Human rights in Israel

3972:. The case addressed the issue of whether the state acts illegally in its policy of targeted killings. The court considered that the legal context is a conflict "of an international character (international armed conflict). Therefore, the law that applies to the armed conflict between Israel and the terrorist organizations is the international law of armed conflicts." The court decided that "members of the terrorist organizations are not combatants They do not fulfill the conditions for combatants under international law" and that "they do not comply with the international laws of war." They concluded that "members of terrorist organizations have the status of civilians" but that "the protection accorded by international law to civilians does not apply at the time during which civilians take direct part in hostilities." They ruled that they could not determine whether targeted killings are always legal or always illegal, but the legality must be established on a case-by-case basis. Their ruling stated "it cannot be determined in advance that every targeted killing is prohibited according to customary international law, just as it cannot be determined in advance that every targeted killing is permissible according to customary international law. The law of targeted killing is determined in the customary international law, and the legality of each individual such act must be determined in light of it." The judgment included guidelines for permissible and impermissible actions involving targeted killings and provided the conditions for investigating the criminality of some of the actions. 3091:'s School of Education demonstrated that the Israeli Education Ministry's budget for special assistance to students from low socioeconomic backgrounds severely discriminated against Arabs. It also showed that the average per-student allocation at Arab junior high schools was one-fifth the average at Jewish ones. This was the result of the allocation method used – assistance funds were first divided between Arab and Jewish school systems, according to the number of students in each, and then allocated to needy students; however, due to the largest proportion of such students in the Arab system, they received less funds, per student, than Jewish students. The Ministry of Education said that it had already decided to discontinue this allotment method in favor of a uniform index method, without first dividing the funds between the school systems. 1516:

Palestinians who have already received or will receive Israeli documentation and that the security services have a hard time distinguishing between Palestinians who might help the terrorists and those who will not". In the Israeli Supreme Court decision on this matter, Deputy Chief Justice Mishael Cheshin argued that, "Israeli citizens enjoy a constitutional right to bring a foreign national into Israel... and it is the right – moreover, it is the duty – of the state, of any state, to protect its residents from those wishing to harm them. And it derives from this that the state is entitled to prevent the immigration of enemy nationals into it – even if they are spouses of Israeli citizens – while it is waging an armed conflict with that same enemy".

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contained in the UN Human Rights Council's 2009 Goldstone report. In January and July, Mandelblit released updates on the majority of investigations, which included details of indictments against several soldiers for manslaughter, improper use of civilians in wartime, and misconduct. As of July 2010, the military advocate general launched 47 military police criminal investigations into IDF conduct during Operation Cast Lead and completed a significant number of them. On 1 August, the IDF issued a new order appointing humanitarian affairs officers to each battalion to provide further protections for civilian populations during wartime planning and combat operations.

955:. It placed minority, women's, and religious rights under the protection of the United Nations and the International Court of Justice. The plan provided specific guarantees of fundamental human rights. The new states were to supply a declaration, which according to precedent was tantamount to a treaty. The resolution stated that "the stipulations contained in the declarations are recognized as fundamental laws of State, and no law, regulation or official action shall conflict or interfere with these stipulations, nor shall any law, regulation or official action prevail over them." 3937:

stones at them. On 1 July 2009, Amnesty International stated that Israeli troops forced Palestinians to stay in one room of their home while turning the rest of the house into a base and sniper position, "effectively using the families, both adults and children, as human shields and putting them at risk," the group said. "Intentionally using civilians to shield a military objective, often referred to as using 'human shields' is a war crime," Amnesty said. Such actions are condemned by human rights groups as violations of the

3411:, and prostitution. The bill also requires compensation of victims of human trade and slavery. Trials will be able to be held behind closed doors to protect the identity of victims. By November, prostitution activity in Israel has become less apparent. Police raided the places that offered sex services, and detained criminals related to prostitution and sex trafficking. However, campaigners say that police action has shifted the industry to private apartments and escort agencies, making the practice more difficult to detect. 4003:, in a densely populated residential area of Gaza City. The night-time bombing resulted in the deaths of 15 persons, nine of whom were children, and the injury of 150 others. According to the Israeli government, Shehade was responsible for the deaths of hundreds of Israeli civilians, and earlier Israel asked the Palestinian Authority to arrest him but no action was taken. Israel maintains that Shehade was in the process of preparing another large-scale attack inside Israel and thereby constituted a "ticking bomb". 1681:(ISA) and said that "the exertion of a moderate degree of physical pressure cannot be avoided". Nevertheless, the commission condemned a 1982 internal memo that instructed interrogators on the kind of lies they should tell in court when denying they'd used physical force to obtain confessions. It condemned the perjury involved but advised against prosecution of those who'd carried it out. The second part of the Landau report remains secret, it is believed to contain guidelines for permissible interrogation methods. 4089:'s actions during the conflict for "the application of disproportionate force and the causing of great damage and destruction to civilian property and infrastructure, and suffering to civilian populations". It came to the conclusion "that there was strong evidence to establish that numerous serious violations of international law, both humanitarian law and human rights law, were committed by Israel during the military operations in Gaza". The report claims that Israel made disproportionate or excessive use of 3317:

in Israel. Approximately 878,000 were between the ages of 20 to 64 and 488,000 were over the age of 64. A survey by the Dialog Institute showed that a significant portion of the Israeli population has difficulty accepting people with disabilities as neighbors, co-workers or classmates. 40% of those surveyed said they would "be bothered" if their children were in school with a disabled child, and almost a third of respondents said they would "be bothered" living in the same neighborhood as disabled people.

2799:(JNF) controls 12.5 percent of public land but its statutes prohibit the sale or lease of land to non-Jews. In October, civil rights groups petitioned the High Court of Justice claiming that a bid announcement by the Israel Land Administration (ILA) involving JNF land was discriminatory in that it banned Arabs from bidding. In January 2005, the attorney general ruled that "the government cannot discriminate against Israeli Arabs in marketing and allocating lands it manages," including those of the JNF. 1391: 3772: 1011:, states that fundamental human rights in Israel shall be upheld in the spirit of the principles set forth in the Declaration, but it specifically exempted legislation that was already in force. Israeli legal scholars say that the wording of the law was adopted to avoid the difficulty of giving priority to equality, which was not expressly entrenched. The result is that the principle of equality can be reversed by ordinary legislation, and furthermore will not override statutory or judge-made laws. 3621: 10700: 3663:

Discrimination took issue with the establishment of Jewish-only settlements and stated "The status of the settlements was clearly inconsistent with Article 3 of the Convention which, as noted in the Committee's General Recommendation XIX, prohibited all forms of racial segregation in all countries. There was a consensus among publicists that the prohibition of racial discrimination, irrespective of territories, was an imperative norm of international law.

3469:" is damaging human rights. According to the report, "State economic policy, including cutting stipends, reducing housing assistance, and constantly declining state participation in health-care and education costs, are forcing more elderly, children and whole families into poverty and despair. The increasing damage to citizens' rights to earn a dignified living – both due to low wages and the lack of enforcement of labor laws – is particularly prominent." 32: 3042:

These actions further curtailed the rights of the population and encouraged the departure of those already in the country." The government would make it difficult to apply for refugee status while held in detention for a year, and once released would require applicants to provide justification for not applying earlier. Asylum seekers are called "infiltrators" by the government and media, who associate them with increases in crime, disease, and vagrancy.

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emerged showing two policemen beating a uniformed Ethiopian-Israeli soldier, Demas Fekadeh. While the protest by thousands of demonstrators was initially nonviolent, clashes with police developed. ACRI claimed that police failed to warn protesters prior to using crowd-dispersal measures, and that their use did not escalate gradually. The government dropped charges against Fekadeh, concluding he had not initiated the altercation that led to his beating.

10710: 1847: 3561:(ICJ) stated that human rights covenants are applicable and that Israel had breached its obligations under international law by establishing settlements in the occupied territories. According to the ICJ, Israel cannot rely on the right of self-defense or on a state of necessity, and is guilty of violating basic human rights by impeding liberty of movement and the right to work, to health, to education and to an adequate standard of living. 3632: 3060: 881: 2519:. Almost 700 towns in Israel (accounting for almost 70% of all towns in Israel) have associated admissions committees. The criteria applied by these committees includes a suitability criteria, which Adalah describes as arbitrary and lacking transparency. Adalah reports that Arabs and other marginalized groups in Israel are filtered out using this suitability criteria. These groups include 1427:, Israel falls short of being a tolerant or pluralistic society. According to the report, Israel discriminates against Muslims, Jehovah's Witnesses, Reform Jews, Christians, women and Bedouins. All 137 official holy sites recognized by Israel are Jewish, ignoring and neglecting Christian and Muslim sites, despite the 1967 Protection of Holy Sites Law is intended to protect all holy sites. 2496:(JNF) controls 13% of land in the State of Israel; this land is reserved for the exclusive use of Israeli Jews. Less than 4% of the land in Israel is owned by Arab citizens, despite Arabs consisting of 20% of the population. Taken cumulatively, 93% of the land in Israel is controlled by either the state of Israel or the JNF; these lands are officially referred to as "Israeli lands." 3867:, 52 cases were investigated by the Israeli military. Of these 52 cases there war a total of three indictments, the longest of which was for the stealing of a credit card. B'Tselem describes a trend of a lack of accountability and claims that no official Israeli body is capable of conducting independent investigations of suspected violations of international humanitarian law. 1504:, said the resolution was "highly politicized", citing the committee's failure to grant Israel's request to present evidence of the "legislation's compliance with existing international law and practice", examples of "numerous concrete instances granting of a legal status to Palestinian spouses of Israeli residents abused by Palestinian residents of the territories for 3554:(UNCHR) reported "widespread, systematic and gross violations of human rights perpetrated by the Israeli occupying power, in particular mass killings and collective punishments, such as demolition of houses and closure of the Palestinian territories, measures which constitute war crimes, flagrant violations of international humanitarian law and crimes against humanity." 1324:. A December 2017 ACRI report presents what it views as examples of persistent Israeli government attack against Israeli democracy, human rights, the right to protest, respect for the underlying value of equality, and the liberties of political, social and ethnic minorities. This trend in Israel has been called "constitutional retrogression" by some legal analysts. 5653: 1405:

the generally free practice of religion, although governmental and legal discrimination against non-Jews and non-Orthodox streams of Judaism continued" and "Many Jewish citizens objected to exclusive Orthodox control over fundamental aspects of their personal lives." The report stated that approximately 310,000 citizens who immigrated to Israel under the

5661: 1420:(IDF) arrested a man who notified them of his plans to attack the Al-Aqsa Mosque. At times, the observances of holy days by various religions has the potential to cause conflict; thus Israeli police take measures to avoid friction between communities by issuing temporary restrictions on movement and audible worship. 9745: 2008:, which unanimously overturned the board's decision, and allowed the movie to be shown in cinemas "for the public to decide", while noting that the movie was "full of lies", was not a documentary, and was made "without good faith", falsely portraying the Israeli soldiers as "the worst of war crime perpetrators". 1808:, which rejected their appeal. In their ruling, the judges stated that the right to free university education does not apply to those convicted of terror offenses. The ruling did, however, call on prison authorities to be "considerate" in deciding the cases of prisoners already in the midst of academic programs. 2346:, has established The Committee on the Status of Women to address women's rights. The stated objectives of this committee are to prevent discrimination, combat violence against women, and promote equality in politics, lifecycle events and education. In 1998, the Knesset passed a law for "Prevention of 4741:

The UN Secretariat reported that the General Assembly established a formal minority rights protection system as an integral part of UN GAR 181(II), 29 November 1947; the 'Plan for the Future Government of Palestine'. Resolution 181(II) was adopted in the second session of the General Assembly. It was

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According to the US State Department's 2015 Country Report on Human Rights Practices, Israeli officials were generally cooperative with the United Nations and human rights groups and invited the testimony of human rights NGOs at Knesset hearings. These groups can directly petition the Israeli Supreme

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the right of equality and self-determination." Others say that it is "a foolish and unfair comparison", that Arab citizens of Israel have the same rights as other Israeli citizens and that "full social and political equality of all citizens, without distinction of race, creed or sex" is specifically

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Israel enacted an Equal Rights for People with Disabilities Law in 1998. Nevertheless, the US Department of State report on Israel stated that "de facto discrimination against persons with disabilities" exists in Israel. In 2014, there were approximately 1.6 million people with disabilities residing

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In 2010, the US Department of State issued a report which stated that "the Government of Israel does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking however it is making significant efforts to do so." It noted that Israel continued law enforcement actions against human

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has reported that Palestinian citizens of Israel face discrimination in work opportunities, pay and conditions. Adalah has also reported that the state of Israel itself (the largest employer in Israel) does not enforce said law. As an example, Palestinian citizens of Israel employed as contractors in

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In 2011, UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-Moon said Israel held thousands of Palestinians as political prisoners, and called on Israel to release them. Ban said the release of political prisoners would "serve as a significant confidence-building measure" and boost prospects of peace in the region. Amnesty

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The Landau Commission resulted in hundreds of petitions by detained Palestinians complaining that force had been used against them during ISA interrogations. In isolated cases, interim orders were issued temporarily prohibiting the ISA from using all or some of the methods, but in September 1999, the

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which prohibited Palestinians married to Israelis from gaining Israeli citizenship or residency. Critics argue that the law is racist because it is targeted at Israeli Arabs who are far more likely to have Palestinian spouses than other Israelis; defenders say the law is aimed at preventing terrorist

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According to the 2009 US Department of State report on Israel and the occupied territories, "The Israeli Basic Law on Human Dignity and Liberty provides for freedom of worship and the Government generally respected this right in practice." The report added that "Government policy continued to support

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Women faced significant cultural barriers in political parties representing conservative religious movements and, to a lesser degree, the Arab minority. In the 2015 election, the 120-member Knesset had 29 female members and 15 Arab members. Three women were appointed to the cabinet, and for the first

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Per The Economist Intelligence Unit 2010 ratings. Full democracies have an overall score of 10 to 8, flawed democracies have an overall score of 7.9 to 6, hybrid regimes have an overall score of 5.9 to 4, and authoritarian regimes have an overall score from 3.9 to 1. The extent of democracy is higher

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while living among non-militant Palestinian civilians, and thwarting such attacks may have saved lives. The Israeli army maintains that it pursues such military operations to prevent imminent attacks when it has no discernible means of making an arrest or foiling such attacks by other methods. Some

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According to the 2010 US State Department Human Rights Report, in 2010, the Military Investigative Police launched 147 investigations with regard to cases of death, violence, and property damage against residents of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. In these cases the military advocate general filed

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Those who criticize the analogy argue that Israeli policies have little or no comparison to apartheid South Africa, and that the motivation and historical context of Israel's policies are different. It is argued that Israel itself is a democratic and pluralist state, while the West Bank and Gaza are

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On 7 April 2005, the United Nations Committee on Human Rights stated it was "deeply concerned at the suffering of the Syrian citizens in the occupied Syrian Golan due to the violation of their fundamental and human rights since the Israeli military occupation of 1967... in this connection, deploring

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estimated that pimps engaging in this activity derived on average US$ 50,000–100,000 per prostitute, resulting in a countrywide industry of nearly $ 450,000,000 annually. By July 2000, Israel passed the Prohibition on Trafficking Law. In its 2003 report, the Human Rights Committee noted it "welcomes

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According to the 2015 US Department of State's Country Report on Human Rights Practices, since 2011 the environment for refugees in Israel has deteriorated "due to adoption of policies and legislation aimed at deterring future asylum seekers by making life difficult for those already in the country.

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According to the 2004 US Department of State's Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for Israel and the Occupied Territories, the Israeli government had done "little to reduce institutional, legal, and societal discrimination against the country's Arab citizens." Reports of subsequent years also

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as prime minister and became the fourth country to have a woman holding such an office. In 2010, women's parliamentary representation in Israel was 18 percent, which is above the Arab world's average of 6 percent, equal to that of the US Congress, and far below the Scandinavian countries' 40-percent

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Israel has passed legislation legally protecting women from domestic violence. In 2022, 24 women were killed by their partners or other relatives according to the Israeli police, with 69 women total reported killed in Israel between 2020 and August 2022. 40 of these women were Palestinian, more than

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ranked Israel as having a "Partly Free" media climate in 2009. Previously, Israel have been the only country in the region ranked with a "Free" media.) In 2023, Israel proper, not including the Gaza Strip or East Jerusalem, was listed as "Free", while the Gaza Strip and the West Bank were rated "Not

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In 2009, there were 250 Palestinian prisoners studying at Israel's Open University. In June 2011, Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu announced, in response to a halt in the peace talks, that Palestinian prisoners would no longer be granted the right to pursue academic degrees in prison. In late 2012,

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arrears of their children until age 18. While this could easily amount to obligations in the millions of US dollars, even a US$ 100 debt can trigger a stay of exit. The men are required to pay 100% or more of their income, and are jailed for 21 days each time they miss a monthly payment. In 2021, it

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states that "this law obstructs the free exercise of political rights, including the rights to political speech and participation. It is often used to try to prevent Arab political parties and parliamentarians from seeking to alter the character of the state through democratic means, for example, to

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adopted a resolution on 4 September 1931 regarding the general conditions required before the mandate regime could be brought to an end. The new government was to provide an oral or written declaration acknowledging acceptance of an obligation to constitutionally guarantee the equal rights of ethnic

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also made the comparison, saying that "for a long period of time following the outbreak of the second intifada Operation Defensive Shield, in April 2002, the IDF systematically used Palestinian civilians as human shields, forcing them to carry out military actions which threatened their lives". The

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report that land is also taken by unofficial means, through attacks on Palestinians in their property. B'Tselem reports that the "state fully supports and assists these acts of violence, and its agents sometimes participate in them directly. As such, settler violence is a form of government policy,

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In 2015, the Israeli Supreme Court upheld major provisions of a law imposing consequences on those who call for boycotting Israel and occupied territories. The ruling sparked debate, with some protesting it ends freedom of speech while others say it affirms Israel's stand on "the destructive nature

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quoted a senior ISA official saying that, since the High Court's decision, 90 Palestinians had been defined as "ticking bombs" and "extraordinary interrogation methods," i.e. torture, was used against them. Other Israeli interrogators have admitted that the ISA "uses every manipulation possible, up

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Israeli and Palestinian NGOs critical of the government's human rights policies claim the government sought to pressure them for receiving foreign funding. These investigations into funding have been labeled by critics as "McCarthyist". In July 2015, in a series of private meetings, Deputy Foreign

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The IDF acknowledged using the "Neighbor Procedure" or the "Early Warning Procedure", in which the IDF would encourage a Palestinian acquaintance of a wanted man to try and convince them to surrender. This practice was criticized by some as using human shields, an allegation the IDF denied, saying

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In 2014, Amnesty released a report criticizing Israel for excessive and reckless use of force for which Israeli soldiers are not held accountable. Amnesty said characteristics of the violence suggested it was employed as a matter of policy, and that there was evidence some killings amounted to war

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Amnesty International has reported accounts of "unlawful killings; extensive and wanton of destruction of property; obstruction of medical assistance and targeting of medical personnel; torture; and the use of Palestinians as human shields", which they describe as war crimes. They further reported

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A 2005 report from the Association for Civil Rights in Israel stated that private psychiatric hospitals were holding 70 individuals who no longer needed hospitalization, but continue to be hospitalized to serve the institutions' financial interests. The most recent statistics of the Israeli Health

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According to BBC, Ethiopian Jews living in Israel have long complained of discrimination. They held rallies after an agreement by landlords in southern Israel to not rent or sell their real estate to Jews of Ethiopian origin. The Ethiopian Jewish community took part in demonstrations after a video

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detainees to Saharonim for up to several months for various rule infractions. In a series of rulings, the Supreme Court rejected that migrants could be held indefinitely and ordered the release of 1,178 Eritrean and Sudanese migrants held for more than a year without charges. The government barred

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Discriminatory land policies are to a large extent driven by the policies of the JNF, to which 13% of the total land of Israel was transferred from the state between 1949 and 1953. 50% of the seats in the ILA council are allocated to JNF representatives (as per The ILA Law (1960)) giving the JNF a

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A recent amendment (enacted in 2010) to The Land Ordinance (Acquisition for Public Purposes) (1943), aims to affirm state ownership of land confiscated from Palestinians (from 1948 onward) by blocking Palestinian claims to land confiscated under this ordinance, even where it was never used for the

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reported that a health maintenance organization refused to pay for two sex-change surgeries, resulting in significant expenses by the patients. A national LGBTI task force found that 80 percent of transgender persons, 50 percent of lesbians and 20 percent of gay men were discriminated against when

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states that "The State of Israel will ensure complete equality of social and political rights to all its inhabitants irrespective of religion, race or sex," this sentiment was not given constitutional force. However, the Israeli courts have, over time, articulated that gender equality is "a basic

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According to the 2005 US Department of State report on Israel, "he law provides for freedom of speech and of the press, and the government generally respected these rights in practice subject to restrictions concerning security issues." The law provides for freedom of assembly and association, and

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but a benefit, contingent on good behavior, with prison authorities paying their university tuition. The courses are in the fields of: humanities, sociology, economics, management, psychology and political-science. The intention is to give the prisoners the tools to deal with life outside, so that

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in Israel, saying that "... the lives of over 2,000 fathers in suicide is a high price". She said that Israelis do not report human rights violations for fear of "consequences", such as some activists having had their children taken away from them. Attorney Mickey Givati, who was authorised by the

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The Pew Research Center has published studies of social hostilities by country. The Social Hostilities Index (SHI) measures acts of religious hostility by individuals, organizations and social groups. "This includes mob or sectarian violence, harassment over attire for religious reasons, and other

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threshold was criticized as limiting representation of small parties, particularly affecting the Arab minority. This resulted in the four Arab-majority parties uniting into one faction, the Joint List, which won 13 seats and became the third-largest faction in the Knesset. Most Palestinians in the

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Amnesty International and B'Tselem both report that Israeli soldiers are rarely punished for human rights violations, and investigations of crimes are rarely carried out. B'Tselem goes as far as to say that there is "no accountability" for Israeli military violations of international humanitarian

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says, "Fortunately, Arab citizens can go to the same beaches, restaurants and shopping malls as Jews in this 'apartheid' state. Moreover, they can run in any election and even have a minister in the government (Ghaleb Majadlah) for the first time". Others state that the comparison to apartheid is

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have all issued statements describing Israel as an apartheid state. B'Tselem, for example, asserts that the military occupation of the West Bank and Gaza has not ended, and that this occupation is not temporary, as it has existed for over 50 years. B'Tselem goes on to describe Israeli policies as

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According to section 15 of the States Civil Service , Israeli citizens with disabilities are entitled to affirmative action in civil service employment. Israeli citizens with disabilities are entitled to affirmative action in university and college admission requirements, and are entitled to full

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prohibits discrimination–in hiring, working conditions, promotion, professional training or studies, discharge or severance pay, and benefits and payments provided for employees in connection with their retirement from employment–due to race, religion, nationality, and land of origin, among other

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The Association for Civil Rights in Israel (ACRI) filed a petition to have the law struck down but it was upheld by a High Court decision in 2006. In formulating the law, the government cited, "information presented by the security forces, which said that the terrorist organizations try to enlist

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On 28 July 2008, the Knesset approved The Citizenship Law (Amendment No. 9) (Authority for Revoking Citizenship) (2008), which allows Israeli citizenship to be revoked on the basis of a "breach of trust". More specifically, breach of trust may include the act of residing in certain Arab or Muslim

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According to a 2011 report by two Israeli human rights organisations, the Public Committee Against Torture (PCAT) and Physicians for Human Rights (PHR), Israeli doctors fail to report suspected torture and conceal related information, allowing Israeli Security Agency interrogators to use torture

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Israeli law currently allows for the death penalty for serious crimes committed during wartime, but it has been abolished during peacetime. Current crimes during wartime include genocide, crimes against the Jewish people, crimes against humanity, and war crimes. The only person to have ever been

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attacks and preserving the Jewish character of Israel. The United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination unanimously approved a resolution saying that the Israeli law violated an international human rights treaty against racism. The Israeli Ambassador to the UN in Geneva,

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obtained an account which, for the first time, details service in one of the Israeli military's assassination squads. A former IDF soldier of an assassination squad described his role in a botched ambush that killed two Palestinian bystanders and two militants. According to the interviewer "the

3988:) which reads: "The presence of a protected person may not be used to render certain points or areas immune from military operations." According to some commentators there may be circumstances when international law gives Israel the right to conduct military operations against civilian targets. 3936:

reported that Israeli soldiers used 13-year-old Muhammed Badwan as a human shield during a demonstration in the West Bank village of Biddu, by tying him to the front windscreen of their jeep with the purpose, according to the boy's father, of discouraging Palestinian demonstrators from throwing

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Beginning in 2014, employers of more than 100 persons were required to have 3 percent of their workforce be persons with disabilities, though enforcement of this quota was limited. Disabled persons have lower rates of employment, and often work part-time for low wages. The advocacy organization

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wrote: "If Israel honored the 1951 Refugee Convention it itself signed, it would not deny asylum to the 19,000 African refugees, mostly from Sudan and Congo, fleeing genocide and persecution, making the Jewish state the least inclined country in the Western world to aid those fleeing genocide."

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reports that "Palestinian citizens of Israel are, in practice, blocked from purchasing or leasing land on around 80% of the land in Israel on the basis of their national belonging." The result, they say, is that "the vast majority of state land consists of segregated, Jewish-only areas." Adalah

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report on Israel, "The law provides citizens the ability to choose their government in free and fair periodic elections based on universal and equal suffrage, and citizens exercised this ability." Elections held in March 2015 were considered free and fair by observers. A change in the electoral

857:(many of whom self-identify as Palestinian), Ethiopian Israelis and women, and the treatment of refugees and irregular migrants. Other human rights problems include institutional discrimination against non-Orthodox Jews and intermarried families, and labor rights abuses against foreign workers. 3795:

which stated: "Israel also has an obligation to put an end to the violation of its international obligations flowing from the construction of the wall in Occupied Palestinian Territories...reparation must, as far as possible, wipe out all the consequences of the illegal act." During 2003, the

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The 2015 US Department of State report stated that some foreign workers experienced conditions of forced labour, including "the unlawful withholding of passports, restrictions on freedom of movement, limited ability to change or otherwise choose employers, nonpayment of wages, exceedingly long

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In January 2011, the Israeli parliament endorsed a right-wing proposal to investigate some of Israel's best-known human rights organisations for "delegitimising" its military. The investigations would entail inquiries into the funding of several human rights groups that have criticised Israeli

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According to Amnesty International: "Military checkpoints and blockades around Palestinian towns and villages hindered or prevented access to work, education and medical facilities and other crucial services. Restrictions on the movement of Palestinians remained the key cause of high rates of

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Israel's Pupils' Rights Law of 2000 prohibits discrimination of students for sectarian reasons in admission to or expulsion from an educational institution, in establishment of separate educational curricula or holding of separate classes in the same educational institution, and in rights and

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has charged that cuts in veteran benefits and child allowances based on parents' military service discriminate against Arab children: "The cuts will also affect the children of Jewish ultra-orthodox parents who do not serve in the military, but they are eligible for extra subsidies, including

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movement). Israeli human rights groups had petitioned against the law, saying it infringes on freedom of speech. Supporters of the law say it prohibits "discrimination based on geography." "To exclude calls for a boycott from the category of free speech is incorrect," said Rabbi David Rosenn,

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has compared Israeli imprisonment of Palestinians to policies of Apartheid-era South Africa, saying "Apartheid's security police practiced torture on a large scale. So do the Israeli security forces. There were many political prisoners on Robben Island but there are more Palestinian political

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A 1978 report from the Consulate General in Jerusalem described the military trial of two young American citizens who reported that Israeli authorities used physical coercion to obtain confessions from them. The report concluded that Israeli authorities were aware that "physical coercion and

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According to the 2010 US Department of State's Human Rights Report, Israeli Defense Forces (IDF) Military Advocate General Mandelblit investigated all allegations relating to the 2008–09 Operation Cast Lead military incursion into the Gaza Strip, examining over 150 incidents, including those

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A UN report released in August 2005 observed that the existence of the barrier "replaced the need for closures: movement within the northern West Bank, for example, is less restrictive where the Barrier has been constructed. Physical obstacles have also been removed in Ramallah and Jerusalem

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claims this disproportionately discriminates against Arab-Israeli citizens, and that authorities did not detain Jewish Israelis upon return from trips to unauthorized countries as they did with Arab Israelis. The Israel Airports Authority has also been criticised for racial profiling of Arab

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report on the police killing of Israeli-Arab demonstrators found "primarily neglectful and discriminatory" government management of the Arab sector, with unfair allocation or resources resulting in "serious distress" by the community. Evidence of distress included poverty, unemployment, land

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says "States Parties particularly condemn racial segregation and apartheid and undertake to prevent, prohibit and eradicate all practices of this nature in territories under their jurisdiction." A review of Israel's country report by the experts of the Committee on the Elimination of Racial

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as having been carried out against individuals not suspected of crime, including religious sages, sheiks and religious leaders, persons active in charitable organizations, and Islamic students. Others to be tortured include brothers and other relatives of persons listed as "wanted" and any

2666: 1536:, or until he paid $ 3 million in child support arrears. Marianne Azizi, British journalist and head of Coalition of the Children and Families in Israel (CCF), estimated that hundreds more Australians were trapped in the country as a result of the stay of exit. She had been informed by 3816:

governorates where the Barrier is under construction." The report notes that more freedom of movement in rural areas may ease Palestinian access to hospitals and schools, but also notes that restrictions on movement between urban population centers have not significantly changed.

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The Basic Law: The Knesset (1958) and the amendments that followed prevent a party list from running for election to the Knesset if its objectives or actions include the "negation of the existence of the State of Israel as the state of the Jewish people". The Israeli legal center

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Articles concerning potentially controversial topics must be submitted to the Israeli Military Censor in advance; failing to do so may cause the reporter to lose his right to work as a journalist in Israel and, in the case of foreign reporters, to be barred from the country.

2278:

According to a 2005 US Department of State report on Israel, "aws and regulations provide for protection of privacy of the individual and the home. In criminal cases the law permits wiretapping under court order; in security cases the defense ministry must issue the order."

3779:

The center of much controversy, the Israeli West Bank barrier is a physical barrier, consisting mainly of fences and trenches, built by the Israeli Government. It is located partly within the West Bank, and partly along the border between the West Bank and Israel proper.

3007:

reported, "Israel may jail illegal immigrants for up to three years under a law put into effect on Sunday, an Interior Ministry official said, a measure aimed at stemming the flow of Africans entering Israel across the porous desert border with Egypt." Interior Minister

3275:

trafficking, and established a shelter for labor traffic victims. However, the government did not identify the victims, and law enforcement and protection efforts diminished since transferring anti-trafficking duties from Immigration police to the Ministry of Interior.

2841:

The 2005 US Department of State report on Israel wrote: "he government generally respected the human rights of its citizens; however, there were problems in some areas, including... institutional, legal, and societal discrimination against the country's Arab citizens."

4013:

source cannot be identified by name, not least because by finally deciding to talk about what happened, he could theoretically be charged abroad for his direct role in an assassination of the sort most Western countries regard as a grave breach of international law."

3238:

As of 2007, Arabs account for 1.2% of all tenured or tenure-track academics in Israeli universities. On average, these academics salaries are 50% that of their Jewish counterparts. Until 2008, no Arab women had held a position as a professor in an Israeli university.

1578:

and an independent judiciary. The 2005 US Department of State report on Israel notes that the courts sometimes ruled against the executive branch, including in some security cases. Human Rights Groups believe these requirements are generally respected. The system is

1936:, "The Israeli media were once again in 2005 the only ones in the region that had genuine freedom to speak out." However, in 2010, human rights groups operating in Israel complained of a hostile environment in the country, and said they were coming under attack for 3328:: "The amount of money that we get cannot fulfill even the basic needs of people without special needs." In Tel Aviv, more than 10,000 people marched in solidarity with the disabled, demanding increased compensation and recognition from the Israeli Government. 3886:

10 indictments against 12 soldiers suspected of committing criminal offenses against Palestinians. There were three convictions of four soldiers, no acquittals, closure of three cases by the military advocate general, and seven cases pending as of year's end.

3396:

the measures taken by the State party to combat trafficking in women for the purpose of prostitution". The 2005 US Department of State report on Israel mentioned "societal violence and discrimination against women and trafficking in and abuse of women."

2849:

claimed that they face discrimination and are not treated as equal citizens in Israel and that Bedouin towns are not provided the same level of services or land of Jewish towns of the same size, and they are not given fair access to water. The city of

2662:

in the civil service. Israeli citizens of Arab or black African origin, or with disabilities, are furthermore entitled to affirmative action with regard to university and college admission, and are entitled to full tuition scholarships by the state.

2821:, and employment, especially government or security-related industrial employment. The Ivri Committee on National Service has issued official recommendations to the Government that Israel Arabs be afforded an opportunity to perform national service. 2655:

renovations at Israeli educational institutions are subject to limitations which Jewish Israelis are not subject to. This includes the requiring the contractor to hire an armed security guard on the premises of the work site at their own expense.

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In 1994, a State Comptroller's Report (partly released in summary form in February 2000) found that ISA interrogation methods contravened the law, the Landau Commission guidelines, and the internal guidelines formulated by the service itself.

1641:

Palestinians in the engineering profession. In some cases, wives of the detained have been arrested and mistreated to further pressure their husbands. ISA agents have sometimes tortured Palestinians in order to recruit them as collaborators.

11230: 1662:. Accounts and video recordings show the torturing of detainees, including severe beatings and humiliation of detainees, such as by forcing them to keep their heads down, to kneel on the floor during inmate count, and to sing Israeli songs. 1058:

by reifying the concept of Jewish nationality as separate from Israeli citizenship. Despite its title, the Nationality Law does not establish the notion of an Israeli nationality, instead associating nationality with religious affiliation.

2029:'s (NIF) executive vice president. "There is not a separate category for speech that is political. The most important speech is political, and people should have the ability to express their opinions without fear of government sanctions." 3012:

said, "Why should we provide them with jobs? I'm sick of the bleeding hearts, including politicians. Jobs would settle them here, they'll make babies, and that offer will only result in hundreds of thousands more coming over here."

1962:

during which it said "Israel Defense Forces intentionally attacked journalists and buildings where media connected to Hamas had premises". The organization also criticized arrests of Palestinian journalists and military censorship.

2508:

describes the two main mechanisms by which exclusion from land ownership and use are enacted; through so-called "admissions committees" and through what Adalah describes as discriminatory policies of state authorities and the JNF.

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against those it considers proven to have intentions of performing a specific act of terrorism in the very near future or to be linked with several acts of terrorism. In 2006, the Supreme Court of Israel issued its judgment in

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Settlements in the West Bank are built on land which has been claimed, for example, by issuing military orders on the basis of security, declaring the area "state land" or a "nature reserve". Human rights organizations such as

3595:

condemned the verdict, stating, "The EU considers Abdallah Abu Rahmah to be a human rights defender committed to non-violent protest against the route of the Israeli separation barrier through his West Bank village of Bil'in."

2802:

Israeli-Arab advocacy groups claim that the government is more restrictive in issuing building permits for Arab communities and challenge the policy of demolishing illegal buildings in the Arab sector, limiting the community's

4120:

was deliberate and calculated to cause loss of life and injury to civilians and damage to civilian structures. The mission found that these actions also amount to serious war crimes and also possibly crimes against humanity".

1446:

religion-related intimidation or abuse." In 2007, Israel was one of 10 countries with a score over 7.1 on a scale of 10; in 2010, Israel and the Palestinian territories were two of the 15 areas with the highest SHI scores.

2900:

maintains a list of more than 50 laws it claims discriminate against Arab citizens. In 2015, there was racial profiling of Arab citizens by security services and other citizens, as well as revenge attacks against Arabs.

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Bizchut stated that Arab citizens with disabilities were employed at half the rate of Jews with disabilities, and that shortages of funding for Arab municipalities adversely affected the disabled of these communities.

2806:"In June, the Supreme Court ruled that omitting Arab towns from specific government social and economic plans is discriminatory. This judgment builds on previous assessments of disadvantages suffered by Arab Israelis." 2669:

forbids those who operate public places, or provide services or products, to discriminate because of race, religion, nationality, and land of origin, among other reasons. According to the 2010 US Department of State's

2828:

study, a tendency existed to impose heavier prison terms to Arab citizens than to Jewish citizens. Human rights advocates claimed that Arab citizens were more likely to be convicted of murder and to have been denied

1062:

The Nationality Law permits Palestinians to become citizens of Israel only if they were present (or are the descendants of those present) in Israel between 1948 and 1952. These constraints exclude all those who were

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and Israel's military operations outside its borders. On average, 2240 press articles in Israel are censored by the Israeli Military Censor each year, approximately 240 of which in full, and around 2000 partially.

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Israeli citizens who are Arabs, Blacks or people with disabilities are entitled to affirmative action in university and college admission requirements, and are entitled for full tuition scholarships by the state.

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which "makes clear that no-one should be subjected to arbitrary detention and that deprivation of liberty must be based on grounds and procedures established by law". Amnesty International is also concerned that

4755:

UN GAR 181(II) is also listed in the Table of Treaties, on Page xxxviii, of Self-determination and National Minorities, Oxford Monographs in International Law, Thomas D. Musgrave, Oxford University Press, 1997,

11139: 1519:

In 2009, the US Department of State's Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor criticized the lack of civil marriage and divorce in Israel for immigrants who are not considered Jewish under rabbinical law.

1081:

the right to acquire Israeli residency or citizenship status, even in cases where they are married to citizens of Israel. This ban is based on nationality and not on individual case-by-case security concerns.

3811:

issued a statement in 2005, saying: "Israel built a fence/wall through the West Bank, confining Palestinians in isolated enclaves cut off from their land and essential services in nearby towns and villages."

2976:. Israeli human rights organizations consider the Israeli asylum system to be extremely flawed and unfair, and the recognition rate of refugees is considerably lower than 1%. Since 2003, an estimated 70,000 10209: 4213:

and B'Tselem in the national service volunteer program was terminated by the civil service in 2015, following government allegations that they engaged in defamation and incitement against Israeli soldiers.

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Luther Harris Evans, "The General Principles Governing the Termination of a Mandate, The American Journal of International Law, Vol. 26, No. 4 (Oct., 1932), pp. 735–758, American Society of International

2809:

The 1996 Master Plan for the Northern Areas of Israel was challenged as discriminatory. Its priorities included "increasing the Galilee's Jewish population and blocking the territorial contiguity of Arab

9083: 5963: 9272: 4186:

no longer files reports of violations of international human rights with the Israeli government, since it has deemed that no official Israeli body is willing or capable of conducting investigations.

3895: 2317: 2888:. Supporters of the amendment state that non-Jews who become citizens need to fully appreciate that the "State of Israel is the national expression of the self-determination of the Jewish people." 1706:

In August 2015, a law authorized force-feeding of hunger-striking prisoners. However, the Israel Medical Association declared the legislation unethical and urged doctors to refuse to implement it.

8629: 2954:

in civil service employment. Arab-Israeli citizens are entitled to affirmative action in university and college admission requirements, and are entitled to full tuition scholarships by the state.

1762:

is a procedure under which prisoners are held without charge or trial. The sentences are authorized by an administrative order from the Israeli Ministry of Defence or Israeli military commanders.

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the Israeli settlement in the occupied Arab territories, including in the occupied Syrian Golan, and regretting Israel's constant refusal to cooperate with and to receive the Special Committee".

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Thousands of Israelis Rally in Defence of Human and Civil Rights: Tel Aviv Sees Largest Demonstration in Years as People Protest against Parliamentary Investigation into Funding of Rights Groups

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working hours, threats, sexual assault, and physical intimidation." The most vulnerable were foreign agricultural workers, construction workers, and nursing care workers (particularly women).

986:

and for the Ingathering of the Exiles; it will foster the development of the country for the benefit of all its inhabitants; it will be based on freedom, justice and peace as envisaged by the

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The UN Fact Finding Mission on the Gaza Conflict published a 575-page report on 15 September 2009, stating it had found that war crimes were committed by both sides involved in the Gaza War.

3325: 4093:. Israel has also come under fire from other fact-finding missions over the use of white phosphorus – an incendiary weapon which is deemed illegal to use against civilians (forbidden by the 1552:

British Embassy to help foreigners exit Israel, testified that tracking devices had been placed inside his vehicle, home and phone, and that his children were illegally placed in a shelter.

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but not Israelis – in the form of checkpoints and segmentation of the West Bank. The comparison also extends to access to natural resources such as water and access to the judicial system.

1071:

to immigrate to Israel and automatically become an Israeli citizen. Palestinians and their descendants who were expelled or fled between December 1947 and March 1949 are denied this right.

3724:. In 2009, South Africa's Human Sciences Research Council released a 300-page study that concluded that Israel practiced colonialism and apartheid in the Occupied Palestinian Territories. 2817:, most Israeli Arabs thus had less access than other citizens to social and economic benefits for which military service was a prerequisite or an advantage, such as housing, new-household 2036:

and criminalizes calling persons "Nazis" or "fascists". The Prevention of Terrorism Ordinance prohibits expressing support for an organization deemed to be illegal or terrorist in nature.

1958:, down from the previous year. In 2013, Israel slipped to 112 out of 179 countries in the press Freedom Index. Reporters without borders explained the change was due to Israeli actions in 9903:"(AP) — GENEVA – U.N. human rights chief Navi Pillay has accused Israel of violating the rules of war with its blockade stopping people and goods from moving in and out of the Gaza Strip" 2868:

In September 2010, the Israeli government endorsed an amendment to the country's citizenship laws. The draft law obliges that any person applying for an Israeli citizenship to pledge an

3804:: "The route disrupts the delicate balance between the obligation of the military commander to preserve security and his obligation to provide for the needs of the local inhabitants." 3231:

Ministry data on what percentage of high school students pass their matriculation exams, broken down by town, showed that most Arab towns were the lowest ranked – an exception was Arab

1738:

International has called on Israel to release political prisoners, saying "all political prisoners held without charge or trial should be tried in fair trials or immediately released".

2479:

In March 2014, the Ministry of Health issued a directive stating that sex-reassignment surgery was included among subsidized health services provided to citizens. Despite this, in May

1591:. These courts are believed to be in alignment with Israel's other criminal courts on matters pertaining to civilians. Convictions in these courts cannot be based on confession alone. 11045: 10670: 3878:, Palestinian militants utilize a tactic of blending among civilian populations which exacerbates civilian casualties in Israeli attacks. According to Luft, biased media coverage of 9539: 4032:

unemployment and poverty. More than half of the Palestinian population lived below the poverty line, with increasing numbers suffering from malnutrition and other health problems."

2891:

Israel prohibits its citizens from visiting enemy nations without permission, a travel restriction which, in 2015, included Syria, Iraq, Iran, Lebanon, Yemen, and Saudi Arabia. The

9872: 5055: 7574: 4203: 3670:

Israeli military strategists defend the occupation of the Golan Heights as necessary to maintain a buffer against future military attacks from Syria. The land was captured in the

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has also reported the use of torture against Palestinian detainees, along with arbitrary detention, without trial. Amnesty reported over 2,200 Palestinians were detained from the

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D.P. O'Connell author "The Law of State Succession", Volume V of the Cambridge Studies in International and Comparative Law, 1956, Hersh Lauterpacht editor, pages 10–11, and 178

1532:

was reported that an Australian man who was divorced from his Israeli wife was detained from leaving the country in 2013, with the stay of exit being in force until 31 December

6842: 3403:

passed a new law outlawing human trade with sentences for human trade offenses of up to 16 years, and 20 years when the victim is a minor. The law also addresses forced labor,

2916:

reported that "dozens" of Palestinian residents and Arab citizens of Israel were arrested in Israel for expressions of solidarity with the civilian population of Gaza, sharing

8847: 7444: 3522: 3444: 2561: 2374:, Itach-Maaki: Women Lawyers for Social Justice, Mahut Center, The Israel Women's Network (IWN), Economic Empowerment for Women (EEW) and Achoti (Sister) for Women in Israel. 895: 10228: 7481: 3727:

The term apartheid in the context of the West Bank is used in relation to certain Israeli policies in force in the area. These include segregated roads and settlements, and

5075: 4309: 4173:. As of 21 November 2023 according to the Gazan Health Ministry, more than 13,300 Palestinians, including over 5,600 children and 3,550 women, have been killed. 8154: 5032: 3452: 2526:

Further, several towns in Israel have approved bylaws that stress their Jewish character, conditioning admission into the community on "loyalty to the Zionist vision."

3517:

and other measures Israel deems necessary to its security. The government of Israel has declared that it observes the international humanitarian laws contained in the

7948: 5148: 3704:

Israeli treatment of non-Israelis in territories occupied by Israel, for the past forty years, has been compared to South Africa's treatment of non-whites during the

10746: 8526: 2788:

identified discrimination against Arab citizens as a problem area for Israel, but did not repeat the assertion that Israel had done little to reduce discrimination.

1368:

a state based on full civil and national equality that does not grant preference to one national group over the other, and even to block debate on such proposals."

951:

had assisted in the restoration of sovereignty over a territory. The UN resolution on "The Future Government of Palestine" contained both a plan of partition and a

10206: 9502: 8514: 4077: 4040: 2309:

Marriage and divorce are under the jurisdiction of religious courts, which has in practice lead to systematic discrimination against women in these legal domains.

6881: 5463: 3583:

Abdallah Abu Rahmah was arrested by the Israeli army in 2009 for participating in demonstrations which take place weekly in the West Bank. On 25 August 2010, the

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for Israel and the Occupied Territories, Israeli law prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, and the government effectively enforced these prohibitions.

2396:

was the first Israeli-Arab woman to serve in the Knesset. According to section 15 of the States Civil Service , women and Arab-Israeli citizens are entitled to

11220: 10842: 4393:"Third Committee Spotlights Human Rights Abuses in Conflicts, Stressing Need to End Terrorist Attacks, Genocide, Illegal Hostage-Taking, Enforced Displacement" 4292: 2530:

large role in defining Israeli land policies over 93% of state land (so called "Israel land"). One such policy prohibits JNF land to be allocated to non-Jews.

1488:

gives couples the same rights as married couples enjoy. Israeli citizens may also travel abroad for a civil marriage, which is then binding under Israeli law.

797: 9794: 9562: 6862: 10923: 9383: 4165:

on Israel from the Gaza Strip, killing at least 1,300 people and taking at least 199 hostages. On 9 October 2023, Israel declared war on Hamas and imposed a

3310: 8630:"Three-person committee critiques actions of past governments for lack of commitment to rule of law, but argues Israel has legal right to build settlements" 6924: 3587:

found Abu Rahmah guilty of two anti-free speech articles in military legislation: "incitement, and organizing and participating in illegal demonstrations".

9287: 4199: 2992:

have been granted temporary resident status to be renewed every year, though not official refugee status. Another 2,000 refugees from the conflict between

1767: 1481: 849:

has described Israel as more politically free and democratic than neighboring countries in the Middle East. According to the 2015 US Department of State's

3260:, and to complete academic degrees. The program for education in jail is free for the prisoners, with prison authorities paying their university tuition. 2440:, same-sex marriages valid in foreign countries are legally recognized in Israel. Israel guarantees civil rights for its homosexual population, including 1905:. This led to the criticism that "the authorities took disproportional steps, unjustifiably infringing on the right to political expression and protest." 1409:

are not considered Jewish by the Orthodox Rabbinate and therefore cannot be married or divorced, or buried in Jewish state cemeteries within the country.

10894: 7261: 6275: 4827:

Guy S. Goodwin-Gill, and Stefan Talmon, eds., The Reality of International Law: Essays in Honour of Ian Brownlie (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1999) page 108

281: 10264: 10001: 4992: 2012:

policies. The Association for Civil Rights in Israel described the decision as a "severe blow" to Israeli democracy, and critics labeled the policy as "

11173: 9066: 8441: 4236: 2363: 2313:

half of these cases have not been resolved by the police. In contrast, the cases of each of the 29 murders of Jewish-Israeli women have been resolved.

8929: 1873:, who bestows upon the Chief Censor the authority to suppress information he deems compromising from being made public in the media, such as Israel's 10244: 10044: 7719: 7417: 4061: 3604:

According to Amnesty International report published on 27 October 2009, Israeli restrictions prevent Palestinians from receiving enough water in the

3578: 3321: 2511:

These admissions committees screen applicants for housing units in agricultural and community towns in Israel and include a senior official from the

1544: 4746: 3757:

when applied to Israel since it does not comment on the human and civil rights in neighboring Arab countries or within the Palestinian territories.

2658:

According to section 15 of the States Civil Service , Israeli citizens who are female, disabled, or of Arab or black African origin are entitled to

9106: 8785: 6323: 4461: 4277: 4194:

accused European governments of funding Israeli and Palestinian NGOs which sought to "delegitimize Israel under the guise of human rights", naming

4148: 2909: 2768: 10146: 10019: 9622: 8737: 8703: 7854: 5612: 5118: 990:; it will ensure complete equality of social and political rights to all its inhabitants irrespective of religion, race or sex; it will guarantee 9906: 6220: 5053:

Israel Unleashes an Onslaught on Human-Rights NGOs, Artists, and Writers: The new wave of McCarthyite smears and repressive laws is unprecedented

4166: 1833: 10102: 9357: 9313: 6810: 1723:

upon release from prison they will have the appropriate education to help them obtain jobs, and prevent them from returning to a life of crime.

1300:

According to the annual Transparency International Corruption Perceptions Index, the score ranges from 10 (squeaky clean) to 0 (highly corrupt).

9961: 4282: 3436: 2912:

of Palestinians and Arab Israelis, with thousands arrested or detained in Israel and the occupied Palestinian territories. On 5 November 2023,

1645: 1316:(ACRI), Israel's oldest and largest civil liberties organization, a series of Israeli government efforts in recent years have attacked Israeli 3859:

accounts of "reckless shooting" and "excessive use of force" by the Israeli military against militants that endangers the lives of civilians.

10739: 9604: 9041: 8545:

De Waart, Paul J. I. M. (2005). "International Court of Justice Firmly Walled in the Law of Power in the Israeli–Palestinian Peace Process".

8460:

De Waart, Paul J. I. M. (2005). "International Court of Justice Firmly Walled in the Law of Power in the Israeli–Palestinian Peace Process".

6581: 5820: 4217:

The Ministry of the Interior has refused to renew work permits as well as blocking entry to Israel by foreigners suspected of supporting the

3448: 2973: 2300: 1501: 1008: 832: 454: 10183:"Israeli authorities have proven they cannot investigate suspected violations of international humanitarian law by Israel in the Gaza Strip" 9330:"Israeli authorities have proven they cannot investigate suspected violations of international humanitarian law by Israel in the Gaza Strip" 7667: 3908:

in 14 cases between 2010 and 2013. According to the report, almost everyone who had used children as human shields had remained unpunished.

11154: 11144: 10803: 9019: 8600:"Amnesty International: Israel curbing water to Palestinians by Cnaan Liphshiz, Haaretz Correspondent, and Reuters. Retrieved 27 Oct. 2009" 7921: 6661: 5192: 3705: 1424: 640: 9880: 3912:

that it never forced people into carrying out the "Neighbor Procedure"; and that Palestinians volunteered to prevent excess loss of life.

2864:"According to a 2005 study at Hebrew University, three times more money was invested in education of Jewish children as in Arab children." 11205: 11075: 6898: 6500: 5052: 4287: 4156: 1293:

Per Freedom House 2009 ratings. For political rights and civil liberties indices, 1 represents the most-free and 7 the least-free rating.

899: 414: 189: 2464:

ordering the police to refrain from enforcing this law, so long as no other offenses were involved. A national gay rights law bans some

998:, language, education and culture; it will safeguard the Holy Places of all religions; and it will be faithful to the principles of the 10798: 9764: 9476: 8174: 7558: 5794: 4260: 4098: 3954: 3320:

In Israel more than 144,000 people with disabilities rely solely on government allowances as their only means of support. According to

2572: 2571:

Ethnic and religious minorities have full voting rights in Israel and are entitled to government benefits under various laws. Israel's

2555: 9536: 7532: 6469: 5768: 5354: 5230: 4324: 3480:, which Israeli authorities outlawed. Hamouri was held in administrative detention without trial or charge, based on secret evidence. 1908:

Within Israel, policies of its government are subjected to criticism by its press as well as a variety of political, human rights and

11276: 11215: 9842: 9015: 7774: 4248: 3084: 2977: 2967: 2671: 2383: 2304: 850: 771: 687: 10164: 9651: 8855: 11235: 10906: 10732: 10589: 5738: 4036: 1941: 1699:

to shaking and beating." Dozens of affidavits from Palestinians also confirm that torture is still part of Israeli interrogations.

1587:. Indigent defendants receive mandatory representation. Some areas of the country fall under the separate judicial jurisdiction of 1527:

order, saying it unfairly targets divorced men by preventing them from leaving the country indefinitely until they settle the full

10291: 10225: 9209: 8532: 8520: 8447: 3025:

Under the 2014 Prevention of Infiltration Law, all irregular border-crossers are defined as "infiltrators" and may be detained at

11266: 11101: 10614: 6164: 4140: 3460: 1631: 1540:

officials in Tel Aviv that 100 British nationals per month had been reaching out to them for help in getting out of the country.

1537: 1416:, and Christian access to churches. Israel has extended protection to religious sites of non-Jewish religions; most famously the 1028: 9715: 6082: 5196: 4904: 3904:

In 2013, a report by the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child concluded that Israeli forces had used Palestinian children as

3882:

encouraged militants to use civilians and refugees as "human shields" because they were not held accountable for their actions.

1123:

Rating of Israel, and its occupied territories, by Freedom House, The Economist Intelligence Unit and Transparency International

11291: 11261: 10971: 10961: 10869: 10634: 8042: 6252: 4272: 4210: 3837: 3709: 3534: 2273: 2004:, which the board deemed false and hurtful to the soldiers' families. Following legal proceedings, a petition was filed to the 1940:. The groups say that some Israeli leaders see human rights criticism as a threat to Israel's legitimacy, especially following 1913: 1313: 962:

proclaimed, on 14 May 1948, that "the right of the Jewish people to national rebirth in its own country" was recognized in the

10292: 8599: 8091: 7811: 7079: 7053: 7027: 7001: 5388: 5101: 5029: 4369: 4064:. Israel has rejected those accusations and accused Hezbollah of deliberately firing from civilian areas during the fighting. 3612:. The report says Israel's daily water consumption per capita was four times higher than that in the Palestinian territories. 3000:

have been granted temporary resident status on humanitarian grounds, though Israel prefers not to recognize them as refugees.

2359:('chained' women unable to divorce without their husband's permission), and mixed-gender prayer services at the Western Wall. 11050: 10951: 8234: 8205: 7623: 6975: 6949: 5480: 5432: 4791: 4256: 4144: 3950: 3360: 3038:

these asylum-seekers from Tel Aviv or Eilat, where they would have had supportive communities and access to social services.

1496: 1074: 270: 7131: 6630: 6612: 5569: 4773:

See International Human Rights in Context, Henry J. Steiner, Philip Alston, Ryan Goodman, Oxford University Press US, 2008,

3791:

which also called for all construction to halt. The building of the barrier inside the west bank was also condemned by the

1775:

are being "held solely for the non-violent exercise of their right to freedom of expression and association". According to

10988: 10339: 7945: 7881: 7387: 7105: 6056: 5145: 5137: 3440: 2926:

described the widespread targeting of Arab Israelis by Israeli security forces. Referring to "hundreds" of interrogations,

2296: 1604: 7855:"Until our hearts are completely hardened, Report on asylum procedures in Israel, Hotline for Migrant Workers, April 2012" 6407: 5964:"Israel/OPT: Horrifying cases of torture and degrading treatment of Palestinian detainees amid spike in arbitrary arrests" 4341: 4304: 1086:

states or the Gaza Strip. Revocation of citizenship on this basis without a criminal conviction is permitted by this law.

10983: 10941: 7157: 3701:

advancing and perpetuating the supremacy of one group over another. They describe this situation as an apartheid regime.

2327: 1655: 866: 836: 804: 360: 194: 9928: 9578: 9499: 8997: 8677: 8407: 7316: 5460: 3929:

in 2005 but some groups say the IDF continues to use it, although they say the number of instances has dropped sharply.

11149: 10825: 9419: 8877: 6878: 5683: 4845:

Yvonne Schmidt, "Foundations of Civil and Political Rights in Israel and the Occupied Territories", GRIN Verlag, 2008,

4252: 3574: 1005:

Some British academics argue that Israel has not fulfilled its obligation to constitutionally protect minority rights.

982:

and to the right of the Jewish people to rebuild its National Home." It also declared that the state "will be open for

492: 443: 7342: 4228:(the UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization), in effect since 2013. In 2015, Israel blocked the UNHRC's 11271: 11184: 10820: 10424: 9957: 8963: 8579: 7506: 7235: 6556: 5200: 4887: 4850: 4778: 4761: 4726: 4623: 4378: 4229: 4218: 4026: 3735:

not part of sovereign Israel and cannot be compared to the internal policies of apartheid South Africa. According to

3030: 2021: 1351: 921: 789: 6859: 4607:

Concluding Observations of the Human Rights Committee—Israel, CCPR/C/ISR/CO/3, 29 July 2010, para. 2, available at:

3985: 2362:

Women's rights are promoted through "Bringing Women to the Fore: The Feminist Partnership", coordinated through the

11286: 11116: 11106: 11080: 10830: 9798: 9559: 8380: 8280: 4931:

Erakat, Noura. Justice for Some: Law and the Question of Palestine. United States, Stanford University Press, 2019.

4432: 4206:. Hotovely threatened that her government would restrict or tax foreign funding of Israeli NGOs if this continued. 3509:

that allows them to travel within Israel's borders. Israel no longer maintains a permanent occupation force in the

2876:". The amendment has been strongly criticized by Israeli Arabs as well as by Israeli left-wing movements including 2774: 2760: 2040: 1024: 583: 227: 9394: 8797: 7968: 6766: 4742:

cataloged during a review of Minority Rights Treaties conducted in 1950: see Chapter III, A.1. of the UN Document

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in the occupied territories. Israel denies that the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the

2764: 2547: 2469: 1732: 1135: 1020: 903: 843:

have highlighted that this law does not in fact contain a general provision for equality and non-discrimination.

297: 8786:

https://www.hrw.org/report/2021/04/27/threshold-crossed/israeli-authorities-and-crimes-apartheid-and-persecution

7287: 2667:

Prohibition of Discrimination in Products, Services and Entry into Places of Entertainment and Public Places Law

11013: 10998: 10946: 6191: 3958: 3792: 3558: 1929: 1565: 1385: 487: 265: 232: 9998: 7265: 7179: 6138: 11281: 11060: 10976: 10639: 5637: 5004: 4319: 4170: 4152: 3996: 3842: 3635:

Armed Israeli settler accompanied by soldiers threatens Palestinian farmers near a-Tuwani, South Hebron Hills

3551: 3378: 3296: 2331:

principle of the legal system" in Israel, and women have seen greater participation in Israeli public life.

2060: 999: 764: 438: 260: 212: 9063: 8759: 11096: 10966: 10879: 10584: 10549: 10504: 8937: 6531:"35 Israeli Jewish and Arab Rights Groups Call for Ceasefire, Hostage Deal, Political Solution to Conflict" 3829: 3064: 3029:

for three months "for the purpose of identification" and then 12 months at the remote Holhot facility. The

2472:

was subject to certain restrictions. These restrictions were lifted in 1993, allowing homosexuals to serve

1870: 1821: 1600: 1356: 1253: 1158: 1036: 745: 286: 10051: 9873:"The Independent. Israel's death squads: A soldier's story. By Donald Macintyre. Retrieved 20 August 2009" 7421: 3080:, prompting protests from Orthodox families who objected to sending their children to integrated schools. 10474: 10469: 10364: 10182: 9329: 7365: 6234: 4743: 3896:

Human rights in the Palestinian National Authority § Exposure of civilian targets to military action

3364: 3288: 2981: 2873: 1959: 1627: 1345: 1067:

between December 1947 and March 1949 and their descendants. The Law of Return ensures the right of every

835:, is a major tool for safeguarding human rights and civil liberties in the State of Israel. However, the 808: 551: 536: 459: 428: 9103: 8707: 7693: 6331: 5795:"Australian Citizen Trapped in Israel Since 2013 Banned From Leaving the Country Until 31 December 9999" 5522: 4039:

in a 34-page report, calling it a violation of the rules of war. In September 2009, the UN found in the

11134: 10594: 10569: 10484: 10464: 10414: 10384: 10374: 9633: 9519: 7861: 7756:"Four Former Arab Israeli Lawmakers Detained for Questioning by Police Over Plans for Anti-war Protest" 5000: 4718: 4112:

which targeted known civilian areas within Israel, stating that "here's no question that the firing of

3879: 3424: 2512: 2461: 2084:

from 2002 to the present are shown below, with lower numbers indicating better treatment of reporters:

1874: 1533: 1508:", and also ignoring the fact that at the time of the UN resolution the matter was under review by the 1469: 1435: 1140: 1095: 541: 146: 1412:

After gaining control of the West Bank in 1967, Israel guaranteed Muslim access to mosques, including

11008: 10680: 10559: 10554: 10434: 9311: 6634: 6585: 4162: 4134: 3766: 3432: 3257: 2905: 2436:

in Israel are considered to be the most tolerant in the Middle East. While Israel has not legalized

2069: 1952: 1933: 1869:

of Israel. The body is headed by the Israeli Chief Censor, a military official appointed by Israel's

1715: 1659: 1304:

Israeli citizens and human rights organizations have criticized the Israeli government for assailing

292: 248: 243: 222: 6425: 4608: 3465:

The 2005 annual report of the Association for Civil Rights in Israel (ACRI) found that "accelerated

1547:

in Geneva about the human rights violations she maintained were a direct result of the over-the-top

1359:

live under Israeli occupation and are not Israeli citizens. They are not allowed to vote in Israel.

10624: 10574: 10529: 10509: 10499: 10399: 10356: 10332: 8637: 6686: 4941: 3981: 3938: 3644: 3518: 3300: 1759: 1754: 1484:

that changes their status to a couple, and entitles them with all of the rights that come from it.

1465: 757: 376: 61: 9239: 8064: 6589: 5166: 5098: 4681: 4182:

Court on government policies and individual cases. In contrast, Israeli human rights organization

1110:, which attempts to measure the degree of democracy and political freedom in every nation, ranked 11035: 10956: 10859: 10771: 10599: 10514: 10494: 10379: 10369: 7931: 6730: 3933: 3899: 2756: 2465: 2387: 2064: 1866: 1858: 1561: 1548: 1509: 1477: 1461: 1321: 1078: 1055: 1047: 1032: 854: 816: 812: 645: 475: 397: 9445:"Israel and the Occupied Territories Shielded from scrutiny: IDF violations in Jenin and Nablus" 8130: 6748: 890:

may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience

853:, Israel faces significant human rights problems regarding institutional discrimination against 815:, Israel is home to religious and ethnic minorities, some of whom report discrimination. In the 10901: 10889: 10854: 10849: 10776: 10644: 10579: 10544: 10479: 10459: 10409: 10394: 10389: 9820: 9795:

Question of the violation of human rights in the occupied Arab territories, including Palestine

9671: 9390: 8733: 8730:

Question of the Violation of Human Rights in the Occupied Arab Territories, Including Palestine

8533:"Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory" (2004) 8521:"Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory" (2004) 8448:"Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory" (2004) 7775:"'The reaction is extreme': Palestinians fear arrest if they voice sympathy for Gaza civilians" 5358: 5076:

Israeli Government Must Cease Intimidation of Human Rights Defenders, Protect Them from Attacks

4863: 4330:

A rough guide to Hebron: The world's strangest guided tour highlights the abuse of Palestinians

4073: 3926: 3797: 3570: 3493:

Since 1967, Israel had controlled territories captured from Egypt, Jordan and Syria during the

3420: 3368: 3304: 3077: 2445: 2005: 1976: 1972: 1945: 1805: 1780: 1772: 1644:

B'Tselem estimates that the ISA annually interrogates between 1,000 and 1,500 Palestinians and

1569: 1417: 1309: 666: 612: 8155:

Survey 40 percent of Israeli public would not want their children to study with disabled child

7645: 6508: 4877: 2884:. Israeli educational psychologist Prof. Gavriel Solomon said that the loyalty oath resembles 2468:, including in employment; some exemptions are made for religious organizations. In the past, 2414:

According to section 15 of the States Civil Service , female Israeli citizens are entitled to

2043:

indicated that Israel ranked sixth highest in the world for arresting journalists. During the

11200: 11020: 10918: 10911: 10884: 10874: 10788: 10685: 10604: 10564: 10539: 10519: 10454: 10429: 10419: 10404: 9283: 7599: 7205: 6712: 6256: 6216: 5887: 5481:"רשומות הכנסת, קובץ התקנות, 7326, הודעת ברית הזוגיות לחסרי דת (אגרות), התשע"ד-2014. עמוד 486" 5071: 4437: 3913: 3808: 3697: 3543:, Israel says it cannot be held internationally accountable for human rights in these areas. 3476:, a French-Palestinian human rights worker. He worked with Palestinian prisoner rights group 3373:

Israel has been criticized in the 1990s for its policies and its weak enforcement of laws on

2651: 2504: 2427: 2081: 1829: 1784: 1763: 1651: 1623: 1575: 1364: 840: 682: 546: 513: 482: 355: 9768: 8822: 8303: 8182: 7536: 6113: 5362: 2950:

According to section 15 of the States Civil Service , Arab-Israeli citizens are entitled to

987: 11225: 11210: 11025: 10864: 10810: 10793: 10524: 10489: 10444: 10439: 10348: 10103:"Israel announces 'complete siege' of Gaza, cutting its electricity, food, water, and fuel" 9555: 9183: 6168: 5240: 4967: 3683: 3506: 2796: 2777:

are denied residency rights, leading to a housing shortage in the Arab areas of Jerusalem.

2493: 2056: 2044: 1854: 1841: 1102: 828: 827:

from other countries as well as international and domestic human rights groups. One of the

505: 331: 9850: 9444: 6300: 5548: 2932:

reported on 11 November that Israel increasingly treats its Arab minority as a "potential

1431: 8: 10654: 10325: 6925:"Palestinians describe harassment from Israeli forces over social media posts during war" 5497: 5436: 4508: 3991:

For example, in July 2002 the Israeli Defense Forces carried out an air strike targeting

3825: 3788: 3736: 2963: 2825: 2457: 2449: 2288: 2073: 1955: 1937: 1584: 1485: 1337: 1333: 991: 974:

which, in particular, gave international sanction to the historic connection between the

967: 963: 870: 824: 410: 402: 381: 365: 199: 181: 176: 66: 56: 41: 10293:"Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory" 10226:

Israel Wanted to Bar Entry to Dublin's Lord Mayor Over BDS Ties – but Got His Name Wrong

9473: 9130: 7829: 7571: 6444: 6002: 5288: 11121: 9465: 9217: 8562: 8485: 8426: 7582: 5315: 4628: 4466: 4094: 4057: 3917: 3864: 3693: 3640: 3345: 2951: 2945: 2869: 2780: 2659: 2415: 2409: 2397: 1685:

High Court refused to rule whether they are legal under Israeli and international law.

1580: 1455: 1381: 1341: 995: 820: 703: 656: 321: 155: 10076: 7991: 7737: 5632: 5204: 3975:

Palestinian militants have planned multiple attacks against Israeli civilians such as

3863:

law. Of the 400 incidents examined by the Military Advocate General's Corps after the

3584: 3513:, but has invaded it many times since 2005. The Gaza strip has also been subjected to 1779:

there are currently 645 Palestinians being held under administrative detention by the

1588: 10709: 9725: 8566: 8489: 8477: 7793:"'Systematic Witch Hunt:' What Persecution of Arab-Israelis Looks Like Amid Gaza War" 6784: 6090: 5989: 5587: 5263:"Police arrest J'lem rabbi who threatened to carry out terror attack on Temple Mount" 4883: 4846: 4774: 4757: 4722: 4410: 4305:

The Association for Civil Rights in Israel (ACRI) – State of Human Rights Report 2009

3851: 3749: 3525:, both of which it has signed, are applicable to the occupied Palestinian territory. 3428: 3374: 3088: 2516: 2460:

was repealed in 1988, though there was an explicit instruction issued in 1953 by the

2437: 2371: 2353:

A 2009 report of the US Department of State mentions the problems of civil marriage,

2347: 2292: 1890: 1817: 1788: 1670: 1505: 1167: 971: 952: 944: 935: 617: 567: 526: 135: 77: 10147:"Premature Gaza babies evacuated to Egypt as Israeli tanks encircle second hospital" 6354: 6260: 4792:"United Nations General Assembly Resolution 181, November 29, 1947, C. Declarations" 4315:

B'Tselem – Israeli Human Rights Group focused on areas under military administration

1996:, an Israeli Arab, directed the film. The film was banned due to its allegations of 1014: 811:" was adopted in 1985. In addition to its Jewish majority in the area excluding the 10299: 9663: 8554: 8469: 8099: 7083: 7057: 7031: 7005: 5334: 5235: 4325:

US State Department – 2009 Human Rights Report: Israel and the occupied territories

4310:

Amnesty International Report 2009 – Israel and the Occupied Palestinian Territories

4102: 4090: 4052: 3964: 3740: 3721: 3592: 3547: 3026: 2814: 2791:

The 2004 US State Department Country Reports on Human Rights Practices notes that:

2539: 1894: 1187: 713: 10724: 9157: 9037: 8681: 8242: 7620: 6979: 6953: 5890:(Report). 2005 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices. U.S. Department of State 5262: 4795: 4043:

that the blockade of Gaza amounted to collective punishment and was thus illegal.

3655:

aided and abetted by official state authorities with their active participation."

1861:, a unit in the Israeli government officially tasked with carrying out preventive 11030: 10251: 10245:

Two Leading U.S. Human Rights Activists Refused Entry to Israel, One for BDS Ties

10232: 10213: 10005: 9749: 9566: 9543: 9506: 9480: 9317: 9110: 9091: 9070: 8586: 8161: 7975: 7952: 7885: 7627: 7578: 7239: 7135: 6885: 6866: 6638: 6381:"נתונים חדשים חושפים טפח מאחורי הקלעים של יחסי הצנזורה הצבאית והעיתונות הישראלית" 5846: 5619: 5467: 5152: 5146:

A Jewish and (Declining) Democratic State? Constitutional Retrogression in Israel

5125: 5105: 5094: 5082: 5059: 5036: 4750: 4392: 4334: 4117: 4008: 3976: 3754: 3660:

International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination

2566:

International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination

2551: 2543: 2433: 2393: 2323: 2026: 1837: 1610:

executed after conviction in an Israeli civilian court was the Nazi war-criminal

1492: 1193: 1153: 793: 737: 708: 698: 677: 661: 588: 8607: 7897: 7878: 7648:(Report). 2007 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices. US Department of State 7602:(Report). 2004 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices. US Department of State 7395: 7109: 4684:(Report). 2016 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices. US Department of State 10120: 9711: 8798:

https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/campaigns/2022/02/israels-system-of-apartheid

8175:"Israeli Organization of Disabled Persons Holds 77 Day "Sit-In" about Benefits" 6843:"Israeli parliament backs 'McCarthyite' investigation into human rights groups" 5226: 4396: 4191: 3771: 3588: 3456: 3391: 3269: 3014: 2885: 2854:

refused to recognize a Bedouin holy site, despite a High Court recommendation.

2851: 2001: 1993: 1925: 1909: 1611: 1473: 1390: 979: 940: 785: 142: 98: 48: 8558: 8473: 5410: 4816: 4583: 2533: 11250: 10993: 10703: 10207:

Israel expels Human Rights Watch representative accused of supporting boycott

9958:"Fatal Strikes: Israel's Indiscriminate Attacks Against Civilians in Lebanon" 9720: 8481: 8424: 8355: 6690: 4945: 3992: 3920:

are among the groups who made the human shield comparison. The Israeli group

3784: 3744: 3502: 3473: 3466: 3292: 2833: 1964: 1921: 1825: 1528: 1406: 1317: 1305: 1107: 1051: 846: 732: 500: 344: 339: 165: 8903: 8881: 8304:"Knesset approves harsh punishments for human trade – Israel News, Ynetnews" 7720:"Thousands of Gaza workers go 'missing' in Israel amid wartime mass arrests" 7643: 7597: 6328:

Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, College of Behavioral and Social Sciences

5912: 5885: 5687: 5289:"Restrictions on Old City Jews During Ramadan – Inside Israel – Israel News" 5191: 4679: 2047:, Palestinians described military harassment over their social media posts. 902:

any relevant information, and removing excessive detail that may be against

9500:

20 July 2006: Israeli Soldiers use civilians as Human Shields in Beit Hanun

8784:

Shakir, O. (2021). A Threshold Crossed. Human Rights Watch. Retrieved from

8652: 5821:"Man Can't Leave Israel For 8,000 Years Until He Pays $ 3.5M Child Support" 5553: 5025: 3905: 3739:, the attempt to label Israel an apartheid state is "the embodiment of the 3717: 3713: 3625: 3540: 3386: 3382: 2933: 2520: 1989: 1981: 1792: 1719: 1674: 1524: 1394: 630: 593: 572: 10077:"Israel attack: PM says Israel at war after 70 killed in attack from Gaza" 9686: 9667: 9625:

The Public Committee against Torture in Israel v. The Government of Israel

9607:

The Public Committee against Torture in Israel v. The Government of Israel

8971: 8017: 7230: 6024: 4481: 3970:

The Public Committee against Torture in Israel v. The Government of Israel

2318:

Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women

1798: 1460:

A couple wishing to marry can do so only through a religious ceremony, if

11111: 10763: 10713: 10045:"Report of the Independent Fact Finding Committee on Gaza: No Safe Place" 9790: 9495: 9114: 8796:

Israel's apartheid against Palestinians. (2023, June 23). Retrieved from

8580:"Criminalizing Peaceful Protest: Israel Jails Another Palestinian Gandhi" 6238: 4486: 4195: 4183: 4108:

The UN report also condemned the use of indiscriminate rocket attacks by

3921: 3689: 3671: 3651: 3498: 3494: 3408: 3256:

Prisoners with good behavior are allowed to take online courses from the

2881: 2367: 2343: 2269: 2033: 2013: 1917: 1776: 1741: 1637: 948: 316: 10121:"Humanitarian crisis in Gaza could get far worse, warns UN relief chief" 8502:

See UN Documents CCPR/C/ISR/2001/2, para 8 and E/1990/6/Add.32, para 5–7

6213:"Administrative detention: Despair, uncertainty and lack of due process" 4314: 4035:

In August 2009, UN Human Rights Chief Navi Pillay criticised Israel for

3620: 2858:

The 2007 U.S. State Department Country Reports on Human Rights Practices

798:

violations of the rights of Palestinians, both inside and outside Israel

10317: 9030: 8848:"Jimmy Carter: Israel's 'apartheid' policies worse than South Africa's" 8329: 7946:

Israel PM: illegal African immigrants threaten identity of Jewish state

5769:"Dad Banned From Leaving Israel For 8,000 Years in Bizarre Divorce Law" 5048: 4224:

The government continues a partial suspension of its coordination with

3609: 3510: 3009: 2473: 2453: 2392:

Arab-Israeli women actively participate in government and public life.

2335: 2326:

have not always explicitly been guaranteed gender equality. Though the

1997: 1898: 1862: 9999:

UN mission finds evidence of war crimes by both sides in Gaza conflict

7242:

Jewish Women's Collaborative International Fund. Retrieved 7 May 2014.

6057:"Israeli doctors 'failing to report torture of Palestinian detainees'" 4535:

Gavison, Ruth (1985). "The Controversy over Israel's Bill of Rights".

3332:

Ministry showed over 18,000 admissions for psychiatric hospital care.

2928: 2784:

educational supplements, not available to Palestinian Arab children."

11126: 7572:

Israel: Cuts in Child Allowance Discriminate Against Palestinian Arab

7317:"Israel's Supreme Court approves same-sex marriages performed abroad" 5310: 4584:"Inequality Report: The Palestinian Arab Minority in Israel - Adalah" 4411:"The Avalon Project : Declaration of Israel's Independence 1948" 3801: 3605: 3539:

Since the transfer of responsibilities to the Palestinians under the

1902: 1846: 1398: 109: 8809: 6380: 5119:

Overview of Anti-Democratic Legislation Advanced by the 20th Knesset

3095:

University students by degree, field of study, and population group

9692:. The Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies, Bar-Ilan University 9523: 9474:

VII. Human Shielding and the Use of Civilians for Military Purposes

8589:

by Joseph Dana, Writer, Academic in Jewish History. 25 August 2010.

8425:

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (15 September 2005).

8092:"Israel aids its needy Jewish students more than Arab counterparts" 7559:"Arabs are denied residency rights in Jerusalem, rights group says" 4513: 4240: 4221:

campaign against Israel, a policy which applies also to activists.

3875: 3631: 3514: 3477: 3232: 2997: 2441: 1678: 1439: 1327: 114: 93: 10265:"Israel/OPT: Six prominent Palestinian human rights groups banned" 8215:(in Hebrew and English). Israel Ministry of Health. pp. 32–65 6507:. The Association for Civil Rights in Israel. 2005. Archived from 6276:"Netanyahu: Israel to toughen conditions of Palestinian prisoners" 3059: 2980:

from various African countries have crossed into Israel. Some 600

2072:

publishes an annual report on worldwide press freedom, called the

1472:, or other. Non-religious couples, since 2014, can have a kind of 11040: 7926: 7631: 7598:

Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor (28 February 2005).

6815: 6811:"Court: 'Jenin, Jenin' untruthful, but does not slander soldiers" 5339: 4609:

http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrc/docs/CCPR.C.ISR.CO.3.doc

3854:

who was shot dead while reporting in the West Bank on 11 May 2022

3404: 3400: 3235:

which had the third-highest pass rate (75.86 percent) in Israel.

2993: 2922: 2846: 2818: 2650:

Despite the Employment Law (1998), the Israel human rights group

1787:. Most are kept in the West Bank in Ofer Military Camp or in the 1694: 1413: 1115: 1015:

Status of freedom, political rights and civil liberties in Israel

556: 392: 82: 9420:"Palestinian children tortured, used as shields by Israel: U.N." 9384:"Urban Operations in Jenin Refugee Camp: The Israeli Experience" 6899:"Israeli arrests of Palestinian journalists soared in 2023: CPJ" 5847:"Israeli Coalition of Children and Families Shocks UN Committee" 5654:"High Court upholds law denying Palestinian spouses citizenship" 4176: 3980:

commentators claim that this practice is in accordance with the

3800:

ruled, concerning a stretch of the barrier to the north-west of

2920:

verses, or expressing "any support for the Palestinian people".

2500:

alleged public purpose for which it was originally confiscated.

1666:

mistreatment" probably had been used to obtain the confessions.

11003: 9579:"Israeli Soldiers use civilians as Human Shields in Beit Hanun" 7561:. The Jewish News Weekly of Northern California. 11 April 1997. 7533:"2010 Human Rights Report: Israel and the occupied territories" 5384: 5355:"2008 Human Rights Report: Israel and the occupied territories" 4244: 4225: 4113: 4086: 2985: 2877: 2355: 2077: 1889:

Some government officials and others have been critical of the

1865:

regarding the publication of information that might affect the

1111: 983: 635: 160: 31: 21: 10165:"90% Palestinians say coexistence with Israel is 'impossible'" 10020:"UN to probe claim Israel used depleted uranium bombs in Gaza" 7668:"Israeli academic: Loyalty oath resembles racist laws of 1935" 7644:

Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor (11 March 2008).

7621:

Bedouin ask UN to help fight systemic discrimination in Israel

4680:

Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor (13 April 2016).

4342:

MATTI FRIEDMAN, 2014, What the Media Gets Wrong About Israel,

3523:

International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights

3445:

List of countries by total health expenditure (PPP) per capita

2562:

International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights

1648:

against some 85 percent of them, at least 850 persons a year.

1543:

In March 2019, Azizi testified in front of the United Nations

796:, particularly against minority groups. These reports include 11159: 8281:

Concluding Observations of the Human Rights Committee: Israel

8120:

CBS, Statistical Abstract of Israel 2008, No. 59, Table 8.52.

7158:"The Declaration of the Establishment of the State of Israel" 6114:"100 Palestinian prisoners complete academic studies in jail" 5939:"Human rights in Israel and Occupied Palestinian Territories" 5886:

Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor (8 March 2006).

5128:," (ACRI report published December 2017) retrieved 9 May 2018 4109: 4000: 3034: 2989: 2917: 2837:

shortage, educational problems, and defective infrastructure.

1986: 1886:

the government generally respected these rights in practice.

1423:

According to a 2009 report from the US Department of State's

1064: 119: 9104:"Chantier sur la lutte contre le racisme et l'antisémitisme" 8181:. Israeli Organization of the Disabled. 2002. Archived from 7445:"Adalah Accuses Education Min. of Employment Discrimination" 4905:"MKs debate protection of 'equality' in future constitution" 2076:. The first such publication began in 2002. The results for 1677:, was appointed to examine the interrogation methods of the 1434:(in 1960) maintains the seat of their governing bodies, the 9632:. Supreme Court of Israel. 13 December 2006. Archived from 7835:. United Nations High Commission for Refugees. 1 April 2011 6501:"ACRI Report Slashes Civil Rights Abuses and Privatization" 5714:"Australian Barred From Leaving Israel Until the Year 9999" 5435:. Buddha Dharma Education Association. 2006. Archived from 3483: 3453:

World Health Organization ranking of health systems in 2000

3068: 2534:

Ethnic minorities, anti-discrimination and immigration laws

2032:

The law empowers police to limit incitement to violence or

1118:

as the Middle East and North Africa's only free countries.

1068: 10298:. The International Court of Justice. 2004. Archived from 6836: 6834: 6470:"IDF Military Censor banned nearly 300 articles last year" 5570:"Israeli marriage law blocks citizenship for Palestinians" 4391: 4060:

and other organizations have accused Israel of committing

3076:

obligations of pupils. This law has been enforced by the

3033:

reported that authorities have returned more than half of

9797:(Report). United Nations General Assembly. Archived from 9210:"Dismantle the wall, says International Court of Justice" 6770: 5335:"U.S. State Department: Israel is not a tolerant society" 3847: 3819: 2913: 1975:

banned the commercial screening of a film about the 2002

975: 792:, have reported human rights violations committed by the 784:

International human rights organizations, along with the

9742:

The New York Post link to the article may be found here

9652:"A Judgment in the Shadow of International Criminal Law" 9020:"Israel has its faults, but apartheid isn't one of them" 7877:

African Refugee Development Center. Retrieved 11.11.11,

5686:. Middle East Report Online. 1 June 2006. Archived from 4320:

Human Rights Watch – Israel and the Occupied Territories

4078:

United Nations Fact Finding Mission on the Gaza Conflict

3564: 2957: 1555: 9160:[Israeli Arabs in the trap of self-deception]. 9120:. Dundurn, 2005, p. 54 and p. 243, footnotes 59 and 60. 7343:"Israel recognizes same-sex marriages performed abroad" 7134:. Reports Without Borders. 16 July 2010. Archived from 7108:. Reports Without Borders. 16 July 2010. Archived from 7082:. Reports Without Borders. 16 July 2010. Archived from 7056:. Reports Without Borders. 16 July 2010. Archived from 7030:. Reports Without Borders. 16 July 2010. Archived from 7004:. Reports Without Borders. 16 July 2010. Archived from 6978:. Reports Without Borders. 16 July 2010. Archived from 6952:. Reports Without Borders. 16 July 2010. Archived from 6831: 5523:"לראשונה: תעודת הזוגיות של "משפחה חדשה" הוכרה כנישואים" 5199:(Report). 2009 International Religious Freedom Report. 3381:

were brought into the country by criminal elements for

2678:

Employment Distribution by Sector and Ethnicity (2008)

1985:, was a collection of interviews with residents of the 1799:

Education programs in prison for Security Imprisonments

1495:

in 2003, the Knesset made a temporary amendment to the

1089: 960:

Declaration of the Establishment of the State of Israel

943:. That resolution followed a longstanding precedent of 831:, intended to form the basis of a future constitution, 11221:

Human rights violations against Palestinians by Israel

8278: 7992:"Israel police clash with Ethiopian Jewish protesters" 6731:"Gaza Strip: Freedom in the World 2023 Country Report" 6631:"Reporters Without Borders – Press Freedom Index 2009" 6613:"Israeli Rights Groups View Themselves as Under Siege" 4293:

Human rights violations against Palestinians by Israel

1714:

Prisoners are allowed to take online courses from the

9560:

Amnesty accuses Israel of using human shields in Gaza

9084:"Deconstructing Apartheid Accusations Against Israel" 7738:"Israeli Arabs arrested over Gaza social media posts" 6749:"West Bank: Freedom in the World 2023 Country Report" 6445:"IDF censor redacted two thousand news items in 2019" 4237:

designated six Palestinian human rights organizations

4232:(investigator) from gaining access to the West Bank. 3311:

Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities

1850:

A cross-section of Israel's local newspapers in 1949.

1766:

believes that the practice breaches Article 9 of the

1372:

time, an Arab Israeli chaired a permanent committee.

9687:"Fatal Choices: Israel's Policy of Targeted Killing" 6662:"Israel falls near bottom of press freedom rankings" 5913:"Background of the High Court of Justice's Decision" 5433:"Buddhanet's Middle East Buddhist Directory: Israel" 4862:

Mallison's testimony during the Senate hearings on "

4624:"US watchdog: Israel is Mideast's only 'free' state" 1768:

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

10754: 9964:

on 13 February 2008 – via Human Rights Watch.

8065:"Israeli Ultra-Orthodox Jews Protest School Ruling" 7922:"Israel to jail illegal migrants for up to 3 years" 5328: 5326: 4864:

Colonization Of The West Bank Territories By Israel

3850:carrying photos of Palestinian-American journalist 3748:guaranteed by Israeli law. Arab-Israeli journalist 3615: 2580:Proportion of Arab employees in Various Ministries 2366:. The seven partnering organizations in Israel are 8427:"7957/04 Mara'abe v. The Prime Minister of Israel" 8018:"Protest against discrimination of Ethiopian Jews" 7773:Kottasová, Ivana; Saifi, Zeena (5 November 2023). 7593: 7591: 7295:Commons Library Research Briefing, 9 February 2022 6860:High Court rejects appeal against anti-boycott law 6713:"Israel: Freedom in the World 2023 Country Report" 6355:"India and Israel: Evolving Strategic Partnership" 6003:"Landau Commission examined interrogation methods" 4371:Israel 2022 Human Rights Report: Executive Summary 1811: 1718:, and to complete academic degrees. This is not a 9849:. United Jewish Communities. 2002. Archived from 9546:Reuters, 22 April 2004. Retrieved 18 January 2010 7256: 7254: 7252: 7250: 7248: 6085:[Academic studies of security prisoners] 5988:See full text of Jerusalem A-19 on Wikisource at 4882:. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. pp. 210–212. 3579:Category:Non-profit organizations based in Israel 3497:. Residents of the Golan Heights are entitled to 3414: 1545:Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights 11248: 9994: 9992: 9990: 9649: 9491: 9489: 8511:See UN Document E/CN.4/RES/S-5/1 19 October 2000 8043:"חוק זכויות התלמיד באנגלית – Pupils' Rights Law" 6352: 6054: 5739:"CCF Israel Report of the Israeli Civil Society" 5323: 3900:Hamas § Children and women as human shields 3729:restrictions placed on movements of Palestinians 1523:Human rights activists have criticised Israel's 1328:Elections, political parties, and representation 1075:The Citizenship and Entry into Israel Law (2003) 9977:"Offering Video, Israel Answers Critics on War" 9710: 9684: 9583:The Israeli Information Center for Human Rights 9155: 8381:"Israel: Free French-Palestinian Rights Worker" 8327: 7830:"Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees" 7588: 7418:"Gender and employment [Areas of work]" 6406:Times, Special to the New York (29 June 1982). 6107: 6105: 6103: 5456: 5454: 3488: 2364:Jewish Women's Collaborative International Fund 1992:filmed in April 2002, a week after the battle. 1834:Internet censorship and surveillance by country 10008:United Nations News Centre, 15 September 2009. 8957: 8955: 8808:Apartheid. (2024, January 15). Retrieved from 7772: 7694:"Identifying with Israel's national character" 7476: 7474: 7472: 7470: 7245: 6074: 5907: 5905: 4283:Human Rights Organization of Judea and Samaria 3472:On 7 March 2022, Israeli authorities detained 3437:List of countries by health insurance coverage 1932:. According to the press freedom organization 10740: 10333: 9987: 9537:Activists say Israel held boy as human shield 9486: 9216:. Amnesty International. 2004. Archived from 8823:"South African union joins boycott of Israel" 8429:. United Nations High Commission for Refugees 8408:"Golan Heights Land, Lifestyle Lure Settlers" 8321: 5707: 5705: 4177:Government attitude toward NGOs and activists 3449:List of OECD countries by health care outcome 3045: 2974:Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees 2845:In a report submitted to the United Nations, 2773:Human rights group B'Tselem has claimed that 2051:Reporters Without Borders Press Freedom Index 1804:three prisoners appealed the decision to the 765: 9611:. Supreme Court of Israel. 14 December 2006. 9412: 8760:"Regions and territories: The Golan Heights" 8227: 7812:"Israel aumenta el cerco a su minoría árabe" 7527: 7525: 7523: 7288:"LGBT+ rights and issues in the Middle East" 6408:"Censorship by Israel: How It's Carried Out" 6100: 5651: 5633:"Marriage law divides Israeli Arab families" 5546: 5542: 5540: 5451: 5193:Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor 4675: 4673: 4671: 4669: 4667: 4618: 4616: 4278:Children in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict 4149:Mass detentions in the 2023 Israel–Hamas war 3760: 3753:defamatory and inflammatory, and reflects a 2769:Mass detentions in the 2023 Israel–Hamas war 1449: 1425:Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor 1054:, differentiate between Jewish Israelis and 1009:Israeli Basic Law: Human Dignity and Liberty 807:as a "Jewish state" – the legal definition " 11076:Arabic Network for Human Rights Information 9789: 9131:"The poisonous myth of 'Israeli apartheid'" 8991: 8989: 8952: 7467: 7442: 6767:"Israel Bans Film about Jenin Refugee Camp" 6301:"Court: End of Free College for Terrorists" 6273: 6192:"Apartheid and the occupation of Palestine" 6080: 5902: 5881: 5879: 5877: 5875: 5873: 5871: 5869: 5867: 5187: 5185: 5183: 4665: 4663: 4661: 4659: 4657: 4655: 4653: 4651: 4649: 4647: 4288:Human rights in the Palestinian territories 4169:. As a result, Gaza is undergoing a severe 3932:In April 2004, human rights activists from 3282: 2452:status for same-sex domestic partners. The 1748: 966:of 2 November 1917, and re-affirmed in the 10747: 10733: 10340: 10326: 9352: 9350: 9118:Aftershock: Anti-Zionism and anti-Semitism 7420:. Ilo.org. 1 December 2009. Archived from 6361:. Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies 5702: 5219: 4879:Israel Yearbook on Human Rights, Volume 25 4099:Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons 3955:Targeted killings by Israel Defense Forces 3251: 2750: 2556:Category:Anti-discrimination law in Israel 2301:Category:Women's rights in the Middle East 772: 758: 11216:Human rights in Muslim-majority countries 10269:International Federation for Human Rights 9974: 9968: 9762: 9656:Journal of International Criminal Justice 9381: 9267: 9265: 9263: 9261: 9113:, presented on 19 October 2004. Cited in 8961: 8279:Human Rights Committee (21 August 2003). 8272: 7986: 7984: 7520: 7180:"Equality, Religion and Gender in Israel" 6879:BDS Roiling Israel, U.S. College Campuses 6840: 6321: 5537: 5167:"Who gets to vote in Israel's democracy?" 5117:Association for Civil Rights in Israel, " 4613: 4433:"Israel's apartheid against Palestinians" 4249:Bisan Center for Research and Development 4128: 2968:Illegal immigration from Africa to Israel 2672:Country Reports on Human Rights Practices 2384:Category:Middle Eastern women in politics 2305:Category:Middle Eastern women in politics 922:Learn how and when to remove this message 851:Country Reports on Human Rights Practices 11236:Association Marocaine des Droits Humaine 10347: 9520:Israel Probes "Human Shield" Allegations 9459: 9447:. Amnesty International. 4 November 2002 9240:"Court orders changes to West Bank wall" 9038:"The Declaration of the State of Israel" 8986: 8722: 8650: 8644: 8544: 8459: 8356:"Israel's fight against sex trafficking" 8301: 7535:. US Department of State. Archived from 6922: 6610: 6418: 6330:. University of Maryland. Archived from 6235:"Statistics on administrative detention" 5864: 5766: 5630: 5180: 4997:Transparency International Annual Report 4875: 4644: 3841: 3783:In 2003, the barrier was condemned by a 3770: 3630: 3619: 3484:Human rights in the occupied territories 3058: 1897:during their forced evacuation from the 1845: 1442:is also active as a religion in Israel. 1389: 11102:Egyptian Initiative for Personal Rights 11068: 10050:. League of Arab States. Archived from 9347: 9322: 9232: 9202: 9176: 8995: 8962:Steinberg, Gerald M. (28 August 2004). 8908:Le Monde diplomatique – English edition 8606:. Reuters. 2 April 2008. Archived from 6687:"Press Freedom Rankings by Region 2009" 6495: 6493: 6491: 6399: 6189: 6025:"Ha'aretz quoted a senior GSS official" 5786: 5684:"Israel's "Demographic Demon" in Court" 5561: 5549:"Arab spouses face Israeli legal purge" 5461:Rising Tide of Restrictions on Religion 5239:. p. (cover story). Archived from 5225: 5164: 4712: 4534: 4368: 4261:Union of Palestinian Women's Committees 4157:War crimes in the 2023 Israel–Hamas war 4141:2023 Israeli blockade of the Gaza Strip 3925:Neighbor Procedure was outlawed by the 3889: 3599: 3461:Category:Water privatization by country 3339: 3242: 2939: 2377: 1673:, headed by then-Supreme Court Justice 1632:List of countries by incarceration rate 1029:Category:Human rights abuses by country 11249: 10962:Cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment 9879:. London. 1 March 2009. Archived from 9765:"What the Geneva Protocols Really Say" 9571: 9258: 9064:For Israel's Arabs It Is Not Apartheid 9008: 8820: 8405: 8239:Factbook on Global Sexual Exploitation 8203: 8167: 8089: 7981: 7363: 6659: 6557:"Israel Is Silencing Internal Critics" 6111: 5792: 4459: 4273:Association for Civil Rights in Israel 3838:Rule of Law in Armed Conflicts Project 3820:Military and security-related activity 3710:Congress of South African Trade Unions 3535:Human rights in the State of Palestine 2274:Freedom of information laws by country 1944:against the Israeli military over the 1914:Association for Civil Rights in Israel 1726: 1617: 1375: 1314:Association for Civil Rights in Israel 839:and Israeli human rights organization 10728: 10321: 10257: 9763:Schneider, Scott (28 November 2003). 9273:"Israel and the Occupied Territories" 9158:"ערביי ישראל – במלכודת ההונאה העצמית" 9014: 8996:Kinsley, Michael (12 December 2006). 7871: 6554: 6442: 6405: 6083:"לימודים אקדמיים של אסירים ביטחוניים" 5933: 5931: 5929: 5844: 5767:Braddick, Imogen (24 December 2021). 5711: 5332: 4927: 4925: 4578: 4576: 4574: 4572: 4570: 4257:Union of Agricultural Work Committees 4145:Evacuation of the northern Gaza Strip 3951:Targeted Killing in International Law 3565:Persecution of human rights activists 3361:Category:Human trafficking by country 2958:Illegal immigrants and asylum seekers 2403: 1709: 1594: 1556:Judiciary system and criminal justice 1497:Citizenship and Entry into Israel Law 1106:annual survey and report by US-based 1041: 9512: 8878:"Occupation, Colonialism, Apartheid" 8353: 8328:Walla editorial (14 November 2006). 7809: 7455:from the original on 12 January 2024 7443:Khromchenko, Yulie (28 March 2005). 7388:"Homosexual rights around the world" 7262:"העדפה מתקנת בעבודה ובשירות הציבורי" 6841:MacIntyre, Donald (6 January 2011). 6653: 6488: 6055:Harriet Sherwood (3 November 2011). 6045:Amoral America By Robert Fearn p.472 5818: 5567: 5138:University of Maryland School of Law 4568: 4566: 4564: 4562: 4560: 4558: 4556: 4554: 4552: 4550: 3677: 3441:Universal health coverage by country 3354: 3326:Israeli Organization of the Disabled 1605:Use of capital punishment by country 1090:Rights and liberties ratings by NGOs 874: 833:Basic Law: Human Dignity and Liberty 10984:Human right to water and sanitation 9767:. StrategyWorld.com. Archived from 9214:AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL PRESS RELEASE 8653:"Settler Violence = State Violence" 8547:Leiden Journal of International Law 8462:Leiden Journal of International Law 7646:Israel and The Occupied Territories 7600:Israel and the occupied territories 6785:"Israel court lifts Jenin film ban" 6359:Mideast Security and Policy Studies 6353:P.R. Kumaraswamy (September 1998). 5888:Israel and the occupied territories 5793:Sharma, Shweta (24 December 2021). 5311:"Satellite News and latest stories" 5197:Israel and the occupied territories 4993:"2008 Corruption Perceptions Index" 4682:Israel and The Occupied Territories 4046: 3944: 3708:– by various parties including the 3351:tuition scholarships by the state. 2328:Israeli Declaration of Independence 2263: 1951:In 2009, Israel ranked 93rd in the 867:Israeli Declaration of Independence 837:United Nations Human Rights Council 823:have been subject to international 800:as well as other groups in Israel. 13: 10127:. United Nations. 17 November 2023 10017: 9685:Steven R. David (September 2002). 9650:Orna Ben-Naftali (31 March 2007). 8704:"See CERD/C/SR.1250, 9 March 1998" 8164:The Jerusalem Post, 1 January 2015 7879:African Refugee Development Center 7810:Pita, Antonio (11 November 2023). 6869:The Times of Israel, 16 April 2015 6555:Sfard, Michael (2 November 2023). 5926: 5845:Sones, Mordechai (12 March 2019). 5361:. 25 February 2009. Archived from 4922: 4253:Defense for Children International 4167:"total blockade" of the Gaza Strip 4161:On 7 October 2023, Hamas launched 4062:war crimes in the 2006 Lebanon war 3688:Israeli human rights organization 3624:A neighbourhood in the settlement 3575:List of human rights organisations 3263: 3083:An August 2009 study published in 1312:in recent years. According to the 14: 11303: 9752:, but it requires a subscription. 8810:https://www.btselem.org/apartheid 8406:Wilson, Scott (30 October 2006). 6611:Kershner, Isabel (5 April 2010). 5712:Chung, Frank (28 December 2021). 5165:Sheizaf, Noam (30 October 2012). 4547: 4379:United States Department of State 4298: 4219:Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions 4027:International aid to Palestinians 3071:-Jewish primary school in Israel. 3031:Hotline for Refugees and Migrants 2297:Category:Women's rights in Israel 2282: 2022:Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions 1857:is officially carried out by the 1646:uses methods constituting torture 790:United States Department of State 641:Jewish exodus from Arab countries 271:Israeli–Palestinian peace process 11117:Al Mezan Center for Human Rights 11107:Defenders of Human Rights Center 11081:Arab Commission for Human Rights 10708: 10699: 10698: 10238: 10219: 10200: 10175: 10157: 10139: 10113: 10095: 10069: 10037: 10011: 9950: 9921: 9895: 9865: 9843:"Salah Shehada – Arch Terrorist" 9835: 9813: 9783: 9756: 9704: 9678: 9643: 9615: 9597: 9549: 9529: 9437: 9375: 9305: 9156:Ben Dror Yemini (4 March 2007). 9149: 9123: 9096: 9076: 9056: 8922: 8896: 8870: 8840: 8814: 8802: 8790: 8778: 8752: 8706:. United Nations. Archived from 8696: 8670: 8622: 8592: 8573: 8538: 8505: 8496: 8453: 8418: 8399: 8373: 8347: 8295: 8257: 8197: 8148: 8123: 8114: 8083: 8057: 8035: 8010: 7962: 7938: 7914: 7890: 7847: 7822: 7803: 7785: 7766: 7748: 7730: 7712: 7686: 7660: 7637: 7614: 7565: 7551: 7499: 7436: 7410: 7380: 7364:Walzer, Lee (21 February 2002). 7357: 7335: 7309: 7280: 7224: 7198: 7172: 7150: 7124: 7098: 7072: 7046: 7020: 6994: 6968: 6942: 6916: 6891: 6872: 6853: 6803: 6777: 6759: 6660:Tucker, Nati (31 January 2013). 6081:Yaniv Ronen (28 November 2012). 5819:Hall, Jason (27 December 2021). 5588:"UN blasts Israeli marriage law" 5470:The Pew Forum, 20 September 2012 5411:"Diamond Way Buddhism in Israel" 5333:Elder, Akiva (6 November 2009). 5291:. Arutz Sheva. 25 September 2006 4902: 4067: 3616:Settlements and settler violence 3528: 2761:Category:Human rights by country 2041:Committee to Protect Journalists 1079:occupied Palestinian territories 1025:Category:Human rights by country 879: 813:occupied Palestinian territories 30: 10756:Human rights in the Middle East 9960:. 2 August 2006. Archived from 9086:, presented in September 2007. 8354:Berg, Raffi (6 November 2007). 8302:Marciano, Ilan (20 June 1995). 7264:. Moital.gov.il. Archived from 6741: 6723: 6705: 6679: 6623: 6604: 6574: 6548: 6523: 6462: 6436: 6373: 6346: 6315: 6303:. Arutz Sheva. 25 December 2012 6293: 6267: 6245: 6227: 6219:. 30 April 1997. Archived from 6205: 6183: 6157: 6131: 6048: 6039: 6017: 5995: 5982: 5956: 5838: 5812: 5760: 5731: 5676: 5645: 5624: 5606: 5580: 5515: 5490: 5473: 5425: 5403: 5377: 5347: 5303: 5281: 5255: 5231:"Jerusalem: A Tale of One City" 5158: 5131: 5111: 5088: 5065: 5042: 5019: 4985: 4960: 4934: 4896: 4869: 4856: 4839: 4830: 4821: 4810: 4784: 4767: 4735: 4706: 4696: 4601: 4537:Israel Yearbook of Human Rights 4023:Israeli disengagement from Gaza 3834:List of ongoing armed conflicts 2972:Israel is a state party to the 2765:Human rights in the Middle East 2738:Banking, insurance, and finance 2548:Human rights in the Middle East 2470:military service of homosexuals 1812:Freedom of speech and the media 1733:Palestinian prisoners in Israel 1703:against Palestinian detainees. 1136:The Economist Intelligence Unit 1021:Human rights in the Middle East 190:UN Partition Plan for Palestine 11267:Human rights in the Gaza Strip 11231:Sahrawi Association of Victims 10947:Arbitrary arrest and detention 10666:British Indian Ocean Territory 9470:Jenin: IDF Military Operations 9184:"UN condemns West Bank 'wall'" 9062:Khaled Toameh, 9 March 2010, " 8936:. 18 June 2008. Archived from 8880:. 22 June 2009. Archived from 8854:. 2 April 2008. Archived from 8821:Bodoni, Ronen (20 June 1995). 8736:. 7 April 2005. Archived from 8268:. 13 January 1998. p. 10. 7978:Tablet Magazine, 6 August 2010 7482:"Council for Higher Education" 6888:The Jewish Week, 22 April 2015 6443:Matar, Haggai (9 March 2020). 6322:Aluf Benn (July–August 2001). 6259:. 27 July 2006. Archived from 6112:Shaked, Ronny (20 June 1995). 5525:. Mako.co.il. 28 December 2014 5389:Baháʼí International Community 4528: 4501: 4474: 4460:Shakir, Omar (27 April 2021). 4453: 4425: 4403: 4385: 4362: 3959:List of Israeli assassinations 3793:International Court of Justice 3720:, and Israel Attorney-General 3559:International Court of Justice 3415:Privatization and human rights 2908:, Israel has carried out mass 2487: 2421: 1566:List of national legal systems 1386:Freedom of religion by country 1: 11292:Political prisoners in Israel 11262:Human rights in the West Bank 9975:Greg Myre (5 December 2006). 8904:"Israel: an apartheid state?" 8206:"Psychiatric Hospitalization" 8204:Lerner, Jacob (19 May 2005). 8179:Disability World Issue No. 13 8090:Kashti, Or (12 August 2009). 7930:. 3 June 2012. Archived from 6582:"Israel – Annual report 2006" 5638:The Christian Science Monitor 4942:"Map of Freedom in the World" 4351: 4263:—as terrorist organizations. 4153:2023 Gaza humanitarian crisis 3997:Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades 3986:Part 3, Article 1, Section 28 3552:UN Commission on Human Rights 3297:Inclusion (disability rights) 3103:Engineering and architecture 2418:in civil service employment. 2400:in civil service employment. 2061:Freedom of the Press (report) 1789:Ansar 3/Ketziot Military Camp 1745:prisoners in Israeli jails." 1574:Israeli law provides for the 1510:Israeli High Court of Justice 1077:denies Palestinians from the 1000:Charter of the United Nations 415:comparisons with Nazi Germany 11277:Israeli–Palestinian conflict 11097:Kurdish Human Rights Project 9724:. p. 29. Archived from 9358:"This page has been removed" 8680:. .ohchr.org. Archived from 8330:"Sex Trafficking Going Down" 8264:"A Modern Form of Slavery". 7366:"Queer in the Land of Sodom" 7321:International Herald Tribune 6324:"Israel: Censoring the past" 6274:Barak Ravid (23 June 2011). 6139:"United Nations News Centre" 5652:DAN IZENBERG (15 May 2006). 5547:Ben Lynfield (15 May 2006). 5413:. Diamond Way Buddhism. 2006 5155:," Vol. 77, Issue 1, art. 11 4713:Krasner, Stephen D. (1999). 4356: 4016: 3830:List of military occupations 3489:Israeli Military Governorate 3054: 2458:British Mandate of Palestine 1938:criticising Israeli policies 1822:Freedom of speech by country 1601:Capital punishment in Israel 1357:Israeli-occupied territories 1254:Israeli occupied territories 1159:Corruption Perceptions Index 1037:State of World Liberty Index 904:Knowledge's inclusion policy 228:Israeli–Palestinian conflict 7: 11206:Humanitarian crisis in Gaza 7969:Strangers in a Strange Land 7132:"Reporters Sans Frontières" 7106:"Reporters Sans Frontières" 7080:"Reporters Sans Frontières" 7054:"Reporters Sans Frontières" 7028:"Reporters Sans Frontières" 7002:"Reporters Sans Frontières" 6976:"Reporters Sans Frontières" 6950:"Reporters Sans Frontières" 6089:(in Hebrew). Archived from 5568:York, New (1 August 2003). 4266: 4235:On 19 October 2021, Israel 3787:"overwhelmingly" passed by 3365:Human trafficking in Israel 3289:Disability rights in Israel 2874:Jewish and democratic state 2093:Israel (Israeli territory) 1960:Operation Pillar of Defense 1930:Women for Israel's Tomorrow 1628:Life imprisonment in Israel 1476:in Israel, and get through 1346:Right of foreigners to vote 809:Jewish and democratic state 805:Declaration of Independence 803:Israel is described in its 552:Israel Aerospace Industries 411:Criticism of the government 10: 11308: 11046:Women's suffrage, timeline 10285: 9905:. Nola.com. Archived from 9382:Luft, Gal (October 2002). 8964:"The Apartheid Propaganda" 7507:"ייצוג הולם בשירות המדינה" 6426:"BBC says sorry to Israel" 6253:"Administrative Detention" 5001:Transparency International 4794:. Yale.edu. Archived from 4719:Princeton University Press 4138: 4132: 4097:) or in civilian areas by 4071: 4050: 4020: 3948: 3893: 3880:Operation Defensive Shield 3823: 3764: 3681: 3638: 3568: 3532: 3425:Category:Housing in Israel 3418: 3358: 3343: 3324:and fellow members of the 3286: 3267: 3046:African citizens of Israel 2961: 2943: 2904:Since the outbreak of the 2754: 2537: 2513:World Zionist Organization 2476:in all units of the army. 2462:Attorney General of Israel 2425: 2407: 2381: 2286: 2267: 2096:Israel (extraterritorial) 2054: 1815: 1752: 1730: 1658:in the first month of the 1621: 1598: 1559: 1453: 1436:Universal House of Justice 1379: 1331: 1141:Transparency International 1096:List of indices of freedom 1093: 1018: 864: 860: 233:Iran–Israel proxy conflict 11193: 11172: 11089: 11059: 10934: 10762: 10694: 10653: 10613: 10355: 10216:, 9 May 2018, Independent 9479:24 September 2015 at the 8732:(Report). United Nations 8559:10.1017/S0922156505002839 8535:, para 120, 134, and 142. 8474:10.1017/S0922156505002839 6635:Reporters Without Borders 6586:Reporters Without Borders 6387:(in Hebrew). 16 June 2021 5613:A/58/18 of 22 August 2003 4509:"ארכיון Settler Violence" 4037:blockading the Gaza strip 3775:Israeli West Bank barrier 3767:Israeli West Bank barrier 3761:Israeli West Bank barrier 3433:Health systems by country 3258:Open University of Israel 3111: 3108: 3106:Sciences and mathematics 3105: 3102: 3099: 2617:Industry, Trade and Labor 2503:The Israeli legal center 2070:Reporters Without Borders 2039:In 2023, a report by the 1953:Reporters Without Borders 1934:Reporters Without Borders 1716:Open University of Israel 1583:and cases are decided by 1450:Marriage and divorce laws 1152: 1149: 1134: 1131: 493:National Security Council 10415:East Timor (Timor-Leste) 10235:, Haaretz, 10 April 2018 9102:Rufin, Jean-Christophe. 8283:(Report). United Nations 7951:15 November 2016 at the 7206:"Israel Women's Network" 6414:– via NYTimes.com. 4876:Dinstein, Yoram (1996). 3982:Fourth Geneva Convention 3939:Fourth Geneva Convention 3807:Echoing this sentiment, 3645:Israeli settler violence 3519:Fourth Geneva Convention 3377:. Women from the former 3309:Israel has ratified the 3301:Developmental disability 3283:People with disabilities 2560:Israel has ratified the 2342:The Israeli parliament, 2334:In 1969, Israel elected 2316:Israel has ratified the 1760:Administrative detention 1755:Administrative detention 1749:Administrative detention 953:Minority Protection Plan 298:Unilateral disengagement 195:Independence Declaration 11287:Human rights by country 10957:Crimes against humanity 10676:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 9847:Israel Embassy Briefing 9748:13 October 2012 at the 9542:31 October 2022 at the 8930:"Palestinian Realities" 8585:19 October 2017 at the 8523:, para 88, and 112–113. 8213:Statistical Annual 2004 7974:16 January 2016 at the 7884:6 February 2012 at the 7577:31 October 2022 at the 7345:. CNN. 21 November 2006 6505:Annual Report on Israel 6143:UN News Service Section 5825:wbznewsradio.iheart.com 5618:22 January 2008 at the 5574:San Francisco Chronicle 5104:31 October 2022 at the 5035:31 October 2022 at the 4749:18 October 2013 at the 3999:, the military wing of 3963:Israel has a policy of 3934:Rabbis for Human Rights 3927:Supreme Court of Israel 3743:that seeks to deny the 3252:Education for prisoners 3078:Supreme Court of Israel 2880:opposition party chief 2757:Arab citizens of Israel 2751:Arab citizens of Israel 2466:anti-gay discrimination 2448:. Israel also grants a 2388:Women in Arab societies 2065:List of freedom indices 2006:Supreme Court of Israel 1875:nuclear weapons program 1859:Israeli Military Censor 1773:prisoners of conscience 1636:Torture is reported by 1562:Israeli judicial system 1478:New Family Organization 1322:Supreme Court of Israel 1297:as the score increases. 1129:Country / Entity – NGO 1033:List of freedom indices 855:Arab citizens of Israel 817:Palestinian territories 11257:Human rights in Israel 9823:. CNN. 7 February 2001 9609:– Summary of Judgment" 9391:Harvard Kennedy School 9286:. 2005. Archived from 9246:. London. 30 June 2004 9190:. BBC. 22 October 2003 8734:Human Rights Committee 8160:5 January 2015 at the 8045:. Cms.education.gov.il 7210:Jewish Women's Archive 7184:Jewish Women's Archive 6637:. 2009. Archived from 6588:. 2006. Archived from 5359:US Department of State 5201:US Department of State 5099:We Refuse to Back Down 5003:. 2008. Archived from 4968:"Democracy Index 2010" 4381:. 2023. pp. 1–69. 4129:2023: Israel–Hamas war 3855: 3776: 3636: 3628: 3585:Israeli military court 3571:Human rights activists 3421:List of privatizations 3369:Prostitution in Israel 3305:Disability and poverty 3072: 3003:In a 2012 news story, 2910:arrests and detentions 2813:Exempt from mandatory 2099:Palestinian Authority 1942:war crimes allegations 1851: 1781:Israel Prisons Service 1679:Israel Security Agency 1570:Universal jurisdiction 1418:Israeli Defense Forces 1401: 1352:US Department of State 1350:According to the 2015 1310:human rights activists 584:Science and Technology 488:Intelligence Community 11201:Collective punishment 11021:Right to a fair trial 10349:Human rights in Asia 10254:, Haaretz, 3 May 2018 10169:The Business Standard 9716:"Hamas kills its own" 9316:26 March 2009 at the 9284:Amnesty International 9109:27 March 2009 at the 8678:"See ICERD Article 3" 6923:Molana-Allen, Leila. 6884:24 April 2015 at the 6865:16 April 2015 at the 6257:Amnesty International 6223:on 22 September 2006. 6217:Amnesty International 5968:Amnesty International 5943:Amnesty International 5466:22 April 2015 at the 5385:"Baháʼí World Centre" 5072:Amnesty International 4462:"A Threshold Crossed" 4438:Amnesty International 4413:. Avalon.law.yale.edu 4209:The participation of 4135:2023 Israel–Hamas war 4110:Palestinian militants 4105:during the conflict. 3914:Amnesty International 3845: 3809:Amnesty International 3798:Israeli Supreme Court 3774: 3698:Amnesty International 3634: 3623: 3399:In October 2006, the 3063:Sign in front of the 3062: 2906:2023 Israel–Hamas war 2824:"According to a 2003 2689:Jewish employees (%) 2573:Employment Law (1988) 2428:LGBT rights in Israel 2082:Palestinian Authority 1849: 1830:Censorship by country 1806:Israeli Supreme Court 1764:Amnesty International 1660:2023 Israel–Hamas war 1652:Amnesty International 1624:Israel Prison Service 1576:right to a fair trial 1393: 1150:Freedom in the World 223:Arab–Israeli conflict 11272:Gaza–Israel conflict 11226:Israel and apartheid 11211:Human rights in Asia 11026:Right to development 10907:United Arab Emirates 10590:United Arab Emirates 9771:on 29 September 2007 8998:"It's Not Apartheid" 8934:Thejerusalemfund.org 8235:"Israel Trafficking" 6592:on 30 September 2007 5851:Israel National News 5746:tbinternet.ohchr.org 5229:(14 November 1994). 5058:21 June 2018 at the 5028:, 16 January 2011, " 4200:Breaking the Silence 4085:The report condemns 3890:Use of human shields 3684:Israel and apartheid 3600:Economic development 3591:High Representative 2797:Jewish National Fund 2727:Managerial positions 2694:Construction (males) 2494:Jewish National Fund 2484:seeking employment. 2378:Arab women in Israel 2057:Freedom of the press 1855:Censorship in Israel 1842:Censorship in Israel 1223:Political corruption 1215:Authoritarian regime 1103:Freedom in the World 1065:expelled or who fled 1056:Palestinian Israelis 829:Basic Laws of Israel 287:Occupied territories 11135:HRFS (founded 2002) 10972:Freedom of religion 10617:limited recognition 10250:10 May 2018 at the 10231:11 May 2018 at the 10171:. 21 November 2023. 10153:. 20 November 2023. 10004:1 July 2017 at the 9801:on 19 February 2006 9668:10.1093/jicj/mqm006 9565:5 July 2009 at the 9535:Johnston, Cynthia. 9505:4 June 2011 at the 9090:8 June 2011 at the 9073:", Hudson New York. 9024:The Washington Post 9002:The Washington Post 8610:on 13 February 2010 8412:The Washington Post 7867:on 18 October 2012. 7626:5 July 2006 at the 7398:on 10 December 2005 7008:on 20 December 2008 6982:on 19 February 2009 6956:on 19 February 2009 5365:on 26 February 2009 5195:(26 October 2009). 5151:29 May 2018 at the 5142:Maryland Law Review 5124:10 May 2018 at the 5081:13 May 2021 at the 4204:Adalah Legal Center 4171:humanitarian crisis 3995:, the commander of 3826:Military occupation 3789:UN General Assembly 3096: 2964:Illegal immigration 2898:Adalah Legal Center 2893:Adalah Legal Center 2716:Business activities 2686:Arab employees (%) 2679: 2581: 2456:inherited from the 2450:common-law marriage 2102:Year's Worst Score 2074:Press Freedom Index 1973:Israel's film board 1956:Press Freedom Index 1893:rights afforded to 1871:Minister of Defense 1727:Political prisoners 1618:Rights of prisoners 1585:professional judges 1549:child support rules 1486:Common-law marriage 1376:Freedom of religion 1334:Elections in Israel 1125: 1048:the Nationality Law 992:freedom of religion 964:Balfour Declaration 947:in cases where the 934:The Council of the 871:Status quo (Israel) 821:Israeli governments 261:Treaties with Egypt 177:Balfour Declaration 11122:Association Najdeh 10952:Capital punishment 10212:9 May 2018 at the 10057:on 13 October 2009 9981:The New York Times 9929:"paragraph 1324-5" 9793:(29 August 2002). 9466:Human Rights Watch 9400:on 14 January 2006 9069:1 May 2010 at the 8910:. 10 November 2003 8858:on 10 October 2008 8740:on 22 January 2008 8634:The Jerusalem Post 8385:Human Rights Watch 8266:The Jerusalem Post 7799:. 2 November 2023. 7762:. 9 November 2023. 7744:. 21 October 2023. 7726:. 28 October 2023. 7698:The Jerusalem Post 7583:Human Rights Watch 7323:. 21 November 2006 7268:on 1 February 2013 7238:8 May 2014 at the 7138:on 22 October 2009 6791:. 11 November 2003 6641:on 22 October 2009 6617:The New York Times 6561:The New York Times 6474:The Jerusalem Post 6412:The New York Times 6263:on 24 August 2006. 5658:The Jerusalem Post 5316:The Jerusalem Post 5207:on 29 October 2009 5051:, 26, Feb. 2016, " 4817:wikiquote:Israel#I 4798:on 29 October 2006 4721:. pp. 92–93. 4629:The Jerusalem Post 4467:Human Rights Watch 4399:. 17 October 2023. 4230:special rapporteur 4095:Geneva Conventions 4074:Gaza War (2008–09) 4058:Human Rights Watch 3918:Human Rights Watch 3865:2008-2009 Gaza war 3856: 3777: 3694:Human Rights Watch 3641:Israeli settlement 3637: 3629: 3346:Affirmative action 3340:Affirmative action 3243:Affirmative action 3094: 3087:by Sorel Cahan of 3073: 2978:illegal immigrants 2952:affirmative action 2946:Affirmative action 2940:Affirmative action 2870:oath of allegiance 2781:Human Rights Watch 2775:Arabs in Jerusalem 2677: 2660:affirmative action 2579: 2416:affirmative action 2410:Affirmative action 2404:Affirmative action 2398:affirmative action 1946:Gaza War (2008–09) 1852: 1710:Education programs 1656:occupied West Bank 1595:Capital punishment 1482:Relationships Card 1456:Marriage in Israel 1402: 1382:Religion in Israel 1342:Universal suffrage 1308:organizations and 1121: 1042:Citizenship rights 988:prophets of Israel 984:Jewish immigration 636:Jewish immigration 11244: 11243: 11168: 11167: 11051:Male guardianship 10989:Human trafficking 10722: 10721: 10659:other territories 10109:. 9 October 2023. 9728:on 22 August 2006 9674:on 15 April 2013. 9639:on 9 August 2010. 9082:Gideon, Shimoni. 8245:on 11 August 2006 8185:on 2 October 2006 8102:on 13 August 2009 7674:. 10 October 2010 6773:. 1 January 2003. 5970:. 8 November 2023 5664:on 1 October 2007 5097:, 28 Jan. 2016, " 5074:, 12 April 2016, 4632:. 21 January 2013 4441:. 1 February 2022 4395:(Press release). 4338:, 26 January 2008 4006:On 1 March 2009, 3965:targeted killings 3852:Shireen Abu Akleh 3750:Khaled Abu Toameh 3678:Apartheid analogy 3658:Article 3 of the 3429:Housing in Israel 3375:human trafficking 3355:Human trafficking 3229: 3228: 3089:Hebrew University 2748: 2747: 2705:Unskilled workers 2648: 2647: 2588:% Arab employees 2517:The Jewish Agency 2438:same-sex marriage 2434:sexual minorities 2348:Sexual Harassment 2261: 2260: 1891:freedom of speech 1818:Freedom of speech 1671:Landau Commission 1506:suicide terrorism 1283: 1282: 1242:Flawed democracy 1217: 1184: 972:League of Nations 945:international law 936:League of Nations 932: 931: 924: 782: 781: 429:Foreign relations 293:West Bank barrier 282:International law 78:Mediterranean Sea 11299: 11282:Israel–Hamas war 11066: 11065: 10942:Academic freedom 10924:Yemeni civil war 10895:Syrian civil war 10749: 10742: 10735: 10726: 10725: 10712: 10702: 10701: 10671:Christmas Island 10357:Sovereign states 10342: 10335: 10328: 10319: 10318: 10314: 10312: 10310: 10304: 10297: 10280: 10279: 10277: 10275: 10261: 10255: 10242: 10236: 10223: 10217: 10204: 10198: 10197: 10195: 10193: 10179: 10173: 10172: 10161: 10155: 10154: 10143: 10137: 10136: 10134: 10132: 10117: 10111: 10110: 10107:Business Insider 10099: 10093: 10092: 10090: 10088: 10083:. 7 October 2023 10073: 10067: 10066: 10064: 10062: 10056: 10049: 10041: 10035: 10034: 10032: 10030: 10015: 10009: 9996: 9985: 9984: 9972: 9966: 9965: 9954: 9948: 9947: 9945: 9943: 9933: 9925: 9919: 9918: 9916: 9914: 9899: 9893: 9892: 9890: 9888: 9869: 9863: 9862: 9860: 9858: 9839: 9833: 9832: 9830: 9828: 9817: 9811: 9810: 9808: 9806: 9787: 9781: 9780: 9778: 9776: 9760: 9754: 9737: 9735: 9733: 9714:(24 July 2002). 9708: 9702: 9701: 9699: 9697: 9691: 9682: 9676: 9675: 9670:. Archived from 9647: 9641: 9640: 9638: 9631: 9619: 9613: 9612: 9601: 9595: 9594: 9592: 9590: 9585:. B'Tselem. 2006 9575: 9569: 9553: 9547: 9533: 9527: 9526:, 11 April 2007. 9516: 9510: 9509:", 20 July 2006. 9493: 9484: 9463: 9457: 9456: 9454: 9452: 9441: 9435: 9434: 9432: 9430: 9416: 9410: 9409: 9407: 9405: 9399: 9393:. Archived from 9388: 9379: 9373: 9372: 9370: 9368: 9354: 9345: 9344: 9342: 9340: 9326: 9320: 9309: 9303: 9302: 9300: 9298: 9292: 9277: 9269: 9256: 9255: 9253: 9251: 9236: 9230: 9229: 9227: 9225: 9220:on 2 August 2006 9206: 9200: 9199: 9197: 9195: 9188:BBC News Website 9180: 9174: 9173: 9171: 9169: 9153: 9147: 9146: 9144: 9142: 9127: 9121: 9100: 9094: 9080: 9074: 9060: 9054: 9053: 9051: 9049: 9034: 9028: 9027: 9018:(2 March 2010). 9012: 9006: 9005: 8993: 8984: 8983: 8981: 8979: 8974:on 29 April 2010 8970:. Archived from 8959: 8950: 8949: 8947: 8945: 8926: 8920: 8919: 8917: 8915: 8900: 8894: 8893: 8891: 8889: 8874: 8868: 8867: 8865: 8863: 8844: 8838: 8837: 8835: 8833: 8818: 8812: 8806: 8800: 8794: 8788: 8782: 8776: 8775: 8773: 8771: 8766:. 1 October 2004 8756: 8750: 8749: 8747: 8745: 8726: 8720: 8719: 8717: 8715: 8700: 8694: 8693: 8691: 8689: 8684:on 5 August 2010 8674: 8668: 8667: 8665: 8663: 8648: 8642: 8641: 8636:. Archived from 8626: 8620: 8619: 8617: 8615: 8596: 8590: 8577: 8571: 8570: 8542: 8536: 8530: 8524: 8518: 8512: 8509: 8503: 8500: 8494: 8493: 8457: 8451: 8445: 8439: 8438: 8436: 8434: 8422: 8416: 8415: 8403: 8397: 8396: 8394: 8392: 8387:. 16 August 2022 8377: 8371: 8370: 8368: 8366: 8351: 8345: 8344: 8342: 8340: 8325: 8319: 8318: 8316: 8314: 8299: 8293: 8292: 8290: 8288: 8276: 8270: 8269: 8261: 8255: 8254: 8252: 8250: 8241:. Archived from 8231: 8225: 8224: 8222: 8220: 8210: 8201: 8195: 8194: 8192: 8190: 8171: 8165: 8152: 8146: 8145: 8143: 8141: 8135: 8127: 8121: 8118: 8112: 8111: 8109: 8107: 8098:. Archived from 8087: 8081: 8080: 8078: 8076: 8061: 8055: 8054: 8052: 8050: 8039: 8033: 8032: 8030: 8028: 8014: 8008: 8007: 8005: 8003: 7988: 7979: 7966: 7960: 7942: 7936: 7935: 7918: 7912: 7911: 7909: 7907: 7902: 7894: 7888: 7875: 7869: 7868: 7866: 7860:. Archived from 7859: 7851: 7845: 7844: 7842: 7840: 7834: 7826: 7820: 7819: 7807: 7801: 7800: 7789: 7783: 7782: 7770: 7764: 7763: 7752: 7746: 7745: 7734: 7728: 7727: 7716: 7710: 7709: 7707: 7705: 7690: 7684: 7683: 7681: 7679: 7664: 7658: 7657: 7655: 7653: 7641: 7635: 7618: 7612: 7611: 7609: 7607: 7595: 7586: 7569: 7563: 7562: 7555: 7549: 7548: 7546: 7544: 7539:on 13 April 2011 7529: 7518: 7517: 7515: 7513: 7503: 7497: 7496: 7494: 7492: 7486: 7478: 7465: 7464: 7462: 7460: 7440: 7434: 7433: 7431: 7429: 7424:on 27 April 2009 7414: 7408: 7407: 7405: 7403: 7394:. Archived from 7384: 7378: 7377: 7375: 7373: 7361: 7355: 7354: 7352: 7350: 7339: 7333: 7332: 7330: 7328: 7313: 7307: 7306: 7304: 7302: 7292: 7284: 7278: 7277: 7275: 7273: 7258: 7243: 7228: 7222: 7221: 7219: 7217: 7202: 7196: 7195: 7193: 7191: 7176: 7170: 7169: 7167: 7165: 7154: 7148: 7147: 7145: 7143: 7128: 7122: 7121: 7119: 7117: 7102: 7096: 7095: 7093: 7091: 7086:on 21 April 2009 7076: 7070: 7069: 7067: 7065: 7050: 7044: 7043: 7041: 7039: 7034:on 29 April 2009 7024: 7018: 7017: 7015: 7013: 6998: 6992: 6991: 6989: 6987: 6972: 6966: 6965: 6963: 6961: 6946: 6940: 6939: 6937: 6935: 6920: 6914: 6913: 6911: 6909: 6895: 6889: 6876: 6870: 6857: 6851: 6850: 6838: 6829: 6828: 6826: 6824: 6807: 6801: 6800: 6798: 6796: 6781: 6775: 6774: 6763: 6757: 6756: 6745: 6739: 6738: 6727: 6721: 6720: 6709: 6703: 6702: 6700: 6698: 6683: 6677: 6676: 6674: 6672: 6657: 6651: 6650: 6648: 6646: 6627: 6621: 6620: 6608: 6602: 6601: 6599: 6597: 6578: 6572: 6571: 6569: 6567: 6552: 6546: 6545: 6543: 6541: 6527: 6521: 6520: 6518: 6516: 6497: 6486: 6485: 6483: 6481: 6466: 6460: 6459: 6457: 6455: 6440: 6434: 6433: 6432:. 12 March 2005. 6422: 6416: 6415: 6403: 6397: 6396: 6394: 6392: 6377: 6371: 6370: 6368: 6366: 6350: 6344: 6343: 6341: 6339: 6319: 6313: 6312: 6310: 6308: 6297: 6291: 6290: 6288: 6286: 6271: 6265: 6264: 6249: 6243: 6242: 6231: 6225: 6224: 6209: 6203: 6202: 6200: 6198: 6187: 6181: 6180: 6178: 6176: 6167:. Archived from 6165:"Press Releases" 6161: 6155: 6154: 6152: 6150: 6135: 6129: 6128: 6126: 6124: 6109: 6098: 6097: 6095: 6088: 6078: 6072: 6071: 6069: 6067: 6052: 6046: 6043: 6037: 6036: 6034: 6032: 6021: 6015: 6014: 6012: 6010: 5999: 5993: 5990:s:Jerusalem A-19 5986: 5980: 5979: 5977: 5975: 5960: 5954: 5953: 5951: 5949: 5935: 5924: 5923: 5921: 5919: 5909: 5900: 5899: 5897: 5895: 5883: 5862: 5861: 5859: 5857: 5842: 5836: 5835: 5833: 5831: 5816: 5810: 5809: 5807: 5805: 5790: 5784: 5783: 5781: 5779: 5764: 5758: 5757: 5755: 5753: 5743: 5735: 5729: 5728: 5726: 5724: 5709: 5700: 5699: 5697: 5695: 5680: 5674: 5673: 5671: 5669: 5660:. Archived from 5649: 5643: 5642: 5628: 5622: 5610: 5604: 5603: 5601: 5599: 5594:. 15 August 2003 5584: 5578: 5577: 5565: 5559: 5558: 5544: 5535: 5534: 5532: 5530: 5519: 5513: 5512: 5510: 5508: 5502: 5494: 5488: 5487: 5485: 5477: 5471: 5458: 5449: 5448: 5446: 5444: 5429: 5423: 5422: 5420: 5418: 5407: 5401: 5400: 5398: 5396: 5381: 5375: 5374: 5372: 5370: 5351: 5345: 5344: 5330: 5321: 5320: 5307: 5301: 5300: 5298: 5296: 5285: 5279: 5278: 5276: 5274: 5269:. 5 October 2006 5259: 5253: 5252: 5250: 5248: 5236:The New Republic 5223: 5217: 5216: 5214: 5212: 5203:. Archived from 5189: 5178: 5177: 5175: 5173: 5162: 5156: 5135: 5129: 5115: 5109: 5092: 5086: 5069: 5063: 5046: 5040: 5023: 5017: 5016: 5014: 5012: 5007:on 11 March 2009 4989: 4983: 4982: 4980: 4978: 4972: 4964: 4958: 4957: 4955: 4953: 4938: 4932: 4929: 4920: 4919: 4917: 4915: 4900: 4894: 4893: 4873: 4867: 4860: 4854: 4843: 4837: 4834: 4828: 4825: 4819: 4814: 4808: 4807: 4805: 4803: 4788: 4782: 4771: 4765: 4739: 4733: 4732: 4710: 4704: 4700: 4694: 4693: 4691: 4689: 4677: 4642: 4641: 4639: 4637: 4620: 4611: 4605: 4599: 4598: 4596: 4594: 4580: 4545: 4544: 4532: 4526: 4525: 4523: 4521: 4505: 4499: 4498: 4496: 4494: 4478: 4472: 4471: 4457: 4451: 4450: 4448: 4446: 4429: 4423: 4422: 4420: 4418: 4407: 4401: 4400: 4389: 4383: 4382: 4376: 4366: 4255:-Palestine, the 4103:depleted uranium 4091:white phosphorus 4053:2006 Lebanon War 4047:2006 Lebanon War 4041:Goldstone Report 3977:suicide bombings 3945:Targeted killing 3741:new antisemitism 3737:Gerald Steinberg 3722:Michael Ben-Yair 3593:Catherine Ashton 3548:Al-Aqsa Intifada 3379:Soviet Republics 3097: 3093: 3027:Saharonim Prison 2872:to "Israel as a 2826:Haifa University 2815:military service 2680: 2676: 2582: 2578: 2540:Racism in Israel 2446:partner benefits 2289:Women's suffrage 2264:Right to privacy 2087: 2086: 2045:Israel–Hamas war 1912:, which include 1895:Israeli settlers 1493:Al-Aqsa Intifada 1338:Women's suffrage 1216: 1212: 1208: 1207:Flawed democracy 1204: 1201: 1199:Democracy rating 1188:Political rights 1183: 1179: 1175: 1172: 1126: 1120: 927: 920: 916: 913: 907: 883: 882: 875: 774: 767: 760: 259:Peace proposals 34: 24: 18: 17: 11307: 11306: 11302: 11301: 11300: 11298: 11297: 11296: 11247: 11246: 11245: 11240: 11189: 11164: 11085: 11055: 11036:Status of women 11031:Right to health 10930: 10831:Iraqi Kurdistan 10782:Northern Cyprus 10758: 10753: 10723: 10718: 10690: 10658: 10649: 10630:Northern Cyprus 10616: 10609: 10351: 10346: 10308: 10306: 10302: 10295: 10288: 10283: 10273: 10271: 10263: 10262: 10258: 10252:Wayback Machine 10243: 10239: 10233:Wayback Machine 10224: 10220: 10214:Wayback Machine 10205: 10201: 10191: 10189: 10181: 10180: 10176: 10163: 10162: 10158: 10145: 10144: 10140: 10130: 10128: 10119: 10118: 10114: 10101: 10100: 10096: 10086: 10084: 10075: 10074: 10070: 10060: 10058: 10054: 10047: 10043: 10042: 10038: 10028: 10026: 10018:Melman, Yossi. 10016: 10012: 10006:Wayback Machine 9997: 9988: 9973: 9969: 9956: 9955: 9951: 9941: 9939: 9931: 9927: 9926: 9922: 9912: 9910: 9901: 9900: 9896: 9886: 9884: 9883:on 2 March 2009 9877:The Independent 9871: 9870: 9866: 9856: 9854: 9853:on 28 June 2006 9841: 9840: 9836: 9826: 9824: 9819: 9818: 9814: 9804: 9802: 9788: 9784: 9774: 9772: 9761: 9757: 9750:Wayback Machine 9731: 9729: 9712:Podhoretz, John 9709: 9705: 9695: 9693: 9689: 9683: 9679: 9648: 9644: 9636: 9629: 9621: 9620: 9616: 9603: 9602: 9598: 9588: 9586: 9577: 9576: 9572: 9567:Wayback Machine 9558:, 1 July 2009, 9554: 9550: 9544:Wayback Machine 9534: 9530: 9517: 9513: 9507:Wayback Machine 9494: 9487: 9481:Wayback Machine 9464: 9460: 9450: 9448: 9443: 9442: 9438: 9428: 9426: 9418: 9417: 9413: 9403: 9401: 9397: 9386: 9380: 9376: 9366: 9364: 9356: 9355: 9348: 9338: 9336: 9328: 9327: 9323: 9318:Wayback Machine 9310: 9306: 9296: 9294: 9293:on 5 March 2009 9290: 9275: 9271: 9270: 9259: 9249: 9247: 9238: 9237: 9233: 9223: 9221: 9208: 9207: 9203: 9193: 9191: 9182: 9181: 9177: 9167: 9165: 9154: 9150: 9140: 9138: 9129: 9128: 9124: 9111:Wayback Machine 9101: 9097: 9092:Wayback Machine 9081: 9077: 9071:Wayback Machine 9061: 9057: 9047: 9045: 9036: 9035: 9031: 9013: 9009: 8994: 8987: 8977: 8975: 8960: 8953: 8943: 8941: 8940:on 16 July 2011 8928: 8927: 8923: 8913: 8911: 8902: 8901: 8897: 8887: 8885: 8884:on 22 June 2009 8876: 8875: 8871: 8861: 8859: 8846: 8845: 8841: 8831: 8829: 8819: 8815: 8807: 8803: 8795: 8791: 8783: 8779: 8769: 8767: 8758: 8757: 8753: 8743: 8741: 8728: 8727: 8723: 8713: 8711: 8710:on 9 March 2012 8702: 8701: 8697: 8687: 8685: 8676: 8675: 8671: 8661: 8659: 8649: 8645: 8640:on 9 July 2012. 8628: 8627: 8623: 8613: 8611: 8598: 8597: 8593: 8587:Wayback Machine 8578: 8574: 8543: 8539: 8531: 8527: 8519: 8515: 8510: 8506: 8501: 8497: 8458: 8454: 8446: 8442: 8432: 8430: 8423: 8419: 8404: 8400: 8390: 8388: 8379: 8378: 8374: 8364: 8362: 8352: 8348: 8338: 8336: 8326: 8322: 8312: 8310: 8300: 8296: 8286: 8284: 8277: 8273: 8263: 8262: 8258: 8248: 8246: 8233: 8232: 8228: 8218: 8216: 8208: 8202: 8198: 8188: 8186: 8173: 8172: 8168: 8162:Wayback Machine 8153: 8149: 8139: 8137: 8133: 8129: 8128: 8124: 8119: 8115: 8105: 8103: 8088: 8084: 8074: 8072: 8063: 8062: 8058: 8048: 8046: 8041: 8040: 8036: 8026: 8024: 8016: 8015: 8011: 8001: 7999: 7990: 7989: 7982: 7976:Wayback Machine 7967: 7963: 7953:Wayback Machine 7943: 7939: 7934:on 8 June 2012. 7920: 7919: 7915: 7905: 7903: 7900: 7896: 7895: 7891: 7886:Wayback Machine 7876: 7872: 7864: 7857: 7853: 7852: 7848: 7838: 7836: 7832: 7828: 7827: 7823: 7808: 7804: 7791: 7790: 7786: 7771: 7767: 7754: 7753: 7749: 7736: 7735: 7731: 7718: 7717: 7713: 7703: 7701: 7692: 7691: 7687: 7677: 7675: 7666: 7665: 7661: 7651: 7649: 7642: 7638: 7628:Wayback Machine 7619: 7615: 7605: 7603: 7596: 7589: 7579:Wayback Machine 7570: 7566: 7557: 7556: 7552: 7542: 7540: 7531: 7530: 7521: 7511: 7509: 7505: 7504: 7500: 7490: 7488: 7484: 7480: 7479: 7468: 7458: 7456: 7441: 7437: 7427: 7425: 7416: 7415: 7411: 7401: 7399: 7392:Gay Rights Info 7386: 7385: 7381: 7371: 7369: 7362: 7358: 7348: 7346: 7341: 7340: 7336: 7326: 7324: 7315: 7314: 7310: 7300: 7298: 7290: 7286: 7285: 7281: 7271: 7269: 7260: 7259: 7246: 7240:Wayback Machine 7232:Current Grants. 7229: 7225: 7215: 7213: 7204: 7203: 7199: 7189: 7187: 7178: 7177: 7173: 7163: 7161: 7156: 7155: 7151: 7141: 7139: 7130: 7129: 7125: 7115: 7113: 7104: 7103: 7099: 7089: 7087: 7078: 7077: 7073: 7063: 7061: 7052: 7051: 7047: 7037: 7035: 7026: 7025: 7021: 7011: 7009: 7000: 6999: 6995: 6985: 6983: 6974: 6973: 6969: 6959: 6957: 6948: 6947: 6943: 6933: 6931: 6921: 6917: 6907: 6905: 6897: 6896: 6892: 6886:Wayback Machine 6877: 6873: 6867:Wayback Machine 6858: 6854: 6847:The Independent 6839: 6832: 6822: 6820: 6809: 6808: 6804: 6794: 6792: 6783: 6782: 6778: 6765: 6764: 6760: 6747: 6746: 6742: 6729: 6728: 6724: 6711: 6710: 6706: 6696: 6694: 6685: 6684: 6680: 6670: 6668: 6658: 6654: 6644: 6642: 6629: 6628: 6624: 6609: 6605: 6595: 6593: 6580: 6579: 6575: 6565: 6563: 6553: 6549: 6539: 6537: 6529: 6528: 6524: 6514: 6512: 6511:on 22 June 2006 6499: 6498: 6489: 6479: 6477: 6468: 6467: 6463: 6453: 6451: 6441: 6437: 6424: 6423: 6419: 6404: 6400: 6390: 6388: 6379: 6378: 6374: 6364: 6362: 6351: 6347: 6337: 6335: 6334:on 19 June 2009 6320: 6316: 6306: 6304: 6299: 6298: 6294: 6284: 6282: 6272: 6268: 6251: 6250: 6246: 6233: 6232: 6228: 6211: 6210: 6206: 6196: 6194: 6188: 6184: 6174: 6172: 6163: 6162: 6158: 6148: 6146: 6137: 6136: 6132: 6122: 6120: 6110: 6101: 6093: 6086: 6079: 6075: 6065: 6063: 6053: 6049: 6044: 6040: 6030: 6028: 6023: 6022: 6018: 6008: 6006: 6001: 6000: 5996: 5987: 5983: 5973: 5971: 5962: 5961: 5957: 5947: 5945: 5937: 5936: 5927: 5917: 5915: 5911: 5910: 5903: 5893: 5891: 5884: 5865: 5855: 5853: 5843: 5839: 5829: 5827: 5817: 5813: 5803: 5801: 5799:The Independent 5791: 5787: 5777: 5775: 5765: 5761: 5751: 5749: 5748:. ccfisrael.org 5741: 5737: 5736: 5732: 5722: 5720: 5710: 5703: 5693: 5691: 5690:on 15 June 2006 5682: 5681: 5677: 5667: 5665: 5650: 5646: 5629: 5625: 5620:Wayback Machine 5611: 5607: 5597: 5595: 5586: 5585: 5581: 5566: 5562: 5545: 5538: 5528: 5526: 5521: 5520: 5516: 5506: 5504: 5500: 5496: 5495: 5491: 5483: 5479: 5478: 5474: 5468:Wayback Machine 5459: 5452: 5442: 5440: 5439:on 27 June 2006 5431: 5430: 5426: 5416: 5414: 5409: 5408: 5404: 5394: 5392: 5383: 5382: 5378: 5368: 5366: 5353: 5352: 5348: 5331: 5324: 5309: 5308: 5304: 5294: 5292: 5287: 5286: 5282: 5272: 5270: 5261: 5260: 5256: 5246: 5244: 5227:Gilbert, Martin 5224: 5220: 5210: 5208: 5190: 5181: 5171: 5169: 5163: 5159: 5153:Wayback Machine 5136: 5132: 5126:Wayback Machine 5116: 5112: 5106:Wayback Machine 5095:New Israel Fund 5093: 5089: 5083:Wayback Machine 5070: 5066: 5060:Wayback Machine 5047: 5043: 5037:Wayback Machine 5024: 5020: 5010: 5008: 4991: 4990: 4986: 4976: 4974: 4970: 4966: 4965: 4961: 4951: 4949: 4940: 4939: 4935: 4930: 4923: 4913: 4911: 4901: 4897: 4890: 4874: 4870: 4861: 4857: 4844: 4840: 4835: 4831: 4826: 4822: 4815: 4811: 4801: 4799: 4790: 4789: 4785: 4772: 4768: 4754: 4753:, 7 April 1950. 4751:Wayback Machine 4740: 4736: 4729: 4711: 4707: 4701: 4697: 4687: 4685: 4678: 4645: 4635: 4633: 4622: 4621: 4614: 4606: 4602: 4592: 4590: 4582: 4581: 4548: 4533: 4529: 4519: 4517: 4507: 4506: 4502: 4492: 4490: 4480: 4479: 4475: 4458: 4454: 4444: 4442: 4431: 4430: 4426: 4416: 4414: 4409: 4408: 4404: 4390: 4386: 4374: 4367: 4363: 4359: 4354: 4335:The Independent 4301: 4269: 4179: 4159: 4137: 4131: 4080: 4070: 4055: 4049: 4029: 4019: 4009:The Independent 3961: 3947: 3902: 3894:Main articles: 3892: 3840: 3822: 3769: 3763: 3755:double standard 3686: 3680: 3647: 3618: 3602: 3581: 3567: 3537: 3531: 3491: 3486: 3463: 3417: 3389:. In 1998, the 3371: 3357: 3348: 3342: 3322:Arie Zudkevitch 3307: 3285: 3272: 3266: 3264:Migrant workers 3254: 3245: 3057: 3048: 3019:Tablet Magazine 2970: 2960: 2948: 2942: 2896:citizens. The 2771: 2753: 2558: 2552:Immigration law 2544:Minority rights 2536: 2490: 2430: 2424: 2412: 2406: 2394:Hussniya Jabara 2390: 2380: 2324:Women in Israel 2307: 2285: 2276: 2266: 2067: 2027:New Israel Fund 1977:Battle of Jenin 1910:watchdog groups 1844: 1838:Media of Israel 1814: 1801: 1783:and 105 by the 1757: 1751: 1735: 1729: 1712: 1634: 1620: 1607: 1597: 1589:military courts 1572: 1560:Main articles: 1558: 1538:British Embassy 1458: 1452: 1388: 1380:Main articles: 1378: 1348: 1332:Main articles: 1330: 1224: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1200: 1196: 1194:Civil liberties 1190: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1171: 1154:Democracy Index 1147:Report-Ranking 1098: 1092: 1044: 1039: 1017: 928: 917: 911: 908: 894:Please help by 893: 884: 880: 873: 863: 794:State of Israel 778: 742: 722: 721: 718: 692: 671: 650: 623: 622: 602: 601: 598: 589:Start-up Nation 577: 561: 529: 519: 518: 510: 478: 476:Security forces 468: 467: 464: 448: 431: 421: 420: 407: 386: 370: 349: 327: 326: 306: 305: 302: 275: 253: 237: 215: 205: 204: 186: 182:British Mandate 170: 138: 128: 127: 124: 103: 87: 71: 44: 23:State of Israel 22: 12: 11: 5: 11305: 11295: 11294: 11289: 11284: 11279: 11274: 11269: 11264: 11259: 11242: 11241: 11239: 11238: 11233: 11228: 11223: 11218: 11213: 11208: 11203: 11197: 11195: 11191: 11190: 11188: 11187: 11178: 11176: 11170: 11169: 11166: 11165: 11163: 11162: 11157: 11152: 11147: 11142: 11140:APDWRSA (2007) 11137: 11129: 11124: 11119: 11114: 11109: 11104: 11099: 11093: 11091: 11087: 11086: 11084: 11083: 11078: 11072: 11070: 11063: 11057: 11056: 11054: 11053: 11048: 11043: 11038: 11033: 11028: 11023: 11018: 11017: 11016: 11006: 11001: 10996: 10991: 10986: 10981: 10980: 10979: 10969: 10964: 10959: 10954: 10949: 10944: 10938: 10936: 10932: 10931: 10929: 10928: 10927: 10926: 10916: 10915: 10914: 10904: 10899: 10898: 10897: 10892: 10882: 10877: 10872: 10867: 10862: 10857: 10852: 10847: 10846: 10845: 10835: 10834: 10833: 10828: 10823: 10818: 10808: 10807: 10806: 10801: 10791: 10786: 10785: 10784: 10774: 10768: 10766: 10760: 10759: 10752: 10751: 10744: 10737: 10729: 10720: 10719: 10717: 10716: 10706: 10695: 10692: 10691: 10689: 10688: 10683: 10678: 10673: 10668: 10662: 10660: 10651: 10650: 10648: 10647: 10642: 10637: 10632: 10627: 10621: 10619: 10611: 10610: 10608: 10607: 10602: 10597: 10592: 10587: 10582: 10577: 10572: 10567: 10562: 10557: 10552: 10547: 10542: 10537: 10532: 10527: 10522: 10517: 10512: 10507: 10502: 10497: 10492: 10487: 10482: 10477: 10472: 10467: 10462: 10457: 10452: 10447: 10442: 10437: 10432: 10427: 10422: 10417: 10412: 10407: 10402: 10397: 10392: 10387: 10382: 10377: 10372: 10367: 10361: 10359: 10353: 10352: 10345: 10344: 10337: 10330: 10322: 10316: 10315: 10305:on 6 July 2010 10287: 10284: 10282: 10281: 10256: 10237: 10218: 10199: 10174: 10156: 10138: 10112: 10094: 10068: 10036: 10010: 9986: 9967: 9949: 9920: 9909:on 4 June 2011 9894: 9864: 9834: 9812: 9782: 9755: 9703: 9677: 9662:(2): 322–331. 9642: 9614: 9596: 9570: 9548: 9528: 9511: 9485: 9458: 9436: 9425:. 20 June 2013 9411: 9374: 9346: 9321: 9304: 9257: 9231: 9201: 9175: 9148: 9122: 9095: 9075: 9055: 9029: 9016:Cohen, Richard 9007: 8985: 8951: 8921: 8895: 8869: 8839: 8813: 8801: 8789: 8777: 8751: 8721: 8695: 8669: 8643: 8621: 8591: 8572: 8553:(3): 467–487. 8537: 8525: 8513: 8504: 8495: 8452: 8440: 8417: 8398: 8372: 8346: 8320: 8294: 8271: 8256: 8226: 8196: 8166: 8147: 8122: 8113: 8082: 8071:. 17 June 2010 8056: 8034: 8009: 7980: 7961: 7959:. 20 May 2012. 7937: 7913: 7889: 7870: 7846: 7821: 7802: 7784: 7765: 7747: 7729: 7711: 7685: 7659: 7636: 7613: 7587: 7564: 7550: 7519: 7498: 7466: 7435: 7409: 7379: 7356: 7334: 7308: 7279: 7244: 7223: 7197: 7171: 7149: 7123: 7112:on 7 June 2009 7097: 7071: 7060:on 4 June 2009 7045: 7019: 6993: 6967: 6941: 6915: 6890: 6871: 6852: 6830: 6819:. 30 June 2008 6802: 6776: 6758: 6740: 6722: 6704: 6678: 6652: 6622: 6603: 6573: 6547: 6522: 6487: 6476:. 12 July 2018 6461: 6435: 6417: 6398: 6372: 6345: 6314: 6292: 6266: 6244: 6226: 6204: 6182: 6171:on 3 June 2011 6156: 6145:. 7 March 2011 6130: 6099: 6096:on 4 May 2015. 6073: 6047: 6038: 6016: 5994: 5981: 5955: 5925: 5901: 5863: 5837: 5811: 5785: 5759: 5730: 5701: 5675: 5644: 5631:Ben Lynfield. 5623: 5605: 5579: 5560: 5536: 5514: 5489: 5472: 5450: 5424: 5402: 5376: 5346: 5322: 5302: 5280: 5254: 5243:on 12 May 2006 5218: 5179: 5157: 5130: 5110: 5087: 5064: 5041: 5018: 4984: 4959: 4933: 4921: 4903:Ilan, Shahar. 4895: 4888: 4868: 4855: 4838: 4829: 4820: 4809: 4783: 4766: 4734: 4727: 4705: 4695: 4643: 4612: 4600: 4588:www.adalah.org 4546: 4527: 4500: 4473: 4452: 4424: 4402: 4397:United Nations 4384: 4360: 4358: 4355: 4353: 4350: 4349: 4348: 4339: 4327: 4322: 4317: 4312: 4307: 4300: 4299:External links 4297: 4296: 4295: 4290: 4285: 4280: 4275: 4268: 4265: 4192:Tzipi Hotovely 4178: 4175: 4163:a major attack 4133:Main article: 4130: 4127: 4069: 4066: 4051:Main article: 4048: 4045: 4018: 4015: 3946: 3943: 3891: 3888: 3846:Protestors in 3821: 3818: 3765:Main article: 3762: 3759: 3682:Main article: 3679: 3676: 3617: 3614: 3601: 3598: 3589:European Union 3566: 3563: 3530: 3527: 3490: 3487: 3485: 3482: 3457:Free education 3416: 3413: 3392:Jerusalem Post 3356: 3353: 3344:Main article: 3341: 3338: 3284: 3281: 3270:Migrant worker 3265: 3262: 3253: 3250: 3244: 3241: 3227: 3226: 3223: 3220: 3217: 3214: 3211: 3208: 3205: 3202: 3198: 3197: 3194: 3191: 3188: 3185: 3182: 3179: 3176: 3173: 3172:Second degree 3169: 3168: 3165: 3162: 3159: 3156: 3153: 3150: 3147: 3144: 3140: 3139: 3136: 3133: 3130: 3127: 3124: 3121: 3118: 3114: 3113: 3110: 3107: 3104: 3101: 3056: 3053: 3047: 3044: 3015:Liel Leibovitz 2959: 2956: 2941: 2938: 2886:Nuremberg Laws 2866: 2865: 2839: 2838: 2830: 2822: 2811: 2807: 2804: 2800: 2752: 2749: 2746: 2745: 2742: 2739: 2735: 2734: 2731: 2728: 2724: 2723: 2720: 2717: 2713: 2712: 2709: 2706: 2702: 2701: 2698: 2695: 2691: 2690: 2687: 2684: 2646: 2645: 2642: 2638: 2637: 2634: 2630: 2629: 2626: 2622: 2621: 2618: 2614: 2613: 2610: 2606: 2605: 2602: 2598: 2597: 2594: 2590: 2589: 2586: 2535: 2532: 2489: 2486: 2426:Main article: 2423: 2420: 2408:Main article: 2405: 2402: 2379: 2376: 2372:Women's Spirit 2293:Women's rights 2284: 2283:Women's rights 2281: 2265: 2262: 2259: 2258: 2256: 2253: 2250: 2247: 2244: 2240: 2239: 2237: 2234: 2231: 2228: 2225: 2221: 2220: 2218: 2215: 2212: 2209: 2206: 2202: 2201: 2199: 2196: 2193: 2190: 2187: 2183: 2182: 2180: 2177: 2174: 2173:Not Specified 2171: 2168: 2164: 2163: 2161: 2158: 2155: 2152: 2149: 2145: 2144: 2142: 2139: 2136: 2133: 2130: 2126: 2125: 2123: 2120: 2117: 2116:Not Specified 2114: 2111: 2107: 2106: 2103: 2100: 2097: 2094: 2091: 2053: 2052: 2002:Israeli forces 1994:Mohammad Bakri 1926:Women in Black 1813: 1810: 1800: 1797: 1753:Main article: 1750: 1747: 1731:Main article: 1728: 1725: 1711: 1708: 1692:In July 2002, 1619: 1616: 1612:Adolf Eichmann 1596: 1593: 1557: 1554: 1474:civil marriage 1454:Main article: 1451: 1448: 1377: 1374: 1329: 1326: 1302: 1301: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1289: 1287: 1281: 1280: 1275: 1270: 1265: 1262: 1259: 1256: 1250: 1249: 1246: 1243: 1240: 1237: 1234: 1231: 1227: 1226: 1221: 1220:Overall score 1218: 1203:Full democracy 1197: 1191: 1185: 1165: 1162: 1161: 1156: 1151: 1148: 1144: 1143: 1138: 1133: 1132:Freedom House 1130: 1091: 1088: 1043: 1040: 1016: 1013: 939:and religious 930: 929: 887: 885: 878: 862: 859: 786:United Nations 780: 779: 777: 776: 769: 762: 754: 751: 750: 749: 748: 743: 741: 740: 735: 729: 724: 723: 720: 719: 717: 716: 711: 706: 701: 695: 693: 691: 690: 685: 680: 674: 672: 670: 669: 664: 659: 653: 651: 649: 648: 643: 638: 633: 627: 624: 621: 620: 615: 609: 608: 607: 604: 603: 600: 599: 597: 596: 591: 586: 580: 578: 576: 575: 570: 564: 562: 560: 559: 554: 549: 544: 539: 533: 530: 525: 524: 521: 520: 517: 516: 514:Prison Service 511: 509: 508: 503: 497: 495: 490: 485: 483:Defense Forces 479: 474: 473: 470: 469: 466: 465: 463: 462: 457: 451: 449: 447: 446: 441: 439:United Nations 435: 432: 427: 426: 423: 422: 419: 418: 408: 406: 405: 400: 395: 389: 387: 385: 384: 379: 377:Prime Minister 373: 371: 369: 368: 363: 358: 352: 350: 348: 347: 342: 336: 334: 328: 325: 324: 319: 313: 312: 311: 308: 307: 304: 303: 301: 300: 295: 289: 284: 278: 276: 274: 273: 268: 263: 256: 254: 252: 251: 249:1949 Armistice 246: 240: 238: 236: 235: 230: 225: 219: 216: 211: 210: 207: 206: 203: 202: 197: 192: 187: 185: 184: 179: 173: 171: 169: 168: 163: 158: 152: 150: 143:Jewish history 139: 134: 133: 130: 129: 126: 125: 123: 122: 117: 112: 106: 104: 102: 101: 99:Sea of Galilee 96: 90: 88: 86: 85: 80: 74: 72: 70: 69: 67:Transportation 64: 59: 53: 51: 49:Land of Israel 45: 40: 39: 36: 35: 27: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11304: 11293: 11290: 11288: 11285: 11283: 11280: 11278: 11275: 11273: 11270: 11268: 11265: 11263: 11260: 11258: 11255: 11254: 11252: 11237: 11234: 11232: 11229: 11227: 11224: 11222: 11219: 11217: 11214: 11212: 11209: 11207: 11204: 11202: 11199: 11198: 11196: 11192: 11186: 11183: 11182:Saudi Arabia: 11180: 11179: 11177: 11175: 11171: 11161: 11158: 11156: 11153: 11151: 11148: 11146: 11143: 11141: 11138: 11136: 11133: 11132:Saudi Arabia: 11130: 11128: 11125: 11123: 11120: 11118: 11115: 11113: 11110: 11108: 11105: 11103: 11100: 11098: 11095: 11094: 11092: 11088: 11082: 11079: 11077: 11074: 11073: 11071: 11067: 11064: 11062: 11058: 11052: 11049: 11047: 11044: 11042: 11039: 11037: 11034: 11032: 11029: 11027: 11024: 11022: 11019: 11015: 11012: 11011: 11010: 11007: 11005: 11002: 11000: 10997: 10995: 10994:Kafala system 10992: 10990: 10987: 10985: 10982: 10978: 10975: 10974: 10973: 10970: 10968: 10965: 10963: 10960: 10958: 10955: 10953: 10950: 10948: 10945: 10943: 10940: 10939: 10937: 10933: 10925: 10922: 10921: 10920: 10917: 10913: 10910: 10909: 10908: 10905: 10903: 10900: 10896: 10893: 10891: 10888: 10887: 10886: 10883: 10881: 10878: 10876: 10873: 10871: 10868: 10866: 10863: 10861: 10858: 10856: 10853: 10851: 10848: 10844: 10841: 10840: 10839: 10836: 10832: 10829: 10827: 10824: 10822: 10819: 10817: 10814: 10813: 10812: 10809: 10805: 10802: 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Btselem.org 6026: 6020: 6005:. Btselem.org 6004: 5998: 5991: 5985: 5969: 5965: 5959: 5944: 5940: 5934: 5932: 5930: 5914: 5908: 5906: 5889: 5882: 5880: 5878: 5876: 5874: 5872: 5870: 5868: 5852: 5848: 5841: 5826: 5822: 5815: 5800: 5796: 5789: 5774: 5773:New York Post 5770: 5763: 5747: 5740: 5734: 5719: 5715: 5708: 5706: 5689: 5685: 5679: 5663: 5659: 5655: 5648: 5640: 5639: 5634: 5627: 5621: 5617: 5614: 5609: 5593: 5589: 5583: 5575: 5571: 5564: 5556: 5555: 5550: 5543: 5541: 5524: 5518: 5503:. News1.co.il 5499: 5493: 5482: 5476: 5469: 5465: 5462: 5457: 5455: 5438: 5434: 5428: 5412: 5406: 5390: 5386: 5380: 5364: 5360: 5356: 5350: 5342: 5341: 5336: 5329: 5327: 5318: 5317: 5312: 5306: 5290: 5284: 5268: 5264: 5258: 5242: 5238: 5237: 5232: 5228: 5222: 5206: 5202: 5198: 5194: 5188: 5186: 5184: 5168: 5161: 5154: 5150: 5147: 5143: 5139: 5134: 5127: 5123: 5120: 5114: 5107: 5103: 5100: 5096: 5091: 5084: 5080: 5077: 5073: 5068: 5061: 5057: 5054: 5050: 5045: 5038: 5034: 5031: 5027: 5022: 5006: 5002: 4998: 4994: 4988: 4969: 4963: 4947: 4946:Freedom House 4943: 4937: 4928: 4926: 4910: 4906: 4899: 4891: 4889:90-411-0258-2 4885: 4881: 4880: 4872: 4865: 4859: 4852: 4851:3-638-94450-6 4848: 4842: 4833: 4824: 4818: 4813: 4797: 4793: 4787: 4780: 4779:0-19-927942-X 4776: 4770: 4763: 4762:0-19-829898-6 4759: 4752: 4748: 4745: 4738: 4730: 4728:0-691-00711-X 4724: 4720: 4716: 4709: 4699: 4683: 4676: 4674: 4672: 4670: 4668: 4666: 4664: 4662: 4660: 4658: 4656: 4654: 4652: 4650: 4648: 4631: 4630: 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3915: 3909: 3907: 3906:human shields 3901: 3897: 3887: 3883: 3881: 3877: 3874:According to 3872: 3868: 3866: 3860: 3853: 3849: 3844: 3839: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3817: 3813: 3810: 3805: 3803: 3799: 3794: 3790: 3786: 3785:UN Resolution 3781: 3773: 3768: 3758: 3756: 3751: 3746: 3745:Jewish people 3742: 3738: 3732: 3730: 3725: 3723: 3719: 3716:, archbishop 3715: 3711: 3707: 3706:apartheid era 3702: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3685: 3675: 3673: 3668: 3664: 3661: 3656: 3653: 3646: 3642: 3633: 3627: 3622: 3613: 3611: 3607: 3597: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3562: 3560: 3555: 3553: 3549: 3544: 3542: 3536: 3529:Areas A and B 3526: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3503:voting rights 3500: 3496: 3481: 3479: 3475: 3474:Salah Hamouri 3470: 3468: 3467:privatization 3462: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3412: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3397: 3394: 3393: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3352: 3347: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3327: 3323: 3318: 3314: 3312: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3293:Accessibility 3290: 3280: 3276: 3271: 3261: 3259: 3249: 3240: 3236: 3234: 3224: 3221: 3218: 3215: 3212: 3209: 3206: 3203: 3201:Third degree 3200: 3199: 3195: 3192: 3189: 3186: 3183: 3180: 3177: 3174: 3171: 3170: 3166: 3163: 3160: 3157: 3154: 3151: 3148: 3145: 3143:First degree 3142: 3141: 3138:Arabs % 3137: 3134: 3132:Arabs % 3131: 3128: 3126:Arabs % 3125: 3122: 3120:Arabs % 3119: 3116: 3115: 3098: 3092: 3090: 3086: 3081: 3079: 3070: 3066: 3061: 3052: 3043: 3039: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3023: 3020: 3016: 3011: 3006: 3001: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2969: 2965: 2955: 2953: 2947: 2937: 2935: 2931: 2930: 2925: 2924: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2902: 2899: 2894: 2889: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2863: 2862: 2861: 2859: 2855: 2853: 2848: 2843: 2835: 2834:Or Commission 2831: 2827: 2823: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2805: 2801: 2798: 2794: 2793: 2792: 2789: 2785: 2782: 2778: 2776: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2743: 2740: 2737: 2736: 2732: 2729: 2726: 2725: 2721: 2718: 2715: 2714: 2710: 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2112: 2109: 2108: 2104: 2101: 2098: 2095: 2092: 2089: 2088: 2085: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2050: 2049: 2048: 2046: 2042: 2037: 2035: 2030: 2028: 2023: 2020:of the BDS" ( 2017: 2015: 2009: 2007: 2003: 2000:committed by 1999: 1995: 1991: 1988: 1984: 1983: 1978: 1974: 1969: 1966: 1965:Freedom House 1961: 1957: 1954: 1949: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1922:Machsom Watch 1919: 1915: 1911: 1906: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1848: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1826:Blasphemy law 1823: 1819: 1809: 1807: 1796: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1756: 1746: 1743: 1739: 1734: 1724: 1721: 1717: 1707: 1704: 1700: 1697: 1696: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1667: 1663: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1647: 1642: 1639: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1615: 1613: 1606: 1602: 1592: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1577: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1553: 1550: 1546: 1541: 1539: 1535: 1530: 1529:child support 1526: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1498: 1494: 1489: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1457: 1447: 1443: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1428: 1426: 1421: 1419: 1415: 1410: 1408: 1407:Law of Return 1400: 1396: 1392: 1387: 1383: 1373: 1369: 1366: 1360: 1358: 1353: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1325: 1323: 1319: 1318:civil society 1315: 1311: 1307: 1306:civil society 1299: 1295: 1292: 1291: 1288: 1285: 1284: 1279: 1276: 1274: 1271: 1269: 1266: 1263: 1260: 1257: 1255: 1252: 1251: 1247: 1244: 1241: 1238: 1235: 1232: 1229: 1228: 1222: 1219: 1211:Hybrid regime 1198: 1195: 1192: 1189: 1186: 1169: 1166: 1164: 1163: 1160: 1157: 1155: 1146: 1145: 1142: 1139: 1137: 1128: 1127: 1124: 1119: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1108:Freedom House 1105: 1104: 1097: 1087: 1083: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1070: 1066: 1060: 1057: 1053: 1052:Law of Return 1049: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1012: 1010: 1006: 1003: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 985: 981: 977: 973: 969: 965: 961: 956: 954: 950: 946: 942: 937: 926: 923: 915: 905: 901: 897: 891: 888:This article 886: 877: 876: 872: 868: 858: 856: 852: 848: 847:Freedom House 844: 842: 838: 834: 830: 826: 822: 819:, successive 818: 814: 810: 806: 801: 799: 795: 791: 787: 775: 770: 768: 763: 761: 756: 755: 753: 752: 747: 744: 739: 736: 734: 731: 730: 728: 727: 726: 725: 715: 712: 710: 707: 705: 702: 700: 697: 696: 694: 689: 686: 684: 681: 679: 676: 675: 673: 668: 665: 663: 660: 658: 655: 654: 652: 647: 646:Israeli Arabs 644: 642: 639: 637: 634: 632: 629: 628: 626: 625: 619: 616: 614: 611: 610: 606: 605: 595: 592: 590: 587: 585: 582: 581: 579: 574: 571: 569: 566: 565: 563: 558: 555: 553: 550: 548: 545: 543: 540: 538: 535: 534: 532: 531: 528: 523: 522: 515: 512: 507: 506:Border Police 504: 502: 499: 498: 496: 494: 491: 489: 486: 484: 481: 480: 477: 472: 471: 461: 458: 456: 453: 452: 450: 445: 444:United States 442: 440: 437: 436: 434: 433: 430: 425: 424: 416: 412: 409: 404: 401: 399: 398:Supreme Court 396: 394: 391: 390: 388: 383: 380: 378: 375: 374: 372: 367: 364: 362: 359: 357: 354: 353: 351: 346: 345:Jerusalem Law 343: 341: 340:Law of Return 338: 337: 335: 333: 330: 329: 323: 320: 318: 315: 314: 310: 309: 299: 296: 294: 290: 288: 285: 283: 280: 279: 277: 272: 269: 267: 264: 262: 258: 257: 255: 250: 247: 245: 242: 241: 239: 234: 231: 229: 226: 224: 221: 220: 218: 217: 214: 209: 208: 201: 198: 196: 193: 191: 188: 183: 180: 178: 175: 174: 172: 167: 166:Theodor Herzl 164: 162: 159: 157: 154: 153: 151: 148: 144: 141: 140: 137: 132: 131: 121: 118: 116: 113: 111: 108: 107: 105: 100: 97: 95: 92: 91: 89: 84: 81: 79: 76: 75: 73: 68: 65: 63: 60: 58: 55: 54: 52: 50: 47: 46: 43: 38: 37: 33: 29: 28: 25: 20: 19: 16: 11181: 11160:ALQST (2014) 11155:ESOHR (2013) 11145:ACPRA (2009) 11131: 11014:Antisemitism 10880:Saudi Arabia 10843:Palestinians 10837: 10804:Islamic Iran 10799:Pahlavi Iran 10655:Dependencies 10585:Turkmenistan 10550:Saudi Arabia 10449: 10307:. 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