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211:
Daily observations are reported electronically or over the phone, and monthly logs are submitted electronically or via the mail. Many stations are located in rural areas but the network also includes long-term stations in most urban centers. Observation locations include farms, in urban and suburban
239:
The
Cooperative Weather Observer network consists of manual observations of only a few variables and consists of daily summaries rather than being continuous (i.e. real-time). Because of these limitations and other sensor limitations, as well as to attain a denser network of observations, there has
35:
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423:"Observational Perspectives from U.S. Climate Reference Network (USCRN) and Cooperative Observer Program (COOP) Network: Temperature and Precipitation Comparison"
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236:. It was a backbone of the U.S. climatological observation network and remains an important network in providing long-term observations of particular locations.
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National
Weather Service Modernization Committee, Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems, National Research Council (1998).
228:. Data is initially received and analyzed by local NWS offices then ultimately stored and analyzed by NCEI, which also does final
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176:, and significant weather occurrences throughout a day that are recorded via remarks in observer logs. Some stations also report
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checks. The program began with act of
Congress in 1890 and grew out a network of observers developed by the
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and may be official or unofficial, possess varying degrees of rigor, may be temporary or used for specific
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978:
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Fiebrich, Christopher A. (2009). "History of surface weather observations in the United States".
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456:"The United States Cooperative Climate-Observing Systems: Reflections and Recommendations"
8:
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Research Moored Array for
African-Asian-Australian Monsoon Analysis and Prediction (RAMA)
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386:. Toward a New National Weather Service. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press.
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areas, National Parks, seashores, and mountaintops. Volunteers are trained by
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goals, and some (typically for temporary research projects) are even mobile.
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Binary
Universal Form for the Representation of meteorological data (BUFR)
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252:(CoCoRaHS). The coop network predates but grew to supplement significant
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Future of the
National Weather Service Cooperative Observer Network
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Prediction and
Research Moored Array in the Atlantic (PIRATA)
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Tropospheric
Airborne Meteorological Data Reporting (TAMDAR)
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156:(NCEI). Over 8,700 volunteers from the fifty states and all
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10.1175/1520-0477(1990)071<0826:TUSCCO>2.0.CO;2
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327:"National Weather Service Cooperative Observer Program"
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Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis (DART)
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Cooperative Observer Program (COOP) Training Materials
61:
Climatological data gathering, recording, and analysis
421:
Leeper, Ronald D.; J. Rennie; M. A. Palecki (2015).
244:
since the 1990s. NWS sponsored programs include the
845:Earth-based meteorological observation systems and
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Community Collaborative Rain, Hail and Snow Network
331:Federal Crowdsourcing and Citizen Science Catalog
240:been a move to supplement the coop program using
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529:Cooperative Observer's Network Observation Forms
999:Tropical Atmosphere Ocean project (TAO/TRITON)
154:National Centers for Environmental Information
830:
556:
164:conditions such as daily maximum and minimum
573:meteorological equipment and instrumentation
406:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
191:A Cooperative Observer weather station near
954:Aircraft Meteorological Data Relay (AMDAR)
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984:Global Sea Level Observing System (GLOSS)
517:NWS National Cooperative Observer Program
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1025:Coastal-Marine Automated Network (C-MAN)
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1040:Remote Automated Weather Station (RAWS)
1020:Citizen Weather Observer Program (CWOP)
904:Meteorological Aerodrome Report (METAR)
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1045:Road Weather Information System (RWIS)
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282:Significant Weather Observing Program
333:. CitizenScience.gov. Archived from
160:report at least daily a variety of
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25:
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874:Automated airport weather station
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1084:Meteorological data and networks
1004:Voluntary observing ship program
246:Citizen Weather Observer Program
879:Automatic weather station (AWS)
501:10.1016/j.earscirev.2009.01.001
256:sites typically located around
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1:
979:Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW)
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523:Cooperative Observer Network
360:Cooperative Observer Program
264:also supplement these major
135:Cooperative Observer Program
28:Cooperative Observer Program
7:
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537:(NWS Chief Learning Office)
454:Robinson, David A. (1990).
356:"What is the Coop Program?"
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254:surface weather observation
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440:10.1175/JTECH-D-14-00172.1
362:. National Weather Service
242:automated weather stations
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1079:National Weather Service
150:National Weather Service
148:network run by the U.S.
1035:Snow Telemetry (SNOTEL)
869:Aircraft report (AIREP)
654:Ice accretion indicator
460:Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc
300:Safecast (organization)
234:Smithsonian Institution
694:Present weather sensor
208:
489:Earth-Science Reviews
190:
909:Pilot report (PIREP)
619:Dark adaptor goggles
18:Cooperative Observer
79:Weather observation
29:
664:Lightning detector
209:
172:totals, including
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894:Hurricane Hunters
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754:Thermo-hygrograph
744:Sunshine recorder
609:Ceiling projector
393:978-0-309-06146-9
214:local NWS offices
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16:(Redirected from
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511:External links
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495:(3–4): 77–84.
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799:Wind profiler
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784:Weather radar
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689:Pyrheliometer
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531:(Climate.gov)
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337:on 2018-07-09
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1030:NEXRAD radar
914:Weather ship
789:Weather vane
779:Weather buoy
669:Nephelometer
571:Earth-based
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364:. Retrieved
359:
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339:. Retrieved
335:the original
330:
238:
230:data quality
222:thermometers
216:who provide
210:
193:Elko, Nevada
182:tidal levels
178:stream stage
166:temperatures
138:
134:
132:
103:Volunteers
42:Abbreviation
759:Thermometer
749:Tethersonde
729:Solarimeter
719:Snow pillow
684:Pyranometer
629:Disdrometer
248:(CWOP) and
226:instruments
224:, or other
218:rain gauges
201:thermometer
158:territories
92:climatology
88:Meteorology
1073:Categories
764:Tide gauge
709:Snow gauge
704:Rain gauge
699:Radiosonde
674:Nephoscope
649:Hygrometer
639:Field mill
614:Ceilometer
584:Anemometer
366:2018-07-08
341:2018-07-08
311:References
305:Snow gauge
197:rain gauge
168:, 24-hour
152:(NWS) and
942:Worldwide
932:By region
889:Dropsonde
714:Snowboard
634:Dropsonde
599:Barometer
594:Barograph
589:Atmometer
402:cite book
205:snowboard
133:The NOAA
96:hydrology
50:Formation
804:Windsock
276:See also
262:Mesonets
174:snowfall
119:.weather
899:Mesonet
859:General
624:Dewcell
288:Skywarn
162:weather
143:citizen
141:) is a
112:Website
76:Methods
67:Region
58:Purpose
525:(NCEI)
390:
284:(SWOP)
203:, and
84:Fields
724:SODAR
659:Lidar
519:(NWS)
123:/coop
959:Argo
408:link
388:ISBN
139:COOP
121:.gov
107:8000
53:1890
45:COOP
497:doi
468:doi
435:doi
184:.
180:or
117:www
1075::
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491:.
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462:.
458:.
431:32
429:.
425:.
404:}}
400:{{
358:.
329:.
318:^
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369:.
344:.
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137:(
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20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
