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Continental climate

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3050: 2790: 3523: 1379: 3340: 2722: 129: 2801: 523: 2737: 3042: 1390: 3515: 2703: 2765: 2691: 2753: 1398: 360:= Mediterranean-influenced warm-summer humid continental climate; coldest month averaging below 0 °C (32 °F) (or −3 °C (27 °F)), average temperature of the warmest month below 22 °C (71.6 °F) and at least four months averaging above 10 °C (50 °F). At least three times as much precipitation in the wettest month of winter as in the driest month of summer, and the driest month of summer receives less than 30 mm (1.2 in). 3937: 515: 354:-influenced hot-summer humid continental climate; coldest month averaging below 0 °C (32 °F) (or −3 °C (27 °F)), average temperature of the warmest month above 22 °C (71.6 °F) and at least four months averaging above 10 °C (50 °F). At least three times as much precipitation in the wettest month of winter as in the driest month of summer, and the driest month of summer receives less than 30 mm (1.2 in). 32: 4001: 3531: 3058: 339: 297: 251: 3539: 308:= Monsoon-influenced hot-summer humid continental climate; coldest month averaging below 0 °C (32 °F) (or −3 °C (27 °F)), at least one month's average temperature above 22 °C (71.6 °F), and at least four months averaging above 10 °C (50 °F). At least ten times as much rain in the wettest month of summer as in the driest month of winter. 314:= Monsoon-influenced warm-summer humid continental climate; coldest month averaging below 0 °C (32 °F) (or −3 °C (27 °F)), all months with average temperatures below 22 °C (71.6 °F), and at least four months averaging above 10 °C (50 °F). At least ten times as much rain in the wettest month of summer as in the driest month of winter. 366:= Mediterranean-influenced subarctic climate; coldest month averaging below 0 °C (32 °F) (or −3 °C (27 °F)) and one–three months averaging above 10 °C (50 °F). At least three times as much precipitation in the wettest month of winter as in the driest month of summer, and the driest month of summer receives less than 30 mm (1.2 in). 372:= Mediterranean-influenced extremely cold subarctic climate; coldest month averaging below −38 °C (−36.4 °F) and one–three months averaging above 10 °C (50 °F). At least three times as much precipitation in the wettest month of winter as in the driest month of summer, and the driest month of summer receives less than 30 mm (1.2 in). 219:—show a winter maximum in precipitation. A portion of the annual precipitation falls as snowfall, and snow often remains on the ground for more than a month. Summers in continental climates can feature thunderstorms and frequent hot temperatures; however, summer weather is somewhat more stable than winter weather. Continental climates are considered as 266:; coldest month averaging below 0 °C (32 °F) (or −3 °C (27 °F)), at least one month's average temperature above 22 °C (71.6 °F), and at least four months averaging above 10 °C (50 °F). No significant precipitation difference between seasons (neither the abovementioned set of conditions fulfilled). 276:; coldest month averaging below 0 °C (32 °F) (or −3 °C (27 °F)), all months with average temperatures below 22 °C (71.6 °F), and at least four months averaging above 10 °C (50 °F). No significant precipitation difference between seasons (neither the abovementioned set of conditions fulfilled). 398:
Continental climates exist where cold air masses infiltrate during the winter from shorter days and warm air masses form in summer under conditions of high sun and longer days. Places with continental climates are as a rule either far from any moderating effect of oceans or are so situated that
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Annual precipitation in this zone is usually between 600 millimetres (24 in) and 1,200 millimetres (47 in), The timing of intermediate spring-like or autumn-like temperatures in this zone vary depending on latitude and/or elevation. For example, spring may arrive as soon as March (in
292:= Extremely cold subarctic climate; coldest month averaging below −38 °C (−36.4 °F) and one–three months averaging above 10 °C (50 °F). No significant precipitation difference between seasons (neither the abovementioned set of conditions fulfilled). 286:; coldest month averaging below 0 °C (32 °F) (or −3 °C (27 °F)) and one–three months averaging above 10 °C (50 °F). No significant precipitation difference between seasons (neither the abovementioned set of conditions fulfilled). 324:; coldest month averaging below 0 °C (32 °F) (or −3 °C (27 °F)) and one–three months averaging above 10 °C (50 °F). At least ten times as much rain in the wettest month of summer as in the driest month of winter. 390:) in the southern (in Northern hemisphere, northern in Southern hemisphere), parts of this zone or as late as May (November) in the north (south). Summers are warm or hot while winters are below freezing and sustain lots of frost. 399:
prevailing winds tend to head offshore. Such regions get quite warm in the summer, achieving temperatures characteristic of tropical climates but are colder than any other climates of similar latitude in the winter.
334:; coldest month averaging below −38 °C (−36.4 °F) and one–three months averaging above 10 °C (50 °F). At least ten times as much rain in the wettest month of summer as in the driest month of winter. 155:
blow overland bringing some precipitation, and temperatures are not moderated by oceans. Continental climates occur mostly in the Northern Hemisphere due to the large landmasses found there. Most of northeastern
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often have a significant annual variation in temperature (warm to hot summers and cold winters). They tend to occur in central and eastern parts of the three northern-tier continents (
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Continental climate has at least one month averaging below 0 °C (32 °F) and at least one month averaging above 10 °C (50 °F).
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varieties due to their location in the temperate zones, but are classified separately from other temperate climates in the
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tends to be moderate in amount, concentrated mostly in the warmer months. Only a few areas—in the mountains of the
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Regions where the Mediterranean-influenced continental climates (Dsa, Dsb, Dsc, Dsd) are found.
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Regions where the Monsoon-influenced continental climates (Dwa, Dwb, Dwc, Dwd) are found.
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Kottek, Markus; Grieser, Jürgen; Beck, Christoph; Rudolf, Bruno; Rubel, Franz (2006).
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is a measure of the degree to which a region experiences this type of climate.
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Areas of the world that feature a continental climate, according to Köppen
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Boston's skyline in the background, with fall foliage in the foreground
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Regions where the continental climates (Dfa, Dfb, Dfc, Dfd) are found.
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system where they are identified by their first letter, a capital
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In the Köppen climate system, these climates grade off toward
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For the influence of continental climates on viticulture, see
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and shrublands. In Europe these climates may grade off into
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Peel, M. C.; Finlayson B. L. & McMahon, T. A. (2007).
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A sunny day with snow on the ground at the observatory on
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Toronto skyline taken from Colonel Samuel Smith Park in
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where precipitation becomes inadequate for tall-grass
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Raintree Publishers. p. 5. 4099:Manchester Metropolitan University 14: 4540: 4288: 4080: 4267:"What Is a Continental Climate?" 3986: 2775: 2763: 2751: 2735: 2720: 2701: 2689: 2426: 233:Trewartha climate classification 30: 41:needs additional citations for 4455:(Dfc, Dwc, Dsc, Dfd, Dwd, Dsd) 4447:(Dfa, Dwa, Dsa, Dfb, Dwb, Dsb) 4259: 4143: 4109: 393: 1: 4328:Köppen climate classification 4073: 3978:, New South Wales (bordering 3958:, New South Wales (bordering 2715:in the background in Winnipeg 449:subtropical highland climates 243:Köppen climate classification 225:Köppen climate classification 3993: 3929: 3034: 7: 4253:10.1127/0941-2948/2006/0130 4233:Meteorologische Zeitschrift 4116:Senker, Cath (3 May 2018). 4046: 2758:Olympic Stadium in Montreal 1401:Spassky Cathedral in Moscow 180:have this type of climate. 172:, central and southeastern 160:, eastern and southeastern 10: 4545: 3922: 3149:and riverfront (including 2782: 500: 481: 441:humid subtropical climates 376: 21:continental climate (wine) 18: 4464: 4435: 4398: 4371: 4334: 4202:10.5194/Hess-11-1633-2007 4058:Humid continental climate 3492:White Sulphur Springs, WV 2433: 1371: 474: 433:subpolar oceanic climates 274:humid continental climate 264:humid continental climate 235:, they are identified as 187:In continental climates, 4529:Climate of North America 3518:Downtown Aspen, Colorado 3332: 195:of North America and in 4181:Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci 4004:Puente del Inca in July 3526:Government Camp, Oregon 3507: 2349:(disputed with Moldova) 1729:Weiden in der Oberpfalz 1227:(disputed with Georgia) 507: 16:Köppen climate category 4005: 3968:, Victoria (bordering 3948:, Victoria (bordering 3941: 3940:Kiandra police station 3545: 3535: 3527: 3519: 3352: 3068: 3054: 3046: 2805: 2797: 2742:Downtown Calgary from 2713:St. Boniface Cathedral 2403:(occupied by Russia), 2395:(occupied by Russia), 1840:(disputed with Serbia) 1703:Garmisch-Partenkirchen 1485:Bosnia and Herzegovina 1457:Neukirchen bei Lambach 1402: 1394: 1386: 531: 519: 457:Mediterranean climates 343: 301: 255: 133: 4091:"Continental Climate" 4003: 3939: 3541: 3533: 3525: 3517: 3342: 3060: 3052: 3044: 2803: 2792: 2254:Puerto de Navacerrada 1400: 1392: 1381: 525: 517: 341: 320:= Monsoon-influenced 299: 253: 131: 65:"Continental climate" 4514:Köppen climate types 4418:(Cfb, Cwb, Cfc, Cwc) 4344:Tropical rainforest 4063:Microthermal climate 3849:South Lake Tahoe, CA 3543:Winthrop, Washington 403:Neighboring climates 137:Continental climates 50:improve this article 4245:2006MetZe..15..259K 4193:2007HESS...11.1633P 3638:Government Camp, OR 3263:(north side facing 3062:Downtown Pittsburgh 2825:Cahokia Heights, IL 1393:Aker Brygge in Oslo 388:Southern hemisphere 384:Northern hemisphere 4445:Humid continental 4408:Humid subtropical 4155:Education Scotland 4119:Temperate Climates 4053:Hemiboreal climate 4006: 3942: 3546: 3536: 3528: 3520: 3357:Beech Mountain, NC 3353: 3181:Matinicus Isle, ME 3069: 3055: 3047: 2806: 2798: 2451:(higher areas are 2365:occupied by Russia 1403: 1395: 1387: 1126:Komsomolsk-on-Amur 532: 526:The snowy city of 520: 413:semi-arid climates 409:temperate climates 344: 302: 256: 134: 4524:Climate of Europe 4501: 4500: 4360:Tropical savanna 4352:Tropical monsoon 4161:on 14 April 2016. 4068:Subarctic climate 3762:Mountain City, NV 3737:Mammoth Lakes, CA 3687:Klamath Falls, OR 3604:Coeur D'Alene, ID 3392:Clifton Forge, VA 3297:State College, PA 3265:Long Island Sound 2770:Quebec City shore 2567:Prince George, BC 2334:La Chaux-de-Fonds 1801:Rhêmes-Notre-Dame 1797:Cortina d'Ampezzo 1424:El Pas de la Casa 1166:Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk 332:subarctic climate 322:subarctic climate 284:Subarctic climate 221:temperate climate 193:Pacific Northwest 126: 125: 118: 100: 4536: 4326:types under the 4317: 4310: 4303: 4294: 4293: 4282: 4281: 4279: 4278: 4263: 4257: 4256: 4230: 4221: 4215: 4214: 4204: 4187:(5): 1633–1644. 4178: 4169: 4163: 4162: 4157:. Archived from 4147: 4141: 4140: 4138: 4136: 4113: 4107: 4106: 4101:. Archived from 4087: 4032:Mendoza Province 4010:Alto Río Senguer 3417:, DE (bordering 3312:White Plains, NY 3236:Poughkeepsie, NY 2969:North Platte, NE 2909:Grand Rapids, MI 2835:Cedar Rapids, IA 2767: 2755: 2739: 2724: 2705: 2693: 2559:, BC (bordering 2132:Saint Petersburg 1572:České Budějovice 1493:Istočno Sarajevo 463:) to the south. 425:oceanic climates 153:prevailing winds 121: 114: 110: 107: 101: 99: 58: 34: 26: 4544: 4543: 4539: 4538: 4537: 4535: 4534: 4533: 4519:Climate of Asia 4504: 4503: 4502: 4497: 4460: 4431: 4426:(Csa, Csb, Csc) 4394: 4367: 4330: 4321: 4291: 4286: 4285: 4276: 4274: 4265: 4264: 4260: 4228: 4222: 4218: 4176: 4170: 4166: 4149: 4148: 4144: 4134: 4132: 4130: 4114: 4110: 4089: 4088: 4081: 4076: 4049: 4028:Puente del Inca 4022:BSk/Csb/Csc/Dsc 4014:Chubut Province 3998: 3991: 3976:Perisher Valley 3934: 3927: 3512: 3415:Ebright Azimuth 3337: 3290:Springfield, MA 3285:Southampton, NY 3039: 3009:Springfield, IL 2999:Sioux Falls, SD 2820:Bloomington, IN 2795:Near North Side 2787: 2780: 2771: 2768: 2759: 2756: 2747: 2740: 2731: 2725: 2716: 2706: 2697: 2694: 2685: 2438: 2431: 2210:Banská Bystrica 2104:Nizhny Novgorod 1930:North Macedonia 1376: 1098:Blagoveshchensk 512: 505: 486: 479: 471: 469: 405: 396: 386:, September in 379: 245: 122: 111: 105: 102: 59: 57: 47: 35: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4542: 4532: 4531: 4526: 4521: 4516: 4499: 4498: 4496: 4495: 4487: 4479: 4470: 4468: 4462: 4461: 4459: 4458: 4450: 4441: 4439: 4433: 4432: 4430: 4429: 4424:Mediterranean 4421: 4413: 4404: 4402: 4396: 4395: 4393: 4392: 4384: 4375: 4373: 4369: 4368: 4366: 4365: 4357: 4349: 4340: 4338: 4332: 4331: 4320: 4319: 4312: 4305: 4297: 4290: 4289:External links 4287: 4284: 4283: 4258: 4239:(3): 259–263. 4216: 4164: 4142: 4128: 4108: 4105:on 2009-04-27. 4078: 4077: 4075: 4072: 4071: 4070: 4065: 4060: 4055: 4048: 4045: 4044: 4043: 4025: 3997: 3992: 3990: 3985: 3984: 3983: 3973: 3963: 3953: 3933: 3928: 3926: 3921: 3920: 3919: 3909: 3899: 3894: 3884: 3877:Tahoe City, CA 3874: 3860: 3846: 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3626: 3623: 3619: 3616: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3602: 3599: 3595: 3592: 3589: 3585: 3584:Cambridge, ID 3582: 3580: 3577: 3574: 3570: 3567: 3565: 3562: 3559: 3555: 3551: 3548: 3547: 3544: 3540: 3532: 3524: 3516: 3510: 3502: 3498: 3495: 3493: 3490: 3488: 3485: 3483: 3480: 3476: 3473: 3471: 3469: 3466: 3464: 3461: 3458: 3455: 3453: 3451: 3448: 3445: 3441: 3438: 3435: 3431: 3428: 3426: 3423: 3420: 3416: 3413: 3411: 3408: 3405: 3402: 3400: 3397: 3393: 3390: 3387: 3383: 3380: 3377: 3373: 3370: 3367: 3363: 3360: 3358: 3355: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3341: 3335: 3327: 3323: 3320: 3318: 3317:Worcester, MA 3315: 3313: 3310: 3308: 3305: 3303: 3300: 3298: 3295: 3293: 3291: 3288: 3286: 3283: 3281: 3278: 3276: 3273: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3261:Riverhead, NY 3259: 3257: 3254: 3252: 3249: 3246: 3242: 3241:Princeton, NJ 3239: 3237: 3234: 3232: 3229: 3227: 3224: 3222: 3219: 3216: 3212: 3209: 3206: 3202: 3199: 3196: 3192: 3189: 3187: 3184: 3182: 3179: 3177: 3174: 3171: 3167: 3166:Lancaster, PA 3164: 3162: 3159: 3156: 3152: 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2120:Petrozavodsk 2017: 1964: 1948: 1872: 1827: 1810: 1782: 1774: 1762: 1710: 1694: 1676: 1651: 1640:Lappeenranta 1541: 1533: 1525: 1509: 1441: 1427: 1362: 1358: 1344: 1336: 1328: 1316: 1304: 1296: 1288: 1276: 1262: 1254: 1246: 1238: 1214: 1133: 1109: 1085: 1031: 1028:Baruunturuun 1017: 1009: 1001: 987: 983: 975: 924: 916: 878: 870: 866: 858: 850: 842: 838: 830: 822: 818: 810: 791: 787: 779: 745: 737: 701: 639: 631: 617: 597: 593: 575: 567: 563: 555: 551: 543: 493: 470: 460: 452: 444: 436: 428: 406: 397: 380: 369: 363: 357: 347: 327: 317: 311: 305: 289: 279: 269: 259: 246: 236: 228: 217:Central Asia 186: 181: 136: 135: 112: 103: 93: 86: 79: 72: 60: 48:Please help 43:verification 40: 3980:Cfb/Cfc/Dfc 3970:Cfb/Cfc/Dfc 3946:Falls Creek 3904:(bordering 3902:Tusayan, AZ 3889:(bordering 3871:Csa/Csb/Dsa 3863:Spokane, WA 3835:Skagway, AK 3827:(bordering 3787:Orofino, ID 3774:(bordering 3764:(bordering 3729:(bordering 3719:(bordering 3701:Cfb/Cfc/Dfc 3699:(bordering 3679:(bordering 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4453:Subarctic 4410:(Cfa, Cwa) 4389:(BSh, BSk) 4387:Semi-arid 4381:(BWh, BWk) 4277:2022-04-04 4271:WorldAtlas 4074:References 4038:bordering 4020:bordering 3869:bordering 3855:bordering 3841:bordering 3817:bordering 3793:bordering 3772:Nenana, AK 3752:Moscow, ID 3697:Kodiak, AK 3672:Joseph, OR 3644:bordering 3610:bordering 3556:bordering 3475:Romney, WV 3425:Elkins, WV 3221:Pittsburgh 3143:Harrisburg 3088:Bangor, ME 3019:Toledo, OH 2894:Duluth, MN 2884:Des Moines 2850:Cincinnati 2793:Chicago's 2650:Sydney, NS 2619:Sherbrooke 2488:Gander, NL 2465:bordering 2385:Kryvyi Rih 2326:La Brévine 2292:Norrköping 2260:bordering 2193:Nova Varoš 1921:Montenegro 1848:Daugavpils 1820:Kazakhstan 1715:Ingolstadt 1506:Pazardzhik 1453:Klagenfurt 1361:bordering 1351:Uzbekistan 1231:Tajikistan 1225:Tskhinvali 1211:Yeongcheon 1118:Khabarovsk 1040:Kharkhorin 1006:Jalal-Abad 994:Kyrgyzstan 986:bordering 940:Kazakhstan 869:bordering 841:bordering 821:bordering 790:bordering 706:Mudanjiang 624:Azerbaijan 596:bordering 566:bordering 554:bordering 164:, much of 76:newspapers 4211:1027-5606 3995:Argentina 3931:Australia 3782:Ogden, UT 3707:Logan, UT 3618:Fairbanks 3564:Aspen, CO 3362:Boone, NC 3307:Utica, NY 3275:Rochester 3186:New Haven 3036:Northeast 2959:Milwaukee 2899:Fargo, ND 2864:Cleveland 2810:Akron, OH 2729:Etobicoke 2709:The Forks 2630:Saskatoon 2557:Penticton 2525:Marystown 2459:Castlegar 2338:Poschiavo 2300:Sundsvall 2296:Stockholm 2280:Jönköping 2276:Härnösand 2184:Yaroslavl 2172:Volgograd 2148:Stavropol 2067:Timișoara 2043:Bucharest 1990:Bydgoszcz 1986:Białystok 1977:Trondheim 1973:Steinkjer 1879:Lithuania 1759:Kecskemét 1449:Innsbruck 1251:Panjakent 1243:Konibodom 1183:Chuncheon 1069:Pyongyang 956:Karaganda 905:Mount Aso 893:Asahikawa 776:Badrinath 682:Hulunbuir 662:Changchun 572:Puli Alam 231:. In the 4492:(ET, EF) 4482:Ice cap 4416:Oceanic 4362:(Aw, As) 4047:See also 3887:Taos, NM 3322:York, PA 3302:Syracuse 3161:Hartford 3147:downtown 3138:Erie, PA 3123:Cape Cod 2854:downtown 2676:Winnipeg 2613:Saguenay 2592:Rimouski 2536:Montreal 2478:Edmonton 2421:Zhytomyr 2413:Uzhhorod 2401:Mariupol 2347:Tiraspol 2233:Slovenia 2206:Slovakia 2197:Subotica 2180:Voronezh 2168:Vladimir 2152:Taganrog 2144:Smolensk 2108:Orenburg 2076:Belgorod 2059:Ploiești 1998:Katowice 1912:Chișinău 1891:Šiauliai 1887:Klaipėda 1838:Pristina 1755:Debrecen 1746:Samarina 1699:Bayreuth 1691:Augsburg 1665:Chamonix 1632:Helsinki 1607:Saaremaa 1502:Bulgaria 1411:Pogradec 1383:Chamonix 1355:Chirchiq 1179:Cheongju 1138:Nakhodka 1061:Kimchaek 1049:Chongjin 1024:Mongolia 972:Shymkent 964:Pavlodar 921:Nichinan 897:Hakodate 855:Sardasht 726:Tangshan 718:Shigatse 714:Shenyang 636:Shamakhi 610:Vanadzor 548:Fayzabad 490:Imilchil 421:prairies 213:Pakistan 4490:Alpine 4474:Tundra 4466:Class E 4437:Class D 4400:Class C 4372:Class B 4336:Class A 4324:Climate 4241:Bibcode 4189:Bibcode 4135:23 June 3956:Kiandra 3924:Oceania 3819:BSk/Csa 3558:BSk/Csb 3406:, NC/TN 3351:, NC/TN 3205:Cfa/Cfb 3113:Buffalo 2889:Detroit 2845:Chicago 2784:Midwest 2711:, with 2671:Windsor 2660:Toronto 2645:Sudbury 2531:Moncton 2513:Kelowna 2503:Halifax 2449:Calgary 2443:Brandon 2409:BSk/Cfa 2393:Luhansk 2381:Kherson 2377:Kharkiv 2361:Donetsk 2353:Ukraine 2304:Uppsala 2237:Lendava 2218:Pezinok 2201:Zaječar 2140:Saratov 2100:Nalchik 2080:Bryansk 2035:Romania 2022:Suwałki 1953:Drammen 1925:Žabljak 1908:Briceni 1900:Moldova 1895:Vilnius 1856:Liepāja 1852:Jelgava 1815:Toblach 1793:Bruneck 1775:Cfa/Cfb 1767:Miskolc 1763:Cfa/Cfb 1751:Hungary 1721:Kempten 1707:Görlitz 1687:Ansbach 1683:Germany 1648:Tampere 1636:Kouvola 1620:Finland 1611:Tallinn 1599:Hiiumaa 1595:Estonia 1586:Ostrava 1580:Olomouc 1576:Liberec 1555:Croatia 1530:Smolyan 1489:Goražde 1464:Belarus 1434:Austria 1420:Canillo 1416:Andorra 1407:Albania 1313:Hakkâri 1309:Erzurum 1305:Cfa/Cfb 1297:BSk/Cfa 1293:Çankırı 1281:Ardahan 1195:Incheon 1191:Daejeon 1175:Cheonan 1130:Kurilsk 1114:Irkutsk 1090:Barnaul 1057:Kaesong 1036:Darkhan 998:Bishkek 960:Oskemen 929:Sapporo 901:Kushiro 835:Hamadan 827:Ardabil 763:Georgia 730:Ulanhot 710:Qiqihar 690:Jiamusi 654:Beijing 614:Yerevan 582:Armenia 530:, Japan 528:Sapporo 502:Eurasia 483:Morocco 461:Csa/Csb 445:Cfa/Cwa 377:Seasons 90:scholar 4379:Desert 4209:  4126:  3677:Juneau 3404:Kuwohi 3345:Kuwohi 3153:) are 3098:Boston 3073:Albany 3024:Topeka 2879:Dayton 2582:Regina 2552:Ottawa 2519:London 2461:, BC ( 2435:Canada 2369:Izmail 2357:Dnipro 2322:Gstaad 2284:Kalmar 2268:Sweden 2228:Žilina 2224:Prešov 2214:Košice 2189:Serbia 2136:Samara 2096:Moscow 2084:Grozny 2072:Russia 2039:Brașov 2030:Warsaw 2014:Poznań 2010:Lublin 2002:Kraków 1994:Gdańsk 1982:Poland 1941:Norway 1934:Berovo 1916:Comrat 1883:Kaunas 1869:Schaan 1844:Latvia 1834:Kosovo 1771:Szeged 1734:Greece 1669:Mouthe 1661:France 1559:Gospić 1550:Vratsa 1518:Pleven 1514:Pernik 1373:Europe 1285:Bitlis 1269:Turkey 1259:Roghun 1235:Isfara 1154:Tyumen 1082:Abakan 1078:Russia 952:Astana 948:Almaty 944:Aktobe 913:Nagano 889:Aomori 863:Tabriz 847:Saqqez 796:Kargil 758:Yichun 754:Yantai 734:Ürümqi 722:Suihua 678:Harbin 674:Hailin 670:Daqing 666:Dalian 650:Anshan 628:Qabala 606:Sisian 590:Jermuk 586:Gyumri 560:Ghazni 476:Africa 455:), or 215:, and 205:Turkey 174:Canada 166:Russia 162:Europe 147:, and 145:Europe 92:  85:  78:  71:  63:  4229:(PDF) 4177:(PDF) 3334:South 3064:from 2974:Omaha 2405:Odesa 2308:Visby 2272:Falun 2250:Spain 2112:Pskov 2092:Kazan 2063:Sibiu 2026:Toruń 1957:Hamar 1904:Bălți 1789:Italy 1656:Turku 1624:Åland 1615:Tartu 1603:Pärnu 1590:Plzeň 1538:Sofia 1497:Livno 1480:Pinsk 1476:Minsk 1472:Gomel 1468:Brest 1333:Sivas 1301:Çorum 1207:Wonju 1203:Seoul 1150:Tomsk 1106:Chita 1073:Rason 1065:Nampo 1053:Haeju 980:Taraz 968:Semey 933:Tendō 909:Mutsu 885:Japan 875:Urmia 807:Abali 772:India 750:Yanji 742:Xi'an 698:Jinan 694:Jilin 686:Heihe 646:China 602:Kapan 431:) or 158:China 97:JSTOR 83:books 4484:(EF) 4476:(ET) 4354:(Am) 4346:(Af) 4207:ISSN 4137:2023 4124:ISBN 3509:West 3459:, NC 2667:, QC 2621:, QC 2615:, QC 2594:, QC 2548:, QC 2527:, NL 2521:, ON 2515:, BC 2445:, MB 2397:Lviv 2389:Kyiv 2156:Tula 2116:Perm 2051:Iași 2006:Łódź 1969:Oslo 1945:Bodø 1860:Riga 1824:Oral 1644:Pori 1568:Brno 1522:Ruse 1321:Kars 1273:Ağrı 1146:Omsk 815:Arak 803:Iran 784:Dras 509:Asia 201:Iraq 197:Iran 149:Asia 69:news 4249:doi 4197:doi 4040:Csb 4036:Dsb 4018:Dsb 3960:Cfb 3950:Dfc 3916:Dsb 3906:BSk 3891:BSk 3881:Dsb 3867:Dsb 3857:Csb 3853:Dsb 3843:Dsc 3839:Dsb 3829:BSk 3815:Dsa 3795:Dsa 3791:Dsb 3776:Dfc 3766:BSk 3756:Dsa 3741:Dsb 3731:BSk 3721:BSk 3711:Dsa 3691:Dsb 3681:Dfc 3666:Dfc 3656:BSk 3642:Dsb 3632:BSk 3622:Dfc 3612:Csb 3608:Dsb 3598:BSk 3588:Dsa 3573:BSk 3554:Dsb 3501:Cfa 3479:Cfa 3444:Cfa 3434:Cfa 3419:Cfa 3396:Cfa 3386:Cfa 3376:Cfa 3366:Cfb 3347:in 3326:Cfa 3269:Cfa 3267:is 3245:Cfa 3215:Cfa 3195:Cfa 3170:Cfa 3155:Cfa 3127:Cfb 3107:Cfa 2983:BSk 2928:Cfa 2858:Cfa 2856:is 2829:Cfa 2634:BSk 2602:Cfb 2586:BSk 2561:BSk 2497:Dfc 2467:Dfb 2463:Dsb 2453:Dwc 2411:), 2375:), 2373:Cfa 2367:), 2332:), 2330:Dfc 2312:Cfb 2290:), 2288:Cfb 2262:Csb 2258:Dsb 2243:), 2241:Cfb 2178:), 2176:BSk 2160:Ufa 2126:), 2124:Dfc 2020:), 2018:Cfb 1967:), 1965:Dfc 1951:), 1949:Dfc 1873:Cfb 1828:BSk 1813:), 1811:Cfb 1783:Cfb 1777:), 1765:), 1713:), 1711:Cfb 1697:), 1695:Cfb 1677:Dfc 1654:), 1652:Dfc 1544:), 1542:Cfb 1536:), 1534:Dsb 1528:), 1526:Cfa 1512:), 1510:Cfa 1442:Cfb 1428:Dfc 1363:Csa 1359:Dsa 1345:Dsa 1341:Van 1339:), 1337:Dsb 1331:), 1329:Dsa 1325:Muş 1319:), 1317:Dsa 1307:), 1299:), 1291:), 1289:Dsa 1279:), 1277:Dsb 1263:Dsb 1257:), 1255:Dsa 1249:), 1247:Dsa 1241:), 1239:Dsa 1215:Cfa 1136:), 1134:Dfc 1112:), 1110:Dwc 1088:), 1086:BSk 1034:), 1032:Dwc 1018:Dsa 1014:Osh 1012:), 1010:Dsa 1004:), 1002:Dsa 988:BSk 984:Dsa 978:), 976:Dsa 927:), 925:Cfa 919:), 917:Cfa 879:BSk 873:), 871:BSk 867:Dsa 861:), 859:Dsa 853:), 851:Dsa 845:), 843:BSk 839:Dsa 833:), 831:BSk 825:), 823:BSk 819:Dsa 813:), 811:Dsb 794:), 792:Dfb 788:Dsb 782:), 780:Cfb 748:), 746:Cwa 740:), 738:BSk 704:), 702:Cwa 640:Cfa 634:), 632:Cfa 618:BSk 600:), 598:Dfb 594:Dsb 576:Dsa 570:), 568:BSk 564:Dsa 558:), 556:Csa 552:Dsa 546:), 544:Dsb 494:Cfb 453:Cwb 447:), 437:Cfc 429:Cfb 415:or 370:Dsd 364:Dsc 358:Dsb 348:Dsa 328:Dwd 318:Dwc 312:Dwb 306:Dwa 290:Dfd 280:Dfc 270:Dfb 260:Dfa 52:by 4510:: 4269:. 4247:. 4237:15 4235:. 4231:. 4205:. 4195:. 4185:11 4183:. 4179:. 4153:. 4097:. 4093:. 4082:^ 4030:, 4012:, 3481:) 3398:) 2419:, 2415:, 2399:, 2391:, 2387:, 2383:, 2379:, 2359:, 2355:: 2345:: 2336:, 2324:, 2320:: 2306:, 2302:, 2298:, 2294:, 2282:, 2278:, 2274:, 2270:: 2252:: 2235:: 2226:, 2222:, 2216:, 2212:, 2208:: 2199:, 2195:, 2191:: 2182:, 2170:, 2166:, 2162:, 2158:, 2154:, 2150:, 2146:, 2142:, 2138:, 2134:, 2130:, 2118:, 2114:, 2110:, 2106:, 2102:, 2098:, 2094:, 2090:, 2086:, 2082:, 2078:, 2074:: 2065:, 2061:, 2057:, 2053:, 2049:, 2045:, 2041:, 2037:: 2028:, 2024:, 2012:, 2008:, 2004:, 2000:, 1996:, 1992:, 1988:, 1984:: 1975:, 1971:, 1959:, 1955:, 1943:: 1932:: 1923:: 1914:, 1910:, 1906:, 1902:: 1893:, 1889:, 1885:, 1881:: 1867:: 1858:, 1854:, 1850:, 1846:: 1836:: 1822:: 1805:, 1799:, 1795:, 1791:: 1769:, 1757:, 1753:: 1744:, 1740:, 1736:: 1727:, 1723:, 1719:, 1705:, 1701:, 1689:, 1685:: 1671:, 1667:, 1663:: 1646:, 1642:, 1638:, 1634:, 1630:, 1626:, 1622:: 1613:, 1609:, 1605:, 1601:, 1597:: 1588:, 1584:, 1578:, 1574:, 1570:, 1566:: 1557:: 1548:, 1520:, 1516:, 1504:: 1495:, 1491:, 1487:: 1478:, 1474:, 1470:, 1466:: 1455:, 1451:, 1447:, 1444:) 1436:: 1422:, 1418:: 1409:: 1365:) 1353:: 1323:, 1311:, 1283:, 1271:: 1233:: 1223:: 1209:, 1205:, 1201:, 1197:, 1193:, 1189:, 1185:, 1181:, 1177:, 1173:: 1164:, 1160:, 1156:, 1152:, 1148:, 1144:, 1140:, 1128:, 1124:, 1120:, 1116:, 1104:, 1100:, 1096:, 1092:, 1080:: 1071:, 1067:, 1063:, 1059:, 1055:, 1051:, 1047:: 1038:, 1026:: 996:: 970:, 966:, 962:, 958:, 954:, 950:, 946:, 942:: 931:, 911:, 907:, 903:, 899:, 895:, 891:, 887:: 805:: 774:: 765:: 756:, 752:, 732:, 728:, 724:, 720:, 716:, 712:, 708:, 696:, 692:, 688:, 684:, 680:, 676:, 672:, 668:, 664:, 660:, 656:, 652:, 648:: 626:: 612:, 608:, 604:, 588:, 584:: 538:: 350:= 282:= 239:. 237:Dc 211:, 207:, 143:, 4316:e 4309:t 4302:v 4280:. 4255:. 4251:: 4243:: 4213:. 4199:: 4191:: 4139:. 4042:) 4034:( 4024:) 4016:( 3982:) 3972:) 3962:) 3952:) 3918:) 3914:( 3908:) 3893:) 3883:) 3879:( 3873:) 3865:( 3859:) 3851:( 3845:) 3837:( 3831:) 3821:) 3813:( 3797:) 3789:( 3778:) 3768:) 3758:) 3754:( 3743:) 3739:( 3733:) 3723:) 3713:) 3709:( 3703:) 3693:) 3689:( 3683:) 3668:) 3658:) 3648:) 3640:( 3634:) 3624:) 3614:) 3606:( 3600:) 3590:) 3586:( 3575:) 3560:) 3552:( 3503:) 3446:) 3436:) 3421:) 3388:) 3378:) 3368:) 3328:) 3271:) 3247:) 3217:) 3207:) 3197:) 3172:) 3157:) 3145:( 3129:) 3109:) 2985:) 2930:) 2860:) 2852:( 2831:) 2636:) 2604:) 2588:) 2563:) 2499:) 2469:) 2455:) 2363:( 2314:) 2264:) 2256:( 1875:) 1830:) 1785:) 1679:) 1532:( 1430:) 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Index

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