33:
147:
1648:(Israeli Parliament) website, official translations - NOTE: The 1968 Basic Law: the Government translation is missing provisions, probably amendments added later on. As opposed to the 1968 and 2001 basic Law: the Government translations, the 1992 Basic Law: the Government uses the term "Acting PM" to refer to an "Interim Prime Minister" as well. The 2001 Law, which is in effect, present all provision in the translation, however, there are some lines missing. It is recommended to use the Hebrew laws official publications in the
317:
down the law in the fact that the
Knesset had failed to pass it with the absolute majority required, in the process upholding the principle of entrenchment in Israeli constitutional law. While this created only a procedural requirement that the Knesset had to meet to enact the lawânamely reaching an absolute majority when passing a law in conflict with itâit also demonstrated the Courtâs willingness to determine whether Knesset legislation met the substantive requirements of Basic Laws.
2202:
360:, explicitly declared that the passage of these Basic Laws had initiated a constitutional revolution in Israel. Barak argued that Basic Law: Freedom of Occupation, which was explicitly entrenched to require a 61 MK majority to amend under section 7, and Basic Law: Human Dignity and Freedomâwhich was not entrenched in the same way, but in Barakâs view required the Knesset to explicitly declare its intent to violate the law, in a similar manner to the
2212:
1729:
1812:
437:
both laws are weakly entrenched such that while
Knesset and Canadian parliament legislation can be struck down by their respective courts for failing to comply with their respective entrenched laws, both parliaments can override this provision by either explicitly stating their intent to do so or amending the conflicting laws themselves, depending on the case. Shortly after the
348:". Both Basic Laws contain clauses prohibiting the violation of the rights they enumerate, âexcept by a law befitting the values of the State of Israel, enacted for a proper purpose, and to an extent no greater than is required.â This limitations clause is contained in section 8 of Basic Law: Human Dignity and Freedom and section 4 of Basic Law: Freedom of Occupation.
615:
searches of one's person or property. Any violation of this right shall be "by a law befitting the values of the State of Israel, enacted for a proper purpose, and to an extent no greater than is required". This law also includes instruction regarding its own permanence and protection from changes by means of emergency regulations.
277:. Rather than draft a full constitution immediately, they would postpone the work, charging the Knesset's Constitution, Law, and Justice Committee with drafting the document piecemeal. Each chapter would be called a Basic Law, and when all had been written they would be compiled into a complete constitution.
201:
of 14 May 1948, a constituent assembly should have prepared a constitution by 1 October 1948. The delay and the eventual decision on 13 June 1950 to legislate a constitution chapter by chapter, resulted primarily from the inability of different groups in
Israeli society to agree on the purpose of the
653:
Establishes that if the
Israeli government adopts a decision or signs an agreement stipulating that the laws, jurisdiction, and administrative authority of the State of Israel will no longer apply to a certain geographical area, such agreement or decision must either be adopted via a treaty approved
255:
The Basic Laws do not cover all constitutional issues, and there is no deadline set for the completion of the process of merging them into one comprehensive constitution. There is no clear rule determining the precedence of Basic Laws over regular legislation, and in many cases, such issues are left
614:
Declares that basic human rights in Israel are based on the recognition of the value of man, the sanctity of his life, and the fact that he is free. Defines human freedom as right to leave and enter the country, privacy (including speech, writings, and notes), intimacy, and protection from unlawful
436:
empowered the
Knesset which passed the limitations clauses to bind future Knesset sessions to comply with those clauses or have their legislation struck down via judicial review. In this approach to entrenchment, the current Israeli system mirrors the entrenchment of the Canadian Bill of Rights, as
628:
Guarantees every Israel national or resident's "right to engage in any occupation, profession, or trade". Any violation of this right shall be "by a law befitting the values of the State of Israel, enacted for a proper purpose, and to an extent no greater than is required". This law also includes
441:
decision, the
Knesset declared that it would review proposed laws for compliance with other Basic Laws going forward, and coalition government agreements since this case have included the stipulation that no party would attempt to modify Basic Laws without the agreement of all coalition partners.
397:
The Courtâs main reasoning was that the
Knesset holds two distinct roles within the Israeli state depending on the type of legislation it is enacting. In addition to its position as the legislative branch, which it occupies when dealing with ordinary legislation, the Knesset acts as a constituent
316:
decision, the
Supreme Court implicitly assumed the power of substantive judicial review, invalidating a public financing law that denied public funds to political parties not represented in the previous Knesset on the grounds that the law violated section 4. The Court grounded its power to strike
311:
case, the Court began to indicate a different posture with regard to judicial review of entrenched Basic Laws. At the time, the only provision in the Basic Laws that was entrenched was section 4 of Basic Law: The
Knesset, which required âgeneral, national, direct, equal, secret, and proportional
679:
Defines Israel as the nation-state of the Jewish people. The Nation-State Law also asserts that the Jewish people have the unique claim to national self-determination in the State of Israel, defines Hebrew as the official language of the state, and gives Arabic a special status in the state. It
1029:
until the establishment of the elected, regular authorities of the State in accordance with the
Constitution which shall be adopted by the Elected Constituent Assembly not later than 1 October 1948, the People's Council shall act as a Provisional Council of State, and its executive organ, the
418:
decision was that it established judicial review of ordinary Knesset legislation, significantly curbing the Knessetâs parliamentary supremacy, and according to some Israeli constitutional scholars, fully converted the Israeli constitution from an unwritten constitution to a formal, written
405:
This marked a significant departure from the British system of parliamentary sovereignty that Israel inherited and practiced prior to the Constitutional Revolution, as it permitted a Knesset to bind its successors. Outgoing Supreme Court President Meir Shamgarâs concurring opinion in
351:
These were passed by votes of 32â21 and 23â0 respectively, and Knesset debates indicate that many MKs were not aware that these laws pertained to the constitutional entrenchment of any rights nor that they affected the status of judicial review in Israel. However, Justice
291:
is not addressed in Basic Law: The Judiciary, or elsewhere in Israelâs Basic Laws. Prior to 1992, the Supreme Court, sitting as the High Court of Justice, rejected multiple opportunities to claim the power of judicial review. Just after Israelâs founding, in the 1948
410:
did not recognize the Knessetâs role as a constituent assembly and instead argued that the Knesset had an explicit power of self-limitation even when acting in its legislative capacity, but this interpretive approach has not been cited in subsequent cases.
456:
The Knesset can pass any law by a simple majority, even one that might arguably conflict with a Basic Laws of Israel, unless the basic law has specific conditions for its modification. Basic laws that include specific conditions include the following:
247:
The Constituent Assembly convened in February 1949. It held several discussions about the constitution without reaching an agreement. After only four meetings, on 16 February 1949 it adopted the Transition Law, by which means it became the
666:), under Israeli law, can only be relinquished either through a treaty approved by over 80 MKs, in which case a referendum is not necessary, or, before a treaty is valid, it must be approved by an absolute majority vote in a referendum.
427:
The limitations clauses function as both limitations on human rights, but also as an acknowledgement of substantive entrenchment, rather than the purely procedural entrenchment of section 4 of Basic Law: The Knesset recognized in the
189:
ruled that the Basic Laws should be considered the state's constitution, and that became the common approach throughout his tenure (1995-2006). Opponents of this approach included Barak's colleague, Supreme Court Justice
385:
was that Knesset legislation that violates the limitations clauses of Basic Law: Freedom of Occupation and Basic Law: Human Dignity and Freedom is void no matter what majority passed the law, rejecting its position in
380:
declared that due to the limitations clauses included in the 1992 Basic Laws, the Basic Laws now formed a written constitution that the courts had the power to uphold via judicial review. The more specific holding of
372:
214:
1948-1954 and 1955-1963), who thought that a formal written constitution would allow the Israeli Supreme Court to overrule his socialist policies. Furthermore, Ben Gurion aimed to shift towards a
576:
as the capital of Israel; secures the integrity and unity of Jerusalem; deals with holy places; secures rights of members of all religions; grants special preference with regards to development.
1751:
225:
Various bodies in Israel have called for the enactment of a formal constitution as a single document, and have submitted ideas and drafts for consideration. These calls increased during the
1781:
236:
stated that a formal constitution would be formulated and adopted no later than 1 October 1948. The deadline set in the declaration of independence proved unrealistic in light of the
601:
Deals with the powers, tasks, and duties of supervisor of government bodies, ministries, institutions, authorities, agencies, persons, and bodies operating on behalf of the state.
559:. Subordinates military forces to the government, deals with enlistment, and states that no extra-legal armed force outside the Israel Defense Forces may be set up or maintained.
296:
case the Court ruled against interpreting Israelâs Declaration of Independence as the nationâs constitutional document, and in 1970, the Court reaffirmed this principle in the
1761:
328:
decision, clarifying that the Court lacked the power of judicial review in cases where the standard for potential review was an unentrenched ordinary law or Basic Law.
91:. The Basic Laws deal with the formation and role of the principal institutions of the state, and with the relations between the state's authorities. They also protect
1801:
1776:
674:
1766:
1746:
364:
32:
252:". Because the Constituent Assembly did not prepare a constitution for Israel, the Knesset is the heir of the Assembly for the purpose of fulfilling this function.
367:â created a set of generalities and conflicting principles in the Basic Laws, which meant that it fell to the judiciary to interpret and â content toâ those laws.
1796:
432:
decision. Previously, the Knesset could repeal even Basic Laws simply through passing conflicting statutes, by virtue of parliamentary sovereignty. By contrast,
320:
However, the Court explicitly refused to endorse the principle of judicial review of all Knesset legislation, explicitly stating that it did not intend for the
838:
1016:
107:
enjoys super-legal status, giving the Supreme Court the authority to disqualify any law contradicting it, as well as protection from Emergency Regulations.
1150:
1486:
2167:
17:
1460:
336:
In 1992 the Knesset passed the first two Basic Laws that related to human rights and to the basis of the Supreme Court's recently declared powers of
181:(the First Knesset), the State of Israel has enacted several Basic Laws of Israel dealing with government arrangements and with human rights. The
1843:
1714:
609:
341:
1537:
1941:
229:, when multiple opposition figures and civil society organizations proposed the codification of the Basic Laws into a formal constitution.
138:
consisting of both material constitutional law (based upon cases and precedents), common law, and the provisions of these formal statutes.
2177:
1692:
1655:
Jewish Law in the Debates of the Knesset (HaMishpat HaIvri b'Chakikat HaKneset) edited by Prof. Nahum Rakover. 2 vols., 1310 pp. 159-190.
1221:
905:"Forming a Collective Identity: The Debate over the Proposed Constitution, 1948â1950", Journal of Israeli History 26 (2), 2007, p. 251.
461:
Article 4 of the Basic Law of the Knesset, on the electoral system, can be amended only by a majority of 61 of the 120 Knesset members.
398:
assembly empowered to write a formal constitution for Israel when passing Basic Laws, deriving this authority from the First Knessetâs
226:
114:
constitution until their future incorporation into a formal, unitary, written constitution. Israel is one of six countries (along with
110:
The Basic Laws were intended to be draft chapters of a future Israeli constitution, which has been postponed since 1950; they act as a
1406:
Navot, Suzi. âThe Migration of Proportionality: From Human Rights to the Principle of Equality in Elections â The Case of Israel.â In
1380:
Navot, Suzi. âThe Migration of Proportionality: From Human Rights to the Principle of Equality in Elections â The Case of Israel.â In
244:
eventually took place on 25 January 1949 in order to elect a Constituent Assembly which would approve the new state's constitution.
2091:
1232:
587:
Deals with authority, institutions, principle of independence, openness, appointment, qualifications, and powers of the judiciary.
2116:
361:
464:
Article 44, which prevents the amendment of the law by an Emergency Regulation, can be amended only by a majority of 80 members.
2136:
642:
Overturns its own 1992 addition, the direct election of the prime minister, and restores the 1968 system with some amendments.
1067:
1512:
1176:
Navot, âThe Migration of Proportionality: From Human Rights to the Principle of Equality in ElectionsâThe Case of Israel,â 4.
1093:
1786:
104:
1836:
885:
233:
198:
178:
88:
1707:
1632:
1613:
1590:
131:
2251:
1926:
241:
2172:
1791:
697:
623:
345:
304:, the Court went so far as to explicitly deny itself the right to judicial review of ordinary Knesset legislation.
151:
2131:
2036:
1109:, Constitutional Systems of The World (Oxford, United KingdomâŻ; Portland, Oregon: Hart Publishing, 2014), 13 â 14
1829:
1345:. Constitutional Systems of The World. Oxford, United KingdomâŻ; Portland, Oregon: Hart Publishing, 2014, 33-34.
1332:. Constitutional Systems of The World. Oxford, United KingdomâŻ; Portland, Oregon: Hart Publishing, 2014, 31-32.
915:
2241:
2236:
2141:
1700:
1397:. Constitutional Systems of The World. Oxford, United KingdomâŻ; Portland, Oregon: Hart Publishing, 2014, 29.
1371:. Constitutional Systems of The World. Oxford, United KingdomâŻ; Portland, Oregon: Hart Publishing, 2014, 35.
1358:. Constitutional Systems of The World. Oxford, United KingdomâŻ; Portland, Oregon: Hart Publishing, 2014, 17.
1310:. Constitutional Systems of The World. Oxford, United KingdomâŻ; Portland, Oregon: Hart Publishing, 2014, 31.
1248:. Constitutional Systems of The World. Oxford, United KingdomâŻ; Portland, Oregon: Hart Publishing, 2014, 30.
1202:. Constitutional Systems of The World. Oxford, United KingdomâŻ; Portland, Oregon: Hart Publishing, 2014, 22.
146:
2086:
2051:
2006:
1189:. Constitutional Systems of The World. Oxford, United KingdomâŻ; Portland, Oregon: Hart Publishing, 2014, 7.
1140:. Constitutional Systems of The World. Oxford, United KingdomâŻ; Portland, Oregon: Hart Publishing, 2014, 17
520:
Deals with status, election, qualifications, powers, and procedures of work of the President of the State.
468:
A majority of the Knesset members can amend the Basic Laws on the government and on freedom of occupation.
1722:
2246:
1976:
1971:
1866:
654:
by 80 MKs, or by an absolute majority vote in a referendum. This means that Israeli sovereign territory (
596:
219:
215:
115:
1423:. Constitutional Systems of The World. Oxford, United KingdomâŻ; Portland, Oregon: Hart Publishing, 2014.
1030:
People's Administration, shall be the Provisional Government of the Jewish State, to be called "Israel".
629:
instruction regarding its own permanence and protection from changes by means of emergency regulations.
370:
Barakâs declaration of a âconstitutional revolutionâ presaged his majority opinion in the landmark 1995
2096:
2071:
1986:
1966:
1916:
1886:
1876:
119:
83:(with varying requirements for different Basic Laws and sections). Many of these laws are based on the
1222:
https://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFA-Archive/1992/Pages/Basic%20Law-%20Human%20Dignity%20and%20Liberty-.aspx
2182:
2061:
2056:
1936:
1756:
637:
528:
123:
1674:
1641:
2126:
2076:
2031:
2011:
2001:
1901:
1858:
1649:
1433:
451:
259:
211:
1680:
1548:
394:
that only constitutionally entrenched Basic Laws empowered the court to exercise judicial review.
2101:
2016:
1996:
1881:
1871:
692:
422:
357:
162:
135:
100:
886:"United Mizrahi Bank v. Migdal Cooperative Village | Cardozo Israeli Supreme Court Project"
2146:
2081:
2046:
1981:
1961:
1951:
1911:
1896:
1891:
1741:
1665:
493:
170:
127:
92:
57:
1408:
Human Rights Human Rights in Contemporary World: Essays in Honour of Professor Leszek Garlicki
1382:
Human Rights Human Rights in Contemporary World: Essays in Honour of Professor Leszek Garlicki
727:
312:
electionsâ for the Knesset, and required an absolute majority of 61 MKs to amend. In its 1969
2187:
2106:
2066:
2041:
2021:
1956:
1931:
1921:
1906:
1211:'Negev' - Automobile Service Stations Ltd v. State of Israel Ltd, IsrSC 28(1) 640 (HCJ 1974).
816:
556:
237:
182:
2026:
1991:
1946:
166:
1686:
8:
2156:
663:
280:
Between 1958 and 1988 the Knesset passed nine Basic Laws, all of which pertained to the
1602:
1045:
994:
773:
68:
938:"Israelis See Chance to Finally Write Nation's Constitution â The Wall Street Journal"
2211:
1628:
1609:
1586:
1579:
777:
1291:
1262:
989:
765:
207:
1513:"Israel passes Jewish state law, enshrining "national home of the Jewish people""
962:
533:(Replaced by the 1992 law, and then restored, with amendments, by the 2001 law.)
399:
337:
288:
191:
158:
45:
680:
additionally defines the national symbols, holidays, and calendar of the state.
753:
655:
423:
Impacts of the Constitutional Revolution on the structure of the Israeli state
324:
decision to address that point. It further reinforced this stance in its 1974
2230:
2205:
1771:
937:
707:
659:
567:
274:
249:
76:
1461:"Knesset passes first Basic Law in 22 years: Referendum on land concessions"
1384:, edited by Marek Zubik, 1. Auflage. Warsaw: Wadywnictwo Sejmowe, 2017, 2-3.
769:
1410:, edited by Marek Zubik, 1. Auflage. Warsaw: Wadywnictwo Sejmowe, 2017, 11.
1319:
United Mizrachi Bank v. Migdal Cooperative Village, 49(4) PD 221 (CA 1995).
544:
Regulates payments made by, and to, the state. Authority to mint currency.
353:
186:
990:"Why are calls for constitution â instead of reform â growing? - analysis"
2215:
1689:
Knesset website, 2014. Project portal for the drafting of a constitution.
1581:
Israel and the Politics of Jewish Identity: The Secular-Religious Impasse
1538:"Full text of Basic Law: Israel as the Nation-State of the Jewish People"
702:
281:
1821:
1625:
Israel's Higher Law: Religion and Liberal Democracy in the Jewish State
902:
791:
402:
to pass on the task of writing the constitution to the Second Knesset.
96:
260:
The "Constitutional Revolution" and the development of judicial review
1286:
Stephen Gardbaum, âThe New Commonwealth Model of Constitutionalism,â
573:
1487:"Bill reinforcing referendum on peace talks moves toward final vote"
1266:
1811:
1295:
1257:
Aharon Barak, âA Constitutional Revolution: Israelâs Basic Laws,â
1668:
1645:
270:
218:, and adopting a constitution would have entrenched the existing
84:
80:
1604:
Apple of Gold: Constitutionalism in Israel and the United States
555:
Upholds constitutional and legal basis for the operation of the
1728:
1127:
Rogozinsky v. State of Israel, IsrSC 26(1) 129, 1971 (CA 1971).
965:[The history of the constitutional process in Israel].
72:
1683:
Knesset website, 2007. Explains why there isn't a constitution
498:
States legislative functions of the parliament of the state.
331:
1167:
Bergman v. Minister of Finance, IsrSC 23(1) 963 (HCJ 1969).
1068:"Israel's Supreme Court & the Power of Judicial Review"
203:
863:
Dorner, Dalia (1999). "Does Israel Have a Constitution?".
150:
Cover page for Israeli Constitution draft proposed by the
95:, although some of these rights were earlier protected at
264:
1220:âBasic Law: Human Dignity and Libertyâ (1992), sec. 8,
916:"Israel's Documented Story: Who Needs a Constitution?"
754:"The Politics of Rights in Israeli Constitutional Law"
62:
1576:
471:
202:state, on the state's identity, and on a long-term
134:) that operate entirely or in part according to an
36:
Israeli Supreme Court, 50th anniversary celebration
1601:
1578:
1421:The Constitution of Israel: A Contextual Analysis
1395:The Constitution of Israel: A Contextual Analysis
1369:The Constitution of Israel: A Contextual Analysis
1356:The Constitution of Israel: A Contextual Analysis
1343:The Constitution of Israel: A Contextual Analysis
1330:The Constitution of Israel: A Contextual Analysis
1308:The Constitution of Israel: A Contextual Analysis
1246:The Constitution of Israel: A Contextual Analysis
1200:The Constitution of Israel: A Contextual Analysis
1187:The Constitution of Israel: A Contextual Analysis
1138:The Constitution of Israel: A Contextual Analysis
1107:The Constitution of Israel: A Contextual Analysis
1017:"Declaration of Establishment of State of Israel"
918:. Israelsdocuments.blogspot.com.au. 25 April 2013
2228:
1233:Basic Law: Freedom of Occupationâ (1994), sec. 4
1802:Israel as the Nation-State of the Jewish People
1677:Knesset website. List with links to full texts
839:"The Controversy over Israel's Bill of Rights"
509:Ensures state lands remain national property.
240:between the new state and its Arab neighbors.
1837:
1708:
1642:The Existing Basic Laws: Full Texts (English)
1259:Constitutional Forum / Forum Constitutionnel
1060:
1040:
1038:
1844:
1830:
1715:
1701:
1530:
445:
373:Bank Mizrahi v. Migdal Cooperative Village
332:The Constitutional Revolution of 1992â1995
256:to interpretation by the judicial system.
1851:
1599:
1426:
1083:Basic laws functioning as a constitution.
1035:
75:, some of which can only be changed by a
1510:
1277:Basic Law: Freedom of Occupation, sec. 7
419:constitution, albeit an incomplete one.
177:) of 13 June 1950 adopted by the
145:
31:
1288:The American Journal of Comparative Law
981:
836:
809:
362:Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
206:. Another factor was the opposition of
14:
2229:
1484:
1458:
1118:Ziv v. Gubernick, P.D. 1 85 (HCJ 1948)
862:
817:"Basic Law: Human Dignity and Liberty"
342:"Basic Law: Human Dignity and Liberty"
265:The Israeli constitution prior to 1992
1825:
1696:
1622:
1577:Cohen, Asher; Bernard Susser (2000).
1261:4, no. 1â4 (October 11, 2011): 1993,
987:
751:
880:
878:
356:, who would become President of the
105:Basic Law: Human Dignity and Liberty
1671:website. Introduction and summaries
963:"×××ץ××ר×× ×Š× ×ת×××× ××××§×Ş× ××׊ר××"
307:However, near the same time as the
234:Israeli Declaration of Independence
89:Israeli Declaration of Independence
49:
24:
1585:. Johns Hopkins University Press.
1485:Harkov, Lahav (12 February 2014).
865:Saint Louis University Law Journal
227:2023 anti-judicial reform protests
27:Fourteen quasi-constitutional laws
25:
18:Constitutional Revolution (Israel)
2263:
1659:
1547:. State of Israel. Archived from
1290:49, no. 4 (Autumn 2001): 720â22,
1092:Basic Law: The Judiciary (1984).
875:
2210:
2201:
2200:
1810:
1727:
1511:Wootliff, Raoul (18 July 2018).
988:Starr, Michael (12 March 2023).
792:"Q&A on the Override Clause"
698:Land and Property laws in Israel
472:List of the Basic Laws of Israel
346:Basic Law: Freedom of Occupation
152:Institute for Zionist Strategies
1504:
1478:
1459:Harkov, Lahav (12 March 2014).
1452:
1413:
1400:
1387:
1374:
1361:
1348:
1335:
1322:
1313:
1300:
1280:
1271:
1251:
1238:
1226:
1214:
1205:
1192:
1179:
1170:
1161:
1143:
1130:
1121:
1112:
1099:
1086:
1009:
955:
930:
846:Israel Yearbook of Human Rights
2168:British Indian Ocean Territory
1608:. Princeton University Press.
908:
896:
856:
830:
784:
745:
720:
13:
1:
713:
414:The cumulative impact of the
169:, and in accordance with the
141:
273:came to what was called the
216:majoritarian election system
179:Israeli Constituent Assembly
7:
1600:Jacobsohn, Gary J. (1994).
1434:"Basic Laws - Introduction"
686:
517:The President of the State
220:proportional representation
199:Declaration of Independence
63:
10:
2268:
1752:The President of the State
1570:
1046:"The Constituent Assembly"
662:, and any land within the
572:Establishes the status of
449:
93:the country's civil rights
87:that were outlined in the
2196:
2155:
2115:
1857:
1808:
1787:Human Dignity and Liberty
1737:
1019:. Mfa.gov.il. 14 May 1948
610:Human Dignity and Liberty
174:
50:
2252:Uncodified constitutions
1917:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
1623:Mazie, Steven V (2006).
1151:"Basic Law: the Knesset"
1094:Basic law. The judiciary
1072:Jewishvirtuallibrary.org
452:Constitutional amendment
2178:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
1687:Constitution for Israel
770:10.2979/ISR.1998.3.2.80
693:Israeli nationality law
446:Procedure for amendment
163:uncodified constitution
136:uncodified constitution
101:Supreme Court of Israel
837:Gavison, Ruth (1985).
490:1958; updated in 1987
365:notwithstanding clause
197:According to Israel's
165:. Instead of a formal
154:
37:
1852:Constitutions of Asia
1792:Freedom of Occupation
1782:The State Comptroller
752:Gross, Aeyal (1998).
624:Freedom of Occupation
557:Israel Defense Forces
183:Israeli Supreme Court
149:
67:) are fourteen quasi-
35:
2242:Government of Israel
2237:Basic Laws of Israel
2092:United Arab Emirates
1724:Basic Laws of Israel
890:versa.cardozo.yu.edu
664:1949 armistice lines
167:written constitution
85:individual liberties
42:Basic Laws of Israel
2119:limited recognition
1627:. Lexington Books.
1517:The Times of Israel
69:constitutional laws
2247:Politics of Israel
1491:The Jerusalem Post
1465:The Jerusalem Post
995:The Jerusalem Post
541:The State Economy
390:and elaborated in
269:In 1950 the First
155:
38:
2224:
2223:
2161:other territories
1819:
1818:
1762:The State Economy
1545:The Knesset: Laws
969:(in Hebrew). 2000
684:
683:
597:State Comptroller
242:General elections
175:×Öˇ×Ö°×Ö¸×֡ת ×ֲרָרִ×
61:
16:(Redirected from
2259:
2214:
2204:
2203:
2173:Christmas Island
1859:Sovereign states
1846:
1839:
1832:
1823:
1822:
1814:
1732:
1731:
1717:
1710:
1703:
1694:
1693:
1681:The Constitution
1638:
1619:
1607:
1596:
1584:
1564:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1554:on 10 April 2021
1553:
1542:
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298:Rogozinsky
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