472:
318:
34:
138:
278:: "In a State whose nationality is not conferred by the mere fact of birth in its territory, a person born in its territory of a mother possessing the nationality of that State and of a father without nationality or of unknown nationality shall have the nationality of the said State." Over time, many signatories have adjusted their laws to ensure this rule remains true. (For example, in
282:, a child born in the country acquires citizenship if any parent is a citizen). However, despite this, many cases remained ambiguous or uncovered primarily due to the fact that a person did not always receive the nationality of its parents, or was born in a certain place and not always provided citizenship of that state.
571:
Laws for the renunciation of a nationality shall be conditional upon a person's acquisition or possession of another nationality. (Exceptions: not to frustrate freedom of movement of nationals within a country, not to frustrate return of nationals to their country, not to frustrate a person's ability
550:
A person may make such a claim for nationality at least up until the age of 23. They may also be required to have a period of residence up to three years immediately prior to application. The claim may be refused where a person has been convicted of an offence against the national security of the
501:
Grant of citizenship by birth may be contingent upon the applicant's not having been convicted of an offence against national security nor having been sentenced to imprisonment for a term of five years or more. Grant of citizenship by birth may be contingent upon the applicant having always been
557:
If a law entails loss of nationality, such loss shall be conditional upon the person acquiring another nationality. This only applies to loss by marriage, legitimation, divorce, recognition or adoption. A child that loses nationality by recognition or affiliation shall be given opportunity to
424:
Transfer of territory between states must occur in a manner that avoids the occurrence of statelessness for persons residing in the territory transferred. When a State acquires territory, the inhabitants of that territory presumptively acquire the nationality of that State (article
1234:
593:
Treaties providing for transfer of territory between States shall make provisions to preclude the occurrence of statelessness. Absent such provisions, a
Contracting State taking territory will give its nationality to persons, otherwise stateless, in that
578:
Contracting States shall not deprive people of their nationality so as to render them stateless. (Exceptions: where otherwise provided in the
Convention; where nationality has been acquired by misrepresentation or fraud; disloyalty to the Contracting
1194:
1119:
461:
States may impose a period of residence qualification for granting nationality to persons who may be otherwise stateless. That period is a maximum five years immediately prior to application and maximum of ten years overall (article
1129:
514:
A Contracting State shall give its nationality to a person, otherwise stateless, who is legally precluded from assuming his/her birth nationality, where that State's nationality was held by either parent at the time of the
533:
For the purpose of assigning nationality, a foundling shall be considered to have been born in the State where it was found and from parents of that State's nationality. That presumption may be displaced by proof to the
1214:
1099:
564:
If a law entails loss of nationality by a spouse or child by virtue of the loss of nationality by the other spouse or a parent, such loss shall be conditional on the person's possession or acquisition of another
540:
For the purpose of determining the obligations of contracting states under this convention, birth on a ship or aircraft shall amount to birth in the territory of the State that gives its flag to that ship or
1084:
981:
498:
For grant of citizenship by birth, a
Contracting State may require proof of habitual residence in their territory for a period not exceeding 5 years immediately prior to application, or 10 years in total.
1758:
1094:
1943:
421:
A stateless person has some time beyond attaining adulthood to seek to claim the benefit of the
Convention. That time is always at least three years from the age of eighteen (article 1(5)).
1803:
305:, were internationally recognized identity cards first issued by the League of Nations to stateless refugees. In 1942 they were honored by governments in 52 countries and were the first
333:
and its immediate aftermath highlighted the international dimensions of problems presented by unprecedented volumes of displaced persons including those rendered effectively stateless.
943:
547:
A Contracting State shall grant its nationality to a person, not born in its territory, if either parent had that State's nationality and the person would be otherwise stateless.
428:
Persons otherwise stateless shall be able to take the nationality of one of their parents (possibly subject to a period of prior residence not more than three years) (article 4).
885:
1933:
1204:
1144:
1007:
51:
1948:
1913:
1883:
676:
508:
A child born in wedlock in a
Contracting State, whose mother is a national of that State, and who would otherwise be stateless, shall take the nationality of that State.
1763:
1898:
1863:
1768:
1013:
1868:
1848:
1229:
418:), otherwise they may take the nationality of one of their parents (in each case possibly subject to a qualifying period of residence in that State) (article 2).
1953:
1778:
524:
For conferral of nationality by
Article 1(4) a contracting State may impose a residence requirement not exceeding three years immediately prior to application.
251:
20:
1109:
1873:
1139:
1051:
1030:
936:
322:
98:
70:
1738:
1408:
1643:
820:
1938:
77:
1908:
1723:
1303:
1928:
1923:
1853:
1843:
1833:
1783:
1548:
1174:
1019:
929:
271:
1903:
1893:
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1808:
1433:
1134:
84:
1918:
1748:
1278:
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439:
247:
1963:
1888:
1798:
1393:
1348:
1838:
1793:
1403:
1283:
1104:
414:
Otherwise stateless persons may take the nationality of the place of their birth or of the place where they were found (in the case of a
66:
1040:
992:
364:
882:
1968:
1089:
1035:
486:
Contracting States shall grant their nationality to persons, otherwise stateless, born in their territory (subject to
Article 1(2)).
1878:
1818:
1813:
1753:
691:
660:
286:
1828:
620:
The
Convention is not to be construed to detract from any law or treaty provision otherwise aiding the reduction of statelessness.
1788:
1743:
1698:
1448:
853:
1728:
1473:
1002:
952:
610:
The
Convention applies to persons born either before or after it goes into force. (Exception: only applies to foundlings found
1958:
1823:
1718:
1114:
986:
899:
431:
Absent circumstances of fraudulent application or disloyalty toward the contracting state, deprivations and renunciations of
337:
759:
395:
On 4 December 1954 the UN General
Assembly by Resolution adopted both drafts as the basis of its desire for a conference of
1733:
1598:
636:
The Convention applies to all trust, non-self-governing, colonial, and non-metropolitan territories of Contracting States.
455:
Disloyal or certain criminal conduct may limit an individual's ability to avail the benefit of the Convention (article 8).
91:
1773:
1343:
1221:
1189:
370:
The Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees was done on 28 July 1951. It was originally desired to cover 'refugees
1553:
1298:
1199:
715:
321:
The Room of the United Nations General Assembly where Resolution was passed in 1949 which inspired the adoption of the
807:
1688:
1658:
1478:
1333:
1025:
117:
1578:
1518:
1338:
1573:
1568:
1468:
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1378:
449:
435:
shall only take effect where a person has or subsequently obtains another nationality in replacement (article 8).
1713:
1583:
1558:
1483:
1368:
1358:
1261:
1180:
Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa (Maputo Protocol)
1085:
United Nations General Assembly Resolution 1514 (XV) Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples
1072:
627:
475:
United Nations Headquarters, New York. Site of the completion of the Statelessness Reduction Convention in 1961
55:
258:
who are not refugees and therefore not within the scope of the Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees.
1708:
1673:
1663:
1623:
1613:
1528:
1498:
1428:
1413:
1239:
877:
527:
For conferral of nationality by Article 1(4) it may be required that the applicant has always been stateless.
495:
An applicant may have up until at least the age of 21 to claim their citizenship by birth from article 1(1).
1703:
1693:
1683:
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1638:
1628:
1593:
1543:
1538:
1523:
1508:
1503:
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1458:
1453:
1443:
1398:
1383:
1373:
1363:
1353:
446:
evidencing nationality to persons, otherwise stateless, having a claim of nationality under the convention.
363:" in its list of topics of international law provisionally selected for codification. At the behest of the
356:
1678:
1653:
1633:
1608:
1603:
1533:
1488:
1418:
1388:
1215:
Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence (Istanbul Convention)
1668:
1588:
1513:
1493:
347:
No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his nationality nor denied the right to change his nationality.
279:
626:
Disputes by Contracting States concerning the Convention are susceptible to final adjudication by the
377:
The International Law Commission at its fifth session in 1953 produced both a Draft Convention on the
1618:
1563:
1423:
1240:
on the Prevention, Punishment, and Eradication of Violence against Women (Belém do Pará Convention)
489:
The grant may be by virtue of the birth, or upon application by or on behalf of the person so born.
1209:
997:
306:
44:
1328:
1120:
Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families
458:
The benefit of the Convention may be claimed by guardians on behalf of children (article 1(1)).
293:, was internationally in charge of refugees from war areas from 1930 to 1939. It received the
1046:
558:
reacquire by written application under terms not more rigorous than provided by Article 1(2).
388:
The 1954 Convention Relating to the Status of Stateless Persons was done in September 1954 (
1124:
976:
8:
1273:
921:
781:
411:"Stateless birth" on their territory attracts the grant of their nationality (article 1).
352:
239:
894:
1293:
1130:
International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance
845:
755:
734:
521:
An applicant has until at least the age of 23 to claim a nationality by Article 1(4).
415:
294:
290:
1125:
International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid
471:
392:). This completed the unfinished work of the Refugee Convention three years prior.
1235:
on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Persons with Disabilities
908:
585:
Nationality will not be deprived on racial, ethnic, political or religious grounds.
374:
stateless persons'; however, agreement was not reached with respect to the latter.
325:
in 1954 and the completion of the 1961 Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness
298:
1095:
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW)
312:
1179:
889:
747:
443:
396:
302:
917:
Historic Archives of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law
916:
686:
1322:
982:
Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples
710:
255:
243:
178:
452:
may attract the nationality of the flag of that vessel or craft (article 3).
656:
643:
330:
904:
821:"States Parties to the 1961 Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness"
705:
696:
432:
900:
Declarations and Reservations to the Convention as of 20 September 2006
367:(ECOSOC) in its 11th Session soon after, that item was given priority.
317:
275:
33:
1100:
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination
402:
663:
to the convention. In comparison, 145 countries have ratified the
1759:
Treaties extended to Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
701:
790:
313:
Background to UN action addressing the problem of statelessness
1145:
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
1008:
Declaration on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women
246:. The Convention was originally intended as a Protocol to the
137:
1944:
Treaties extended to British Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
964:
794:
681:
601:
1804:
Treaties extended to the French Southern and Antarctic Lands
677:
1954 Convention Relating to the Status of Stateless Persons
466:
951:
735:
Nationality Matters: Statelessness under International Law
242:
whereby sovereign states agree to reduce the incidence of
1014:
Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women
381:
of Future Statelessness, and a Draft Convention on the
783:
Convention Relating to the Status of Stateless Persons
748:"Protocol Relating to a Certain Case of Statelessness"
385:
of Future Statelessness. ECOSOC approved both drafts.
261:
252:
Convention Relating to the Status of Stateless Persons
21:
Convention Relating to the Status of Stateless Persons
1934:
Treaties extended to Saint Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla
1110:
Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
1026:
Declaration on sexual orientation and gender identity
1205:
Convention for the Protection of National Minorities
1140:
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
1031:
American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man
323:
Convention Regarding the Status of Stateless Persons
268:
Protocol relating to a Certain Case of Statelessness
1949:
Treaties extended to the Crown Colony of Seychelles
1914:
Treaties extended to the Gilbert and Ellice Islands
58:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1884:Treaties extended to the Bechuanaland Protectorate
1259:
1764:Treaties extended to the Turks and Caicos Islands
1899:Treaties extended to the British Solomon Islands
1864:Treaties extended to British Antigua and Barbuda
1320:
1304:Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court
819:Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for.
403:How the convention works to reduce statelessness
266:One case of statelessness was identified in the
1769:Treaties extended to the British Virgin Islands
1020:Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples
329:Migrations due to political instability during
272:League of Nations Codification Conference, 1930
153: states that have signed, but not ratified
1869:Treaties extended to the Colony of the Bahamas
1849:Treaties extended to Saint Pierre and Miquelon
1135:Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989
228:Chinese, English, French, Russian, and Spanish
67:"Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness"
1954:Treaties extended to Swaziland (protectorate)
1779:Treaties extended to the Netherlands Antilles
1279:Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees
937:
665:Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees
440:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
248:Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees
1289:Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness
1175:African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights
913:Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness
236:Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness
131:Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness
1874:Treaties extended to the Colony of Barbados
1284:Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees
1105:Convention on the Political Rights of Women
1041:Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action
993:Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam
944:
930:
365:United Nations Economic and Social Council
1739:Treaties extended to the Falkland Islands
1409:Treaties of the Second Brazilian Republic
966:Declarations, manifestos, and resolutions
479:There are 21 Articles, summarised below:
118:Learn how and when to remove this message
1939:Treaties extended to British Saint Lucia
1195:Convention for the Prevention of Torture
692:Nansen International Office for Refugees
470:
467:Substantive provisions of the convention
344:Everyone has the right to a nationality.
316:
287:Nansen International Office For Refugees
1909:Treaties extended to the Colony of Fiji
1724:Treaties extended to the Cayman Islands
604:to claim the benefit of the Convention.
220:Secretary-General of the United Nations
16:1961 United Nations multilateral treaty
1929:Treaties extended to British Mauritius
1924:Treaties extended to British Hong Kong
1854:Treaties extended to Clipperton Island
1844:Treaties extended to French Somaliland
1834:Treaties extended to Wallis and Futuna
1784:Treaties extended to the Faroe Islands
1549:Treaties of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
1321:
1003:Declaration of the Rights of the Child
953:International human rights instruments
355:Session in October–December 1949, the
1904:Treaties extended to British Dominica
1894:Treaties extended to British Honduras
1859:Treaties extended to the New Hebrides
1809:Treaties extended to French Polynesia
1434:Treaties of the Republic of the Congo
1258:
1161:
1115:Convention on the Rights of the Child
1070:
1069:
1052:Declaration on the Rights of Peasants
987:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
963:
925:
650:
338:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
1919:Treaties extended to British Grenada
1749:Treaties extended to the Isle of Man
818:
762:from the original on 19 January 2022
56:adding citations to reliable sources
27:
1964:Treaties extended to French Algeria
1889:Treaties extended to British Guiana
1799:Treaties extended to French Comoros
1394:Treaties of the Republic of Dahomey
1349:Treaties entered into force in 1975
1222:American Convention on Human Rights
911:and procedural history note on the
262:Statelessness prior to World War II
13:
1839:Treaties extended to New Caledonia
1794:Treaties extended to French Guiana
1404:Treaties of Bosnia and Herzegovina
1200:European Convention on Nationality
856:from the original on 11 April 2022
716:European Convention on Nationality
407:In respect of contracting states:
14:
1980:
1644:Treaties of SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
1190:Convention on Human Rights (ECHR)
871:
450:Birth on a sea vessel or aircraft
359:included the topic "Nationality,
159: states that have not signed
1969:Treaties extended to West Berlin
1162:
136:
32:
1879:Treaties extended to Basutoland
1819:Treaties extended to Martinique
1814:Treaties extended to Guadeloupe
1754:Treaties extended to Montserrat
655:As of May 2021, 76 states have
353:United Nations General Assembly
336:Dating from December 1948, the
43:needs additional citations for
1789:Treaties extended to Greenland
1744:Treaties extended to Gibraltar
1699:Treaties of the United Kingdom
1449:Treaties of the Czech Republic
1262:International humanitarian law
838:
812:
801:
774:
740:
727:
628:International Court of Justice
301:, designed in 1922 by founder
1:
1729:Treaties extended to Guernsey
1474:Treaties of Georgia (country)
1230:to Prevent and Punish Torture
846:"The 1951 Refugee Convention"
733:van Waas, Laura Ellen. Laura
721:
1959:Treaties extended to Tokelau
1829:Treaties extended to RĂ©union
1824:Treaties extended to Mayotte
1719:Treaties extended to Bermuda
883:Signatures and ratifications
399:and an eventual Convention.
357:International Law Commission
340:at Article 15 affirms that:
7:
1734:Treaties extended to Jersey
1599:Treaties of the Netherlands
670:
10:
1985:
1774:Treaties extended to Aruba
1344:Treaties concluded in 1961
1226:Inter-American Convention
1090:Convention against Torture
280:Australian nationality law
18:
1554:Treaties of Liechtenstein
1269:
1254:
1170:
1157:
1080:
1065:
972:
959:
895:Map showing State Parties
642:Process of signature and
600:Persons may apply to the
289:, an organization of the
238:is a 1961 United Nations
224:
216:
208:
200:
192:
184:
174:
166:
135:
1689:Treaties of Turkmenistan
1659:Treaties of Sierra Leone
1479:Treaties of West Germany
1334:Human rights instruments
888:27 December 2010 at the
307:refugee travel documents
19:Not to be confused with
1579:Treaties of New Zealand
1519:Treaties of Ivory Coast
1339:United Nations treaties
998:Declaration of Montreal
361:including statelessness
1574:Treaties of Mozambique
1569:Treaties of Montenegro
1469:Treaties of the Gambia
1439:Treaties of Costa Rica
1379:Treaties of Azerbaijan
476:
326:
1714:1961 in New York City
1584:Treaties of Nicaragua
1559:Treaties of Lithuania
1484:Treaties of Guatemala
1369:Treaties of Australia
1359:Treaties of Argentina
1047:Yogyakarta Principles
474:
390:The Status Convention
320:
254:was adopted to cover
1709:Nationality treaties
1674:Treaties of Eswatini
1664:Treaties of Slovakia
1624:Treaties of Portugal
1614:Treaties of Paraguay
1529:Treaties of Kiribati
1499:Treaties of Honduras
1429:Treaties of Colombia
1414:Treaties of Bulgaria
977:Brazilian Resolution
878:Full Convention text
147: states parties
52:improve this article
1704:Treaties of Uruguay
1694:Treaties of Ukraine
1684:Treaties of Tunisia
1649:Treaties of Senegal
1639:Treaties of Moldova
1629:Treaties of Romania
1594:Treaties of Nigeria
1544:Treaties of Liberia
1539:Treaties of Lesotho
1524:Treaties of Jamaica
1509:Treaties of Ireland
1504:Treaties of Hungary
1464:Treaties of Finland
1459:Treaties of Ecuador
1454:Treaties of Denmark
1444:Treaties of Croatia
1399:Treaties of Bolivia
1384:Treaties of Belgium
1374:Treaties of Austria
1364:Treaties of Armenia
1354:Treaties of Albania
1274:Genocide Convention
909:Guy S. Goodwin-Gill
442:(UNHCR) will issue
240:multilateral treaty
132:
1679:Treaties of Sweden
1654:Treaties of Serbia
1634:Treaties of Rwanda
1609:Treaties of Panama
1604:Treaties of Norway
1534:Treaties of Latvia
1489:Treaties of Guinea
1419:Treaties of Canada
1389:Treaties of Belize
1294:Geneva Conventions
651:Contracting states
477:
327:
130:
1669:Treaties of Spain
1589:Treaties of Niger
1514:Treaties of Italy
1494:Treaties of Haiti
1316:
1315:
1312:
1311:
1299:Hague Conventions
1250:
1249:
1153:
1152:
1073:International law
1061:
1060:
905:Introductory note
756:League of Nations
614:going into force)
397:plenipotentiaries
295:Nobel Peace Prize
291:League of Nations
256:stateless persons
250:, while the 1954
232:
231:
128:
127:
120:
102:
1976:
1619:Treaties of Peru
1564:Treaties of Mali
1424:Treaties of Chad
1256:
1255:
1159:
1158:
1067:
1066:
1036:Paris Principles
961:
960:
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932:
923:
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866:
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863:
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810:
805:
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731:
444:travel documents
299:Nansen passports
188:13 December 1975
158:
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103:
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60:
36:
28:
1984:
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1975:
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1973:
1319:
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1265:
1246:
1166:
1149:
1076:
1057:
968:
955:
950:
890:Wayback Machine
874:
869:
859:
857:
844:
843:
839:
829:
827:
817:
813:
806:
802:
793:, Switzerland:
786:
780:
779:
775:
765:
763:
746:
745:
741:
732:
728:
724:
673:
653:
572:to seek asylum)
469:
405:
315:
303:Fridtjof Nansen
297:in 1938. Their
264:
196:6 ratifications
162:
161:
160:
156:
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150:
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124:
113:
107:
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61:
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49:
37:
24:
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764:. Retrieved
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644:ratification
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565:nationality.
518:Article 1(5)
511:Article 1(4)
505:Article 1(3)
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483:Article 1(1)
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50:Please help
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379:Elimination
201:Signatories
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830:16 January
722:References
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617:Article 13
607:Article 12
597:Article 11
594:territory.
588:Article 10
502:stateless.
217:Depositary
78:newspapers
1186:European
758:. 1930 .
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561:Article 6
554:Article 5
544:Article 4
541:aircraft.
537:Article 3
534:contrary.
530:Article 2
416:foundling
383:Reduction
276:The Hague
225:Languages
193:Condition
185:Effective
1054:(UNDROP)
1022:(UNDRIP)
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760:Archived
752:Refworld
671:See also
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175:Location
1016:(DEVAW)
1010:(DEDAW)
915:in the
797:. 1954.
702:Refugee
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579:State).
270:at the
209:Parties
92:scholar
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515:birth.
462:1(2)).
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