496:, interpreted by TrumbiÄ as a way to ensure the rule of the Serbs as the most populous ethnic group in the proposed state. In response to TrumbiÄ's demands, PaÅ”iÄ said that if the Croats insisted on a federation, the Serbian government would abandon the unification project in favour of the creation of Greater Serbia. After twenty-eight plenary meetings over the course of thirty-five days, differences of opinion became apparent, and no agreement on the system of government was reached. The resulting Corfu Declaration glossed over this, leaving it to the future Constituent Assembly to decide by an unspecified qualified majority ā i.e. not by a
411:
531:
228:
1364:
1352:
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property) to federal units and asked for veto powers for the "tribes" in the
Constitutional Assembly to ensure decision-making by consensus, PaÅ”iÄ rejected his ideas. PaÅ”iÄ favoured granting a degree of autonomy to local governments but advocated the abolition of historical lands in favour of new administrative units. PaÅ”iÄ let it be known that Croatian federalists may only exert some influence in
480:
47:
38:
578:, the Yugoslav Committee chose not to insist on those matters as it was preoccupied with the Italian threat. In Italy, the Declaration was portrayed as anti-Italian in spirit, aimed at splitting Italy from its allies and diminishing the Italian contribution to the war effort. This view was specifically advocated by
648:
The delegation ignored their instructions and changed the address to
Alexander from specifying a federalist system of government based on the Corfu Declaration to a display of loyalty and expression of wishes. On 1 December, Prince Regent Alexander accepted the offer to proclaim unification with
476:, and Dalmatia ā to entice Italy to join the Entente. Most of the Committee members were from Dalmatia and saw the Treaty of London as a threat that could only be checked with Serbia's support, prompting them to accept PaÅ”iÄ's invitation to Corfu. In protest, Supilo resigned his committee membership.
545:
In essence, the Corfu
Declaration was a political manifesto disregarded by the Serbian government with respect to the qualified majority needed to adopt a constitution, but upheld when its provisions coincided with Serbian interests. The Declaration was a compromise by the Yugoslav Committee and the
487:
Despite radically different views on the system of government in the proposed common state, a series of meetings were held from 15 June to 20 July in order to reach a consensus. The negotiating parties mistrusted each other. The
Yugoslav Committee based their positions on local autonomies,
560:
TrumbiÄ was largely isolated in his opposition to the centralism championed by PaÅ”iÄ; most of the
Yugoslav Committee sided with PaÅ”iÄ on the issue. While TrumbiÄ insisted on leaving the internal affairs, education, judiciary, and economy (other than customs, currency, credit and management of state
432:
with
Austria-Hungary and thereby detach it from Germany. This presented a problem for the Serbian government exiled on Corfu. It increased the risk of a trialist solution for the Habsburg South Slavs if a separate peace treaty materialised, preventing the fulfillment of Serbia's war objectives.
448:
The
Yugoslav Committee was also placed under pressure. It claimed to speak on behalf of South Slavs within Austria-Hungary, but was also openly looking after its own interests. The May Declaration presented a challenge to the Yugoslav Committee and the government of Serbia by depriving them of
515:
would reign in the new unified state, which would be organised as a parliamentary, constitutional monarchy. Finally, the
Declaration stated that the new government would respect the equality of "religion and alphabets", voting rights, and so forth. TrumbiÄ proposed to establish a provisional
552:
for recognising the "tribal" names, three flags and religions, and two "alphabets". At the same time, the
Declaration limited the powers of the future Constituent Assembly by deciding on the monarchy and the specific ruling dynasty. It also decided the name of the future state as the
640:
renouncing the unitarist concept of the future union. However, the
Serbian government quickly repudiated the Declaration. Pressed by the circumstances of Italian armed incursion, the National Council drew up instructions for its delegation to the Serbian prince regent
398:ā a manifesto demanding the unification of Habsburg land inhabited by Croats, Slovenes, and Serbs into a democratic, free and independent state under Habsburg dynastic rule. The demand was made with reference to the principles of national self-determination and
211:, deferring most questions to a future Constitutional Assembly. During the discussions, which lasted 35 days, TrumbiÄ had little support for his view from the other members of the Yugoslav Committee, who were preoccupied with the threat posed by
452:
Despite being partially funded by the Serbian government, the Yugoslav Committee disagreed with it on the method of unification and the system of government. This conflict resulted from a disagreement between PaÅ”iÄ and Supilo. PaÅ”iÄ advocated a
569:
largely claimed by Italy. The Declaration avoided most of these issues but referred to "counties and other administrative units". That was later interpreted as a break with the historical rights of the historical provinces. Similarly, the
289:
Serbia considered the war an opportunity for territorial expansion. A committee tasked with determining the country's war aims produced a programme to establish a wider South Slavic state by adding the South Slav-inhabited parts of the
488:
legal institutions, federalism and the Croatian state right, but the Serbian government considered those positions vestiges of the struggle against the "enemy" (meaning Austria-Hungary). On the other hand, PaÅ”iÄ touted
203:, leaving significant powers to federal units and safeguarding national rights. The resulting declaration glossed over the matter of the system of government. As a compromise, it specified only that the common
1368:
645:, offering to proclaim the unification of the South Slavs and the creation of a new state. The instructions were drawn up by relying on the Corfu Declaration and the National Council's federalist ideas.
359:
group with no official capacity. Partially funded by the Serbian government, it consisted of intellectuals and politicians from Austria-Hungary claiming to represent the interests of South Slavs.
628:. As Austria-Hungary disintegrated, representatives of the Serbian government and opposition, the Yugoslav Committee, and representatives of the National Council of the newly proclaimed
658:
449:
initiative in the South Slavic unification process. This led them both to prioritise drafting a unification programme for the South Slavic lands inside and outside Austria-Hungary.
516:
government of the new state, but PaÅ”iÄ declined in order to avoid undermining the inherent diplomatic advantage Serbia enjoyed as an already-recognised state.
596:
International support only gradually began shifting away from the preservation of Austria-Hungary in 1917. That year, Russia sued for peace following the
461:
agenda. When PaÅ”iÄ invited the Yugoslav Committee for talks in May 1917, Supilo warned against discussions without determining Serbian intentions first.
620:
speech, Wilson only promised autonomy for the peoples of Austria-Hungary. Preservation of the dual monarchy was not abandoned before the signing of the
278:, or the establishment of a common South Slavic state independent of the empire. This common state was meant to be achieved through the realisation of
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1261:
375:
consisting of Serbia (including Vojvodina), Croatia (encompassing Croatia-Slavonia and Dalmatia), Bosnia and Herzegovina, Slovenia and
574:
was given no role in the Declaration. The Corfu Declaration contained no institutional safeguards of national rights. According to
322:
announced the struggle to liberate and unify "unliberated brothers" as its national war aim. This contravened the interests of the
557:ā following Serbian objections against the name of "Yugoslavia" as a Western invention designed to stamp out the name "Serbia".
387:
1269:
1119:
1091:
1055:
1048:
Bucarelli, Massimo (2019). "Mussolini and the Yugoslav Question During the First World War". In PavloviÄ, Vojislav G. (ed.).
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593:(Rijeka) to Italy) as a fair territorial compromise threatened by the imperialistic thinking of the Yugoslav Committee.
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on 6ā9 November 1918. At the conference, the Yugoslav Committee and the National Council persuaded PaÅ”iÄ to sign the
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508:, TrumbiÄ claimed he had to sign the Declaration as the only way for his people to be on the war's winning side.
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The Declaration stated that Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes were one "tri-named" people, and that the
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The May Declaration was issued while the Triple Entente was still looking for ways to achieve a
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Participants of the JuneāJuly 1917 talks that resulted in the adoption of the Corfu Declaration
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585:. Nationalists sought to capitalise on identifying with nationalistic positions towards the
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8:
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311:
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Pavlowitch, Kosta St. (2003a). "The First World War and Unification of Yugoslavia". In
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based in Belgrade, while Supilo wanted a federation and accused PaÅ”iÄ of championing a
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forces defeated and occupied Serbia, forcing its government and remaining troops to
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launched in Austria-Hungary, motivated both sides to attempt to reach an agreement.
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in March 1918. By then, the Allies became convinced that they could not resist a
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therefore felt compelled to come to an arrangement with the Yugoslav Committee.
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1131:"Between old Austria and new foes: Italy and the Yugoslav project (1917ā1918)"
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in Croatia-Slavonia, was its most prominent member. Supilo advocated for a
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would be a constitutional monarchy ruled by the currently reigning Serbian
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in the former Habsburg lands, met for another round of negotiations in
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parts of Austria-Hungary's territory ā sections of the Slovene Lands,
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PaÅ”iÄ and TrumbiÄ's positions were disparate. PaÅ”iÄ advocated for a
184:'s decision to withdraw diplomatic support for Serbia following the
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1914ā1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War
1114:] (in Serbian). Belgrade: Beogradski izdavaÄko-grafiÄki zavod.
271:
267:
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Congress of Oppressed Nationalities of the Austro-Hungarian Empire
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The Three Yugoslavias: State-building and Legitimation, 1918ā2005
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on 20 July 1917. Its purpose was to establish the method of
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1026:
The National Question in Yugoslavia: Origins, History, Politics
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The Balkans, 1804ā2012: Nationalism, War and the Great Powers
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Repe, Božo (2017). "Reasons for Entering and Exiting". In
1144:(1ā2). Podgorica: Istorijski institut Crne Gore: 115ā138.
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Address of the delegation of the National Council of the
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1250:; RoksandiÄ, Drago; Velikonja, Mitja; Hƶpken, Wolfgang;
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On 30 May 1917, South Slavic members of the Vienna
188:, as well as the Yugoslav Committee's sidelining by the
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330:. In late 1915, combined Austro-Hungarian, German and
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by presenting the Treaty of London (with addition of
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127:
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394:. The Yugoslav Club presented the council with the
215:, which had been promised territory under the 1915
1196:Yugoslavism: Histories of a Failed Idea, 1918ā1992
1164:Yugoslavism: Histories of a Failed Idea, 1918ā1992
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742:
706:
546:PaÅ”iÄ government. It was hailed as a South Slavic
1189:(2003b). "Serbia, Montenegro and Yugoslavia". In
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1262:Helsinki Committee for Human Rights in Serbia
18:1917 manifesto on unification of South Slavs
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565:and its immediate surroundings and on the
464:Committee members learned that, under the
420:negotiated the Corfu Declaration with the
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386:established the Yugoslav Club chaired by
1281:"The Question of Yugoslav Union in 1918"
1257:Yugoslavia from a Historical Perspective
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1420:Politics of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia
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250:, pressure developed in the parts of
205:Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes
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630:State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs
536:State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs
363:was the Committee's president, but
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468:, the Triple Entente had promised
314:ā to Serbia. In its December 1914
14:
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1051:Serbia and Italy in the Great War
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45:
36:
1285:Journal of Contemporary History
600:while the United States, whose
500:ā before being approved by the
367:, the co-founder of the ruling
132:) was an agreement between the
1369:Corfu Declaration (in Serbian)
580:Fasces of Revolutionary Action
162:unifying a future common state
1:
664:
608:, advocated the principle of
437:diplomatic backing since the
222:
199:, while TrumbiÄ argued for a
1056:Institute for Balkan Studies
7:
1129:Merlicco, Giordano (2021).
652:
504:. According to the scholar
320:National Assembly of Serbia
190:trialist reform initiatives
144:, and the president of the
10:
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1301:10.1177/002200946800300403
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441:, Serbian prime minister
282:and unification with the
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105:and Ante TrumbiÄ for the
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83:
69:
61:
30:
25:
1279:Å epiÄ, Dragovan (1968).
1229:Indiana University Press
1031:Cornell University Press
649:no constraints imposed.
270:, and the Muslim Slavs (
622:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
540:Prince Regent Alexander
494:parliamentary democracy
338:and seek refuge on the
336:withdraw across Albania
616:. Nonetheless, in his
542:
526:Creation of Yugoslavia
484:
455:centralised government
425:
415:Serbian prime minister
388:Slovene People's Party
353:was established as an
308:Bosnia and Herzegovina
243:
240:creation of Yugoslavia
123:
1425:Serbia in World War I
1187:Pavlowitch, Stevan K.
1084:House of Anansi Press
533:
482:
413:
238:in the run-up to the
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197:centralist government
101:Nikola PaÅ”iÄ for the
56:The Corfu Declaration
1435:Yugoslav unification
1359:at Wikimedia Commons
1264:. pp. 186ā219.
1058:. pp. 279ā300.
626:Communist revolution
513:KaraÄorÄeviÄ dynasty
498:simple majority vote
406:Discussions at Corfu
400:Croatian state right
369:Croat-Serb Coalition
209:KaraÄorÄeviÄ dynasty
1400:1910s in Yugoslavia
994:, pp. 136ā138.
970:, pp. 287ā291.
958:, pp. 286ā287.
934:, pp. 123ā125.
919:, pp. 191ā192.
439:February Revolution
349:In April 1915, the
186:February Revolution
152:, concluded on the
1430:Treaties of Serbia
1201:C. Hurst & Co.
1169:C. Hurst & Co.
638:Geneva Declaration
610:self-determination
598:Russian Revolution
543:
490:universal suffrage
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426:
422:Yugoslav Committee
351:Yugoslav Committee
274:) ā in support of
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236:Yugoslav Committee
168:living in Serbia,
146:Yugoslav Committee
129:ŠŃŃŃŠŗŠ° Š“ŠµŠŗŠ»Š°ŃŠ°ŃŠøŃŠ°
124:Krfska deklaracija
107:Yugoslav Committee
1415:Kingdom of Serbia
1367:Works related to
1357:Corfu Declaration
1355:Media related to
1340:Corfu Declaration
1271:978-86-7208-208-1
1219:Ramet, Sabrina P.
1138:Istorijski Zapisi
1121:978-86-13-00903-0
1093:978-1-77089-273-6
866:, pp. 41ā42.
851:, pp. 33ā34.
739:, pp. 60ā61.
727:, pp. 33ā35.
691:, pp. 27ā28.
679:, pp. 40ā41.
587:Adriatic Question
284:Kingdom of Serbia
280:Yugoslavist ideas
258:population ā the
254:inhabited by its
116:Corfu Declaration
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103:Kingdom of Serbia
78:Kingdom of Greece
26:Corfu Declaration
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1410:July 1917 events
1405:History of Corfu
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459:Greater Serbian
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316:NiÅ” Declaration
276:trialist reform
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765:
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753:
748:
746:
738:
733:
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715:, p. 40.
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697:
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389:
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1343:
1288:
1284:
1260:. Belgrade:
1256:
1223:
1195:
1163:
1141:
1137:
1112:Face to Face
1111:
1106:
1078:
1054:. Belgrade:
1050:
1025:
999:
987:
975:
963:
951:
939:
912:
900:
888:
812:
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771:
759:
732:
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684:
672:
647:
595:
559:
547:
544:
510:
502:Serbian king
486:
463:
451:
447:
443:Nikola PaÅ”iÄ
427:
418:Nikola PaÅ”iÄ
381:
365:Frano Supilo
361:Ante TrumbiÄ
354:
348:
288:
256:South Slavic
245:
232:Ante TrumbiÄ
194:
150:Ante TrumbiÄ
142:Nikola PaÅ”iÄ
115:
113:
92:Ante TrumbiÄ
88:Nikola PaÅ”iÄ
65:20 July 1917
20:
15:
1082:. Toronto:
776:Glenny 2012
549:Magna Carta
492:and simple
246:During the
166:South Slavs
98:Signatories
1379:Categories
1199:. London:
1167:. London:
1029:. Ithaca:
1021:Banac, Ivo
1004:Banac 1984
992:Banac 1984
980:Banac 1984
932:Banac 1984
893:Å epiÄ 1968
881:Ramet 2006
864:Ramet 2006
832:Banac 1984
764:Ramet 2006
752:Ramet 2006
713:Ramet 2006
677:Ramet 2006
665:References
524:See also:
390:president
377:Montenegro
373:federation
342:island of
223:Background
176:after the
170:Montenegro
156:island of
1325:159110607
1309:0022-0094
1295:: 29ā43.
1150:0021-2652
1107:OÄi u oÄi
917:Repe 2017
643:Alexander
602:president
576:Ivo Banac
332:Bulgarian
304:Vojvodina
84:Author(s)
1254:(eds.).
1221:(2006).
1104:(1997).
1076:(2012).
1023:(1984).
653:See also
312:Dalmatia
272:Bosniaks
268:Slovenes
234:led the
70:Location
1342:at the
1193:(ed.).
1161:(ed.).
1013:Sources
538:to the
435:Russian
164:of the
62:Created
1323:
1317:259849
1315:
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1268:
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1062:
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634:Geneva
563:Zagreb
520:Impact
474:Istria
356:ad hoc
318:, the
310:, and
266:, the
262:, the
260:Croats
182:Russia
138:Serbia
1321:S2CID
1313:JSTOR
1291:(4).
1134:(PDF)
1110:[
591:Fiume
470:Italy
344:Corfu
340:Greek
264:Serbs
213:Italy
158:Corfu
154:Greek
74:Corfu
1305:ISSN
1266:ISBN
1233:ISBN
1205:ISBN
1173:ISBN
1146:ISSN
1142:XCIV
1116:ISBN
1088:ISBN
1060:ISBN
1035:ISBN
172:and
114:The
90:and
1297:doi
136:of
1381::
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242:.
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