzger, 3415:William Cunningham 3409:2018-09-16 at the 3000:. pp. 10–11. 2836:St. James the Less 2789:Livingstone, E. A. 2769:St. James' Liturgy 2282:"Paul the Apostle" 2278:Livingstone, E. A. 1904:Joseph A. Fitzmyer 1845:seven Noahide laws 1791:Judaism portal 1327:Seven Laws of Noah 1259:is sufficient for 1183:Abrahamic covenant 1157:Issues and outcome 836:Biblical authority 717:Capital punishment 593:Biblical criticism 562:Rahlfs' Septuagint 266:New Testament (NT) 261:Old Testament (OT) 187: 100:Controversy about 6754: 6753: 6731:Eastern Orthodoxy 6599:Finnish Awakening 6554:Holiness movement 6495:Congregationalism 6454: 6453: 6314:Metrical psalters 5751:Eastern Orthodoxy 5695:Neo-Scholasticism 5402:Canon development 5303:Jewish Christians 5077: 5076: 5062:(1985 miniseries) 4155:Jesus and Judaism 4093:Metzger, Bruce M. 3917:Galatians 2:11–18 3869:Brown, Raymond E. 3854:Badenas, Robert. 3784:Ecumenical Synods 3633:978-2-84835-260-2 3248:978-1-5064-5711-6 3007:978-0-300-19051-9 2984:Fredriksen, Paula 2822:978-0-19-280290-3 2618:Novum Testamentum 2557:Dunn, James D. G. 2473:on behalf of the 2446:Stendahl, Krister 2398:Philippians 3:2–3 2378:Galatians 1:15–16 2311:978-0-19-280290-3 2188:Ecumenical Synods 2126:2Corinthians 6.14 2114:Leviticus 18:6–18 2110:Levitical Degrees 2065:Jewish Christians 1985:Pope Benedict XIV 1941:Council in Trullo 1840: 1839: 1669:Gospel of Matthew 1569:Messianic Judaism 1131:Jewish Christians 1100:Greco-Roman world 1005:according to the 900:Apostolic Council 892: 891: 707:Conspiracy theory 636: 635: 375:Mosaic authorship 149: 148: 102:male circumcision 21:Jerusalem Council 6842: 6173: 6172: 5560:Non-Chalcedonian 5541:Constantinople I 5333:General epistles 5328:Pauline epistles 5308:Paul the Apostle 5286:Great Commission 5104: 5097: 5090: 5081: 5080: 4972:Codex Mutinensis 4876:Textual variants 4628:Judas of Galilee 4618:Joseph Barsabbas 4573:Ethiopian eunuch 4457:Areopagus sermon 4244: 4237: 4230: 4221: 4220: 4117:The Text of Acts 4062: 4056: 3961:Dunn, James D.G. 3945:Dunn, James D.G. 3929:Dunn, James D.G. 3913:Dunn, James D.G. 3842: 3831: 3825: 3819: 3813: 3812: 3805: 3799: 3793: 3787: 3749: 3743: 3739: 3733: 3732:excommunicated." 3729: 3723: 3701: 3695: 3694: 3656: 3650: 3649: 3617: 3589: 3583: 3576: 3570: 3563: 3557: 3543: 3534: 3531: 3525: 3522: 3516: 3513: 3507: 3504: 3498: 3495: 3489: 3486: 3480: 3477: 3471: 3469: 3460: 3454: 3450: 3444: 3437: 3431: 3424: 3418: 3401: 3395: 3390: 3384: 3374: 3368: 3367: 3346:Brill Publishers 3326:Seifrid, Mark A. 3322: 3313: 3312: 3278: 3269: 3268: 3225:(8th ed.). 3214: 3208: 3203: 3197: 3192: 3186: 3175: 3169: 3168: 3132: 3126: 3125: 3111: 3109: 3077:Kohler, Kaufmann 3073: 3067: 3066: 3064: 3062: 3021: 3012: 3011: 2980: 2971: 2970: 2968: 2966: 2925: 2916: 2915: 2913: 2911: 2868: 2859: 2850: 2833: 2827: 2826: 2781: 2772: 2762: 2756: 2753: 2744: 2737:Raymond E. Brown 2733:Paul the Apostle 2724:Galatians 2:1–10 2720: 2714: 2713: 2694:. Vol. 31. 2680: 2667: 2666: 2631:Brill Publishers 2612: 2603: 2602: 2561:Reinhartz, Adele 2553: 2542: 2541: 2539: 2537: 2531: 2454: 2442: 2433: 2367: 2358: 2357: 2337: 2316: 2315: 2270: 2234: 2200:Hillel the Elder 2197: 2191: 2102: 2040:Christian ethics 2013: 2008: 2007: 1975: 1937:Apostolic Canons 1910: 1832: 1825: 1818: 1801: 1800: 1789: 1788: 1787: 1765:Quartodecimanism 1740:Aramaic of Jesus 1720:Book of Elchasai 1674:Epistle of James 1624:Paul and Judaism 1484:John the Baptist 1457: 1434: 1433: 1420:Pauline epistles 1303: 1243:directed to the 1196: 1139:early Christians 1069: 1066: 1043: 1040: 1034:Aelia Capitolina 1003:Christian Church 960:Apostolic Decree 919: 916: 884: 877: 870: 858:Bible portal 856: 855: 854: 579:Synoptic problem 503: 502: 498:Biblical studies 427:Dead Sea scrolls 388:Petrine epistles 383:Pauline epistles 212: 189: 188: 168: 165: 132:Acts of Apostles 47:Accepted by 42: 39: 26: 25: 6850: 6849: 6845: 6844: 6843: 6841: 6840: 6839: 6760: 6759: 6757: 6755: 6750: 6700: 6687:Christian right 6589:Oxford Movement 6564:Restorationists 6535: 6450: 6383: 6318: 6269:Presbyterianism 6240: 6220:Book of Concord 6171: 6095: 6093: 6085: 5852: 5742: 5735: 5571: 5470: 5462: 5421:Clement of Rome 5351: 5344: 5248: 5242: 5131: 5113: 5108: 5078: 5073: 5046: 4967:Codex Laudianus 4885: 4827: 4806: 4623:Judas Barsabbas 4508:Ananias (Judea) 4466: 4415: 4264: 4253: 4248: 4218: 4170:Simon, Marcel. 3977:Ehrman, Bart D. 3851: 3849:Further reading 3846: 3845: 3832: 3828: 3820: 3816: 3807: 3806: 3802: 3794: 3790: 3768:Apostolic Canon 3750: 3746: 3740: 3736: 3730: 3726: 3702: 3698: 3657: 3653: 3634: 3590: 3586: 3577: 3573: 3564: 3560: 3544: 3537: 3532: 3528: 3523: 3519: 3514: 3510: 3505: 3501: 3496: 3492: 3487: 3483: 3478: 3474: 3467: 3461: 3457: 3451: 3447: 3438: 3434: 3425: 3421: 3417:and Reg Barrow. 3411:Wayback Machine 3402: 3398: 3391: 3387: 3375: 3371: 3356: 3323: 3316: 3309: 3279: 3272: 3249: 3215: 3211: 3204: 3200: 3193: 3189: 3176: 3172: 3133: 3129: 3107: 3105: 3081:Hirsch, Emil G. 3074: 3070: 3060: 3058: 3022: 3015: 3008: 2981: 2974: 2964: 2962: 2926: 2919: 2909: 2907: 2866: 2860: 2853: 2834: 2830: 2823: 2807:. p. 862. 2791:, eds. (2005). 2782: 2775: 2763: 2759: 2754: 2747: 2722:Whether or not 2721: 2717: 2710: 2681: 2670: 2613: 2606: 2583:10.2307/3267745 2559:(Autumn 1993). 2554: 2545: 2535: 2533: 2529: 2452: 2443: 2436: 2386:Galatians 5:2–3 2368: 2361: 2354: 2338: 2319: 2312: 2280:, eds. (2005). 2271: 2248: 2243: 2238: 2237: 2198: 2194: 2172:Apostolic Canon 2160:Synod of Gangra 2124:; also compare 2103: 2099: 2094: 2089: 2009: 2002: 1999: 1981:Pope Urban VIII 1976: 1971: 1933: 1906: 1836: 1807: 1795: 1785: 1783: 1775: 1774: 1735: 1734: 1725: 1724: 1659: 1658: 1649: 1648: 1614: 1613: 1604: 1603: 1589: 1588: 1579: 1578: 1559: 1558: 1549: 1548: 1529: 1528: 1519: 1518: 1494:Twelve Apostles 1477:in Christianity 1467: 1466: 1432: 1422: 1416: 1389: 1383: 1337: 1312:Western version 1304: 1299: 1257:faith in Christ 1228: 1218:Supersessionism 1194: 1187:Genesis 17:9–14 1175: 1165: 1159: 1068: 48–50 AD 1067: 1041: 999: 989: 983: 918: 48–50 AD 917: 888: 852: 850: 849: 841: 840: 827: 813: 791: 783: 782: 781: 697: 673: 646: 638: 637: 632: 551: 535: 524: 500: 490: 489: 488: 421: 420: 401: 400: 396:Johannine works 392: 356: 336: 335: 332:and development 319: 318: 317: 284: 270: 256: 229: 228: 166: 127: 63: 41: 48–50 AD 40: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6848: 6838: 6837: 6832: 6827: 6822: 6817: 6812: 6807: 6802: 6797: 6792: 6787: 6782: 6777: 6772: 6752: 6751: 6749: 6748: 6743: 6738: 6733: 6728: 6723: 6722: 6721: 6716: 6705: 6702: 6701: 6699: 6698: 6693: 6684: 6674: 6669: 6664: 6659: 6654: 6652:Pentecostalism 6649: 6647:Jesus movement 6644: 6636: 6631: 6626: 6621: 6616: 6611: 6606: 6601: 6596: 6591: 6586: 6581: 6576: 6571: 6566: 6561: 6556: 6551: 6545: 6543: 6537: 6536: 6534: 6533: 6524: 6523: 6522: 6512: 6507: 6502: 6497: 6492: 6487: 6486: 6485: 6475: 6470: 6464: 6462: 6456: 6455: 6452: 6451: 6449: 6448: 6441: 6438:Martyrs Mirror 6434: 6429: 6424: 6422:Martyrs' Synod 6419: 6414: 6412:Swiss Brethren 6409: 6404: 6399: 6393: 6391: 6385: 6384: 6382: 6381: 6376: 6369: 6364: 6359: 6354: 6349: 6344: 6339: 6334: 6328: 6326: 6320: 6319: 6317: 6316: 6311: 6306: 6301: 6296: 6291: 6286: 6281: 6276: 6271: 6266: 6261: 6256: 6250: 6248: 6242: 6241: 6239: 6238: 6233: 6228: 6223: 6216: 6211: 6210: 6209: 6204: 6199: 6194: 6181: 6179: 6170: 6169: 6164: 6159: 6157:Law and Gospel 6154: 6149: 6144: 6139: 6134: 6133: 6132: 6122: 6117: 6112: 6107: 6101: 6099: 6087: 6086: 6084: 6083: 6082: 6081: 6071: 6066: 6061: 6056: 6051: 6046: 6045: 6044: 6034: 6029: 6024: 6019: 6014: 6009: 6004: 5999: 5994: 5989: 5984: 5979: 5974: 5969: 5964: 5959: 5954: 5949: 5948: 5947: 5942: 5937: 5932: 5927: 5922: 5912: 5911: 5910: 5909: 5908: 5898: 5893: 5888: 5878: 5873: 5868: 5862: 5860: 5854: 5853: 5851: 5850: 5845: 5840: 5838:Ottoman Empire 5835: 5830: 5825: 5820: 5815: 5810: 5805: 5800: 5795: 5790: 5789: 5788: 5783: 5773: 5768: 5763: 5758: 5753: 5747: 5745: 5737: 5736: 5734: 5733: 5728: 5727: 5726: 5712: 5707: 5702: 5697: 5692: 5687: 5682: 5677: 5668: 5663: 5658: 5653: 5652: 5651: 5650: 5649: 5639: 5634: 5629: 5619: 5614: 5609: 5604: 5599: 5598: 5597: 5592: 5581: 5579: 5573: 5572: 5570: 5569: 5567:Biblical canon 5564: 5563: 5562: 5548: 5543: 5538: 5533: 5528: 5523: 5522: 5521: 5516: 5506: 5501: 5496: 5491: 5490: 5489: 5478: 5476: 5468:Late antiquity 5464: 5463: 5461: 5460: 5455: 5454: 5453: 5448: 5443: 5438: 5433: 5428: 5423: 5416:Church Fathers 5409: 5404: 5399: 5398: 5397: 5392: 5387: 5382: 5377: 5372: 5367: 5356: 5354: 5346: 5345: 5343: 5342: 5341: 5340: 5335: 5330: 5325: 5320: 5310: 5305: 5300: 5295: 5290: 5289: 5288: 5283: 5278: 5273: 5268: 5258: 5252: 5250: 5244: 5243: 5241: 5240: 5235: 5230: 5225: 5220: 5215: 5210: 5205: 5200: 5195: 5190: 5185: 5180: 5175: 5170: 5165: 5160: 5155: 5150: 5145: 5139: 5137: 5133: 5132: 5130: 5129: 5124: 5118: 5115: 5114: 5107: 5106: 5099: 5092: 5084: 5075: 5074: 5072: 5071: 5063: 5054: 5052: 5048: 5047: 5045: 5044: 5039: 5034: 5029: 5024: 5019: 5014: 5009: 5004: 4999: 4994: 4989: 4984: 4979: 4974: 4969: 4964: 4959: 4954: 4949: 4944: 4939: 4934: 4929: 4924: 4919: 4914: 4909: 4904: 4899: 4893: 4891: 4887: 4886: 4884: 4883: 4878: 4873: 4868: 4863: 4862: 4861: 4856: 4846: 4841: 4835: 4833: 4829: 4828: 4826: 4825: 4820: 4814: 4812: 4808: 4807: 4805: 4804: 4799: 4794: 4789: 4784: 4779: 4774: 4769: 4764: 4759: 4754: 4749: 4744: 4739: 4734: 4729: 4724: 4719: 4714: 4709: 4704: 4699: 4694: 4689: 4684: 4679: 4674: 4669: 4664: 4655: 4650: 4645: 4640: 4635: 4630: 4625: 4620: 4615: 4610: 4605: 4603:James the Just 4600: 4595: 4590: 4585: 4580: 4575: 4570: 4565: 4560: 4555: 4550: 4545: 4540: 4535: 4530: 4525: 4520: 4515: 4510: 4505: 4500: 4495: 4490: 4485: 4480: 4474: 4472: 4468: 4467: 4465: 4464: 4459: 4454: 4449: 4444: 4442:Peter's vision 4439: 4434: 4429: 4423: 4421: 4417: 4416: 4414: 4413: 4408: 4403: 4398: 4393: 4388: 4383: 4378: 4373: 4368: 4363: 4358: 4353: 4348: 4343: 4338: 4333: 4328: 4323: 4318: 4313: 4308: 4303: 4298: 4293: 4288: 4283: 4278: 4272: 4270: 4255: 4254: 4247: 4246: 4239: 4232: 4224: 4217: 4216:External links 4214: 4213: 4212: 4196: 4182: 4175: 4168: 4165: 4149: 4140: 4124: 4113: 4106: 4090: 4080: 4066:Maccoby, Hyam. 4063: 4048: 4034: 4031: 4014: 3997: 3983: 3974: 3966:Eerdmans 1997 3958: 3942: 3926: 3910: 3903: 3895: 3887: 3866: 3850: 3847: 3844: 3843: 3826: 3814: 3800: 3788: 3776:Contra Faustum 3744: 3734: 3724: 3696: 3662:Revue Biblique 3651: 3632: 3584: 3571: 3558: 3535: 3526: 3517: 3508: 3499: 3490: 3481: 3472: 3455: 3445: 3432: 3419: 3396: 3385: 3369: 3354: 3314: 3307: 3270: 3247: 3231:Fortress Press 3209: 3198: 3187: 3170: 3136:Neusner, Jacob 3127: 3085:Jacobs, Joseph 3068: 3013: 3006: 2972: 2917: 2851: 2828: 2821: 2773: 2757: 2745: 2715: 2708: 2668: 2604: 2543: 2434: 2426:2 Timothy 1:11 2406:Romans 2:17–29 2359: 2352: 2317: 2310: 2245: 2244: 2242: 2239: 2236: 2235: 2221:, part of the 2192: 2180:Contra Faustum 2096: 2095: 2093: 2090: 2088: 2087: 2082: 2077: 2072: 2067: 2062: 2057: 2052: 2047: 2042: 2037: 2032: 2027: 2022: 2016: 2015: 2014: 1998: 1995: 1987:'s encyclical 1969: 1932: 1929: 1838: 1837: 1835: 1834: 1827: 1820: 1812: 1809: 1808: 1806: 1805: 1793: 1780: 1777: 1776: 1773: 1772: 1767: 1762: 1757: 1752: 1747: 1742: 1736: 1732: 1731: 1730: 1727: 1726: 1723: 1722: 1717: 1712: 1706: 1705: 1701: 1700: 1695: 1690: 1684: 1683: 1677: 1676: 1671: 1665: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1655: 1654: 1651: 1650: 1647: 1646: 1641: 1636: 1631: 1626: 1621: 1615: 1611: 1610: 1609: 1606: 1605: 1602: 1601: 1596: 1590: 1586: 1585: 1584: 1581: 1580: 1577: 1576: 1571: 1566: 1560: 1556: 1555: 1554: 1551: 1550: 1547: 1546: 1541: 1536: 1530: 1527:Ancient groups 1526: 1525: 1524: 1521: 1520: 1517: 1516: 1511: 1506: 1501: 1499:James the Just 1496: 1491: 1486: 1481: 1480: 1479: 1468: 1464: 1463: 1462: 1459: 1458: 1450: 1449: 1443: 1442: 1418:Main article: 1415: 1412: 1407:'Eastern' text 1385:Main article: 1382: 1379: 1297: 1237:Galatians 2:12 1161:Main article: 1158: 1155: 1151:Jewish Messiah 1116:ancient Greeks 985:Main article: 982: 979: 890: 889: 887: 886: 879: 872: 864: 861: 860: 843: 842: 839: 838: 833: 826: 825: 820: 814: 812: 811: 810: 809: 799: 793: 792: 789: 788: 785: 784: 780: 779: 774: 769: 764: 759: 754: 749: 744: 739: 734: 729: 724: 719: 714: 709: 704: 698: 696: 695: 690: 685: 680: 674: 672: 671: 666: 661: 655: 654: 653: 647: 645:Interpretation 644: 643: 640: 639: 634: 633: 631: 630: 625: 620: 615: 610: 605: 599: 596: 595: 589: 588: 587: 586: 581: 576: 571: 564: 559: 550: 549: 544: 539: 533: 528: 522: 517: 512: 506: 501: 496: 495: 492: 491: 487: 486: 481: 479:English Bibles 476: 471: 466: 461: 454: 449: 444: 439: 434: 432:Masoretic Text 429: 423: 422: 419: 418: 408: 407: 406: 403: 402: 399: 398: 391: 390: 385: 379: 378: 377: 372: 367: 362: 355: 354: 349: 344: 338: 337: 334: 333: 326: 325: 324: 321: 320: 316: 315: 314: 313: 308: 303: 292: 291: 290: 283: 282: 277: 271: 269: 268: 263: 257: 255: 254: 253: 252: 247: 242: 231: 230: 227: 226: 219: 218: 217: 214: 213: 205: 204: 198: 197: 156:James the Just 147: 146: 140: 139: 128: 125: 122: 121: 98: 94: 93: 82:James the Just 78: 74: 73: 64: 61: 58: 57: 48: 44: 43: 35: 31: 30: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6847: 6836: 6833: 6831: 6828: 6826: 6823: 6821: 6818: 6816: 6813: 6811: 6808: 6806: 6803: 6801: 6798: 6796: 6793: 6791: 6788: 6786: 6783: 6781: 6778: 6776: 6773: 6771: 6768: 6767: 6765: 6758: 6747: 6744: 6742: 6741:Protestantism 6739: 6737: 6734: 6732: 6729: 6727: 6724: 6720: 6717: 6715: 6712: 6711: 6710: 6707: 6706: 6703: 6697: 6694: 6692: 6688: 6685: 6682: 6678: 6675: 6673: 6670: 6668: 6665: 6663: 6660: 6658: 6655: 6653: 6650: 6648: 6645: 6643: 6642: 6637: 6635: 6632: 6630: 6627: 6625: 6622: 6620: 6617: 6615: 6614:Azusa Revival 6612: 6610: 6607: 6605: 6602: 6600: 6597: 6595: 6594:Laestadianism 6592: 6590: 6587: 6585: 6582: 6580: 6577: 6575: 6572: 6570: 6567: 6565: 6562: 6560: 6557: 6555: 6552: 6550: 6547: 6546: 6544: 6542: 6538: 6532: 6531:Old Lutherans 6528: 6525: 6521: 6518: 6517: 6516: 6513: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6491: 6488: 6484: 6481: 6480: 6479: 6476: 6474: 6471: 6469: 6466: 6465: 6463: 6461: 6457: 6447: 6446: 6442: 6440: 6439: 6435: 6433: 6430: 6428: 6425: 6423: 6420: 6418: 6415: 6413: 6410: 6408: 6405: 6403: 6400: 6398: 6395: 6394: 6392: 6390: 6386: 6380: 6377: 6375: 6374: 6370: 6368: 6365: 6363: 6360: 6358: 6355: 6353: 6350: 6348: 6345: 6343: 6340: 6338: 6335: 6333: 6330: 6329: 6327: 6325: 6321: 6315: 6312: 6310: 6307: 6305: 6302: 6300: 6297: 6295: 6292: 6290: 6287: 6285: 6282: 6280: 6277: 6275: 6272: 6270: 6267: 6265: 6262: 6260: 6257: 6255: 6252: 6251: 6249: 6247: 6243: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6229: 6227: 6224: 6222: 6221: 6217: 6215: 6212: 6208: 6205: 6203: 6200: 6198: 6197:Diet of Worms 6195: 6193: 6192: 6188: 6187: 6186: 6183: 6182: 6180: 6178: 6174: 6168: 6165: 6163: 6160: 6158: 6155: 6153: 6150: 6148: 6145: 6143: 6140: 6138: 6135: 6131: 6128: 6127: 6126: 6123: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6103: 6102: 6100: 6098: 6097:Protestantism 6092: 6088: 6080: 6077: 6076: 6075: 6072: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6043: 6040: 6039: 6038: 6035: 6033: 6030: 6028: 6025: 6023: 6020: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6010: 6008: 6005: 6003: 6000: 5998: 5995: 5993: 5990: 5988: 5985: 5983: 5980: 5978: 5975: 5973: 5970: 5968: 5965: 5963: 5960: 5958: 5955: 5953: 5950: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5938: 5936: 5933: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5923: 5921: 5918: 5917: 5916: 5913: 5907: 5904: 5903: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5889: 5887: 5884: 5883: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5864: 5863: 5861: 5859: 5855: 5849: 5848:North America 5846: 5844: 5841: 5839: 5836: 5834: 5831: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5787: 5784: 5782: 5779: 5778: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5764: 5762: 5759: 5757: 5754: 5752: 5749: 5748: 5746: 5744: 5738: 5732: 5729: 5725: 5722: 5721: 5720: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5683: 5681: 5678: 5676: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5664: 5662: 5659: 5657: 5654: 5648: 5645: 5644: 5643: 5640: 5638: 5635: 5633: 5630: 5628: 5625: 5624: 5623: 5620: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5610: 5608: 5605: 5603: 5600: 5596: 5593: 5591: 5588: 5587: 5586: 5583: 5582: 5580: 5578: 5574: 5568: 5565: 5561: 5557: 5554: 5553: 5552: 5549: 5547: 5544: 5542: 5539: 5537: 5534: 5532: 5529: 5527: 5524: 5520: 5517: 5515: 5512: 5511: 5510: 5507: 5505: 5502: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5492: 5488: 5485: 5484: 5483: 5480: 5479: 5477: 5474: 5469: 5465: 5459: 5458:Early African 5456: 5452: 5449: 5447: 5444: 5442: 5441:Justin Martyr 5439: 5437: 5434: 5432: 5429: 5427: 5424: 5422: 5419: 5418: 5417: 5413: 5410: 5408: 5405: 5403: 5400: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5378: 5376: 5373: 5371: 5368: 5366: 5363: 5362: 5361: 5358: 5357: 5355: 5353: 5347: 5339: 5336: 5334: 5331: 5329: 5326: 5324: 5321: 5319: 5316: 5315: 5314: 5311: 5309: 5306: 5304: 5301: 5299: 5296: 5294: 5291: 5287: 5284: 5282: 5279: 5277: 5274: 5272: 5269: 5267: 5264: 5263: 5262: 5261:Life of Jesus 5259: 5257: 5254: 5253: 5251: 5249:Apostolic Age 5245: 5239: 5236: 5234: 5231: 5229: 5226: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5211: 5209: 5206: 5204: 5201: 5199: 5196: 5194: 5191: 5189: 5186: 5184: 5181: 5179: 5176: 5174: 5171: 5169: 5166: 5164: 5161: 5159: 5156: 5154: 5151: 5149: 5146: 5144: 5141: 5140: 5138: 5134: 5128: 5125: 5123: 5120: 5119: 5116: 5112: 5105: 5100: 5098: 5093: 5091: 5086: 5085: 5082: 5069: 5068: 5064: 5061: 5060: 5056: 5055: 5053: 5049: 5043: 5040: 5038: 5035: 5033: 5030: 5028: 5025: 5023: 5020: 5018: 5015: 5013: 5010: 5008: 5005: 5003: 5000: 4998: 4995: 4993: 4990: 4988: 4985: 4983: 4980: 4978: 4975: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4965: 4963: 4960: 4958: 4955: 4953: 4950: 4948: 4945: 4943: 4940: 4938: 4935: 4933: 4930: 4928: 4925: 4923: 4920: 4918: 4915: 4913: 4910: 4908: 4905: 4903: 4900: 4898: 4895: 4894: 4892: 4888: 4882: 4879: 4877: 4874: 4872: 4869: 4867: 4864: 4860: 4857: 4855: 4852: 4851: 4850: 4847: 4845: 4842: 4840: 4839:Apostolic Age 4837: 4836: 4834: 4830: 4824: 4821: 4819: 4816: 4815: 4813: 4809: 4803: 4800: 4798: 4795: 4793: 4790: 4788: 4785: 4783: 4780: 4778: 4775: 4773: 4770: 4768: 4765: 4763: 4760: 4758: 4755: 4753: 4750: 4748: 4745: 4743: 4742:Seven Deacons 4740: 4738: 4735: 4733: 4730: 4728: 4725: 4723: 4720: 4718: 4715: 4713: 4710: 4708: 4705: 4703: 4700: 4698: 4695: 4693: 4690: 4688: 4685: 4683: 4680: 4678: 4675: 4673: 4670: 4668: 4665: 4663: 4659: 4656: 4654: 4651: 4649: 4646: 4644: 4641: 4639: 4636: 4634: 4631: 4629: 4626: 4624: 4621: 4619: 4616: 4614: 4611: 4609: 4606: 4604: 4601: 4599: 4596: 4594: 4591: 4589: 4586: 4584: 4581: 4579: 4576: 4574: 4571: 4569: 4566: 4564: 4561: 4559: 4556: 4554: 4551: 4549: 4546: 4544: 4541: 4539: 4536: 4534: 4531: 4529: 4526: 4524: 4521: 4519: 4516: 4514: 4511: 4509: 4506: 4504: 4501: 4499: 4496: 4494: 4491: 4489: 4486: 4484: 4481: 4479: 4476: 4475: 4473: 4469: 4463: 4460: 4458: 4455: 4453: 4450: 4448: 4445: 4443: 4440: 4438: 4435: 4433: 4430: 4428: 4425: 4424: 4422: 4418: 4412: 4409: 4407: 4404: 4402: 4399: 4397: 4394: 4392: 4389: 4387: 4384: 4382: 4379: 4377: 4374: 4372: 4369: 4367: 4364: 4362: 4359: 4357: 4354: 4352: 4349: 4347: 4344: 4342: 4339: 4337: 4334: 4332: 4329: 4327: 4324: 4322: 4319: 4317: 4314: 4312: 4309: 4307: 4304: 4302: 4299: 4297: 4294: 4292: 4289: 4287: 4284: 4282: 4279: 4277: 4274: 4273: 4271: 4268: 4267:New Testament 4263: 4260: 4256: 4252: 4245: 4240: 4238: 4233: 4231: 4226: 4225: 4222: 4211: 4210:0-8028-4445-6 4207: 4203: 4200: 4197: 4195: 4194:0-8028-4809-5 4191: 4187: 4183: 4180: 4176: 4173: 4169: 4166: 4164: 4163:0-8006-2061-5 4160: 4156: 4153: 4152:Sanders, E.P. 4150: 4147: 4144: 4143:Sanders, E.P. 4141: 4139: 4138:0-8006-1899-8 4135: 4131: 4128: 4127:Sanders, E.P. 4125: 4122: 4118: 4115:Ropes, J.H., 4114: 4111: 4107: 4105: 4104:3-438-06010-8 4101: 4097: 4094: 4091: 4088: 4084: 4081: 4078: 4077:0-06-015582-5 4074: 4070: 4067: 4064: 4060: 4055: 4049: 4047: 4046:0-8028-4974-1 4043: 4039: 4035: 4032: 4030: 4029:0-933999-99-2 4026: 4022: 4021: 4015: 4013: 4012:0-19-284201-3 4009: 4005: 4001: 3998: 3995: 3994:0-670-86932-5 3991: 3988: 3984: 3981: 3978: 3975: 3973: 3972:0-8028-3844-8 3969: 3965: 3962: 3959: 3957: 3956:0-521-35953-8 3953: 3949: 3946: 3943: 3941: 3940:0-664-25095-5 3937: 3933: 3930: 3927: 3924: 3923: 3918: 3914: 3911: 3908: 3904: 3902: 3899: 3896: 3894: 3891: 3888: 3885: 3884:0-385-24767-2 3881: 3877: 3873: 3870: 3867: 3865: 3864:0-905774-93-0 3861: 3857: 3853: 3852: 3839: 3835: 3830: 3823: 3818: 3810: 3804: 3798: 3792: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3772:St. Augustine 3769: 3765: 3761: 3757: 3753: 3748: 3738: 3728: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3709: 3705: 3700: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3676: 3672: 3668: 3664: 3663: 3655: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3635: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3616: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3600:(in French). 3599: 3595: 3588: 3581: 3575: 3568: 3562: 3555: 3551: 3549: 3542: 3540: 3530: 3521: 3512: 3503: 3494: 3485: 3476: 3465: 3459: 3449: 3442: 3436: 3429: 3423: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3405: 3400: 3394: 3389: 3382: 3378: 3373: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3355:90-04-09521-7 3351: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3321: 3319: 3310: 3308:9781032199344 3304: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3277: 3275: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3244: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3213: 3207: 3202: 3196: 3191: 3184: 3183:1-4051-0899-1 3180: 3174: 3167: 3165: 3164: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3147: 3141: 3137: 3131: 3124: 3122: 3118: 3104: 3100: 3099: 3094: 3090: 3089:Broydé, Isaac 3086: 3082: 3078: 3072: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3033: 3032: 3027: 3020: 3018: 3009: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2990: 2985: 2979: 2977: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2936: 2931: 2924: 2922: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2879:(Fall 2001). 2878: 2874: 2873: 2865: 2858: 2856: 2848: 2847:Galatians 2:9 2844: 2840: 2837: 2832: 2824: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2780: 2778: 2770: 2766: 2761: 2752: 2750: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2729: 2725: 2719: 2711: 2709:9780300139822 2705: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2679: 2677: 2675: 2673: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2619: 2611: 2609: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2567: 2562: 2558: 2552: 2550: 2548: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2459: 2451: 2448:(July 1963). 2447: 2441: 2439: 2431: 2430:Titus 1:10–16 2427: 2423: 2422:1 Timothy 2:7 2419: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2366: 2364: 2355: 2353:0-385-50584-1 2349: 2345: 2344: 2336: 2334: 2332: 2330: 2328: 2326: 2324: 2322: 2313: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2269: 2267: 2265: 2263: 2261: 2259: 2257: 2255: 2253: 2251: 2246: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2196: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2176:St. Augustine 2173: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2144: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2101: 2097: 2086: 2083: 2081: 2078: 2076: 2073: 2071: 2068: 2066: 2063: 2061: 2058: 2056: 2053: 2051: 2048: 2046: 2043: 2041: 2038: 2036: 2033: 2031: 2028: 2026: 2025:Antinomianism 2023: 2021: 2018: 2017: 2012: 2006: 2001: 1994: 1992: 1991: 1986: 1982: 1974: 1968: 1963: 1961: 1956: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1928: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1909: 1905: 1899: 1897: 1893: 1892:laws of Moses 1889: 1885: 1880: 1879:also states: 1878: 1873: 1868: 1866: 1865: 1860: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1849:Old Testament 1847:found in the 1846: 1833: 1828: 1826: 1821: 1819: 1814: 1813: 1811: 1810: 1804: 1799: 1794: 1792: 1782: 1781: 1779: 1778: 1771: 1768: 1766: 1763: 1761: 1758: 1756: 1753: 1751: 1748: 1746: 1745:Yeshua (name) 1743: 1741: 1738: 1737: 1729: 1728: 1721: 1718: 1716: 1713: 1711: 1708: 1707: 1703: 1702: 1699: 1696: 1694: 1691: 1689: 1686: 1685: 1682: 1679: 1678: 1675: 1672: 1670: 1667: 1666: 1663:New Testament 1662: 1661: 1653: 1652: 1645: 1642: 1640: 1637: 1635: 1632: 1630: 1627: 1625: 1622: 1620: 1617: 1616: 1608: 1607: 1600: 1597: 1595: 1592: 1591: 1583: 1582: 1575: 1572: 1570: 1567: 1565: 1562: 1561: 1557:Recent groups 1553: 1552: 1545: 1542: 1540: 1537: 1535: 1532: 1531: 1523: 1522: 1515: 1512: 1510: 1507: 1505: 1502: 1500: 1497: 1495: 1492: 1490: 1487: 1485: 1482: 1478: 1475: 1474: 1473: 1470: 1469: 1461: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1451: 1448: 1445: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1421: 1410: 1408: 1401: 1399: 1395: 1394:Bruce Metzger 1388: 1378: 1376: 1372: 1367: 1363: 1357: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1323: 1321: 1317: 1314:of Acts (see 1313: 1309: 1308:Acts 15:23–29 1302: 1301:Acts 15:19–21 1296: 1291: 1289: 1285: 1284:Acts 15:16–17 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1264: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1214: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1174: 1173:Antinomianism 1170: 1164: 1154: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1141:as a part of 1140: 1136: 1132: 1127: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1104:Hellenization 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1047:The apostles 1045: 1042: 130 AD 1036: 1035: 1030: 1029:other kinsmen 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1013: 1008: 1004: 998: 994: 988: 978: 976: 972: 968: 963: 961: 957: 953: 949: 945: 941: 937: 933: 929: 926: 921: 913: 909: 905: 901: 897: 885: 880: 878: 873: 871: 866: 865: 863: 862: 859: 848: 845: 844: 837: 834: 832: 829: 828: 824: 823:Infallibility 821: 819: 816: 815: 808: 805: 804: 803: 800: 798: 795: 794: 787: 786: 778: 775: 773: 770: 768: 765: 763: 760: 758: 755: 753: 750: 748: 745: 743: 740: 738: 735: 733: 730: 728: 725: 723: 722:Homosexuality 720: 718: 715: 713: 710: 708: 705: 703: 700: 699: 694: 691: 689: 686: 684: 681: 679: 676: 675: 670: 667: 665: 662: 660: 657: 656: 652: 649: 648: 642: 641: 629: 626: 624: 621: 619: 616: 614: 611: 609: 606: 604: 601: 600: 598: 597: 594: 591: 590: 585: 582: 580: 577: 575: 572: 570: 569: 565: 563: 560: 558: 557: 553: 552: 548: 545: 543: 540: 538: 534: 532: 529: 527: 523: 521: 518: 516: 513: 511: 508: 507: 505: 504: 499: 494: 493: 485: 482: 480: 477: 475: 472: 470: 467: 465: 462: 460: 459: 455: 453: 450: 448: 445: 443: 440: 438: 435: 433: 430: 428: 425: 424: 417: 413: 410: 409: 405: 404: 397: 394: 393: 389: 386: 384: 381: 380: 376: 373: 371: 368: 366: 363: 361: 358: 357: 353: 350: 348: 345: 343: 340: 339: 331: 328: 327: 323: 322: 312: 309: 307: 304: 302: 299: 298: 297: 294: 293: 289: 286: 285: 281: 278: 276: 273: 272: 267: 264: 262: 259: 258: 251: 248: 246: 243: 241: 238: 237: 236: 233: 232: 224: 221: 220: 216: 215: 211: 207: 206: 203: 200: 199: 195: 191: 190: 184: 180: 176: 172: 161: 160:Acts 15:19–29 157: 153: 145: 141: 137: 133: 129: 123: 119: 115: 111: 107: 103: 99: 95: 91: 87: 83: 79: 75: 72: 68: 65: 59: 56: 52: 49: 45: 36: 32: 27: 22: 6820:Biblical law 6810:Commandments 6756: 6657:Charismatics 6640: 6619:Gospel music 6549:Camp meeting 6541:1789–present 6473:Missionaries 6443: 6436: 6427:Menno Simons 6371: 6367:Church music 6218: 6189: 6074:Conciliarism 6059:Papal Schism 5901:Scandinavian 5793:Great Schism 5771:Nestorianism 5743:Christianity 5675:priest holes 5556:Chalcedonian 5519:Christianity 5473:Great Church 5312: 5281:Resurrection 5065: 5057: 4752:Simeon Niger 4451: 4201: 4199:Wright, N.T. 4185: 4178: 4171: 4154: 4145: 4129: 4120: 4119:, Vol. III; 4116: 4109: 4095: 4086: 4068: 4061:. B. Herder. 4058: 4037: 4036:Kim, Seyoon 4017: 4016:Gaus, Andy. 4003: 3986: 3979: 3963: 3947: 3931: 3920: 3906: 3905:Clark, A.C. 3900: 3892: 3871: 3855: 3829: 3817: 3803: 3791: 3774:in his work 3747: 3737: 3727: 3699: 3666: 3660: 3654: 3644:– via 3601: 3597: 3587: 3579: 3574: 3566: 3561: 3547: 3529: 3520: 3511: 3502: 3493: 3484: 3475: 3463: 3458: 3448: 3440: 3435: 3427: 3422: 3399: 3388: 3372: 3333: 3286: 3222: 3212: 3201: 3190: 3173: 3161: 3149: 3144:Circumcised 3143: 3139: 3130: 3113: 3106:. Retrieved 3096: 3071: 3059:. Retrieved 3035: 3029: 2988: 2963:. Retrieved 2939: 2933: 2908:. Retrieved 2876: 2870: 2838: 2831: 2796: 2793:"James, St." 2785:Cross, F. L. 2760: 2740: 2727: 2718: 2687: 2622: 2616: 2570: 2564: 2534:. Retrieved 2462: 2456: 2418:Romans 11:13 2342: 2285: 2274:Cross, F. L. 2219:Matthew 7:12 2195: 2178:in his work 2141: 2122:Numbers 25:1 2117: 2105: 2100: 1988: 1978: 1972: 1965: 1957: 1934: 1931:Obsolescence 1925:Leviticus 18 1920: 1901: 1882: 1876: 1875: 1870: 1862: 1861: 1841: 1749: 1574:Hebrew Roots 1403: 1397: 1390: 1358: 1341:Biblical law 1338: 1306: 1293: 1288:Amos 9:11–12 1268:Acts 15:7–11 1265: 1253:New Covenant 1229: 1207:law of Moses 1185:in Judaism ( 1176: 1128: 1126:positively. 1076:26 and 36 AD 1046: 1032: 1010: 1007:Book of Acts 1000: 964: 959: 922: 899: 895: 893: 790:Perspectives 651:Hermeneutics 566: 554: 474:Luther Bible 469:Gothic Bible 458:Vetus Latina 456: 412:Translations 352:Hebrew canon 280:Antilegomena 275:Deuterocanon 167: 78 AD 134:and perhaps 62:Next council 6835:Saint Peter 6746:Catholicism 6683:Protestants 6677:Evangelical 6352:39 Articles 6347:Elizabethan 6324:Anglicanism 6304:Westminster 6214:Melanchthon 6177:Lutheranism 6142:Nicodemites 6120:Arminianism 6091:Reformation 6032:Bonaventure 6007:Inquisition 6002:Waldensians 5952:Investiture 5930:Kievan Rus' 5886:Anglo-Saxon 5866:Pelagianism 5858:Middle Ages 5781:Iconodulism 5656:Thomas More 5577:Catholicism 5499:Monasticism 5482:Constantine 5407:Persecution 5365:Adoptionism 5350:Ante-Nicene 5293:Holy Spirit 5276:Crucifixion 5247:Origins and 5148:2nd and 3rd 5070:(1994 film) 4890:Manuscripts 4658:(John) Mark 4523:Aristarchus 4177:Telfer, W. 4000:Elsner, Jas 3227:Minneapolis 3195:Acts 15:1–2 3150:glans penis 3061:13 February 2946:: 121–124. 2883:: 375–405. 2633:: 373–391. 2577:: 459–477. 2536:12 February 2477:: 199–215. 2370:Acts 15:1–2 1939:and at the 1639:Constantine 1587:Pejoratives 1489:Simon Peter 1381:Historicity 1353:Holy Spirit 1320:Golden Rule 1241:his letters 1084:Galatians 2 952:fornication 688:Inspiration 526:Historicity 484:by language 416:manuscripts 175:fornication 6764:Categories 6468:Revivalism 6389:Anabaptism 6337:Henry VIII 6162:Literature 5786:Iconoclasm 5766:Chrysostom 5719:Vatican II 5685:Jansenists 5671:Mass rocks 5607:Lateran IV 5526:Athanasius 5446:Tertullian 5390:Marcionism 5385:Gnosticism 5338:Revelation 5256:Background 4977:Uncial 095 4854:Authorship 4818:Christians 4777:Theophilus 4493:Agrippa II 3677:: 72–101. 3646:Cairn.info 3393:Acts 15:18 3257:1082543536 3146:barbarians 3042:: 1990–8. 2241:References 1710:Clementine 1629:Marcionism 1539:Elcesaites 1325:See also: 1286:, quoting 1276:Acts 15:12 1272:Acts 15:14 1249:Asia Minor 1216:See also: 1114:both from 1092:Mosaic Law 934:, such as 932:Mosaic Law 910:, held in 904:chapter 15 693:Literalism 603:Historical 510:Archeology 447:Septuagint 342:Authorship 330:Authorship 110:Mosaic Law 6634:Ecumenism 6584:Adventism 6574:Mormonism 6510:Millerism 6505:Methodism 6460:1640–1789 6362:Civil War 6309:Orthodoxy 6264:Huguenots 6246:Calvinism 6231:Eucharist 6226:Orthodoxy 6110:Eucharist 6042:Five Ways 5992:Dulcinian 5945:Pomerania 5871:Gregory I 5715:Vatican I 5705:Modernism 5690:Molinists 5680:Guadalupe 5551:Chalcedon 5546:Ephesus I 5536:Augustine 5412:Apostolic 5395:Montanism 5360:Diversity 5136:Centuries 4897:Papyrus 8 4849:Luke–Acts 4797:Trophimus 4772:Tertullus 4717:Prochorus 4712:Priscilla 4558:Dionysius 4553:Demetrius 4548:Cornelius 4528:Bar-jesus 4432:Pentecost 4427:Ascension 3838:Jacobites 3720:Anointing 3683:0035-0907 3642:0295-5652 3624:2271-1880 3578:Metzger, 3381:"Acts 15" 3364:0167-9732 3299:Routledge 3265:242771713 3206:Acts 15:5 3158:Greek art 3108:3 January 2965:3 January 2910:3 January 2655:0048-1009 2647:1568-5365 2591:0021-9231 2523:170331485 2515:803348474 2491:1475-4517 2467:Cambridge 2070:Judaizers 1993:of 1756. 1917:Lev 17–18 1770:Shekhinah 1612:Adversity 1599:Legalists 1594:Judaizers 1544:Nazarenes 1534:Ebionites 1261:salvation 1203:Pharisees 1074:(between 1021:Pentecost 912:Jerusalem 818:Inerrancy 628:Canonical 623:Redaction 515:Artifacts 296:Apocrypha 225:and books 173:and from 114:salvation 77:President 53:and most 6726:Theology 6714:Missions 6709:Timeline 6681:Mainline 6629:Pacifism 6478:Baptists 6397:Theology 6357:Puritans 6332:Timeline 6274:Scotland 6202:Theology 6049:Wycliffe 5997:Crusades 5972:Bogomils 5925:Bulgaria 5881:Germanic 5833:Ethiopia 5731:Timeline 5509:Nicaea I 5504:Councils 5436:Irenaeus 5431:Ignatius 5426:Polycarp 5380:Donatism 5375:Docetism 5370:Arianism 5271:Ministry 4802:Tychicus 4732:Sapphira 4687:Parmenas 4682:Nicholas 4672:Matthias 4598:Gamaliel 4578:Eutychus 4568:Drusilla 4538:Berenice 4533:Barnabas 4262:chapters 4085:, 1983. 3878:, 1997. 3764:Balsamon 3691:44076024 3582:, 383n9. 3554:page 202 3407:Archived 3377:Gill, J. 3328:(1992). 3291:New York 3163:epispasm 3138:(1993). 3117:epispasm 2986:(2018). 2944:Elsevier 2905:29580193 2897:11568485 2686:(1998). 2663:24735868 2527:Archived 2507:09003793 2231:Prophets 2168:Balsamon 1997:See also 1970:— 1921:See also 1894:and the 1884:R. 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For 3054: 3004: 2994:London 2958: 2903: 2895: 2819: 2801:Oxford 2706: 2661: 2653: 2645: 2627:Leiden 2597: 2589: 2521: 2513: 2505: 2497: 2489: 2414:5:1–11 2410:3:9–28 2390:5:6–12 2350: 2308: 2290:Oxford 2164:Greeks 1990:Ex Quo 1733:Issues 1371:kosher 1349:elders 1333:, and 1224:, and 1195:"nless 1191:Judaea 1120:Romans 1059:, and 995:, and 732:Incest 712:Ethics 669:Pardes 659:Pesher 613:Source 542:Places 537:People 520:Dating 347:Dating 301:Jewish 235:Tanakh 223:Canons 196:on the 181:..." 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