3329:
3195:
2354:
2287:
2156:
1539:
1141:
29:
232:. Freinsheim suggested that the bridge consisted of two parts, one section measuring 24 ft (7.3 m) and the second being 12 ft (3.7 m) long. The 24 ft (7.3 m) section was placed along the prow mast and a hinge connected the smaller 12 ft (3.7 m) piece to the mast at the top. The smaller piece would have been the actual gangway as it could swing up and down, and the pestle was attached to the end.
140:. The Republic's military strength was in land-based warfare, and its main assets were the discipline and the courage of the Roman soldiers. The boarding bridge allowed the Romans to use their infantry advantage at sea, therefore helping to overcome the Carthaginians' superior naval experience and skills. The Romans' application of boarding tactics worked by winning several battles, most notably those of
41:
159:
Despite its advantages, the boarding bridge had a serious drawback in that it could not be used in rough seas; the stable connection of two bobbing ships endangered both ships' structures. When operating in rough conditions, the device became useless as a tactical weapon. The added weight on the prow
290:
featured a 36 ft (11 m) bridge with the mast hole set 12 ft (3.7 m) from the near end. The design suggested by de St. Denis, however, did not include an oblong hole and forced the bridge to travel up and down the mast completely perpendicular to the deck at all times.
254:
was a 36 ft (11 m) long bridge with the near end braced against the mast via a small oblong notch in the near end that extended 12 ft (3.7 m) into the bridge. Haltaus suggested that a lever through the prow mast would have allowed the crew to turn the
302:, which became the most widely accepted model among scholars for the rest of the twentieth century. Wallinga's design included the oblong notch in the deck of the bridge to allow it to rise at an angle by the pulley mounted on the top of the mast.
278:
extend out from the mast a full 36 ft (11 m) with the base of the near end connected to the mast. The marines on deck would then be forced to climb a 12 ft (3.7 m) ladder to access to the
116:
on the underside of the device, which was designed to pierce and anchor into an enemy ship's deck when the boarding bridge was lowered. This allowed a firm grip between the vessels and a route for the Roman
194:
also improved; accordingly, the relative utility of using the corvus as a weapon may have diminished. The device is not mentioned in period sources after the Battle of
Ecnomus, and apparently, the
247:
simply needed to be swapped. By applying the 12 ft (3.7 m) side along the prow mast, the 24 ft (7.3 m) side could be lowered onto an enemy ship by means of the pulley.
2134:
1835:
190:
Regardless of the reasons, it appears that Rome was no longer using the corvus at the end of the First Punic War. As Rome's ship crews became more experienced, Roman
160:
may have also compromised the ship's navigability, and it has been suggested that this instability led to Rome losing almost two entire fleets during storms in
1058:
317:
never existed. Tarn believed that the weight of the bridge would be too much for the design of the Roman ships to remain upright. He suggested that once the
2544:
2460:
171:
However, a different analysis suggests that the added weight did not threaten ship stability. JW Bonebakker, formerly
Professor of Naval Architecture at
2338:
161:
2687:
2549:
1862:
1810:
132:
In the 3rd century BCE, Rome was not a naval power and had little experience in sea combat. Before the First Punic War began in 264 BCE, the
2554:
615:
259:
by turning the mast. A pulley was placed on the top of a 24 ft (7.3 m) mast that raised the bridge in order to use the device.
3097:
3077:
1013:
3352:
3165:
2210:
2343:
202:, the Roman navy had been using a different kind of device to facilitate boarding attacks, a harpoon and winch system known as the
2753:
2247:
3087:
2614:
2333:
3035:
3082:
2986:
2225:
191:
270:
that resembled
Freinsheimâs crane with adjustments in the lengths of the sections of the bridge. His design placed the
329:
was simply an improved version of an already-existing grapnel pole, which had been used in Greece as early as 413 BC.
3092:
2482:
575:
557:
3117:
3024:
1984:
2844:
2195:
1820:
962:
608:
470:
883:
540:
The boarding-bridge of the Romans: its construction and its function in the naval tactics of the first Punic War
2834:
2241:
2220:
172:
3135:
294:
The next step in that direction occurred in 1956, when the historian H.T. Wallinga published his dissertation
100:
describes this device as a bridge 1.2 m (4 ft) wide and 10.9 m (36 ft) long, with a small
3362:
3178:
3160:
2808:
1840:
195:
3102:
2699:
2318:
2257:
2087:
1897:
224:
has undergone many transformations throughout history. The earliest suggested modern interpretation of the
82:-like iron hook that is said to have sat at the far end of the bridge, intended to anchor the enemy ship.
3155:
2532:
2435:
1974:
1733:
3011:
2274:
2117:
1989:
1879:
637:
601:
3244:
3173:
2748:
2604:
2537:
1763:
1706:
168:. Those losses may have contributed to Rome abandoning the boarding bridge in ship design over time.
2665:
3285:
3005:
2790:
2497:
2024:
2019:
1825:
1556:
759:
624:
92:
2892:
3234:
3107:
2763:
2711:
2414:
2205:
2112:
1999:
1634:
985:
310:
22:
3150:
1574:
3357:
3272:
3140:
2785:
2594:
2589:
2519:
2409:
2252:
2124:
1857:
1287:
1238:
1181:
1126:
980:
236:
3263:
3145:
2819:
2795:
2650:
2129:
2014:
1912:
1887:
1479:
1358:
1312:
1243:
1208:
412:
1444:
952:
3239:
3112:
3052:
2905:
2839:
2682:
2670:
2514:
2323:
2082:
2077:
1979:
1939:
1743:
1639:
1629:
1622:
1176:
2269:
112:
allowed the bridge to be raised and lowered. There was a heavy spike shaped like a bird's
8:
3301:
3229:
3057:
3047:
3018:
2886:
2719:
2660:
2230:
2139:
2039:
2029:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1949:
1944:
1929:
1924:
1845:
1701:
1579:
1524:
1449:
873:
837:
199:
568:
The
Cartoon History of the Universe II: From the Springtime of China to the Fall of Rome
2998:
2655:
2455:
2440:
2235:
2190:
2185:
2034:
1584:
1196:
545:
487:
435:
149:
2918:
2579:
2527:
2509:
2450:
2072:
2009:
2004:
1934:
1830:
1790:
1785:
1768:
1738:
1404:
1348:
1342:
1191:
1168:
990:
920:
878:
571:
553:
426:
de St. Denis, Emile (1946). "Une machine de guerre maritime: le corbeau de
Duilius".
362:
The
History of Titus Livius with the entire Supplement of Johann Freinsheim Volume II
229:
165:
153:
137:
406:
305:
Not everybody, however, has accepted the idea that the Romans invented and used the
3224:
2959:
2675:
2419:
2328:
2049:
2044:
1852:
1795:
1778:
1748:
1679:
1454:
1233:
1111:
1038:
858:
734:
479:
321:
was raised, the ship would simply roll over and capsize by the weight added by the
75:
2911:
2780:
588:
2640:
1994:
1954:
1892:
995:
930:
784:
179:
weight of one ton to conclude that it was "most probable that the stability of a
145:
141:
71:
2692:
2946:
2880:
2635:
2394:
2262:
2067:
2062:
1773:
1726:
1644:
1589:
1317:
1223:
1186:
1033:
895:
729:
133:
122:
67:
3346:
3294:
2979:
2939:
2925:
2584:
2399:
2174:
1721:
1716:
1689:
1617:
1514:
1048:
970:
719:
699:
662:
2932:
1255:
3040:
2730:
2724:
2630:
2625:
2564:
2445:
1800:
1674:
1649:
1601:
1594:
1519:
1434:
1070:
1005:
863:
801:
724:
682:
563:
263:
59:
2965:
28:
3279:
2862:
2801:
2620:
2574:
2559:
2487:
2215:
1694:
1499:
1394:
1201:
937:
868:
774:
692:
677:
180:
3317:
1374:
439:
2814:
2645:
2504:
2492:
2404:
2313:
1902:
1654:
1322:
1297:
1276:
1218:
1080:
1053:
769:
649:
63:
2569:
491:
2824:
2737:
1753:
1711:
1684:
1494:
1439:
1423:
1281:
1121:
1075:
1000:
975:
942:
796:
739:
714:
198:
decided the war in 241 BCE and was won without it. By 36 BCE, at the
118:
593:
183:
with a displacement of about 250 m (330 cu yd) would
2972:
1474:
1469:
1337:
1292:
1213:
1101:
1096:
1065:
822:
779:
744:
709:
657:
483:
97:
1419:
3257:
2704:
2200:
2092:
1489:
1459:
1414:
1399:
1384:
1379:
1332:
1302:
1025:
832:
827:
764:
704:
667:
109:
101:
3308:
2953:
2774:
1758:
1664:
1509:
1464:
1409:
1369:
1353:
1327:
1271:
1116:
1043:
947:
915:
905:
853:
754:
687:
204:
1669:
1659:
1504:
1484:
1429:
1389:
1363:
1307:
806:
55:
1266:
925:
910:
890:
791:
672:
113:
105:
79:
900:
40:
364:. London: W. Green & T. Chaplin. pp. 216â217.
250:
The German scholar K.F. Haltaus hypothesized that the
1157:
298:. It suggested a different full-beam design for the
286:
The French scholar Ămile de St. Denis suggested the
379:. London: Taylor, Walton, and Maberly. p. 578.
104:on both sides. The engine was probably used in the
468:Tarn, W. (1907). "Fleets of the First Punic War".
346:
344:
342:
3344:
243:and proposed that the two parts of Freinsheimâs
187:be seriously upset" when the bridge was raised.
339:
239:ventured to improve the interpretation of the
609:
507:Hellenistic Military & Naval Developments
425:
411:. London: Longmans, Green, and Co. pp.
129:) to cross onto and capture the enemy ship.
235:The classical scholar and German statesman
3151:Ancient Shipwreck Museum at Kyrenia Castle
3098:International Congress of Maritime Museums
3078:Advisory Council on Underwater Archaeology
2370:
616:
602:
359:
108:of the ship, where a pole and a system of
3211:
3166:National Museum of Subaquatic Archaeology
389:
215:
452:
39:
27:
3136:Bodrum Museum of Underwater Archaeology
542:. Groningen and Djakarta, J.B. Wolters.
374:
274:twelve feet above the deck and had the
3345:
3088:European Association of Archaeologists
3210:
2369:
2344:Pompey's campaign against the pirates
2302:
2172:
2171:
1554:
1156:
635:
623:
597:
524:. London: Cambridge UP. p. 490.
519:
504:
467:
404:
3083:Archaeological Institute of America
392:"The Boarding Bridge of the Romans"
78:. The name is figurative after the
13:
228:came in 1649 by German classicist
14:
3374:
3093:Institute of Nautical Archaeology
2483:Coastal defence and fortification
1858:Roman circumnavigation of Britain
1158:Navigation, and ports and harbors
589:Livius.org: Polybius' description
582:
455:The Boarding Bridge of the Romans
296:The Boarding-Bridge of the Romans
3353:Ancient Roman military equipment
3327:
3193:
3118:Society for American Archaeology
2352:
2285:
2154:
1537:
1139:
457:. J. B. Wolters. pp. 19â25.
2550:Phoenician discovery of America
552:. London, Cassel Publications.
538:Wallinga, Herman Tammo (1956).
513:
471:The Journal of Hellenic Studies
377:The History of Rome, Volume III
136:had not campaigned outside the
2242:Periplus of the Erythraean Sea
498:
461:
446:
419:
398:
383:
368:
353:
309:as a special device. In 1907,
85:
70:, first introduced during the
62:ship mounted boarding ramp or
16:Roman military boarding device
1:
3161:Museum of Ancient Ships, Pisa
1836:Phoenician maritime expansion
532:
262:The German classical scholar
196:Battle of the Aegates Islands
90:In Chapters 1.22-4-11 of his
58:for "crow" or "raven") was a
3103:Nautical Archaeology Society
522:A Companion to Latin Studies
509:. Cambridge UP. p. 149.
394:. J. B. Wolters. p. 12.
266:proposed another version of
7:
3156:Museum of Ancient Seafaring
2533:Temple of Poseidon, Sounion
2339:Kidnapping of Julius Caesar
2196:IndusâMesopotamia relations
1555:
636:
360:Freinsheim, Johann (1815).
121:(who served as specialized
10:
3379:
3012:Phoenician Ship Expedition
2303:
1853:Pytheas' voyage to Britain
1846:Circumnavigation of Africa
390:Wallingha, Herman (1956).
20:
3325:
3217:
3206:
3191:
3126:
3068:
2871:
2855:
2603:
2538:Samothrace temple complex
2473:
2428:
2387:
2380:
2376:
2365:
2350:
2309:
2298:
2283:
2181:
2167:
2152:
2105:
2058:
1911:
1878:
1871:
1809:
1610:
1567:
1563:
1550:
1535:
1254:
1167:
1163:
1152:
1137:
1089:
1024:
961:
846:
815:
648:
644:
631:
453:Wallinga, Herman (1956).
325:. Tarn believed that the
1826:Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul
332:
3108:RPM Nautical Foundation
2845:Surviving ancient ships
2764:Marsala Punic shipwreck
74:in sea battles against
44:Boarding-bridge diagram
23:Corvus (disambiguation)
3141:Giza Solar boat museum
2595:Underwater exploration
2590:Underwater archaeology
2555:Pre-Columbian theories
2410:John Sinclair Morrison
2371:Research and education
1821:Austronesian Expansion
405:Ihne, William (1871).
216:Modern interpretations
45:
37:
3212:Legend and literature
3170:Viking ship museums:
3146:Grand Egyptian Museum
2906:Austronesian replicas
2881:Heyerdahl expeditions
2791:Caligula's Giant Ship
2651:Dover Bronze Age Boat
1313:Berenice Troglodytica
43:
31:
3363:Navy of ancient Rome
3113:Sea Research Society
2515:Maritime archaeology
2324:Ameinias the Phocian
2319:Mediterranean piracy
550:The Fall of Carthage
375:Niebuhr, B. (1851).
313:postulated that the
175:, used an estimated
21:For other uses, see
2206:Maritime Jade Route
1359:Kaveri Poompattinam
546:Goldsworthy, Adrian
408:The History of Rome
200:Battle of Naulochus
2754:Bajo de la Campana
2456:Peter Throckmorton
2441:Jean-Yves Empereur
2415:William L. Rodgers
2236:Maritime Silk Road
220:The design of the
46:
38:
3340:
3339:
3336:
3335:
3202:
3201:
3189:
3188:
2809:Madrague de Giens
2528:Temple of Isthmia
2524:Maritime temples
2510:Marine navigation
2469:
2468:
2461:Shelley Wachsmann
2451:J. Richard Steffy
2361:
2360:
2294:
2293:
2163:
2162:
2150:
2149:
2101:
2100:
1831:Ocean exploration
1546:
1545:
1533:
1532:
1192:Rutter (nautical)
1148:
1147:
1135:
1134:
991:Mortise and tenon
625:Ancient seafaring
520:Tarn, W. (1910).
505:Tarn, W. (1930).
230:Johann Freinsheim
138:Italian Peninsula
3370:
3331:
3330:
3225:Ark of bulrushes
3208:
3207:
3197:
3196:
2835:Oldest surviving
2545:Nusantao network
2420:Chester G. Starr
2385:
2384:
2378:
2377:
2367:
2366:
2356:
2355:
2329:Cilician pirates
2300:
2299:
2289:
2288:
2226:Sa Huynh-Kalanay
2221:Iron Age Britain
2169:
2168:
2158:
2157:
1876:
1875:
1565:
1564:
1552:
1551:
1541:
1540:
1455:Ptolemais Theron
1165:
1164:
1154:
1153:
1143:
1142:
735:Single-outrigger
646:
645:
633:
632:
618:
611:
604:
595:
594:
526:
525:
517:
511:
510:
502:
496:
495:
465:
459:
458:
450:
444:
443:
434:(3/4): 359â367.
423:
417:
416:
402:
396:
395:
387:
381:
380:
372:
366:
365:
357:
351:
350:Wallinga p.77â90
348:
3378:
3377:
3373:
3372:
3371:
3369:
3368:
3367:
3343:
3342:
3341:
3332:
3328:
3323:
3213:
3198:
3194:
3185:
3128:
3122:
3070:
3069:Institutes and
3064:
3019:Viking replicas
2960:Balangay Voyage
2873:
2867:
2851:
2606:
2599:
2475:
2465:
2424:
2372:
2357:
2353:
2348:
2305:
2290:
2286:
2281:
2177:
2159:
2155:
2146:
2097:
2054:
1907:
1867:
1812:
1805:
1606:
1559:
1542:
1538:
1529:
1405:Mueang Phra Rot
1259:
1250:
1159:
1144:
1140:
1131:
1085:
1059:Triangular sail
1020:
957:
931:Sail components
842:
811:
785:Tessarakonteres
640:
627:
622:
585:
535:
530:
529:
518:
514:
503:
499:
466:
462:
451:
447:
424:
420:
403:
399:
388:
384:
373:
369:
358:
354:
349:
340:
335:
311:William W. Tarn
218:
88:
72:First Punic War
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3376:
3366:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3338:
3337:
3334:
3333:
3326:
3324:
3322:
3321:
3314:
3313:
3312:
3305:
3298:
3291:
3283:
3276:
3269:
3261:
3251:
3250:
3249:
3248:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3227:
3218:
3215:
3214:
3204:
3203:
3200:
3199:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3186:
3184:
3183:
3182:
3181:
3176:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3132:
3130:
3124:
3123:
3121:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3074:
3072:
3066:
3065:
3063:
3062:
3061:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3038:
3030:
3029:
3028:
3016:
3015:
3014:
3009:
3002:
2994:Mediterranean
2992:
2991:
2990:
2983:
2976:
2969:
2962:
2957:
2950:
2947:Alingano Maisu
2943:
2936:
2929:
2922:
2915:
2903:
2902:
2901:
2890:
2877:
2875:
2869:
2868:
2866:
2865:
2859:
2857:
2853:
2852:
2850:
2849:
2848:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2829:
2828:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2805:
2798:
2796:De Meern ships
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2768:
2767:
2766:
2758:
2757:
2756:
2751:
2743:
2742:
2741:
2734:
2727:
2722:
2714:
2709:
2708:
2707:
2697:
2696:
2695:
2690:
2680:
2679:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2666:Cape Gelidonya
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2611:
2609:
2601:
2600:
2598:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2541:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2501:
2500:
2490:
2485:
2479:
2477:
2471:
2470:
2467:
2466:
2464:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2432:
2430:
2429:Archaeologists
2426:
2425:
2423:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2395:David Blackman
2391:
2389:
2382:
2374:
2373:
2363:
2362:
2359:
2358:
2351:
2349:
2347:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2334:Jewish pirates
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2310:
2307:
2306:
2296:
2295:
2292:
2291:
2284:
2282:
2280:
2279:
2278:
2277:
2267:
2266:
2265:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2182:
2179:
2178:
2165:
2164:
2161:
2160:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2147:
2145:
2144:
2143:
2142:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2121:
2120:
2109:
2107:
2103:
2102:
2099:
2098:
2096:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2059:
2056:
2055:
2053:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2020:Lake Trasimene
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1921:Mediterranean:
1917:
1915:
1909:
1908:
1906:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1884:
1882:
1873:
1869:
1868:
1866:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1849:
1848:
1843:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1817:
1815:
1807:
1806:
1804:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1782:
1781:
1776:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1730:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1698:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1627:
1626:
1625:
1614:
1612:
1608:
1607:
1605:
1604:
1599:
1598:
1597:
1592:
1582:
1577:
1571:
1569:
1561:
1560:
1548:
1547:
1544:
1543:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1530:
1528:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1263:
1261:
1252:
1251:
1249:
1248:
1247:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1228:
1227:
1226:
1224:Maritime pilot
1221:
1211:
1206:
1205:
1204:
1194:
1189:
1187:Portolan chart
1184:
1179:
1173:
1171:
1161:
1160:
1150:
1149:
1146:
1145:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1132:
1130:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1093:
1091:
1087:
1086:
1084:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1062:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1036:
1030:
1028:
1022:
1021:
1019:
1018:
1017:
1016:
1008:
1003:
998:
993:
988:
983:
978:
973:
967:
965:
959:
958:
956:
955:
950:
945:
940:
935:
934:
933:
923:
918:
913:
908:
903:
898:
893:
888:
887:
886:
876:
871:
866:
861:
856:
850:
848:
844:
843:
841:
840:
835:
830:
825:
819:
817:
813:
812:
810:
809:
804:
799:
794:
789:
788:
787:
782:
777:
772:
767:
762:
760:Oared warships
757:
749:
748:
747:
742:
737:
727:
722:
717:
712:
707:
702:
697:
696:
695:
685:
680:
675:
670:
665:
660:
654:
652:
642:
641:
629:
628:
621:
620:
613:
606:
598:
592:
591:
584:
583:External links
581:
580:
579:
561:
543:
534:
531:
528:
527:
512:
497:
484:10.2307/624404
460:
445:
418:
397:
382:
367:
352:
337:
336:
334:
331:
217:
214:
134:Roman Republic
123:naval infantry
87:
84:
68:naval boarding
36:boarding plank
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3375:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3358:Naval weapons
3356:
3354:
3351:
3350:
3348:
3320:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3310:
3306:
3304:
3303:
3299:
3297:
3296:
3295:Metamorphoses
3292:
3290:
3288:
3287:The Histories
3284:
3282:
3281:
3277:
3275:
3274:
3270:
3268:
3266:
3265:The Histories
3262:
3260:
3259:
3255:
3254:
3252:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3232:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3222:
3220:
3219:
3216:
3209:
3205:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3171:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3133:
3131:
3125:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3075:
3073:
3067:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3043:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3033:
3031:
3027:
3026:
3022:
3021:
3020:
3017:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3007:
3003:
3001:
3000:
2996:
2995:
2993:
2989:
2988:
2984:
2982:
2981:
2980:Marumaru Atua
2977:
2975:
2974:
2970:
2968:
2967:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2955:
2951:
2949:
2948:
2944:
2942:
2941:
2940:Samudra Raksa
2937:
2935:
2934:
2930:
2928:
2927:
2926:Te Au o Tonga
2923:
2921:
2920:
2916:
2914:
2913:
2909:
2908:
2907:
2904:
2900:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2889:
2888:
2884:
2883:
2882:
2879:
2878:
2876:
2870:
2864:
2861:
2860:
2858:
2854:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2832:
2830:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2810:
2806:
2804:
2803:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2786:Blackfriars I
2784:
2782:
2781:Arles RhĂŽne 3
2779:
2777:
2776:
2772:
2771:
2769:
2765:
2762:
2761:
2759:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2746:
2744:
2740:
2739:
2735:
2733:
2732:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2717:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2706:
2703:
2702:
2701:
2698:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2685:
2684:
2681:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2612:
2610:
2608:
2602:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2585:Thalassocracy
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2570:Shell middens
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2525:
2523:
2521:
2520:Naval warfare
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2499:
2496:
2495:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2480:
2478:
2472:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2433:
2431:
2427:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2400:Lionel Casson
2398:
2396:
2393:
2392:
2390:
2386:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2368:
2364:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2311:
2308:
2301:
2297:
2276:
2273:
2272:
2271:
2268:
2264:
2261:
2260:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2243:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2231:Incense trade
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2183:
2180:
2176:
2170:
2166:
2141:
2138:
2137:
2136:
2135:South America
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2119:
2116:
2115:
2114:
2111:
2110:
2108:
2104:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2083:Sailing ships
2081:
2079:
2078:Oared vessels
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2060:
2057:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
2000:Cape Hermaeum
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1922:
1919:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1910:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1877:
1874:
1870:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1838:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1818:
1816:
1814:
1811:Migration and
1808:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1771:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1714:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1632:
1631:
1628:
1624:
1621:
1620:
1619:
1618:Ancient Egypt
1616:
1615:
1613:
1611:Civilizations
1609:
1603:
1600:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1587:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1572:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1553:
1549:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1425:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1264:
1262:
1257:
1253:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1231:
1229:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1203:
1200:
1199:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1155:
1151:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1094:
1092:
1088:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1041:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1031:
1029:
1027:
1023:
1015:
1012:
1011:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
992:
989:
987:
986:Clinker built
984:
982:
979:
977:
974:
972:
971:Boat building
969:
968:
966:
964:
960:
954:
951:
949:
946:
944:
941:
939:
936:
932:
929:
928:
927:
924:
922:
919:
917:
914:
912:
909:
907:
904:
902:
899:
897:
894:
892:
889:
885:
882:
881:
880:
877:
875:
872:
870:
867:
865:
862:
860:
857:
855:
852:
851:
849:
845:
839:
836:
834:
831:
829:
826:
824:
821:
820:
818:
814:
808:
805:
803:
800:
798:
795:
793:
790:
786:
783:
781:
778:
776:
773:
771:
768:
766:
763:
761:
758:
756:
753:
752:
750:
746:
743:
741:
738:
736:
733:
732:
731:
728:
726:
723:
721:
720:Navis lusoria
718:
716:
713:
711:
708:
706:
703:
701:
698:
694:
691:
690:
689:
686:
684:
681:
679:
676:
674:
671:
669:
666:
664:
661:
659:
656:
655:
653:
651:
647:
643:
639:
634:
630:
626:
619:
614:
612:
607:
605:
600:
599:
596:
590:
587:
586:
577:
576:0-385-26520-4
573:
570:. Doubleday.
569:
565:
564:Gonick, Larry
562:
559:
558:0-304-36642-0
555:
551:
547:
544:
541:
537:
536:
523:
516:
508:
501:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
472:
464:
456:
449:
441:
437:
433:
429:
422:
414:
410:
409:
401:
393:
386:
378:
371:
363:
356:
347:
345:
343:
338:
330:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
303:
301:
297:
292:
289:
284:
282:
277:
273:
269:
265:
260:
258:
253:
248:
246:
242:
238:
233:
231:
227:
223:
213:
211:
207:
206:
201:
197:
193:
192:naval tactics
188:
186:
182:
178:
174:
169:
167:
163:
157:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
130:
128:
124:
120:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
94:
83:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
52:
42:
35:
30:
24:
19:
3316:
3307:
3300:
3293:
3286:
3278:
3273:On the Ocean
3271:
3264:
3256:
3253:Literature:
3041:
3023:
3004:
2997:
2987:Aotearoa One
2985:
2978:
2971:
2964:
2952:
2945:
2938:
2931:
2924:
2917:
2910:
2897:
2893:
2885:
2872:Experimental
2840:Museum ships
2807:
2800:
2773:
2745:Phoenician:
2736:
2731:Leontophoros
2729:
2693:Butuan boats
2688:Pontian boat
2626:Dufuna canoe
2565:Shipbuilding
2476:and theories
2446:Boris Rankov
2240:
2173:Economy and
2073:Incendiaries
1920:
1707:Indus Valley
1675:Tarumanagara
1602:Ubaid period
1520:Wadi al-Jarf
1435:Ostia Antica
1106:
1039:Fore-and-aft
1006:Shipbuilding
981:Carvel built
963:Construction
921:Steering oar
802:Sailing ship
725:Obelisk ship
683:Dugout canoe
567:
549:
539:
521:
515:
506:
500:
475:
469:
463:
454:
448:
431:
427:
421:
407:
400:
391:
385:
376:
370:
361:
355:
326:
322:
318:
314:
306:
304:
299:
295:
293:
287:
285:
280:
275:
271:
267:
264:Wilhelm Ihne
261:
256:
251:
249:
244:
240:
237:B.G. Niebuhr
234:
225:
221:
219:
209:
203:
189:
184:
176:
170:
158:
131:
126:
91:
89:
50:
49:
47:
33:
18:
3280:Argonautica
3267:(Herodotus)
3230:Flood myths
3127:Museums and
3071:conferences
3036:Vital Alsar
2874:archaeology
2683:Austronesia
2676:Hjortspring
2671:Rochelongue
2621:Pesse canoe
2575:Ship burial
2560:Sea Peoples
2493:Lighthouses
2488:Grave goods
2436:George Bass
2216:Spice trade
1813:exploration
1635:Philippines
1630:Austronesia
1623:Old Kingdom
1500:Trincomalee
1450:Prosphorion
1395:Myos Hormos
1239:Micronesian
1230:By region:
1202:Lighthouses
1010:By region:
775:Quinquereme
700:Kunlun ship
693:Penteconter
678:Dragon boat
181:quinquereme
119:legionaries
86:Description
3347:Categories
3289:(Polybius)
2933:Hawaiʻiloa
2815:Nemi ships
2700:Black Seaâ
2646:Khufu ship
2607:and relics
2505:Marine art
2498:Alexandria
2405:Fik Meijer
2388:Historians
2275:Indo-Roman
2088:Greek navy
1990:Salamis II
1980:Hellespont
1940:Artemisium
1930:Nile Delta
1893:Achaemenid
1786:Achaemenid
1655:Langkasuka
1650:Micronesia
1568:Prehistory
1495:Sounagoura
1323:Chittagong
1298:Barbarikon
1277:Alexandria
1219:Pilot boat
1169:Navigation
1001:Sewn-plank
996:Lashed-lug
874:Figurehead
847:Components
816:Propulsion
770:Quadrireme
751:Polyremes
730:Outriggers
533:References
64:drawbridge
3302:Geography
3240:Gilgamesh
3129:memorials
3053:Viracocha
2966:Faʻafaite
2919:Sarimanok
2825:Yassi Ada
2738:Syracusia
2661:Canaanite
2636:Moor Sand
2106:By region
2068:Grappling
2040:Naulochus
2030:Myonessus
1985:Echinades
1970:Arginusae
1965:Cynossema
1950:Naupactus
1945:Eurymedon
1779:Classical
1754:Phoenicia
1749:Mycenaean
1712:Tamilakam
1695:Polynesia
1685:Srivijaya
1480:Satingpra
1440:Palembang
1424:Cattigara
1366:(Kadaram)
1349:Jambukola
1343:Guangzhou
1284:(Podouke)
1282:Arikamedu
1244:Polynesia
1177:Celestial
1090:Armaments
1076:Spritsail
1034:Crab claw
976:Careening
943:Sternpost
797:Reed boat
740:Catamaran
715:Multihull
3318:TÄkitimu
3221:Legend:
3179:Roskilde
3058:Tangaroa
2999:Olympias
2973:Gaualofa
2912:HĆkĆ«leÊ»a
2887:Kon-Tiki
2720:Ashkelon
2656:Uluburun
2615:Earliest
2381:Scholars
2263:shipping
2063:Boarding
1975:Mytilene
1960:Syracuse
1925:Alashiya
1888:Egyptian
1872:Military
1863:Timeline
1841:Sardinia
1764:Carthage
1680:Kalingga
1640:Sa Huỳnh
1575:Timeline
1525:Zanzibar
1475:Sarapion
1470:Rhacotis
1400:Martaban
1345:(Canton)
1338:Godavaya
1333:Giao Chá»
1303:Barygaza
1293:Avalites
1214:Piloting
1102:Catapult
1097:Ballista
1071:Mast-aft
884:Planking
823:Paddling
780:Hexareme
745:Trimaran
710:Longship
658:Balangay
566:(1994).
548:(2004).
440:41516556
173:TU Delft
150:Tyndaris
98:Polybius
76:Carthage
3258:Odyssey
3235:Genesis
3032:Others
2831:Lists:
2820:Marausa
2770:Roman:
2760:Punic:
2725:Kyrenia
2716:Greek:
2712:Marsala
2705:Sinop D
2580:Tacking
2314:History
2201:Meluhha
2191:Fishing
2186:Whaling
2093:Ramming
2015:Aegates
2010:Drepana
2005:Ecnomus
1935:Salamis
1923:
1913:Battles
1791:Nabatea
1774:Archaic
1744:Nuragic
1734:Somalia
1585:Oceania
1580:Britain
1557:History
1490:Socotra
1460:Qandala
1445:Piraeus
1415:Muziris
1385:Madurai
1380:Manthai
1318:Canopus
1288:Arsinoe
1260:harbors
1209:History
1197:Coastal
1127:Sambuca
1112:Dolphin
1026:Rigging
838:Poling
828:Sailing
765:Trireme
705:Liburna
668:Coracle
638:Vessels
428:Latomus
210:harpago
166:249 BCE
154:Ecnomus
127:marinus
125:called
110:pulleys
102:parapet
93:History
3309:Aeneid
3025:Viking
3006:Regina
2775:Alkedo
2631:Abydos
2605:Wrecks
2474:Topics
2304:Piracy
2258:Greece
2118:Odisha
2050:Actium
2045:Mycale
1880:Navies
1769:Greece
1759:Olmecs
1727:Pandya
1702:Minoan
1665:Champa
1645:Lapita
1590:Remote
1510:Tyndis
1465:Quilon
1410:Muscat
1375:Lothal
1370:Korkai
1354:Jeddah
1328:Essina
1272:Adulis
1182:Charts
1117:Harpax
1107:Corvus
1081:Square
1049:Settee
1044:Lateen
953:Tiller
948:Strake
916:Rudder
906:Paddle
854:Anchor
833:Towing
755:Bireme
688:Galley
663:Bangka
574:
556:
492:624404
490:
438:
327:corvus
323:corvus
319:corvus
315:corvus
307:corvus
300:corvus
288:corvus
281:corvus
276:corvus
272:corvus
268:corvus
257:corvus
252:corvus
245:corvus
241:corvus
226:corvus
222:corvus
205:harpax
177:corvus
51:corvus
34:corvus
32:Roman
3245:Greek
3048:Abora
3042:Ivlia
2954:Saina
2898:Ra II
2856:Sites
2641:Dokos
2253:Egypt
2175:trade
2140:Rafts
2125:Japan
2113:India
2025:Chios
1995:Mylae
1955:Olpae
1903:Roman
1898:Greek
1796:Aksum
1722:Chera
1717:Chola
1690:Sunda
1670:Kutai
1660:Kedah
1505:Tulum
1485:Sidon
1430:Opone
1420:Ăc Eo
1390:Malao
1364:Kedah
1308:Basra
1256:Ports
1234:Inuit
1054:Tanja
1014:Egypt
864:Cabin
807:Tomol
650:Types
488:JSTOR
436:JSTOR
333:Notes
208:, or
146:Sulci
142:Mylae
60:Roman
56:Latin
3174:Oslo
2896:and
2802:Isis
2749:Gozo
2270:Rome
2248:Maya
2130:Rome
2035:Nile
1801:Rome
1739:Maya
1595:Near
1515:Tyre
1267:Aden
1066:Junk
938:Stem
926:Sail
911:Rope
896:Mast
891:Keel
879:Hull
869:Deck
792:Raft
673:Dhow
572:ISBN
554:ISBN
164:and
152:and
114:beak
106:prow
80:beak
66:for
48:The
2211:Tin
1258:and
1122:Ram
901:Oar
859:Bow
480:doi
185:not
162:255
3349::
2894:Ra
2863:H3
2617::
486:.
478:.
476:27
474:.
430:.
413:57
341:^
283:.
212:.
156:.
148:,
144:,
96:,
1426:)
1422:(
617:e
610:t
603:v
578:.
560:.
494:.
482::
442:.
432:5
415:.
54:(
25:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
