1798:
682:
in
English usually refers to merging of words, but the sense of the word in the original Greek used to be more general, referring to most changes related to vowel contraction, including
326:
during his alphabet and font-style reform (1707). All other
Cyrillic-based modern writing systems are based on the Petrine script, so they have never had the smooth breathing.
713:
281:'mountain' (smooth breathing). In medieval and modern script, it takes the form of a closing half moon (reverse C) or a closing single quotation mark:
1106:
706:
1498:
1779:
1828:
17:
159:, but a final vowel at the end of a word is regularly elided (removed) when the following word starts with a vowel and
699:
578:
1823:
1553:
538:
607:
100:
163:
would not happen if the second word began with a glottal stop (or any other form of stop consonant). In his
1611:
260:
232:
147:
142:
1765:
937:
1488:
651:
270:
258:
230:
145:
318:
according to a simple rule: if a word starts with a vowel, the vowel has a psili over it. From the
315:
656:
303:
254:
1833:
1536:
223:
91:
1558:
1024:
849:
664:
568:
238:
1020:
857:
1548:
8:
1802:
899:
751:
311:
307:
1121:
982:
853:
619:
35:
229:
The smooth breathing was kept in the traditional polytonic orthography even after the
1697:
1493:
1478:
574:
1483:
1039:
952:
611:
526:
319:
134:
645:
1596:
1165:
1088:
876:
766:
564:
531:
323:
201:
168:
78:
1671:
1626:
967:
789:
122:
111:
1817:
1756:
1712:
363:
188:
or to the left of a capital and also, in certain editions, on the first of a
138:
171:
accordingly regards the glottal stop interpretation as "highly improbable".
1784:
1322:
933:
895:
747:
373:
156:
1791:
1727:
348:'s beak" or "bent mark"), the symbol written over a vowel contracted by
1581:
914:
834:
683:
443:
366:
are written over the medial vowel with the smooth breathing mark—
353:
189:
1504:
623:
1641:
1054:
722:
600:
Transactions and
Proceedings of the American Philological Association
185:
130:
1001:
1283:
1214:
1136:
615:
573:(3rd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 56.
1741:
1459:
819:
595:
439:
273:
to help readers discern between similar words. For example, ὅρος
197:
160:
241:
times. It has been dropped in the modern monotonic orthography.
1656:
1410:
997:
349:
249:
The origin of the sign is thought to be the right-hand half (
1341:
1151:
1069:
804:
785:
691:
543:
367:
357:
335:
293:
286:
214:
205:
181:
175:
570:
345:
105:
266:
193:
155:
Some authorities have interpreted it as representing a
379:
489:. The coronis is assigned two distinct code points,
476:
for
Cyrillic. The pair of space + spiritus lenis is
644:
27:Diacritical mark (᾿) used in polytonic orthography
1815:
643:
1361:
1264:
1205:
30:"᾿" redirects here. For the similar character "
1526:
1514:
1313:
1274:
1430:
1401:
1391:
1381:
1234:
1185:
707:
1371:
1303:
1254:
1450:
237:sound had disappeared from the language in
1440:
1244:
1195:
714:
700:
593:
265:while in others it was used for the vowel
253:) of the letter H, which was used in some
1766:combining character § Unicode ranges
226:which had lost aspiration much earlier.
302:Smooth breathings were also used in the
14:
1816:
277:'boundary' (rough breathing) and ὄρος
180:) is written as on top of one initial
695:
563:
446:assigned to the smooth breathing are
362:. In present use, its appearances in
1780:English terms with diacritical marks
686:, though this is no longer the case.
665:participating institution membership
372:—and appearances of crasis in
587:
539:Modifier letter right half ring (ʾ)
24:
637:
380:Letters with smooth breathing mark
184:, on top of the second vowel of a
25:
1845:
474:COMBINING CYRILLIC PSILI PNEUMATA
196:. It did not occur on an initial
1797:
1796:
469:
721:
671:
608:Johns Hopkins University Press
557:
314:language. Today it is used in
152:from the beginning of a word.
141:, it marks the absence of the
13:
1:
1759:(placeholder glyph character)
551:
730:In Latin, Cyrillic and Greek
174:The smooth breathing mark (
106:
7:
520:
143:voiceless glottal fricative
10:
1850:
1829:Cyrillic-script diacritics
433:
368:
358:
336:
329:
294:
287:
244:
215:
206:
176:
95:
29:
1774:
1739:
1683:
1567:
1527:
1515:
1471:
1451:
1441:
1431:
1402:
1392:
1382:
1372:
1362:
1314:
1304:
1275:
1265:
1255:
1245:
1235:
1206:
1196:
1186:
1163:
1104:
729:
652:Oxford English Dictionary
594:Sturtevant, E.H. (1937).
271:Aristophanes of Byzantium
115:
77:
72:
55:
48:
43:
1728:tilde § Mathematics
1568:Marks used as diacritics
1824:Greek-script diacritics
657:Oxford University Press
515:COMBINING GREEK KORONIS
322:, it was eliminated by
255:archaic Greek alphabets
1117: ◌҄
1035: ◌͂
910: ◌̉
781: ◌̑
596:"The Smooth Breathing"
389:Smooth breathing
320:Russian writing system
269:. It was developed by
126:
963: ◌ͅ
459:COMBINING COMMA ABOVE
204:(thus the early name
135:polytonic orthography
67:COMBINING COMMA ABOVE
1803:Category: Diacritics
1607: ◌:
677:Note on terminology:
352:, was originally an
308:Glagolitic alphabets
222:) except in certain
1537:dakuten, handakuten
1489:Gurmukhī diacritics
655:(Online ed.).
312:Old Church Slavonic
200:, which always has
18:Coronis (diacritic)
1684:Non-diacritic uses
396:
356:after the letter:
224:pre-Koine dialects
36:Ejective consonant
1811:
1810:
1792:Punctuation marks
1698:caret (computing)
1554:Syriac diacritics
1499:diacritics in IPA
1494:Hebrew diacritics
1479:Arabic diacritics
663:(Subscription or
310:when writing the
104:
84:
83:
16:(Redirected from
1841:
1800:
1799:
1761:
1760:
1753:
1731:
1730:
1724:
1716:
1715:
1709:
1701:
1700:
1694:
1675:
1674:
1668:
1667: ◌′
1660:
1659:
1653:
1652: ◌˗
1645:
1644:
1642:full stop/period
1638:
1637: ◌.
1630:
1629:
1623:
1622: ◌,
1615:
1614:
1608:
1600:
1599:
1593:
1592: ◌̸
1585:
1584:
1578:
1577: ◌’
1549:Khmer diacritics
1540:
1539:
1533:
1531:
1530:
1529:
1521:
1519:
1518:
1517:
1484:Greek diacritics
1472:In other scripts
1463:
1462:
1456:
1454:
1453:
1446:
1444:
1443:
1436:
1434:
1433:
1426:
1424:
1414:
1413:
1407:
1405:
1404:
1397:
1395:
1394:
1387:
1385:
1384:
1377:
1375:
1374:
1367:
1365:
1364:
1357:
1355:
1345:
1344:
1338:
1336:
1326:
1325:
1319:
1317:
1316:
1309:
1307:
1306:
1299:
1297:
1287:
1286:
1280:
1278:
1277:
1270:
1268:
1267:
1260:
1258:
1257:
1250:
1248:
1247:
1240:
1238:
1237:
1230:
1228:
1218:
1217:
1211:
1209:
1208:
1201:
1199:
1198:
1191:
1189:
1188:
1181:
1179:
1155:
1154:
1148:
1147: ◌҃
1140:
1139:
1133:
1132: ◌҇
1125:
1124:
1118:
1096:
1095:
1093:smooth breathing
1085:
1084: ◌᾿
1081:
1080: ◌῾
1073:
1072:
1066:
1065: ◌̃
1058:
1057:
1051:
1050: ◌͗
1043:
1042:
1036:
1028:
1027:
1017:
1016: ◌̥
1013:
1012: ◌̊
1005:
1004:
994:
993: ◌̨
986:
985:
979:
978: ◌̄
971:
970:
964:
956:
955:
949:
948: ◌̛
941:
940:
930:
929: ◌̢
926:
925: ◌̡
918:
917:
911:
903:
902:
892:
891: ◌̏
888:
887: ◌̀
880:
879:
873:
872: ◌̣
869:
868: ◌̇
861:
860:
846:
845: ◌̈
838:
837:
831:
830: ◌̂
823:
822:
816:
815: ◌̧
808:
807:
801:
800: ◌̌
793:
792:
782:
778:
777: ◌̆
770:
769:
763:
762: ◌᷄
755:
754:
744:
743: ◌̋
740:
739: ◌́
716:
709:
702:
693:
692:
687:
675:
669:
668:
660:
648:
641:
635:
634:
632:
630:
591:
585:
584:
565:Allen, W. Sidney
561:
527:Greek diacritics
516:
513:
512:
508:
506:
501:
498:
495:
493:
488:
485:
482:
480:
475:
472:
471:
467:
465:
460:
457:
456:
452:
450:
405:
397:
393:
376:are not marked.
371:
370:
361:
360:
339:
338:
297:
296:
290:
289:
264:
236:
218:
217:
209:
208:
179:
178:
151:
131:diacritical mark
117:
109:
99:
97:
88:smooth breathing
68:
64:
61:
59:
50:Smooth breathing
41:
40:
21:
1849:
1848:
1844:
1843:
1842:
1840:
1839:
1838:
1814:
1813:
1812:
1807:
1770:
1755:
1752: ◌
1751:
1749:
1735:
1726:
1723: ~
1722:
1720:
1711:
1708: °
1707:
1705:
1696:
1693: ^
1692:
1690:
1679:
1670:
1666:
1664:
1655:
1651:
1649:
1640:
1636:
1634:
1625:
1621:
1619:
1610:
1606:
1604:
1595:
1591:
1589:
1580:
1576:
1574:
1563:
1559:Thai diacritics
1535:
1525:
1523:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1505:kana diacritics
1467:
1458:
1448:
1438:
1428:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1409:
1399:
1389:
1379:
1369:
1359:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1340:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1321:
1311:
1301:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1282:
1272:
1262:
1252:
1242:
1232:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1213:
1203:
1193:
1183:
1177:
1175:
1173:
1159:
1150:
1146:
1144:
1135:
1131:
1129:
1120:
1116:
1114:
1100:
1089:rough breathing
1087:
1083:
1079:
1077:
1068:
1064:
1062:
1053:
1049:
1047:
1038:
1034:
1032:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1009:
996:
992:
990:
981:
977:
975:
966:
962:
960:
951:
947:
945:
932:
928:
924:
922:
913:
909:
907:
894:
890:
886:
884:
875:
871:
867:
865:
848:
844:
842:
833:
829:
827:
818:
814:
812:
803:
799:
797:
784:
780:
776:
774:
765:
761:
759:
746:
742:
738:
736:
725:
720:
690:
678:
676:
672:
662:
642:
638:
628:
626:
592:
588:
581:
562:
558:
554:
532:Rough breathing
523:
514:
510:
509:
504:
503:
499:
496:
491:
490:
486:
483:
478:
477:
473:
468:
463:
462:
458:
454:
453:
448:
447:
436:
431:
430:
403:
398:
395:
394:
391:
382:
332:
324:Peter the Great
316:Church Slavonic
300:
247:
202:rough breathing
169:W. Sidney Allen
79:Rough breathing
66:
62:
57:
56:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1847:
1837:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1809:
1808:
1806:
1805:
1794:
1789:
1788:
1787:
1775:
1772:
1771:
1769:
1768:
1763:
1746:
1744:
1737:
1736:
1734:
1733:
1718:
1703:
1687:
1685:
1681:
1680:
1678:
1677:
1662:
1647:
1632:
1617:
1602:
1587:
1571:
1569:
1565:
1564:
1562:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1545:
1544:
1543:
1542:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1475:
1473:
1469:
1468:
1466:
1465:
1416:
1347:
1328:
1289:
1220:
1170:
1168:
1161:
1160:
1158:
1157:
1142:
1127:
1111:
1109:
1107:Early Cyrillic
1102:
1101:
1099:
1098:
1075:
1060:
1045:
1030:
1007:
988:
973:
968:iota subscript
958:
943:
938:retroflex hook
920:
905:
882:
863:
840:
825:
810:
795:
790:inverted breve
772:
757:
733:
731:
727:
726:
719:
718:
711:
704:
696:
689:
688:
670:
636:
616:10.2307/283256
586:
579:
555:
553:
550:
549:
548:
547:
546:
536:
535:
534:
522:
519:
461:for Greek and
435:
432:
429:
428:
425:
422:
419:
416:
413:
410:
407:
390:
386:
385:
381:
378:
331:
328:
304:early Cyrillic
299:
298:
291:
283:
246:
243:
213:, rather than
127:spiritus lenis
82:
81:
75:
74:
70:
69:
53:
52:
49:
46:
45:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1846:
1835:
1834:Ancient Greek
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1821:
1819:
1804:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1786:
1783:
1782:
1781:
1778:
1777:
1773:
1767:
1764:
1758:
1757:dotted circle
1748:
1747:
1745:
1743:
1738:
1729:
1719:
1714:
1713:degree symbol
1704:
1699:
1689:
1688:
1686:
1682:
1673:
1663:
1658:
1648:
1643:
1633:
1628:
1618:
1613:
1603:
1598:
1588:
1583:
1573:
1572:
1570:
1566:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1546:
1538:
1508:
1507:
1506:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1476:
1474:
1470:
1461:
1417:
1412:
1348:
1343:
1329:
1324:
1290:
1285:
1221:
1216:
1172:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1162:
1153:
1143:
1138:
1128:
1123:
1113:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1103:
1094:
1090:
1076:
1071:
1061:
1056:
1046:
1041:
1031:
1026:
1022:
1008:
1003:
999:
989:
984:
974:
969:
959:
954:
944:
939:
935:
921:
916:
906:
901:
897:
883:
878:
864:
859:
855:
851:
841:
836:
826:
821:
811:
806:
796:
791:
787:
773:
768:
758:
753:
749:
735:
734:
732:
728:
724:
717:
712:
710:
705:
703:
698:
697:
694:
685:
681:
674:
666:
658:
654:
653:
647:
640:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
590:
582:
580:0-521-33555-8
576:
572:
571:
566:
560:
556:
545:
542:
541:
540:
537:
533:
530:
529:
528:
525:
524:
518:
500:GREEK KORONIS
445:
441:
426:
423:
420:
417:
414:
411:
408:
401:
388:
387:
384:
377:
375:
365:
364:Ancient Greek
355:
351:
347:
343:
334:The coronis (
327:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
292:
285:
284:
282:
280:
276:
272:
268:
262:
256:
252:
242:
240:
234:
227:
225:
221:
212:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
172:
170:
166:
162:
158:
153:
149:
144:
140:
139:Ancient Greek
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
113:
108:
107:psilòn pneûma
102:
93:
92:Ancient Greek
89:
80:
76:
71:
63: ̓
54:
47:
42:
37:
33:
19:
1785:Metal umlaut
1323:chandrabindu
1092:
934:palatal hook
900:double grave
805:caron, háček
752:double acute
679:
673:
650:
639:
627:. Retrieved
603:
599:
589:
569:
559:
437:
399:
383:
374:modern Greek
341:
333:
301:
278:
274:
250:
248:
228:
219:
210:
173:
164:
157:glottal stop
154:
118:
96:ψιλὸν πνεῦμα
87:
85:
31:
1040:perispomene
610:: 112–119.
487:GREEK PSILI
444:code points
239:Hellenistic
1818:Categories
1776:See also:
1582:apostrophe
915:hook above
835:circumflex
723:Diacritics
684:synaeresis
667:required.)
629:29 January
552:References
354:apostrophe
165:Vox Graeca
1503:Japanese
1055:sicilicus
1025:underring
850:diaeresis
567:(1987) .
427:Ὠ ὠ
418:Ὀ ὀ
415:Ἰ ἰ
412:Ἠ ἠ
409:Ἐ ἐ
406:Ἀ ἀ
186:diphthong
101:romanized
1284:avagraha
1215:anusvara
1137:pokrytie
1021:overring
646:"crasis"
521:See also
511:◌̓
497:᾽
484:᾿
470:◌҆
455:◌̓
424: ὐ
421: ῤ
133:used in
73:See also
1742:Unicode
1532:
1524:
1520:
1512:
1460:visarga
1455:
1449:
1445:
1439:
1435:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1406:
1400:
1396:
1390:
1386:
1380:
1376:
1370:
1366:
1360:
1356:
1352:
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