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2118:
624:. Additionally, Engert offered his opinion on the waning years of Reza Shah's regime: repressive and stifling in its lack of political debate, floundering in its meager attempts at a census, yet courageous in introducing mandatory unveiling of women. As the war continued, Engert also noted the impact of German victories early on, the closeness of the Shah to the Germans, the Russian pressure on the government of Iran, and Iranian steps to shake free from British influence.
2509:
591:. For several tense days, beginning on May 2, the American legation was repeatedly assaulted with gunfire, while looting and disorder spread throughout the city. The diplomatic staff managed to harm at least one attacker, but the attacks only abated with the Italian occupation of the capital on May 5, 1936. A few days later, President Roosevelt promoted Engert for his heroism.
422:, would later describe him as "he best student of those early years " and a "youth of many talents", Jane Engert would describe her grandfather's academic performance as "not at all distinguished", though "decent enough". He then proceeded to study law and teach until 1911, when he took the Le Conte Memorial Fellowship then offered by the university to study for a year at
1430:"BRITISH HEED OUR APPEAL; Will Rescue Americans in Legation but They Cannot Defend It. OCCUPANTS FIGHT OFF MOB Two Servants Are Shot Later – More Fires Are Set in Day of Terror in Capital. NIGHT IS REPORTED CALM U.S. Minister Reluctant to Quit Quarters, but He Will Consult British on Action. Italian Troops Reach Capital"
586:
The conclusion of the Second Italo-Ethiopian War began in May 1936, with the
Italian capture of Addis Ababa. Despite Engert's attempts to protect American personnel, the intervening days between the flight of the Emperor on May 2, the immediate collapse of civil order, and the Italian march toward
441:
and other newspapers, he was of "Dutch parentage"; to others, he presented himself as having German relatives, or
English and Dutch parentage. Indeed, though it was preserved in federal records, including his naturalization papers in 1910, by the time of his entry into graduate school, Engert had
1862:
445:
All the same, in 1912, when Engert began his service in the
American diplomatic corps, he declared his state of residence to be California and his name to be "Adolph Cornelius". Only in 1924 was he finally able to remove his first name from State Department records.
536:
from this experience, and Engert a report for the State
Department; Thomas's book was a popular success, as was Engert's report (though in different circumstances). The former would be forgotten; the latter used even into the twentieth century by
1397:"U.S. LEGATION HIT BY STRAY BULLETS; No One Killed, Says Minister in Addis Ababa – Flames Spare Our Building. CONSUL'S HOME IS LOOTED American Missionaries Safe – Haven Provided for Thirty Greeks and Russians. U.S. LEGATION HIT BY STRAY BULLETS"
616:
This time, his job was to help restore diplomatic relations, which had been severed the year before over issues regarding newspaper coverage and a speeding incident. Engert was ultimately successful in this duty.
381:. As his granddaughter, Jane, would later state, however, Engert had a habit of "trying to purge all records and accounts that conflicted with the identity he was trying to create": by sixteen, after attending
519:
In 1922, upon leaving his
Persian post, Engert became the first U.S. diplomat to travel through Afghanistan, ostensibly to search for business opportunities through oil drilling. He also successfully convinced
2465:
2084:
587:
Addis Ababa left his charges vulnerable: Engert, his wife, and the rest of the legation staff, along with Greek civilians and
American journalists, came under attack from Ethiopian bandits in the
2549:
579:
began in
October, and, during the war, Engert attempted to protect Foreign Service personnel with bomb shelters and communications systems. As the war raged in Ethiopia, Engert was promoted to
665:
During his time in
Afghanistan, Engert was instrumental in the opening of the Afghan economy to the world, and created opportunities for economic development, which, in the words of
2836:
2495:
2487:
2114:
2796:
2122:
2106:
685:
377:
mother. His father, John
Cornelius Engert, a trader by profession, was of Dutch origin; he died within a year, leaving his mother, Irma Babetz, to raise him in
2831:
2275:
761:
In
January 1981, at the age of 93, Engert reminisced about his State Department years with colleagues, all the while claiming he was 95, to a reporter of
2821:
2801:
1231:
651:
requested that he mediate ceasefire negotiations which were promptly rejected by the British; ultimately, the Allies emerged victorious in the region.
588:
1863:"American Friends of the Middle East: The CIA, US Citizens, and the Secret Battle for American Public Opinion in the Arab–Israeli Conflict, 1947–1967"
1429:
2826:
1330:
1038:
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Even though he now lived in an occupied city, through the early half of 1937, Engert remained at his post, sheltering refugees during the events of
2503:
1758:
1542:
1396:
1363:
2480:
2063:
2011:
2446:
797:
The State Department notes that the mission ended with the Italian occupation of Addis Ababa on May 6, but that Engert left on May 4, 1937.
2099:
497:
In the early 1920s, Engert briefly served in Iran as acting U.S. minister; as he was proceeding to his post, he happened to witness the
2473:
598:, where the Italian occupiers massacred thousands of Addis Ababa residents; he also attempted to restrain them on multiple occasions.
461:
As Engert himself would later note: he had a "Foreign Service career that went from one calamity to another—and was always exciting."
2806:
2786:
2044:
2569:
2184:
1098:
Rubin, Michael A. (1995). "Stumbling through the "Open Door": The U.S. in Persia and the Standard-Sinclair Oil Dispute, 1920-1925".
2841:
1953:
1297:
966:
659:
34:
710:
After a courtship of more than two years, Engert married Sara Morrison Cunningham on December 16, 1922, at St. Luke's Church in
2092:
1978:
474:
by a British submarine. He later struck up an acquaintance with the British sailor commanding the submarine during the attack,
1489:
2816:
1585:
1526:
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1215:
1188:
1152:
1039:"EX-TEACHER DEFENDS AMERICAN LEGATION; Born in Vienna of Netherlands Parents, Engert Rose to Addis Ababa Post in Our Service"
930:
880:
406:
in California for one year, 1905, though Ferndale had no graduating class until 1906. Nevertheless, he matriculated into the
1543:"ENGERT, U. S. ENVOY, QUITS ADDIS ABABA; Returning to This Country, He Denies Ethiopians Were Slain at Legation by Italians"
419:
152:
742:
for her actions during the embassy attack. Ultimately, Sara predeceased Cornelius on July 14, 1972, while on vacation in
692:
1232:"ENGERT TO REPRESENT U.S. IN ADDIS ABABA; Near East Specialist Named to Replace Hanson as Charge d'Affaires in Ethiopia"
2282:
411:
321:
437:
Although he left his heart in California, Engert would modify his background as it suited him throughout his life: to
2315:
The embassy was closed from January 30, 1989, to January 17, 2002; the liaison office reopened on December 17, 2001.
403:
93:
1901:
827:
431:
357:(December 31, 1887 – May 12, 1985) was an American diplomat who served in Ethiopia, Iran, and Afghanistan.
2811:
2524:
1652:
393:. That was the name under which he and his mother, a physician, emigrated to the United States in 1904, on the
672:
After returning to the United States, Engert retired from the State Department at the end of the year; as the
509:
836:
778:
565:
1601:
Zamir, Meir (2007). "De Gaulle and the Question of Syria and Lebanon during the Second World War: Part I".
735:
1364:"ABRUZZO IS NAMED TO FEDERAL.BENCH; Nomination Is the First Major Recognition for Kelly, Brooklyn Leader"
811:
807:
644:
576:
418:
in 1908, and his master's (again, in letters) the next year. Though his professor of Slavic languages,
620:
He was also able to document Iran's relations with the Axis powers and the Allies at the beginning of
2791:
2674:
2601:
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1264:
727:
469:
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1073:"Diplomacy and War in the Twentieth Century: The Foreign Service Career of Cornelius van H. Engert"
407:
2586:
1927:
831:
753:; and Sheila. Roderick's daughter, Jane, would go on to write a biography about her grandfather.
673:
486:
485:, where he continued to serve in the consulate in Constantinople as vice-consul; he later became
475:
610:
458:; after becoming a full-fledged interpreter, he would become vice consul there two years later.
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872:
Proceed to Peshawar: The Story of a U.S. Navy Intelligence Mission on the Afghan Border, 1943
870:
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58:
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After the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, Engert returned to the newly established state of
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8:
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In March 1937, Engert finally left Ethiopia; his post was terminated a few weeks later.
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2019:
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As Engert had only attended gymnasium for three years, he claimed to have attended
374:
247:
195:
74:
1685:
Poullada, Leon B. (1981). "Afghanistan and the United States: The Crucial Years".
2679:
2621:
2453:
2375:
2303:
2233:
999:
Noyes, George Rapall (1944). "Slavic Languages at the University of California".
749:
The couple had two children, Roderick (1925–2018), a military historian with the
583:
in late January 1936; the U. S. Senate confirmed his promotion a few days later.
538:
399:; he would later claim that he had been brought to the United States as a child.
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62:
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1614:
1331:"ENGERT WINS PROMOTION.; American Observer in Ethiopia Made Minister Resident"
1111:
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of the Department of State (where he is strangely called "Adolphus") with the
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1990:
1842:. Office of Public Communication, Bureau of Public Affairs. 1946. p. 960
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86:
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Indeed, he would have the misfortune of serving as vice-consul during
1180:
August 1941: The Anglo-Russian Occupation of Iran and Change of Shahs
1140:
770:
Cornelius van Hemert Engert died on May 12, 1985, at his son's home.
545:
513:
261:
1008:
386:
923:
Tales from the embassy: the extraordinary world of C. Van H. Engert
743:
454:
In March 1912, Engert began his career as a student interpreter in
329:
325:
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The embassy transferred operations to Qatar on August 31, 2021.
2012:"Mrs. Cornelius Engert, 87 Dies; Helped Defend a U.S. Legation"
655:
640:
549:
482:
366:
227:
875:. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. pp. 36–42.
1577:
American Interests and Policies in the Middle East, 1900-1939
730:. Sara would join her husband at his posts, most famously at
1723:(1982). "The Failure of American Diplomacy in Afghanistan".
2508:
1934:. Vol. 30, no. 12. December 15, 1922. p. 16
1465:
American Statecraft: The Story of the U.S. Foreign Service
688:
as a diplomat, heading a mission to Turkey in March 1946.
1207:
What We Won: America's Secret War in Afghanistan, 1979 89
967:"Cornelius Engert, Diplomat; Worked for U.S. in Mideast"
686:
United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration
806:
Evidence of this change can be seen in comparing the
1422:
684:
Immediately after his retirement, Engert joined the
2837:
Emigrants from Austria-Hungary to the United States
1176:
1144:
Kingmakers: The Invention of the Modern Middle East
609:Engert returned to Iran in June 1937, this time as
1001:Slavonic and East European Review. American Series
589:attack on the United States embassy in Addis Ababa
1298:"Our Envoy to Construct Bomb Shelter in Ethiopia"
2768:
2755:Diplomatic relations suspended since 1979 (See:
1518:The Addis Ababa Massacre: Italy's National Shame
1461:
1147:. W. W. Norton & Company. pp. 147–149.
1141:Karl Ernest Meyer; Shareen Blair Brysac (2008).
2797:Ambassadors of the United States to Afghanistan
1134:
627:His mission complete, Engert was replaced with
468:, during which he witnessed the sinking of the
1979:"Bill Advocates Medal As Honor to Mrs. Engert"
1573:
560:In the summer of 1935, Engert was assigned to
508:During his time in Iran, before and after the
365:Adolf Cornelius van Hemert Engert was born in
2481:
2100:
1521:. Oxford University Press. pp. 300–303.
1210:. Brookings Institution Press. pp. 11–.
676:noted, he retired effective January 1, 1946.
2832:Ambassadors of the United States to Ethiopia
1514:
1508:
1203:
1064:
1183:. University Press of America. p. 15.
1003:. Vol. 3, no. 3. pp. 53–60.
702:and also lectured at various universities.
360:
153:United States Minister Resident to Ethiopia
2488:
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2107:
2093:
1580:. U of Minnesota Press. pp. 306–312.
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1197:
960:
958:
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864:
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734:, for which she was later nominated for a
532:through as well. Thomas would later write
2822:Deaths from pneumonia in Washington, D.C.
2802:University of California, Berkeley alumni
1899:
925:. Westminster, Maryland: Eagle Editions.
916:
914:
912:
695:in 1951, serving as secretary-treasurer.
303:
2827:Ambassadors of the United States to Iran
2123:United States Ambassadors to Afghanistan
1902:"Local Girl Bride at St. Luke's Wedding"
1719:
1684:
910:
908:
906:
904:
902:
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898:
896:
894:
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373:1887, to a Russian citizen father and a
1900:Francisco, Cholly (December 18, 1922).
1860:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1164:
947:
853:
662:; he took up his post later that year.
50:July 2, 1942 – August 17, 1945
2769:
1809:
1070:
920:
714:. Cunningham was a socialite, amateur
115:June 1937 – December 17, 1940
2469:
2088:
1951:
1873:(1) (published 2015-09-14): 100–102.
1600:
1462:J. Robert Moskin (19 November 2013).
1097:
998:
964:
889:
660:United States Minister to Afghanistan
307:
165:April 30, 1936 – May 6, 1936
2061:
1161:
868:
814:, which indeed lacks his given name.
1574:John A. DeNovo (29 November 1963).
1490:"F.D.R. Promotes Ethiopia Minister"
1468:. St. Martin's Press. p. 375.
1177:Mohammad Gholi Majd (6 July 2012).
693:American Friends of the Middle East
442:dropped his misspelled first name.
13:
869:Hill, George (November 15, 2013).
568:there; he was received by Emperor
389:, Engert's given name was spelled
322:University of California, Berkeley
14:
2853:
2504:United States Ambassadors to Iran
821:
726:, for which she had received the
492:
215:Adolf Cornelius van Hemert Engert
2807:UC Berkeley School of Law alumni
2787:People from Ferndale, California
2568:
2507:
2497:
2183:
2126:
2116:
2062:Hall, Carla (January 10, 1981).
1839:The Department of State Bulletin
1071:Harter, John J. (January 1981).
965:Saxon, Wolfgang (May 15, 1985).
705:
691:Engert was a founding member of
564:, to serve as the United States
2842:20th-century American diplomats
2055:
2037:
2004:
1971:
1945:
1920:
1893:
1861:Wilford, Hugh (February 2017).
1854:
1830:
1803:
1777:
1751:
1713:
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1594:
1535:
1482:
1389:
1356:
1323:
1290:
1257:
1224:
449:
432:President of Harvard University
299:
1763:Department of State Newsletter
1091:
1031:
992:
921:Engert, Jane Morrison (2006).
837:Cornelius Van H. Engert Papers
800:
791:
773:His papers are located at the
658:, Engert was nominated as the
634:
94:United States Minister to Iran
1:
1961:Guild of Book Workers Journal
1952:Young, Laura S. (Fall 1972).
1785:"Foreign Service Retirements"
1653:"Engert Envoy to Afghanistan"
1204:Bruce Riedel (28 July 2014).
846:
779:Georgetown University Library
756:
679:
654:In May 1942, though still in
2817:People from Washington, D.C.
2580:and Minister Plenipotentiary
2139:and Minister Plenipotentiary
736:Congressional Medal of Honor
512:, he catalogued the rise of
7:
1867:Journal of American Studies
1816:The Foreign Service Journal
1810:Wilson, Jane (March 1946).
1791:. February 1946. p. 25
1789:The Foreign Service Journal
1077:The Foreign Service Journal
828:Cornelius Van Hemert Engert
722:), and former nurse during
555:
355:Cornelius Van Hemert Engert
23:Cornelius Van Hemert Engert
10:
2858:
1906:The San Francisco Examiner
1812:"News from the Department"
639:In 1941, while serving in
577:Second Italo-Ethiopian War
35:United States Minister to
2753:
2660:
2577:
2566:
2517:
2435:
2428:
2320:
2313:
2257:
2192:
2181:
2136:
1879:10.1017/S0021875815001255
1765:. August 1972. p. 40
1615:10.1080/00263200701422584
1112:10.1080/00210869508701836
728:Medal of French Gratitude
348:
340:
317:
283:
267:
257:
237:
210:
205:
201:
189:
177:
169:
158:
150:
140:
127:
119:
108:
99:
92:
80:
68:
54:
43:
32:
28:
21:
2661:Ambassador Extraordinary
2321:Ambassador Extraordinary
2193:Ambassador Extraordinary
1954:"Sara Cunningham Engert"
784:
718:(and life member of the
552:, and in Latin America.
510:1921 Persian coup d'Ă©tat
410:system, graduating from
408:University of California
361:Early life and education
289:Sara Morrison Cunningham
258:Cause of death
1759:"Mrs. Cornelius Engert"
832:Office of the Historian
674:Foreign Service Journal
643:, Engert witnessed the
613:(in the modern sense).
604:
544:Engert later served at
476:Norman Douglas Holbrook
1603:Middle Eastern Studies
645:Syria–Lebanon campaign
426:, where he befriended
16:United States diplomat
2812:Diplomats from Vienna
1515:Ian Campbell (2017).
1265:"U.S. Envoy Received"
720:Guild of Book Workers
698:Later, he joined the
173:Franklin D. Roosevelt
134:Gordon Phelps Merriam
123:Franklin D. Roosevelt
59:Franklin D. Roosevelt
1928:"Forthcoming Events"
1494:San Pedro News Pilot
1370:. February 4, 1936.
1337:. January 28, 1936.
1079:. pp. 51–56, 66
499:Iraqi revolt of 1920
404:Ferndale High School
396:SS Kaiser Wilhelm II
306:; died
2757:Iran hostage crisis
2663:and Plenipotentiary
2578:Envoy Extraordinary
2323:and Plenipotentiary
2195:and Plenipotentiary
2137:Envoy Extraordinary
2068:The Washington Post
2051:. February 4, 2018.
1687:Middle East Journal
1304:. October 8, 1935.
764:The Washington Post
740:Edith Nourse Rogers
420:George Rapall Noyes
416:Bachelor of Letters
184:Addison E. Southard
2437:Chargés d'affaires
2259:Chargés d'affaires
2016:The New York Times
1983:The New York Times
1659:. April 28, 1942.
1657:The New York Times
1547:The New York Times
1434:The New York Times
1401:The New York Times
1368:The New York Times
1335:The New York Times
1302:The New York Times
1271:. August 6, 2019.
1269:The New York Times
1236:The New York Times
1043:The New York Times
971:The New York Times
751:United States Army
631:in December 1940.
534:Beyond Khyber Pass
530:David Wooster King
439:The New York Times
428:A. Lawrence Lowell
424:Harvard University
335:Harvard University
2764:
2763:
2744:chargé d'affaires
2646:chargé d'affaires
2636:chargé d'affaires
2518:Minister Resident
2463:
2462:
2419:chargé d'affaires
2402:chargé d'affaires
2350:chargé d'affaires
2338:chargé d'affaires
2164:chargé d'affaires
2045:"Roderick Engert"
2018:. July 28, 1972.
1721:Poullada, Leon B.
1587:978-0-8166-5742-1
1528:978-0-19-067472-4
1475:978-1-250-03745-9
1238:. July 10, 1935.
1217:978-0-8157-2585-5
1190:978-0-7618-5941-3
1154:978-0-393-06199-4
932:978-0-7884-4296-4
882:978-1-61251-328-7
611:chargé d'affaires
581:minister resident
566:chargé d'affaires
352:
351:
225:December 31, 1887
2849:
2792:American consuls
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2008:
2002:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1985:. May 11, 1936.
1975:
1969:
1968:
1958:
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1943:
1942:
1940:
1939:
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667:Leon B. Poullada
629:Louis G. Dreyfus
375:Hungarian Jewish
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75:Louis G. Dreyfus
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1045:. May 5, 1936.
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1549:. 1937-03-07.
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1496:. May 9, 1936
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503:Arnold Wilson
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434:at the time.
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2157:
2071:. Retrieved
2067:
2057:
2048:
2039:
2029:November 25,
2027:. Retrieved
2015:
2006:
1996:November 25,
1994:. Retrieved
1982:
1973:
1964:
1960:
1947:
1936:. Retrieved
1931:
1922:
1912:November 27,
1910:. Retrieved
1908:. p. 17
1905:
1895:
1870:
1866:
1856:
1844:. Retrieved
1838:
1832:
1820:. Retrieved
1818:. p. 23
1815:
1805:
1793:. Retrieved
1788:
1779:
1767:. Retrieved
1762:
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1728:
1724:
1715:
1690:
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1680:
1668:. Retrieved
1656:
1647:
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1576:
1569:
1558:. Retrieved
1546:
1537:
1517:
1510:
1498:. Retrieved
1493:
1484:
1464:
1457:
1447:November 27,
1445:. Retrieved
1433:
1424:
1412:. Retrieved
1400:
1391:
1379:. Retrieved
1367:
1358:
1346:. Retrieved
1334:
1325:
1313:. Retrieved
1301:
1292:
1280:. Retrieved
1268:
1259:
1247:. Retrieved
1235:
1226:
1206:
1199:
1179:
1143:
1136:
1103:
1099:
1093:
1083:November 27,
1081:. Retrieved
1076:
1066:
1056:November 27,
1054:. Retrieved
1042:
1033:
1000:
994:
984:November 27,
982:. Retrieved
970:
922:
871:
802:
793:
772:
769:
762:
760:
748:
709:
697:
690:
683:
671:
664:
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649:Vichy France
638:
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622:World War II
619:
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450:Early career
444:
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401:
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243:(1985-05-12)
241:May 12, 1985
191:Succeeded by
160:
142:Succeeded by
110:
101:
82:Succeeded by
45:
2782:1985 deaths
2777:1887 births
2325:(2001–2021)
2276:Quinn Mills
2261:(1979–1989)
2197:(1948–1979)
2141:(1935–1948)
2073:February 8,
2064:"War Bonds"
1846:February 9,
1822:February 9,
1795:February 9,
1769:February 8,
1670:February 8,
1500:February 9,
1414:December 5,
1381:December 5,
1348:December 5,
1315:December 5,
1282:December 5,
1249:December 5,
732:Addis Ababa
724:World War I
635:Afghanistan
572:in August.
562:Addis Ababa
466:World War I
279:(1910–1985)
274:(1887–1910)
268:Citizenship
179:Preceded by
129:Preceded by
70:Preceded by
37:Afghanistan
2771:Categories
2627:Hornibrook
2386:Cunningham
2376:Eikenberry
2148:Hornibrook
2049:Legacy.com
1938:2019-11-27
1560:2020-01-30
941:1014768302
847:References
757:Later life
716:bookbinder
700:World Bank
680:Later work
596:Yekatit 12
341:Occupation
221:1887-12-31
87:Ely Palmer
2720:MacArthur
2695:Henderson
2361:Khalilzad
2024:0362-4331
1991:0362-4331
1887:151467368
1737:0043-8200
1699:0026-3141
1665:0362-4331
1639:143469656
1623:0026-3206
1555:0362-4331
1442:0362-4331
1409:0362-4331
1376:0362-4331
1343:0362-4331
1310:0362-4331
1277:0362-4331
1244:0362-4331
1120:0021-0862
1051:0362-4331
1017:1535-0940
979:0362-4331
546:The Hague
524:to allow
514:Reza Shah
383:gymnasium
318:Education
262:Pneumonia
170:President
161:In office
120:President
111:In office
55:President
46:In office
2735:Sullivan
2612:Kornfeld
2607:Caldwell
2550:McDonald
2525:Benjamin
2391:McKinley
2304:Glassman
1932:The Spur
1745:20671948
744:Brussels
556:Ethiopia
501:against
471:Mesudiye
412:Berkeley
344:Diplomat
136:(acting)
2740:Laingen
2725:Farland
2652:Dreyfus
2632:Merriam
2602:Russell
2597:Jackson
2592:Pearson
2587:Griscom
2530:Winston
2397:Llorens
2381:Crocker
2345:Crocker
2333:Dobbins
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