Constitution of New Zealand

1299: 1241: 5474: 1105: 35: 2449: 648: 2435: 1494:. Because the state-owned enterprises were essentially private firms owned by the government, they would prevent assets that had been given by Māori for use by the state from being returned to Māori by the Waitangi Tribunal. The Māori Council sought enforcement of section 9 of the State-Owned Enterprises Act 1986: "Nothing in this act shall permit the Crown to act in a manner that is inconsistent with the principles of the Treaty of Waitangi." 1437: 1120:, wherein the role of the reigning sovereign is both legal and practical. The underlying principle is democracy, with political power exercised through a democratically elected parliament – this is often stated as "The reigns but the government rules so long as it has the support of the House of Representatives." Part 1 of the Constitution Act describes "The Sovereign", the reigning monarch, as New Zealand's 1586:, it did not provide a permanent solution to the issue of governance. In 1839 Letters Patent were created purported to extend the jurisdiction of the colony of New South Wales to New Zealand, in effect to annexe "any territory which is or may be acquired ... within that group of Islands known as New Zealand". This strategy was adopted by the Colonial Office in order to allow time for Captain 2357:, who were to make a final report to Cabinet by the end of 2013. The ministers' first report to Cabinet agreed on the make-up of the advisory panel, a plan for public engagement and how the review would interact with other government projects with a constitutional dimension, such as the referendum on MMP. On 4 August 2011 the make-up of the advisory committee was announced, with former 1724:, which allowed the New Zealand Parliament the ability to amend certain parts of the 1852 Act. This mainly related to proposals for new provinces in New Zealand. Several new provinces were then created by the New Zealand Parliament. The first major repeal of part of the Act came in 1876 with the Abolition of Provinces Act, which repealed section 2 of the Act and abolished the 1196:", such as the ability to dismiss the prime minister in exceptional cases. Section 3(1) of the Constitution Act states "Every power conferred on the Governor-General by or under any Act is a royal power which is exercisable by the Governor-General on behalf of the Sovereign, and may accordingly be exercised either by the Sovereign in person or by the Governor-General". 1781:, which stated Britain's Dominions were "equal in status". In respect of the governor-general, the Declaration stated that they held: "the same position in relation to the administration of public affairs in the Dominion" as was held by the monarch in the United Kingdom. The governor-general was thus bound by the advice of their responsible ministers. 1597:(Te Tiriti o Waitangi) was signed at Waitangi. Several subsequent copies were signed at various places around the North and South Islands. On 21 May Hobson issued two proclamations of British sovereignty over New Zealand, one for the North Island by Treaty, and the other for the South Island by discovery (the South Island was declared " 1717:(Imperial) of 1865, which allowed a measured amount of legal independence. Under the Act, the New Zealand Parliament could pass laws inconsistent with British statutes or the common law, so long as the Imperial statute was not specifically applicable to New Zealand. Where this occurred, the New Zealand statute would be void. 1911:, the first major review of the New Zealand Constitution Act for 134 years. Prior to this Act, only 12 of the 82 provisions of the 1852 Act remained in place. The Act consists of five main parts, covering the sovereign, the executive, the legislature, the judiciary, and miscellaneous provisions. Parliament also passed the 1663:, which repealed the earlier Constitution Act. This Act was based almost entirely on a draft by Sir George Grey, the main difference being the appointment of the Governor by the Secretary of the Colonies, and not by the (New Zealand) House of Representatives. The new Act did not take effect in New Zealand until 1853. 1704:

The first enactment of the first Parliament of New Zealand elected under this Act was the English Acts Act of 1854, which affirmed the application of 17 English statutes to New Zealand. This was expanded by the English Laws Act of 1858, which extended it to all English statutes in existence as at 14

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in 1986. The Commission suggested New Zealand change to the mixed-member proportional (MMP) electoral system. Two referendums were held during the 1990s on the issue, with MMP being adopted in 1993 and implemented in 1996. Although MMP has resulted in many changes to New Zealand's political system,

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In 1908, two enactments of constitutional importance were passed: the Judicature Act, which describes the Jurisdiction of the New Zealand Judiciary; and the Legislature Act, setting out the powers of Parliament. The latter is now largely repealed, with only certain provisions that codify aspects of

2060:

one such referendum was held, on the question of whether the number of members of Parliament should be reduced from 120 to 99. Electors overwhelmingly voted in favour of the proposal. However, there were no moves to amend the Electoral Act 1993 in line with this result until 2006 when a bill was

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prompted to move to "raise up New Zealand" and assured that it would "have no other effect than that of doing the country good". On 9 September, a Royal Proclamation granting New Zealand Dominion status was issued by King Edward VII. The proclamation took effect on 27 September. As a result, the

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In August 1840, the Parliament of the United Kingdom passed the New Zealand Government Act of 1840, allowing the establishment of a colonial administration in New Zealand separated from New South Wales. Following this enactment, the Royal Charter of 1840 was declared. The Charter allowed for the

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of the political party or coalition of parties holding or having the support of a majority of seats in the House of Representatives, chairs the Cabinet. Section 6(1) of the Constitution Act 1986 states, "A person may be appointed and may hold office as a member of the Executive Council or as a

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to grant the New Zealand Parliament full sovereign powers to amend or repeal the New Zealand Constitution Act 1852. The Parliament of the United Kingdom could still pass laws at the request of the New Zealand Parliament. This residual power, which was used only for the 1947 Amendment Act, was

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by the governor-general; this is based on the principle that all executive power ultimately stems from the sovereign. A government must be able to gain and maintain the support of a majority of the MPs in order to advise the governor-general and sovereign; this is the principle of

1372:, as well as the Family Court and the Youth Court, which operate as specialised divisions of the District Courts. There are also a number of specialised tribunals which operate in a judicial or quasi-judicial capacity, such as the Disputes Tribunal, the Tenancy Tribunal and the 1410:

in support of uniformity with common law as interpreted in the United Kingdom and related jurisdictions. Non-uniformity arises where the New Zealand courts consider local conditions to warrant it or where the law has been codified by New Zealand statute. The maintenance of the

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New Zealand" as head of state, and section 5(1) describes the sovereign's successor as being "determined in accordance with the enactment of the Parliament of England intituled The Act of Settlement". This means that the head of state of the United Kingdom under the

1563:. Until 1840, this technically included New Zealand, but the New South Wales administration had little interest in New Zealand. Amid increasing lawlessness and dubious land transactions between Māori and Europeans, the British Colonial Office appointed 1167:

is required to allow for bills to become law. In practice the monarch takes little direct part in the day-to-day functions of government; the decisions to exercise sovereign powers are delegated from the monarch, either by statute or by convention, to

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describes the three branches of Government in New Zealand: The Executive (the Executive Council, as the Cabinet has no formal legal status), the legislature (the House of Representatives and Sovereign in Parliament) and the judiciary (Court system).

1081:

is regarded as a founding document of government in New Zealand. The constitution must also be seen in its international context because New Zealand governmental institutions must increasingly have regard to international obligations and standards.

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office of governor became governor-general under the Letters Patent 1917 to reflect New Zealand's status as a dominion more fully. The Letters Patent also removed a number of powers the governor previously held while New Zealand was a colony.

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to investigate claims relating to the application of the principles of the Treaty. The Act was initially prospective but was amended in 1985 so that claims dating back to the signing of the Treaty in 1840 could be investigated.

1298: 1973:, after a fashion. Section 268 of the Electoral Act declares that the law governing the maximum term of Parliament (itself part of the Constitution Act), along with certain provisions of the Electoral Act relating to the 1448:

The place of the Treaty of Waitangi in the constitution is the subject of much debate. The Treaty has no inherent legal status, but is treated in various statutes and is increasingly seen as an important source of

1993:

Even though it is not legislatively entrenched, a material change to other aspects of the constitution is unlikely to occur absent broad-based support, either through broad legislative agreement or by referendum.

2012:

to enact constitutional change in New Zealand, except for the electoral system and term of parliament. However, there have been several referendums in New Zealand's history, most recently to decide the nature of

1989:

in Parliament. However, the entrenchment provision has enjoyed longstanding bipartisan support, and the electoral consequences of using a legal loophole to alter an entrenched provision would likely be severe.

1652:, declined to apply it for a number of reasons. Instead, the Act was suspended for five years. Grey ruled with the powers of a dictator for the next five years; appointing Provincial councils at his pleasure. 1950:(ICCPR) into effect in New Zealand law. However, the Act is neither entrenched nor supreme law (as was mooted in the White Paper of 1985) and can, therefore, be repealed by a simple majority of Parliament. 2065:

to reduce the size of Parliament to 100. The bill passed its first reading by 61 votes to 60 but was voted down at its second reading after it was recommended by Select Committee that the bill be dropped.

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Although New Zealand doesn't have a single overarching constitutional document, we certainly have a constitution. There is a careful balance between our executive, legislature and judiciary. That classic

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On 2 February 2006, the Government responded to the report of the committee. The Government responded favourably to the first and second recommendations, but did not support the third recommendation.

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to head off a speculative run on the currency. The crisis was resolved when Muldoon relented three days later, under pressure from his own Cabinet, which threatened to install Deputy Prime Minister

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formed an Officials Committee on Constitutional Reform to review the transfer of power. As a result of the committee, the Government released the Bill of Rights White paper and also introduced the

1792:. The Statute applied to New Zealand but would have to be adopted by the New Zealand Parliament as its own law to have application in New Zealand. After much debate, this occurred in 1947 with the 921: 731: 1674:. Each province had an elected Superintendent, and the power to pass subordinate legislation (Ordinances). The Governor retained the right to veto legislation, and the Crown also had a right of 5859: 1415:

in London as the final court of appeal and judges' practice of tending to follow British decisions, even though, technically, they are not bound by them, both bolstered this presumption. The

1613:) establishing their own 12-member governing council. Hobson sought to prevent the establishment of what he saw as a 'republic', that is, an independent state outside of his jurisdiction. 1852:" to allow the passage of the Legislative Council Abolition Act 1950 by the House of Representatives to abolish the upper house. Despite proposals to re-establish an upper house, such as 2965: 1159:, with the monarch at the centre of a construct in which the power of the whole is shared by multiple institutions of government acting under the sovereign's authority. The monarch is a 5869: 5814: 1721: 5829: 1797: 5849: 5844: 5824: 2346:. National had a policy of abolishing the seats while the Māori Party wanted the seats entrenched in law. The Constitutional Review was agreed as a way to satisfy both parties. 1172:, or other public bodies, exclusive of the monarch personally. Moreover, as the monarch is not normally resident in the country, the sovereign's representative in and over the 2399: 4309: 1985:. Section 268 itself is not protected by this provision, so a government could legally repeal Section 268 and go on to alter the entrenched portions of law, both with a mere 1731:

In 1891 the composition of Legislative Council was changed, Councillors were no longer appointed for life; instead for terms of seven years with provision for reappointment.

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That the government consider whether an independent institute could foster better public understanding of, and informed debate on, New Zealand's constitutional arrangements.

1757:"take such steps as he may consider necessary; to change New Zealand's official name from 'The Colony of New Zealand' to 'The Dominion of New Zealand'. Prime Minister Sir 1864:. As such, legislation is able to progress through the legislative stages much faster in comparison to other Westminster-style parliament. Legal academic and politician 2715: 2276:

announced the formation of a select committee of the House of Representatives to conduct an Inquiry into New Zealand's existing constitutional arrangements. Both the

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did not participate. Beginning in 2005, the Constitutional Arrangements Committee's Inquiry was conducted under five terms of reference, identifying and describing:

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how to develop a constitution for New Zealand from a Māori point of view. The Iwi Chairs' Forum directed the working party to frame the conversation based on

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establishment of the Legislative Council and Provincial Councils; Hobson was then declared Lieutenant-Governor of New Zealand and divided the colony into two

3940: 1559:'s amended Commission dated 25 April 1787, the colony included "all the islands adjacent in the Pacific Ocean" and running westward on the continent to the 1947: 1003: 1419:, which was established by legislation in October 2003 and which replaced the Privy Council for future appeals, has continued to develop the presumption. 1233: 469: 196: 5703: 4938: 4533: 4382: 1981:, may only be altered either by three-quarters of the entire membership of the House of Representatives, or by a majority of valid votes in a popular 2472: 685: 3905: 2130: 4022: 3013: 817:", although that term is increasingly inapt given constitutional developments particular to New Zealand. For instance, New Zealand introduced a 5050: 3812: 2969: 2111: 2092: 1364:. These courts are all of general jurisdiction. There are several other courts of specialist jurisdiction, including the Employment Court, the 1333:

Minister of the Crown only if that person is a member of Parliament". The prime minister and all other ministers take office upon receiving a

4283: 2711: 5854: 5435: 4445: 3168: 2169: 1482: 1215: 1062: 857: 743: 2301:

the processes which it would be appropriate for New Zealand to follow if significant constitutional reforms were considered in the future.

1931:, significant aspects of New Zealand's constitution remained the same following its adoption. For example, a proposal to create a supreme 894:

procedures and is regarded as the "authoritative guide to decision-making for ministers and their staff, and for government departments."

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Westminster Regained: The Applicability of the Westminster System for Executive Power in India, Ceylon and New Zealand after Independence

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empowering the government in New Zealand in 1846. The Act was to be fully implemented in 1848, but was never put in place because the

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of New Zealand citizens against the three branches of government and entities and persons exercising public functions. The Act is not

5510: 2329: 2211: 1472:" appear in a number of statutes, although the principles themselves have not been defined in statute. They are instead defined by a 474: 3742: 5281: 5160: 4973: 4830: 2192: 2144: 2057: 1923: 1793: 1292:

roll. However, Māori may choose to vote in and to run for the non-reserved seats, and several have entered Parliament in this way.

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Because it is not supreme law, New Zealand's constitution is in theory comparatively easy to reform, requiring only a majority of

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in 2004 found 82% of those surveyed thought New Zealand should have a "written constitution". In 2016, former Prime Minister

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Organisational chart of the New Zealand political system, which illustrates the relationship between branches of government

714:, sometimes referred to as an "unwritten constitution", although the New Zealand constitution is in fact an amalgamation of 5890: 5718: 4927: 1963: 1682: 1469: 1261: 1061:

and is to be found in formal legal documents, in decisions of the courts, and in practices (some of which are described as

810: 762:, and thus has the power to change or abolish elements of the constitution. There are some exceptions to this though – the 739: 552: 191: 5617: 2310:

That generic principles should underpin all discussions of constitutional change in the absence of any prescribed process,

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and Andrew Butler created a "Constitution for Aotearoa New Zealand" to spark public discussion on a written constitution.

5500: 3437: 3039: 1943: 1503: 1140:, however, the Act of Settlement is deemed a New Zealand Act, which may be amended only by the New Zealand Parliament. " 5900: 5644: 5505: 4603: 4528: 1912: 1686: 1137: 963: 572: 523: 249: 4392: 1857: 5910: 5097: 4918: 4575: 4295: 4264: 4226: 4148: 4131: 4062: 3307: 2746: 2687: 1877: 1845: 1660: 1641: 1099: 955: 547: 276: 271: 266: 261: 207: 5895: 5809: 5781: 5738: 5591: 5428: 5165: 5035: 4933: 4857: 4842: 4640: 4505: 4438: 3877: 2334:

In December 2010, a Constitutional Review was announced as part of the confidence and supply agreement between the

1697: 1690: 1321: 935: 723: 671: 611: 606: 462: 388: 318: 303: 298: 293: 288: 155: 5473: 4368: 2939: 1042:

Describes the jurisdiction of the New Zealand Judiciary and constitutes New Zealand's senior courts including the

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Enumerates the rights of citizens against the state; enacts into law some of New Zealand's obligations under the

802: 449: 432: 383: 242: 237: 116: 79: 1551:. As contact with Europeans increased, there arose a need for a single governing entity. In 1788, the colony of 5804: 5555: 5349: 5344: 5182: 4896: 4862: 4650: 4645: 4618: 4500: 4348: 4183: 4081: 1936: 1477: 1389: 1361: 1353: 991: 867: 354: 805:– and is the source of executive, judicial and legislative power, although effective power is in the hands of 5565: 5112: 4985: 4682: 4662: 4655: 4598: 3967:"Tauiwi Engage with the Matike Mai Aotearoa Report | Treaty Resource Centre – He Puna Mātauranga o Te Tiriti" 1601:" or devoid of people.) A further declaration on 23 May decried the "illegal assumption of authority" by the 1422:

Judgment was delivered on 3 March 2015 in the last appeal from New Zealand to be heard by the Privy Council.

1325: 1185: 899: 634: 372: 138: 3784: 5550: 5070: 5055: 5023: 4884: 4879: 4588: 4193: 2261: 2246: 2062: 2030: 2022: 1865: 1571: 1416: 1349: 1285: 1043: 879: 582: 343: 338: 3113: 3061: 2712:"On the Constitution of New Zealand: An Introduction to the Foundations of the Current Form of Government" 5905: 5670: 5596: 5421: 5304: 5271: 5197: 5155: 5145: 5077: 4852: 4583: 4548: 4431: 2462: 2292:

the key elements in New Zealand's constitutional structure, and the relationships between those elements;

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about the nomination. The office is largely ceremonial, although the governor-general holds a number of "

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on any issue should proponents submit a petition to Parliament signed by 10% of registered electors. In

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organisations across New Zealand set up a constitutional working group to create conversation with

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Following the suspension of the 1846 Act, the Imperial Parliament moved again to grant New Zealand

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and other settings between 2012 and 2015. The findings were launched in 2016 in a document called

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promising to abolish the Legislative Council. The council was then stacked with the so-nicknamed "

5763: 5276: 5244: 5140: 5092: 4913: 4803: 4543: 3209: 2467: 1767: 1487: 1277: 1205: 1117: 1066: 1058: 786: 782: 711: 577: 567: 232: 64: 25: 3941:"Report of Matike Mai Aotearoa – The Independent Working Group on Constitutional Transformation" 2736: 5839: 5758: 5663: 5388: 5324: 5296: 5202: 5102: 5087: 5065: 5006: 4956: 4948: 4923: 4847: 4784: 4755: 4613: 4593: 4463: 3882: 3789: 2298:

the process other countries have followed in undertaking a range of constitutional reforms; and

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from 1 January 1877, thus centralising New Zealand's government in its bicameral Parliament.

1530: 1086: 943: 719: 3997: 2902: 874:. Since the late 20th century, it has played an indirect role in newly created legislation. 5834: 5786: 5708: 5525: 5397: 5359: 5354: 5339: 5286: 5264: 5150: 4672: 4635: 3433: 2393: 2150: 2018: 1821: 1621:(North Island—New Ulster, South Island—New Munster), named after the Northern and Southern 1329: 1268:, Parliament may pass any legislation that it wishes. Since 1996, New Zealand has used the 1224: 1173: 1070: 798: 505: 96: 3547: 2522: 2343: 2313:

That increased effort be made to improve civics and citizenship educations in schools, and

1753:'. Following the Conference, the House of Representatives passed a motion requesting that 1281: 8: 5319: 5239: 5227: 4725: 4720: 3750: 3368:"Proclamation on the Illegal Assumption of Authority in the Port Nicholson District 1840" 3169:"Privy Council delivers judgment in final appeal from New Zealand - Brick Court Chambers" 2768: 2420: 2181: 1817: 1746: 1706: 1602: 1579: 1560: 1513: 1460:

put the text of the Treaty in statute for the first time (as a schedule) and created the

1399: 1160: 979: 710:. Unlike many other nations, New Zealand has no single constitutional document. It is an 360: 5601: 1369: 1280:(that can affect the proportionality of the House, but only to a limited degree). Seven 404: 5444: 5402: 5040: 4891: 4518: 3998:"Constitutional Transformation and the Matike Mai Project: A Kōrero with Moana Jackson" 3411: 3389: 3367: 3345: 2454: 1928: 1893: 1594: 1450: 1441: 1431: 1385: 1257: 1240: 1078: 1011: 974:

Incorporates important British constitutional statutes into New Zealand Law, including

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Response of the Government to the Report of the Constitutional Arrangements Committee

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described the New Zealand Parliament in 1979 as the "fastest law maker in the West".

1461: 1398:; certain statutes of the United Kingdom Parliament enacted before 1947 (notably the 1373: 1365: 814: 727: 409: 148: 5222: 4903: 4093:"Parliamentary government in New Zealand: Lines of continuity and moments of change" 1888:

of the National Party refused to implement the instructions of Prime Minister-elect

629: 5028: 4735: 4523: 4336: 4104: 3569: 2769:"Review of "A Simple Nullity? The Wi Parata Case in New Zealand Law & History"" 1486:) over concerns about the transfer of assets from former government departments to 1314: 1145: 347: 5329: 4495: 3193: 1128: 5631: 5309: 5254: 4372: 4199:

Unbridled Power: An Interpretation of New Zealand's Constitution & Government

4197: 4123: 3272: 2387: 2042: 1754: 1749:

of 1907 resolved to allow certain colonies to become independent states, termed '

1656: 1622: 1552: 774: 746:. There is no technical difference between ordinary statutes and law considered " 5259: 2475:, unwritten elements of which are incorporated into the New Zealand constitution 2382: 2342:, starting in 2011. The agreement was part of the debate over the future of the 1590:

to legally acquire sovereignty from the United Tribes of New Zealand by treaty.

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New Zealand's Westminster trajectory: Archetypal transplant to maverick outlier

4237: 3091: 2849: 2678: 2558: 2554: 1932: 1885: 1813: 1587: 1556: 1156: 1104: 929: 870:. It is often considered to be New Zealand's founding document despite being a 478: 200: 3205: 2339: 34: 5884: 2707: 2412: 2408: 2354: 1978: 1942:

The last major constitutional reform of the Fourth Labour Government was the

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from 1987, the famous "Lands case" brought by the New Zealand Māori Council (

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function in accordance with the Constitution Act 1986 and various unwritten

4730: 4715: 4695: 4628: 4623: 4377: 3271:

Rishworth, Paul; Huscroft, Grant; Optican, Scott; Mahoney, Richard (2003).

2350: 1825: 1675: 1629: 1320:. The Cabinet forms the practical expression of a formal body known as the 1227:

is a fundamental feature of a constitution, to provide checks and balances.

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This Realm of New Zealand: The Sovereign, the Governor-General, the Crown

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and former law professor and law commissioner John Burrows as co-chairs.

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that would grant courts the ability to invalidate Acts of Parliament via

1889: 1758: 1649: 1564: 1444:

is an increasingly important source of constitutional law in New Zealand.

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Letters Patent Constituting the Office of Governor-General of New Zealand

829:

The constitution includes, but is not limited to, the following sources:

707: 71: 4408: 2017:. Many groups advocate constitutional reform by referendum, for example 1915:

to clarify which Imperial and English Acts are to apply to New Zealand.

4750: 4423: 4365: 4175: 3187: 2440: 2069:

Referendums on constitutional issues in New Zealand (outcome in bold):

2009: 1982: 1861: 1853: 1796:. At the request of the New Zealand Parliament, Westminster passed the 1606: 1583: 1473: 1395: 818: 751: 89: 5413: 4340: 3346:"Proclamation of Sovereignty over the South and Stewart Islands 1840" 2991: 2741: 1897: 1516:, and can, in theory, be amended by Parliament by a simple majority. 1317: 1141: 57: 4402: 3300:

Iwi: The Dynamics of Māori Tribal Organisation from C.1769 to C.1945

2501: 2499: 2434: 1689:(upper house) and the governor was constituted to pass law for the " 4745: 4690: 4074:

Public Policy in New Zealand - Institutions, processes and outcomes

1986: 1750: 1436: 4330: 3665: 3653: 3641: 3614: 3602: 3390:"New Zealand Government Act of 1840 (3 and 4 Vict., ch. 62) (Imp)" 3138:, ed. (18 September 2007) . "Characteristics of New Zealand Law". 2920: 2639: 1939:

was rejected. Parliament still functions as the supreme lawmaker.

4740: 4700: 4244:(4th ed.). South Melbourne, Vic. : Oxford University Press. 2627: 2603: 2496: 2404: 1713:. The powers of the New Zealand Parliament were clarified by the 907: 4405: – Group advocating binding citizens-initiated referendums. 4053:

Boston, Jonathan; Butler, Petra; Morris, Caroline, eds. (2011).

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The committee made three key recommendations to the government:

1547: 3270: 1946:(NZBORA). The NZBORA puts New Zealand's commitment to the 1977 1927:

such as more complex governing arrangements negotiated between

1610: 1244:

Parliament is central to New Zealand's democratic constitution.

934:

Describes the role of the governor-general and function of the

4144:

Onward with Executive Power - Lessons from New Zealand 1947-57

2400:

United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples

1490:, part of the restructuring of the New Zealand economy by the 2660: 2658: 2656: 2654: 2416: 2029:

as New Zealand's highest court of appeal was replaced by the

1871: 1809: 4261:

The Treaty of Waitangi in New Zealand's Law and Constitution

2537: 2535: 766:

requires certain provisions can only be amended following a

4052: 3864: 3843: 3746: 3631: 3629: 3525: 3513: 3501: 3489: 3014:"New Zealand's first Constitution Act passed 165 years ago" 2257: 1880:

in which the Labour Party gained a parliamentary majority,

1829: 1144:

in right of New Zealand" has been legally divided from the

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from the original on 21 December 2021 – via YouTube.

2829: 2651: 706:

and principles that determine the political governance of

3765: 3590: 3466:. Vol. 10, no. 886. 11 October 1854. p. 2. 3206:"Pora (Appellant) v The Queen (Respondent) (New Zealand)" 2576: 2532: 2378: 1541: 954:

Describes the three branches of government. Replaced the

4242:

Bridled Power: New Zealand's Constitution and Government

3626: 3324:"Proclamation of Sovereignty over the North Island 1840" 2791: 2789: 2624:, The political character of New Zealand’s constitution. 2267: 1788:

was passed thus lifting the restrictions created by the

1784:

To give effect to the 1926 conference declarations, the

1720:

In 1857 the Parliament of the United Kingdom passed the

1700:

consisting all ministers, presided over by the governor.

1582:

in 1835. While the Declaration was acknowledged by King

4288:

The Constitution of New Zealand - A Contextual Analysis

3302:(1st ed.). Wellington: Victoria University Press. 2872: 2870: 1918:

The Fourth Labour government also began the process of

1824:, which includes the self-governing territories of the 1640:

The Imperial Parliament (Westminster) passed the first

3785:"National refuses to take part in constitution review" 2593: 2591: 821:

system within a decade of its statutory independence.

758:

can perform "constitutional reform" simply by passing

3252: 2786: 2368: 1394:

New Zealand law has three principal sources: English

1180:. The sovereign appoints the governor-general on the 4304: 4120:

Constitutional and Administrative Law in New Zealand

3910:

Iwi Chairs Forum - Sharing the vision of Kotahitanga

3840:"Monarchy debate off-topic in constitutional review" 3240: 3228: 3216: 2926: 2867: 2430: 2415:, the working group held 252 meetings with Māori at 2289:

New Zealand's constitutional development since 1840;

1948:

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

1808:

As a result of these changes, New Zealand became a "

1136:

is also the head of state of New Zealand. Under the

1004:

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

722:

has a central role, alongside a collection of other

4165: 3671: 3659: 3647: 3620: 3608: 2645: 2633: 2609: 2588: 2505: 1234:

Office of the Clerk of the House of Representatives

1116:As per the Constitution Act 1986, New Zealand is a 3190:(Appellant) v The Queen (Respondent) (New Zealand) 1903:Following the constitutional crisis, the incoming 1570:Busby convened the Confederation of Chiefs of the 1210:New Zealand's legislative, executive and judicial 1100:Monarchy of New Zealand § Constitutional role 4409:New Zealand Political and constitutional timeline 4023:"Moana Jackson - a new constitution for Aotearoa" 3114:"Couch v Attorney-General [2010] NZSC 27" 2705: 2473:History of the constitution of the United Kingdom 2033:by a simple Act of Parliament despite calls from 1977:of electoral boundaries, the voting age, and the 1632:in its own right, with Hobson declared governor. 1497: 1218:, which are derived from the Westminster system. 1155:"The Crown" is regarded as the embodiment of the 5882: 3570:"Senate Bill: Report of Electoral Law Committee" 2701: 2699: 2697: 1628:On 3 May 1841, New Zealand was established as a 1508:The New Zealand Bill of Rights Act sets out the 1313:, which is responsible to Parliament, exercises 1127:Section 2(1) of the Act declares "The Sovereign 1539:society was based largely around tribal units: 3996:Potter, Helen; Jackson, Moana (9 April 2018). 3542: 3540: 3203: 824: 5671: 5429: 4439: 4393:Constitutional Advisory Panel interim website 4335:. Sydney, NSW: UNSW Press. pp. 180–181. 4140: 3995: 3531: 3519: 3507: 3495: 3479:"Law and the economy - Setting the framework" 3040:"Parliament Brief : What is Parliament?" 2694: 2676: 1798:New Zealand Constitution (Amendment) Act 1947 1535:Prior to European settlement of New Zealand, 1077:. It increasingly reflects the fact that the 679: 4281: 4235: 4216: 4071: 3813:"Final Report of the Constitutional Inquiry" 3805: 3771: 3683: 3085: 3083: 2835: 2716:Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet 2664: 2582: 2541: 2045:for a referendum to be called on the issue. 1805:, which repealed the 1852 Constitution Act. 1483:New Zealand Maori Council v Attorney-General 5685: 4097:International Journal of Constitutional Law 3703: 3537: 2897: 2895: 2893: 2891: 2889: 2887: 2885: 2850:"Constitution - Constitutional conventions" 2841: 2737:"The Treaty in brief - The Treaty in brief" 1722:New Zealand Constitution Amendment Act 1857 1150:adoption of the 1931 Statute of Westminster 5678: 5664: 5436: 5422: 4446: 4432: 3777: 3735: 3092:"Constitution - Executive and legislature" 2295:the sources of New Zealand's constitution; 1872:Reforms of the 1984–1990 Labour Government 1860:in 1990, New Zealand's Parliament remains 1681:A General Assembly comprising the elected 1593:On 6 February 1840, the first copy of the 1576:Declaration of Independence of New Zealand 1297: 1199: 686: 672: 5511:New Zealand Constitutional Advisory Panel 4420:, New Zealand Parliamentary Library, 2005 4217:Palmer, Geoffrey; Butler, Andrew (2016). 4108: 3721: 3134: 3094:. Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand 3080: 2330:New Zealand Constitutional Advisory Panel 1406:. In interpreting common law, there is a 4453: 4378:New Zealand Constitutional Law Resources 3483:Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand 2968:. New Zealand Parliament. Archived from 2882: 2559:"Constitution - What is a constitution?" 2516: 2514: 2391:(the 1835 Declaration of Independence), 2323: 1969:Certain aspects of the constitution are 1964:the abolition of the Legislative Council 1924:Royal Commission on the Electoral System 1884:arose when incumbent Prime Minister Sir 1435: 1239: 1103: 1067:New Zealand is a constitutional monarchy 1046:as New Zealand's final court of appeal. 4219:A Constitution for Aotearoa New Zealand 4072:Eichbaum, Chris; Shaw, Richard (2005). 3834: 3832: 3743:"PM playing down constitutional review" 3297: 3277:. Oxford University Press. p. 73. 3042:. New Zealand Parliament. 21 March 2014 2854:Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand 2815:Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand 2563:Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand 2251: 2236: 1413:Judicial Committee of the Privy Council 319:Political funding and election expenses 5883: 5443: 4258: 4192: 4117: 4090: 3596: 3258: 3246: 3234: 3222: 3089: 3020:. New Zealand Parliament. 30 June 2017 2876: 2847: 2795: 2621: 2597: 2553: 2520: 2349:An advisory panel supported ministers 1232:David Bagnall, Principal Clerk in the 809:drawn from the democratically elected 5659: 5417: 4427: 4328: 4002:Economic and Social Research Aotearoa 3935: 3933: 3931: 3635: 3476: 3062:"What is the Māori Electoral Option?" 2903:"Constitution Act 1986 (1986 No 114)" 2511: 2272:In November 2004, the Prime Minister 2268:Constitutional Arrangements Committee 2050:Citizens Initiated Referenda Act 1993 1734: 1678:within two years of the Acts passage; 1425: 470:Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade 3977:from the original on 21 January 2018 3878:"'Good mix' in constitutional panel" 3829: 3711:"Electoral Commission – Referendums" 3460:"Auckland, Wednesday, Oct. 11, 1854" 2807: 2766: 2528:. Canterbury Law Review. p. 72. 1567:as British Resident to New Zealand. 1470:principles of the Treaty of Waitangi 862:The treaty was an agreement between 811:New Zealand House of Representatives 740:principles of the Treaty of Waitangi 5501:New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990 3550:. Ministry for Culture and Heritage 3438:Te Ara: Encyclopedia of New Zealand 2225:FPP: 46.7%, SM: 24.1%, STV: 16.3%, 2061:introduced by New Zealand First MP 1944:New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990 1794:Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1555:was founded. According to Governor 1504:New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990 1272:(MMP) system, which is essentially 13: 5506:Imperial Laws Application Act 1988 3928: 3749:. 14 November 2004. Archived from 3729:"Electoral Commission – Referenda" 3068:. Electoral Commission New Zealand 2940:"What Does 'The Crown' Even Mean?" 2369:Māori constitutional working group 1913:Imperial Laws Application Act 1988 1801:abolished with the passing of the 1635: 1288:for members elected on a separate 1138:Imperial Laws Application Act 1988 866:chiefs and representatives of the 524:New Zealand and the United Nations 14: 5922: 4359: 4265:Victoria University of Wellington 4149:Victoria University of Wellington 4076:. Pearson Education New Zealand. 2994:. Governor-General of New Zealand 2747:Ministry for Culture and Heritage 2688:Victoria University of Wellington 2523:"Foundations of the Constitution" 2377:, a forum made up of people from 1670:That New Zealand is divided into 1661:New Zealand Constitution Act 1852 1642:New Zealand Constitution Act 1846 1348:is a hierarchy consisting of the 956:New Zealand Constitution Act 1852 5472: 3865:Boston, Butler & Morris 2011 3818:. 11 August 2005. Archived from 3697:"Section 271 Electoral Act 1993" 3090:Palmer, Matthew (20 June 2012). 2927:Quentin-Baxter & McLean 2017 2848:Palmer, Matthew (20 June 2012). 2447: 2433: 1691:peace, order and good government 1524: 1264:. According to the principle of 1188:, who usually consults with the 1073:of government, and that it is a 1057:The New Zealand constitution is 646: 612:History of voting in New Zealand 607:Political history of New Zealand 33: 16:Uncodified national constitution 4147:. Institute of Policy Studies, 4141:Kumarasingham, Harshan (2010). 4091:Geddis, Andrew (January 2016). 4055:Reconstituting the Constitution 4045: 4015: 3989: 3959: 3898: 3870: 3689: 3575:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) 3562: 3548:"Legislative Council abolished" 3470: 3452: 3426: 3404: 3382: 3360: 3338: 3316: 3291: 3264: 3204:UKSupremeCourt (3 March 2015). 3197: 3179: 3161: 3147:An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand 3128: 3106: 3054: 3032: 3006: 2984: 2958: 2932: 2801: 2760: 2729: 2677:Kumarasingham, Harshan (2008). 2670: 2243:Electoral reform in New Zealand 2193:Number of Members of Parliament 2015:electoral reform in New Zealand 1962:to amend it, as illustrated by 1790:Colonial Laws Validity Act 1865 1705:January 1840; specifically the 1605:settlements in Port Nicholson ( 813:. This system is based on the " 742:, and unwritten traditions and 5704:Federated States of Micronesia 3906:"Constitutional Working Group" 3477:Evans, Lewis (11 March 2010). 3274:The New Zealand Bill of Rights 2776:New Zealand Journal of History 2547: 2008:There is no requirement for a 1997: 1835: 1498:New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1390:Judicial review in New Zealand 1354:Court of Appeal of New Zealand 1112:, the sovereign of New Zealand 992:New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 781:from Britain in 1947. It is a 1: 4314:. Auckland University Press. 4221:. Victoria University Press. 2484: 964:Imperial Laws Application Act 916:and government transparency. 4417:The New Zealand Constitution 4172:The New Zealand Legal System 2489: 2247:Republicanism in New Zealand 2031:Supreme Court of New Zealand 1572:United Tribes of New Zealand 1417:Supreme Court of New Zealand 1350:Supreme Court of New Zealand 1093: 1044:Supreme Court of New Zealand 7: 5891:Constitution of New Zealand 5483:Constitution of New Zealand 4202:. Oxford University Press. 2810:"The Cabinet office manual" 2463:Independence of New Zealand 2426: 2021:supports a referendum on a 1786:Statute of Westminster 1931 1779:Balfour Declaration of 1926 1775:Imperial Conference of 1926 1741:Independence of New Zealand 1458:Treaty of Waitangi Act 1975 1274:proportional representation 1052: 825:Sources of the constitution 779:full statutory independence 718:and unwritten sources. The 700:constitution of New Zealand 180:54th New Zealand Parliament 10: 5927: 4534:New Zealand and Antarctica 2327: 2240: 2212:Change of electoral system 2131:Change of electoral system 2004:Referendums in New Zealand 2001: 1876:Immediately following the 1738: 1715:Colonial Laws Validity Act 1528: 1519: 1510:civil and political rights 1501: 1429: 1383: 1203: 1097: 1026:of members of Parliament. 161:State services departments 5901:Government of New Zealand 5795: 5772: 5691: 5640:Admission to practice law 5630: 5610: 5574: 5543: 5534: 5516:Parliamentary sovereignty 5481: 5470: 5451: 5382: 5295: 5282:Structural discrimination 5233:New Zealand Sign Language 5136: 5127: 5014: 5005: 4947: 4811: 4802: 4775: 4681: 4574: 4570: 4561: 4514: 4471: 4462: 4290:. Bloomsbury Publishing. 3945:Network Waitangi Otautahi 2375:National Iwi Chairs Forum 1953: 1358:High Court of New Zealand 1270:mixed-member proportional 1266:parliamentary sovereignty 5911:Uncodified constitutions 5855:Northern Mariana Islands 4928:House of Representatives 4411: – NZHistory.net.nz 4308:; McLean, Janet (2017). 4259:Palmer, Matthew (2008). 3772:Palmer & Butler 2016 3684:Eichbaum & Shaw 2005 3672:McDowell & Webb 2002 3660:McDowell & Webb 2002 3648:McDowell & Webb 2002 3621:McDowell & Webb 2002 3609:McDowell & Webb 2002 3298:Ballara, Angela (1998). 2836:Eichbaum & Shaw 2005 2665:Eichbaum & Shaw 2005 2646:McDowell & Webb 2002 2634:McDowell & Webb 2002 2610:McDowell & Webb 2002 2583:Eichbaum & Shaw 2005 2542:Eichbaum & Shaw 2005 2506:McDowell & Webb 2002 1905:Fourth Labour Government 1683:House of Representatives 1492:Fourth Labour Government 1262:House of Representatives 1190:leader of the Opposition 1148:following New Zealand's 1075:representative democracy 900:Official Information Act 192:House of Representatives 5896:Politics of New Zealand 5820:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 5686:Constitution of Oceania 5575:Specialist jurisdiction 4790:Territorial authorities 4118:Joseph, Philip (1993). 3412:"Royal Charter of 1840" 2521:Joseph, Philip (1989). 2468:Politics of New Zealand 2054:non-binding referendums 1882:a constitutional crisis 1816:. It was not until the 1768:parliamentary privilege 1488:state-owned enterprises 1402:); and statutes of the 1346:New Zealand's judiciary 1206:Politics of New Zealand 1200:Government institutions 1161:component of Parliament 1118:constitutional monarchy 1065:). It establishes that 787:parliamentary democracy 783:constitutional monarchy 712:uncodified constitution 445:Territorial authorities 26:Politics of New Zealand 5051:Information technology 4371:11 August 2019 at the 4306:Quentin-Baxter, Alison 3971:Treaty Resource Centre 3883:The New Zealand Herald 3790:The New Zealand Herald 3699:. Legislation.govt.nz. 3185:Privy Council Appeal, 2767:Ruru, Jacinta (2012). 2686:(Thesis). Wellington: 1814:legally separate Crown 1445: 1408:rebuttable presumption 1404:New Zealand Parliament 1379: 1340:responsible government 1254:New Zealand Parliament 1245: 1238: 1170:ministers of the Crown 1134:Act of Settlement 1701 1113: 984:Act of Settlement 1701 914:freedom of information 791:monarch of New Zealand 756:New Zealand Parliament 750:"; no law is accorded 653:New Zealand portal 489:Diplomatic missions of 5798:and other territories 5536:Courts of New Zealand 5496:Constitution Act 1986 4366:Constitution Aotearoa 3586:– via VDIG.net. 2328:Further information: 2324:Constitutional Review 1960:members of Parliament 1909:Constitution Act 1986 1803:Constitution Act 1986 1739:Further information: 1609:and Britannia, later 1531:Colony of New Zealand 1529:Further information: 1439: 1384:Further information: 1243: 1220: 1204:Further information: 1107: 1098:Further information: 1087:Constitution Act 1986 797:– represented in the 777:, New Zealand gained 720:Constitution Act 1986 397:Courts Martial Appeal 5618:Court of Arbitration 5611:Defunct jurisdiction 5544:General jurisdiction 5526:Separation of powers 4329:Wanna, John (2005). 3173:www.brickcourt.co.uk 2992:"The Reserve Powers" 2394:Te Tiriti o Waitangi 2252:Written constitution 2237:Proposals for reform 2170:New electoral system 2019:New Zealand Republic 1822:Realm of New Zealand 1574:, which adopted the 1330:parliamentary leader 1256:, consisting of the 1225:separation of powers 1174:Realm of New Zealand 1071:parliamentary system 799:Realm of New Zealand 754:. In most cases the 250:Electoral Commission 110:Executive government 97:Realm of New Zealand 5645:List of law schools 5491:Letters Patent 1983 5228:New Zealand English 4919:Official Opposition 4388:Cabinet Manual 2017 4110:10.1093/icon/mow001 3825:on 17 October 2008. 3638:, pp. 180–181. 3192:, judgment UKPC 9. 2421:Matike Mai Aotearoa 1818:1983 Letters Patent 1747:Imperial Conference 1707:Bill of Rights 1689 1687:Legislative Council 1603:New Zealand Company 1561:135th meridian east 1468:References to the " 1400:Bill of Rights 1689 1278:single member seats 980:Bill of Rights 1689 734:, decisions of the 208:Official Opposition 117:List of governments 5906:Law of New Zealand 5464:Acts of Parliament 5445:Law of New Zealand 5098:Telecommunications 4519:Treaty of Waitangi 4236:Palmer, Geoffrey; 3916:on 18 January 2022 3793:. 14 November 2004 3532:Kumarasingham 2010 3520:Kumarasingham 2010 3508:Kumarasingham 2010 3496:Kumarasingham 2010 3414:. 10 November 1840 2972:on 10 October 2017 2966:"The Royal assent" 2946:. 11 February 2013 2455:New Zealand portal 2403:and principles of 2363:Sir Tipene O'Regan 2203:, 120 MPs: 18.53% 2112:Term of Parliament 2093:Term of Parliament 1922:. It convened the 1894:New Zealand dollar 1735:Dominion and Realm 1666:The Act provided: 1595:Treaty of Waitangi 1451:constitutional law 1446: 1442:Treaty of Waitangi 1432:Treaty of Waitangi 1426:Treaty of Waitangi 1386:Law of New Zealand 1258:King-in-Parliament 1248:New Zealand has a 1246: 1114: 1079:Treaty of Waitangi 850:Treaty of Waitangi 764:Electoral Act 1993 760:acts of Parliament 748:constitutional law 420:Law of New Zealand 254:Recent elections: 187:King-in-Parliament 5878: 5877: 5870:Wallis and Futuna 5815:Clipperton Island 5773:Associated states 5653: 5652: 5626: 5625: 5592:Environment Court 5582:Disputes Tribunal 5411: 5410: 5378: 5377: 5166:Gender inequality 5123: 5122: 5001: 5000: 4934:Political funding 4843:Foreign relations 4831:Political parties 4798: 4797: 4771: 4770: 4557: 4556: 4506:Political history 4321:978-1-869-40875-6 4282:Palmer, Matthew; 4274:978-0-86473-579-9 4251:978-0-195-58463-9 4209:978-0-19-558170-6 4166:McDowell, Morag; 4158:978-1-877347-37-5 4029:. 23 October 2016 3846:. 8 December 2010 3717:on 27 April 2005. 3464:The New-Zealander 3284:978-0-19-558361-8 3018:www.parliament.nz 2808:Eichbaum, Chris. 2479:Constitutionalism 2344:Māori electorates 2282:New Zealand First 2234: 2233: 2122:, 4 years: 30.7% 2103:, 4 years: 31.9% 2035:New Zealand First 1698:Executive Council 1648:at the time, Sir 1646:governor-in-chief 1462:Waitangi Tribunal 1374:Waitangi Tribunal 1366:Environment Court 1322:Executive Council 1050: 1049: 1032:Senior Courts Act 936:Executive Council 815:Westminster model 773:After decades of 728:orders in Council 696: 695: 635:Nuclear-free zone 511:Visa requirements 463:Foreign relations 410:Waitangi Tribunal 228:Political parties 156:Executive Council 149:Christopher Luxon 5918: 5860:Pitcairn Islands 5830:French Polynesia 5810:Christmas Island 5739:Papua New Guinea 5719:Marshall Islands 5692:Sovereign states 5680: 5673: 5666: 5657: 5656: 5602:Māori Land Court 5587:Employment Court 5541: 5540: 5476: 5438: 5431: 5424: 5415: 5414: 5391: 5134: 5133: 5012: 5011: 4969:Governor-General 4826:Electoral system 4809: 4808: 4736:Palmerston North 4572: 4571: 4568: 4567: 4529:Women's suffrage 4524:New Zealand Wars 4491:Military history 4486:Economic history 4469: 4468: 4448: 4441: 4434: 4425: 4424: 4414:John McSoriley, 4403:Better Democracy 4354: 4325: 4301: 4278: 4255: 4232: 4213: 4194:Palmer, Geoffrey 4189: 4174:(3rd ed.). 4162: 4137: 4122:(4th ed.). 4114: 4112: 4087: 4068: 4039: 4038: 4036: 4034: 4019: 4013: 4012: 4010: 4008: 3993: 3987: 3986: 3984: 3982: 3963: 3957: 3956: 3954: 3952: 3937: 3926: 3925: 3923: 3921: 3912:. 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H. 3132: 3126: 3125: 3123: 3121: 3110: 3104: 3103: 3101: 3099: 3087: 3078: 3077: 3075: 3073: 3058: 3052: 3051: 3049: 3047: 3036: 3030: 3029: 3027: 3025: 3010: 3004: 3003: 3001: 2999: 2988: 2982: 2981: 2979: 2977: 2962: 2956: 2955: 2953: 2951: 2936: 2930: 2924: 2918: 2917: 2915: 2913: 2899: 2880: 2874: 2865: 2864: 2862: 2860: 2845: 2839: 2833: 2827: 2826: 2824: 2822: 2805: 2799: 2793: 2784: 2783: 2773: 2764: 2758: 2757: 2755: 2753: 2733: 2727: 2726: 2724: 2722: 2703: 2692: 2691: 2685: 2674: 2668: 2662: 2649: 2643: 2637: 2631: 2625: 2619: 2613: 2607: 2601: 2595: 2586: 2580: 2574: 2573: 2571: 2569: 2557:(20 June 2012). 2551: 2545: 2539: 2530: 2529: 2527: 2518: 2509: 2503: 2457: 2452: 2451: 2450: 2443: 2438: 2437: 2411:and convened by 2072: 2071: 1929:multiple parties 1920:electoral reform 1693:of New Zealand"; 1476:decision of the 1370:Māori Land Court 1301: 1236: 1178:governor-general 1146:British monarchy 1069:, that it has a 944:Constitution Act 832: 831: 803:governor-general 688: 681: 674: 651: 650: 649: 558:Environmentalism 450:Community boards 433:Local government 348:Helen Winkelmann 243:Electoral reform 238:Electoral system 80:Governor-General 74: 37: 21: 20: 5926: 5925: 5921: 5920: 5919: 5917: 5916: 5915: 5881: 5880: 5879: 5874: 5797: 5791: 5774: 5768: 5749:Solomon Islands 5687: 5684: 5654: 5649: 5622: 5606: 5570: 5556:Court of Appeal 5530: 5477: 5468: 5447: 5442: 5412: 5407: 5394: 5387: 5374: 5350:Public holidays 5345:Performing arts 5291: 5183:Gender equality 5119: 4997: 4943: 4794: 4767: 4677: 4651:Marine reserves 4646:Protected areas 4553: 4510: 4501:Natural history 4458: 4452: 4373:Wayback Machine 4362: 4357: 4351: 4322: 4298: 4275: 4252: 4238:Palmer, Matthew 4229: 4210: 4186: 4159: 4134: 4124:Thomson Reuters 4084: 4065: 4048: 4043: 4042: 4032: 4030: 4021: 4020: 4016: 4006: 4004: 3994: 3990: 3980: 3978: 3965: 3964: 3960: 3950: 3948: 3939: 3938: 3929: 3919: 3917: 3904: 3903: 3899: 3889: 3887: 3886:. 4 August 2011 3876: 3875: 3871: 3863: 3859: 3849: 3847: 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2938: 2937: 2933: 2925: 2921: 2911: 2909: 2901: 2900: 2883: 2875: 2868: 2858: 2856: 2846: 2842: 2834: 2830: 2820: 2818: 2806: 2802: 2794: 2787: 2771: 2765: 2761: 2751: 2749: 2735: 2734: 2730: 2720: 2718: 2704: 2695: 2683: 2675: 2671: 2663: 2652: 2644: 2640: 2632: 2628: 2620: 2616: 2608: 2604: 2596: 2589: 2581: 2577: 2567: 2565: 2555:Palmer, Matthew 2552: 2548: 2540: 2533: 2525: 2519: 2512: 2504: 2497: 2492: 2487: 2453: 2448: 2446: 2439: 2432: 2429: 2388:He Whakaputanga 2371: 2332: 2326: 2304: 2270: 2262:Geoffrey Palmer 2254: 2249: 2239: 2223: 2222:, Change 42.2% 2142: 2063:Barbara Stewart 2006: 2000: 1987:simple majority 1956: 1937:judicial review 1892:to devalue the 1874: 1866:Geoffrey Palmer 1858:Senate proposal 1838: 1755:King Edward VII 1743: 1737: 1657:self-government 1638: 1636:Self-government 1623:Irish provinces 1553:New South Wales 1533: 1527: 1522: 1506: 1500: 1478:Court of Appeal 1434: 1428: 1392: 1382: 1362:District Courts 1307: 1306: 1305: 1304: 1237: 1231: 1208: 1202: 1102: 1096: 1055: 827: 775:self-governance 692: 663: 659:Other countries 647: 645: 640: 639: 625: 617: 616: 602: 594: 593: 592: 537: 529: 528: 520: 501:Nationality law 497: 485: 465: 455: 454: 435: 425: 424: 414: 400: 393: 355:Court of Appeal 334: 324: 323: 308: 281: 223: 213: 212: 183: 182: 176: 166: 165: 112: 102: 101: 70: 60: 50: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5924: 5914: 5913: 5908: 5903: 5898: 5893: 5876: 5875: 5873: 5872: 5867: 5862: 5857: 5852: 5850:Norfolk Island 5847: 5842: 5837: 5832: 5827: 5822: 5817: 5812: 5807: 5805:American Samoa 5801: 5799: 5793: 5792: 5790: 5789: 5784: 5778: 5776: 5775:of New Zealand 5770: 5769: 5767: 5766: 5761: 5756: 5751: 5746: 5741: 5736: 5731: 5726: 5721: 5716: 5711: 5706: 5701: 5695: 5693: 5689: 5688: 5683: 5682: 5675: 5668: 5660: 5651: 5650: 5648: 5647: 5642: 5636: 5634: 5628: 5627: 5624: 5623: 5621: 5620: 5614: 5612: 5608: 5607: 5605: 5604: 5599: 5594: 5589: 5584: 5578: 5576: 5572: 5571: 5569: 5568: 5566:District Court 5563: 5558: 5553: 5547: 5545: 5538: 5532: 5531: 5529: 5528: 5523: 5518: 5513: 5508: 5503: 5498: 5493: 5487: 5485: 5479: 5478: 5471: 5469: 5467: 5466: 5461: 5455: 5453: 5449: 5448: 5441: 5440: 5433: 5426: 5418: 5409: 5408: 5406: 5405: 5400: 5393: 5392: 5384: 5383: 5380: 5379: 5376: 5375: 5373: 5372: 5367: 5362: 5357: 5352: 5347: 5342: 5337: 5332: 5327: 5322: 5317: 5312: 5307: 5301: 5299: 5293: 5292: 5290: 5289: 5284: 5279: 5274: 5269: 5268: 5267: 5262: 5257: 5247: 5242: 5237: 5236: 5235: 5230: 5225: 5215: 5210: 5205: 5200: 5195: 5190: 5185: 5180: 5175: 5170: 5169: 5168: 5163: 5161:Ethnic origins 5153: 5148: 5143: 5137: 5131: 5125: 5124: 5121: 5120: 5118: 5117: 5116: 5115: 5113:Rail transport 5108:Transportation 5105: 5100: 5095: 5090: 5088:Social welfare 5085: 5080: 5075: 5074: 5073: 5063: 5058: 5053: 5048: 5043: 5038: 5033: 5032: 5031: 5026: 5015: 5009: 5003: 5002: 4999: 4998: 4996: 4995: 4994: 4993: 4986:Prime Minister 4983: 4978: 4977: 4976: 4966: 4965: 4964: 4953: 4951: 4945: 4944: 4942: 4941: 4936: 4931: 4921: 4916: 4911: 4906: 4904:Māori politics 4901: 4900: 4899: 4889: 4888: 4887: 4882: 4872: 4871: 4870: 4865: 4860: 4850: 4845: 4840: 4839: 4838: 4833: 4828: 4818: 4812: 4806: 4800: 4799: 4796: 4795: 4793: 4792: 4787: 4781: 4779: 4773: 4772: 4769: 4768: 4766: 4765: 4760: 4759: 4758: 4748: 4743: 4738: 4733: 4728: 4723: 4718: 4713: 4708: 4703: 4698: 4693: 4687: 4685: 4679: 4678: 4676: 4675: 4670: 4665: 4660: 4659: 4658: 4656:National parks 4653: 4643: 4638: 4633: 4632: 4631: 4626: 4616: 4611: 4606: 4601: 4599:Climate change 4596: 4591: 4586: 4580: 4578: 4565: 4559: 4558: 4555: 4554: 4552: 4551: 4546: 4541: 4536: 4531: 4526: 4521: 4515: 4512: 4511: 4509: 4508: 4503: 4498: 4493: 4488: 4483: 4478: 4472: 4466: 4460: 4459: 4457: articles 4451: 4450: 4443: 4436: 4428: 4422: 4421: 4412: 4406: 4400: 4395: 4390: 4385: 4380: 4375: 4361: 4360:External links 4358: 4356: 4355: 4349: 4326: 4320: 4302: 4296: 4279: 4273: 4256: 4250: 4233: 4227: 4214: 4208: 4190: 4184: 4178:Butterworths. 4163: 4157: 4138: 4132: 4115: 4088: 4082: 4069: 4063: 4049: 4047: 4044: 4041: 4040: 4014: 3988: 3958: 3947:. 26 July 2018 3927: 3897: 3869: 3857: 3828: 3804: 3776: 3764: 3734: 3720: 3702: 3688: 3676: 3674:, p. 168. 3664: 3662:, p. 161. 3652: 3650:, p. 162. 3640: 3625: 3623:, p. 157. 3613: 3611:, p. 156. 3601: 3589: 3561: 3536: 3524: 3512: 3500: 3488: 3469: 3451: 3425: 3403: 3381: 3359: 3337: 3315: 3308: 3290: 3283: 3263: 3261:, p. 109. 3251: 3239: 3227: 3215: 3196: 3178: 3160: 3127: 3116:. 13 June 2008 3105: 3079: 3053: 3031: 3005: 2983: 2957: 2931: 2919: 2881: 2866: 2840: 2828: 2800: 2798:, p. 139. 2785: 2759: 2728: 2693: 2669: 2650: 2648:, p. 114. 2638: 2636:, p. 129. 2626: 2614: 2612:, p. 169. 2602: 2587: 2575: 2546: 2531: 2510: 2508:, p. 101. 2494: 2493: 2491: 2488: 2486: 2483: 2482: 2481: 2476: 2470: 2465: 2459: 2458: 2444: 2428: 2425: 2370: 2367: 2336:National Party 2325: 2322: 2318: 2317: 2314: 2311: 2303: 2302: 2299: 2296: 2293: 2290: 2286: 2278:National Party 2269: 2266: 2253: 2250: 2238: 2235: 2232: 2231: 2217: 2214: 2209: 2205: 2204: 2201:99 MPs: 81.46% 2198: 2195: 2190: 2186: 2185: 2175: 2172: 2167: 2163: 2162: 2136: 2133: 2128: 2124: 2123: 2120:3 years: 69.3% 2117: 2114: 2109: 2105: 2104: 2101:3 years: 68.1% 2098: 2095: 2090: 2086: 2085: 2082: 2079: 2076: 2002:Main article: 1999: 1996: 1975:redistribution 1955: 1952: 1933:bill of rights 1900:in his place. 1886:Robert Muldoon 1873: 1870: 1842:National Party 1837: 1834: 1736: 1733: 1702: 1701: 1694: 1679: 1637: 1634: 1588:William Hobson 1557:Arthur Phillip 1526: 1523: 1521: 1518: 1502:Main article: 1499: 1496: 1430:Main article: 1427: 1424: 1381: 1378: 1326:prime minister 1302: 1296: 1295: 1294: 1284:are currently 1229: 1201: 1198: 1194:reserve powers 1186:prime minister 1095: 1092: 1054: 1051: 1048: 1047: 1040: 1037: 1034: 1028: 1027: 1022:Describes the 1020: 1017: 1014: 1008: 1007: 1000: 997: 994: 988: 987: 972: 969: 966: 960: 959: 952: 949: 946: 940: 939: 932: 930:Letters Patent 927: 924: 918: 917: 910: 905: 902: 896: 895: 888: 885: 882: 880:Cabinet Manual 876: 875: 860: 855: 852: 846: 845: 842: 839: 836: 826: 823: 732:letters patent 702:is the sum of 694: 693: 691: 690: 683: 676: 668: 665: 664: 662: 661: 655: 642: 641: 638: 637: 632: 630:Māori politics 626: 624:Related topics 623: 622: 619: 618: 615: 614: 609: 603: 600: 599: 596: 595: 591: 590: 585: 580: 575: 570: 565: 560: 555: 550: 545: 539: 538: 535: 534: 531: 530: 527: 526: 519: 518: 513: 508: 503: 496: 495: 493:in New Zealand 484: 483: 482: 481: 479:Winston Peters 466: 461: 460: 457: 456: 453: 452: 447: 442: 436: 431: 430: 427: 426: 423: 422: 417: 416: 415: 413: 412: 407: 401: 399: 398: 394: 392: 391: 386: 380: 377:Other Courts: 375: 373:District Court 370: 365: 364: 363: 352: 351: 350: 335: 330: 329: 326: 325: 322: 321: 316: 311: 310: 309: 307: 306: 301: 296: 291: 284: 282: 280: 279: 274: 269: 264: 257: 252: 247: 246: 245: 235: 230: 224: 219: 218: 215: 214: 211: 210: 205: 204: 203: 201:Gerry Brownlee 189: 178: 177: 172: 171: 168: 167: 164: 163: 158: 153: 152: 151: 139:Prime Minister 136: 135: 134: 129: 113: 108: 107: 104: 103: 100: 99: 94: 93: 92: 77: 76: 75: 61: 56: 55: 52: 51: 46: 43: 42: 39: 38: 30: 29: 24: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5923: 5912: 5909: 5907: 5904: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5889: 5888: 5886: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5845:New Caledonia 5843: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5825:Easter Island 5823: 5821: 5818: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5808: 5806: 5803: 5802: 5800: 5794: 5788: 5785: 5783: 5780: 5779: 5777: 5771: 5765: 5762: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5752: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5732: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5722: 5720: 5717: 5715: 5712: 5710: 5707: 5705: 5702: 5700: 5697: 5696: 5694: 5690: 5681: 5676: 5674: 5669: 5667: 5662: 5661: 5658: 5646: 5643: 5641: 5638: 5637: 5635: 5633: 5629: 5619: 5616: 5615: 5613: 5609: 5603: 5600: 5598: 5595: 5593: 5590: 5588: 5585: 5583: 5580: 5579: 5577: 5573: 5567: 5564: 5562: 5559: 5557: 5554: 5552: 5551:Supreme Court 5549: 5548: 5546: 5542: 5539: 5537: 5533: 5527: 5524: 5522: 5519: 5517: 5514: 5512: 5509: 5507: 5504: 5502: 5499: 5497: 5494: 5492: 5489: 5488: 5486: 5484: 5480: 5475: 5465: 5462: 5460: 5457: 5456: 5454: 5450: 5446: 5439: 5434: 5432: 5427: 5425: 5420: 5419: 5416: 5404: 5401: 5399: 5396: 5395: 5390: 5386: 5385: 5381: 5371: 5368: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5358: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5348: 5346: 5343: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5330:Māori culture 5328: 5326: 5323: 5321: 5318: 5316: 5313: 5311: 5308: 5306: 5303: 5302: 5300: 5298: 5294: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5280: 5278: 5275: 5273: 5270: 5266: 5263: 5261: 5258: 5256: 5253: 5252: 5251: 5248: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5238: 5234: 5231: 5229: 5226: 5224: 5221: 5220: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5211: 5209: 5206: 5204: 5201: 5199: 5196: 5194: 5191: 5189: 5186: 5184: 5181: 5179: 5176: 5174: 5171: 5167: 5164: 5162: 5159: 5158: 5157: 5154: 5152: 5149: 5147: 5144: 5142: 5139: 5138: 5135: 5132: 5130: 5126: 5114: 5111: 5110: 5109: 5106: 5104: 5101: 5099: 5096: 5094: 5091: 5089: 5086: 5084: 5081: 5079: 5076: 5072: 5071:Child poverty 5069: 5068: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5056:Manufacturing 5054: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5037: 5034: 5030: 5029:Wine industry 5027: 5025: 5024:Dairy farming 5022: 5021: 5020: 5017: 5016: 5013: 5010: 5008: 5004: 4992: 4989: 4988: 4987: 4984: 4982: 4979: 4975: 4972: 4971: 4970: 4967: 4963: 4960: 4959: 4958: 4955: 4954: 4952: 4950: 4946: 4940: 4939:Public sector 4937: 4935: 4932: 4929: 4925: 4922: 4920: 4917: 4915: 4912: 4910: 4907: 4905: 4902: 4898: 4895: 4894: 4893: 4890: 4886: 4885:Chief Justice 4883: 4881: 4880:Supreme Court 4878: 4877: 4876: 4873: 4869: 4866: 4864: 4861: 4859: 4856: 4855: 4854: 4851: 4849: 4846: 4844: 4841: 4837: 4834: 4832: 4829: 4827: 4824: 4823: 4822: 4819: 4817: 4814: 4813: 4810: 4807: 4805: 4801: 4791: 4788: 4786: 4783: 4782: 4780: 4778: 4774: 4764: 4761: 4757: 4754: 4753: 4752: 4749: 4747: 4744: 4742: 4739: 4737: 4734: 4732: 4729: 4727: 4724: 4722: 4719: 4717: 4714: 4712: 4709: 4707: 4704: 4702: 4699: 4697: 4694: 4692: 4689: 4688: 4686: 4684: 4680: 4674: 4671: 4669: 4666: 4664: 4661: 4657: 4654: 4652: 4649: 4648: 4647: 4644: 4642: 4639: 4637: 4634: 4630: 4627: 4625: 4622: 4621: 4620: 4617: 4615: 4612: 4610: 4607: 4605: 4602: 4600: 4597: 4595: 4592: 4590: 4587: 4585: 4582: 4581: 4579: 4577: 4573: 4569: 4566: 4564: 4560: 4550: 4547: 4545: 4542: 4540: 4537: 4535: 4532: 4530: 4527: 4525: 4522: 4520: 4517: 4516: 4513: 4507: 4504: 4502: 4499: 4497: 4496:Māori history 4494: 4492: 4489: 4487: 4484: 4482: 4479: 4477: 4474: 4473: 4470: 4467: 4465: 4461: 4456: 4449: 4444: 4442: 4437: 4435: 4430: 4429: 4426: 4419: 4418: 4413: 4410: 4407: 4404: 4401: 4399: 4396: 4394: 4391: 4389: 4386: 4384: 4381: 4379: 4376: 4374: 4370: 4367: 4364: 4363: 4352: 4346: 4342: 4338: 4334: 4333: 4327: 4323: 4317: 4313: 4312: 4307: 4303: 4299: 4297:9781849469036 4293: 4289: 4285: 4280: 4276: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4257: 4253: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4234: 4230: 4228:9781776560868 4224: 4220: 4215: 4211: 4205: 4201: 4200: 4195: 4191: 4187: 4181: 4177: 4173: 4169: 4164: 4160: 4154: 4150: 4146: 4145: 4139: 4135: 4133:9780864728432 4129: 4125: 4121: 4116: 4111: 4106: 4103:(1): 99–118. 4102: 4098: 4094: 4089: 4085: 4079: 4075: 4070: 4066: 4064:9783642215711 4060: 4056: 4051: 4050: 4028: 4024: 4018: 4003: 3999: 3992: 3976: 3972: 3968: 3962: 3946: 3942: 3936: 3934: 3932: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3901: 3885: 3884: 3879: 3873: 3867:, p. 20. 3866: 3861: 3845: 3841: 3835: 3833: 3821: 3814: 3808: 3792: 3791: 3786: 3780: 3773: 3768: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3738: 3730: 3724: 3716: 3712: 3706: 3698: 3692: 3686:, p. 44. 3685: 3680: 3673: 3668: 3661: 3656: 3649: 3644: 3637: 3632: 3630: 3622: 3617: 3610: 3605: 3598: 3593: 3578:. 7 June 1994 3577: 3576: 3571: 3565: 3549: 3543: 3541: 3534:, p. 55. 3533: 3528: 3522:, p. 19. 3521: 3516: 3510:, p. 16. 3509: 3504: 3498:, p. 15. 3497: 3492: 3484: 3480: 3473: 3465: 3461: 3455: 3439: 3435: 3429: 3413: 3407: 3391: 3385: 3370:. 23 May 1840 3369: 3363: 3348:. 21 May 1840 3347: 3341: 3326:. 21 May 1840 3325: 3319: 3311: 3309:9780864733283 3305: 3301: 3294: 3286: 3280: 3276: 3275: 3267: 3260: 3255: 3249:, p. 94. 3248: 3243: 3237:, p. 91. 3236: 3231: 3225:, p. 60. 3224: 3219: 3211: 3207: 3200: 3194: 3191: 3189: 3182: 3174: 3170: 3164: 3149: 3148: 3143: 3142: 3137: 3131: 3115: 3109: 3093: 3086: 3084: 3067: 3063: 3057: 3041: 3035: 3019: 3015: 3009: 2993: 2987: 2971: 2967: 2961: 2945: 2944:Royal Central 2941: 2935: 2929:, p. 65. 2928: 2923: 2908: 2907:www.nzlii.org 2904: 2898: 2896: 2894: 2892: 2890: 2888: 2886: 2879:, p. 19. 2878: 2873: 2871: 2855: 2851: 2844: 2838:, p. 36. 2837: 2832: 2817: 2816: 2811: 2804: 2797: 2792: 2790: 2781: 2777: 2770: 2763: 2748: 2744: 2743: 2738: 2732: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2708:Kenneth Keith 2702: 2700: 2698: 2690:. p. 12. 2689: 2682: 2681: 2673: 2667:, p. 37. 2666: 2661: 2659: 2657: 2655: 2647: 2642: 2635: 2630: 2623: 2618: 2611: 2606: 2600:, p. 17. 2599: 2594: 2592: 2585:, p. 32. 2584: 2579: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2550: 2544:, p. 33. 2543: 2538: 2536: 2524: 2517: 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