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1539:. Practically from the beginning the military government was not set up by the procedures of legitimate constitutional law. It completely lacked foreign recognition. It could barely maintain unity within itself, let alone claim to be the legitimate government of all China. Simply by creating a rival government, the integrity of the Republic was damaged and set precedents for rival governments in China down to the current day.
1723:
1392:
Yat-sen "extraordinary president". But the new
Guangzhou government, without any foreign recognition, was beset with questions of legitimacy as its form existed outside of the constitution it was mandated to protect. For Chen Jiongming, Sun's extraconstitutional election was a power grab. Relations further deteriorated when Chen invited
989:
overthrow the
Guangxi influence, and had personally ordered the Navy to fire at the Guangxi headquarters at one time. Near the end of 1917, Lu Rongting, Tang Jiyao, Mo Rongxin and others along with Tang Shaoyi convened a conference, and they advocated recognition of Feng Guozhang's presidency and formation a united government.
1391:
Parliament reconvened in
Guangzhou in January 1921. Of the remaining four executives, Tang Jiyao had to remain in Yunnan to protect his province, Wu Tingfang was ailing, and Tang Shaoyi was becoming uninterested. In April 1921, the National Assembly dissolved the military government and elected Sun
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During 1918, Cheng
Biguang aligned himself with the Guangxi clique, and was assassinated. The Extraordinary Session of Parliament was controlled by the Guangxi clique, and was restructured in May 1918 by replacing the office of generalissimo with a committee of seven executives consisting of Sun,
988:
Besides the Navy, Generalissimo Guards and twenty battalions of the
Guangdong Army, Sun Yat-sen lacked strong support of military strength in the Guangzhou Military Government, and sometimes his order was only effective in the Generalissmo Government. Sun had thoughts of mutiny at once, hoping to
1546:
which provided two million dollars because Sun had opposed China's entry into the First World War. The money allowed Sun to bribe the northern navy to defect and pay for the salaries of the
National Assembly. He also used the money to buy the loyalty of the southwest due to the nearly mercenary
1424:
to launch the expedition by coordinating the
Guangdong, Yunnan, Jiangxi, and Hunan armies. Sun Yat-sen's Northern Expedition ultimately led to the conflict with Chen Jiongming. Chen Jiongming advocated suspension of military conflict, first building up Guangdong as a province of autonomy.
1429:. In June, the Northern government's president, Xu Shichang stepped down, and the original National Assembly reconvened in Beijing. To Chen Jiongming, the Constitutional Protection Movement's purpose was achieved, but for Sun the new government was a smokescreen to mask
1028:
From
February to August 1919, the North and South held negotiations in Shanghai but they were stalled by Duan's sabotage. All MPs who did not attend the southern "extraordinary" session were disqualified and replaced. Parliament was adjourned by its Speaker
957:, the Constitutional Protection Army defeated Duan Qirui's assault in November. Duan resigned as the North's prime minister as a result, leaving the post to Feng Guozhang. The north and the south were in a temporary armistice.
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and declare war on
Germany. Duan insisted on joining the war while Li and the parliament were more guarded on the matter. Li Yuanhong removed Duan from office and called for national military support. Monarchist general
1515:
Sun realized the failure of both movements was based on his over reliance on the military forces of others. After the debacle, Sun found that the revolution needed its own military strength. With the help of the
1033:
on
January 24, 1920, when a faction of MPs boycotted the assembly, depriving it of a quorum. Cen also suspended the salaries of the MPs. With the southern government effectively under the influence of the
851:
In July 1917, Sun Yat-sen arrived in Guangzhou from Shanghai, and telegrammed the original members of parliament in Peking to come to Guangzhou and establish a new government. The Naval Minister
1524:, Sun retook the Guangzhou government for the third time in 1923. However, protecting the provisional government was not its purpose. Instead, building a strong military base centered on the
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After the establishment of the Guangzhou Military Government, the north and the south of China were in confrontation. Among the supporters of Guangzhou Government, the militants in
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Meanwhile, the Zhili clique started a national movement to reunite the Northern and Southern governments by having the two rival presidents resign in favor of a restored
1754:
270:. The first movement lasted from 1917 to 1920; the second from 1921 to 1922. An attempted third movement, begun in 1923, ultimately became the genesis for the
1923:
972:
to make war again on Hunan province in January and defeated the Constitutional Protection Army in April. However, after capturing Hunan, the Zhili commander
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was re-appointed prime minister, and the old parliament was restored. However, Li and Duan had a major disagreement shortly after on whether or not to enter
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On August 25, approximately 100 of the original members of parliament convened a conference in Guangzhou and passed a resolution establishing a
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Yuan Shikai dissolved the parliament as well as abolishing the Provisional Constitution, eventually trying to become emperor. In December 1915,
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870:. On September 1, 84 of the 91 members in the Guangzhou parliament elected Sun Yat-sen as the generalissimo. They selected the leaders of the
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In Shanghai, Sun re-organized the Kuomintang to oust the Guangxi junta from the Southern government. The military governor of Guangdong,
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Historical scholars fault the movements' reliance on legal campaign tactics. The National Assembly's extraordinary session lacked a
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to defeat the warlords was its goal. This was behind the success of the Northern Expedition that led to the reunification of China.
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356:, pursuant to its Provisional Constitution, held the first parliamentary election in February 1913, which then convened as the
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376:. Yuan Shikai repressed the resistance with force, forcing Sun Yat-sen and other leaders of the Kuomintang to flee abroad to
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to force the unification of China. In the summer of 1922, Sun Yat-sen personally established the division headquarters in
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by a Nationalist in Canada, several KMT overseas branches were banned. Sun Yat-sen also relied on gambling and selling
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also advocated peace negotiation when he was inaugurated as the president in October, which led to the end of the war.
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nature of the warlords. Relations with the Germans became strained when it was revealed that they had supported the
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to the movement. Chen thought it would swell their numbers but Sun believed they would dilute his ideology, the
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took the opportunity to enter Beijing with force. He then dissolved the parliament and attempted to restore
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1388:. Chen Jiongming expelled the Guangxi clique from Guangzhou allowing Sun to return by the end of November.
1376:. The KMT denounced these secret negotiations and the southern parliament moved to Yunnan in August and in
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halted the attack on Guangdong and Guangxi province and had a peaceful settlement with the south in July.
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Peace settlement after constitutionalist defeat, Guangxi clique takes control of the Southern Government
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against Yuan Shikai and achieved success. Yuan Shikai was forced to abdicate and died on June 6, 1916.
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on the other. Feeling marginalized, Sun Yat-sen resigned as the generalissimo, and left Guangzhou for
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1555:. With KMT activists being arrested abroad and Germany losing the war, Sun declared war against the
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The final 70 years of Latter Qing Dynasty: Yuan Shikai, Sun Yat-sen and the Xinhai Revolution
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as the Minister of Communications. Sun Yat-sen inaugurated on September 10, and appointed
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According to recent published studies, the first government in 1917 was funded by the
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as the Minister of Finance (abstained), Cheng Biguang as the Naval Minister, and
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to protect the Provisional Constitution. The military government consisted of a
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also supporting the Constitutional Protection Movement. With the support of
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arrived in Guangzhou on July 22 with nine ships to support Sun Yat-sen.
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to pay for his government which lacked practical revolutionary spirit.
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was designated to form the cabinet. He was assassinated by President
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and the Guangxi clique allowed Chen to invade on August 11 in the
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shortly after, however, prompting the Kuomintang to call for the
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in the vain hope of garnering recognition and a seat at the
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Immediately after his inauguration in May, Sun ordered the
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1038:, the first constitutional protection movement was over.
266:. The constitution that it intended to protect was the
1021:. The Guangzhou Military Government was now headed by
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427:. Duan re-established the new government and, with
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
268:Provisional Constitution of the Republic of China
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1632:but its sources remain unclear because it lacks
1380:from September to October. Tensions between the
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250:between 1917 and 1922, in which Sun established
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1042:The Second Constitutional Protection Movement
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435:The First Constitutional Protection Movement
1483:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1080:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
473:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
316:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2150:Warlord Rebellion in northeastern Shandong
1713:
1699:
358:National Assembly of the Republic of China
1663:Learn how and when to remove this message
1551:and that Sun refused to cooperate in the
1503:Learn how and when to remove this message
1115:Second Constitutional Protection Movement
1100:Learn how and when to remove this message
984:Reorganization of the military government
493:Learn how and when to remove this message
336:Learn how and when to remove this message
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
508:First Constitutional Protection Movement
27:Chinese political movements (1917–1922)
14:
2362:
2136:Third Red Spears' uprising in Shandong
1411:
1694:
1604:
1567:instead. After the assassination of
1481:adding citations to reliable sources
1448:
1078:adding citations to reliable sources
1045:
917:as the Commander of the First Army.
893:as the Minister of Foreign Affairs,
471:adding citations to reliable sources
438:
314:adding citations to reliable sources
281:
69:"Constitutional Protection Movement"
58:adding citations to reliable sources
29:
419:on July 1, in what is known as the
360:for the first time on April 8. The
242:) was a series of movements led by
24:
1834:Constitutional Protection Movement
232:Constitutional Protection Movement
135:Constitutional Protection Movement
25:
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1595:Military of the Republic of China
364:won a majority of the seats, and
258:as a result. It was known as the
2122:Looting of the Eastern Mausoleum
1982:Canton Merchants' Corps Uprising
1733:
1721:
1609:
1590:History of the Republic of China
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2053:Nationalist-Communist Civil War
612:Constitutional Protection Junta
352:in 1911, the newly established
45:needs additional citations for
1406:Three Principles of the People
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13:
1:
2351:Republic of China (1912–1949)
1800:Empire of China (Yuan Shikai)
1600:
1170:Southern Government collapses
921:Constitutional Protection War
18:Constitutional Protection War
1884:Occupation of Outer Mongolia
536:– January 24, 1920
398:succeeded him as president.
7:
2199:Soviet invasion of Xinjiang
1934:Washington Naval Conference
1578:
933:were superior in strength.
10:
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2261:National Pacification Army
2126:Northeast Flag Replacement
2032:Zhongshan Warship Incident
1729:and warlordism during the
1520:and the alliance with the
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2013:
1999:
1977:Second Zhili–Fengtian War
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1961:
1949:
1939:
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1924:1st National CPC Congress
1919:
1914:Spirit Soldier rebellions
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2104:Muslim conflict in Gansu
2074:Shanghai Commune of 1927
2064:Nanking incident of 1927
1944:First Zhili–Fengtian War
1618:This article includes a
1526:Whampoa Military Academy
968:, Feng Guozhang ordered
387:and others launched the
145:Traditional Chinese
2022:Canton–Hong Kong strike
1804:National Protection War
1647:more precise citations.
1553:Hindu–German Conspiracy
1522:Chinese Communist Party
905:as the Chief of Staff,
872:National Protection War
389:National Protection War
164:Simplified Chinese
2008:May Thirtieth Movement
1864:Paris Peace Conference
1561:Paris Peace Conference
1240:Commanders and leaders
643:Commanders and leaders
1904:Guangdong–Guangxi War
1854:Siberian intervention
1386:Guangdong–Guangxi War
913:as staff officer and
2375:Revolutions in China
2159:Sino-Soviet conflict
1814:Death of Yuan Shikai
1477:improve this section
1219:Guangzhou government
1074:improve this section
467:improve this section
310:improve this section
54:improve this article
2118:Huanggutun incident
2048:Nanjing–Wuhan Split
2043:Northern Expedition
1873:May Fourth Movement
1418:Northern Expedition
1412:End of the movement
272:Northern Expedition
2170:Central Plains War
2004:Yunnan–Guangxi War
1955:First United Front
1824:Manchu Restoration
1790:Twenty-One Demands
1770:Bai Lang Rebellion
1620:list of references
1565:Beiyang government
1549:Manchu Restoration
1193:Beiyang government
1036:Old Guangxi clique
887:Old Guangxi clique
586:Beiyang government
421:Manchu Restoration
252:another government
248:Beiyang government
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2185:Qinghai–Tibet War
2084:Shanghai massacre
2018:Anti-Fengtian War
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1780:Second Revolution
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2094:July 15 Incident
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1966:Lincheng Outrage
1868:Shandong Problem
1844:Golok rebellions
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1435:Chiang Kai-shek
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43:This article
41:
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31:
19:
2168:
2051:
2041:
1986:Beijing Coup
1975:
1953:
1871:
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1677:
1659:
1650:
1639:Please help
1631:
1569:Tang Hualong
1541:
1534:
1518:Soviet Union
1514:
1499:
1493:October 2023
1490:
1475:Please help
1463:
1415:
1390:
1374:Zhili clique
1359:
1210:
1199:Zhili clique
1184:
1179:Belligerents
1096:
1090:October 2023
1087:
1072:Please help
1060:
1027:
1023:Cen Chunxuan
1011:Cen Chunxuan
991:
987:
966:Anhui clique
962:Zhili clique
959:
955:Guangxi Army
947:Cheng Chieng
924:
857:
850:
778:Cen Chunxuan
603:
597:Anhui clique
592:Zhili clique
577:
572:Belligerents
489:
483:October 2023
480:
465:Please help
453:
429:Liang Qichao
417:Qing dynasty
393:
382:
366:Song Jiaoren
347:
332:
326:October 2023
323:
308:Please help
296:
259:
231:
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200:Hùfǎ yùndòng
194:Hanyu Pinyin
116:
110:October 2023
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
2370:Warlord Era
2324:Kuomintang
2309:New Guangxi
2304:Old Guangxi
2219:Two-Liu war
2209:Han–Liu War
1727:Warlord Era
1645:introducing
1585:Warlord Era
1427:Li Yuanhong
1402:federalists
1331:Tang Shaoyi
1320:Wu Tingfang
1287:Sun Yat-sen
1264:Li Yuanhong
1253:Xu Shichang
1122:Warlord Era
1007:Lu Rongting
999:Wu Tingfang
995:Tang Shaoyi
978:Xu Shichang
951:Lu Rongting
943:Zhao Tihuan
911:Xu Chongzhi
895:Tang Shaoyi
891:Wu Tingfang
883:Lu Rongting
833:Xu Chongzhi
767:Lu Rongting
745:Tang Shaoyi
734:Wu Tingfang
712:Sun Yat-sen
667:Xu Shichang
515:Warlord Era
404:World War I
396:Li Yuanhong
370:Yuan Shikai
244:Sun Yat-sen
2364:Categories
2267:Zhili Army
1601:References
1398:communists
1394:anarchists
1309:Tang Jiyao
1232:Kuomintang
1147:1922-06-16
1003:Tang Jiyao
875:Tang Jiyao
866:and three
723:Tang Jiyao
700:Duan Qirui
625:Kuomintang
540:1920-01-24
400:Duan Qirui
362:Kuomintang
348:After the
264:Kuomintang
208:Wade–Giles
80:newspapers
2314:Guangdong
2279:Guominjun
2191:1931–1935
2177:1930–1932
2132:1928–1929
2100:1927–1930
2038:1926–1928
2014:1925–1926
1950:1923–1927
1930:1921–1922
1910:1920–1926
1900:1920–1921
1880:1919–1921
1850:1918–1920
1840:1917–1929
1830:1917–1922
1796:1915–1916
1766:1911–1914
1751:1925–1934
1748:1915–1924
1464:does not
1061:does not
1015:Lin Baoyi
939:Tan Yanxi
903:Li Liejun
899:Hu Hanmin
811:Li Liejun
789:Lin Baoyi
756:Hu Hanmin
454:does not
409:Zhang Xun
297:does not
274:in 1926.
256:Guangzhou
2289:Xinjiang
2257:Fengtian
1755:Factions
1653:May 2016
1579:See also
1422:Shaoguan
1155:Location
1120:Part of
1019:Shanghai
974:Wu Peifu
964:and the
953:and the
907:Li Fulin
822:Li Fulin
689:Wu Peifu
548:Location
513:Part of
415:and the
2319:Guizhou
2299:Sichuan
2242:Beiyang
2152:(incl.
1641:improve
1485:removed
1470:sources
1439:Chen Ce
1431:Cao Kun
1378:Sichuan
1353:Chen Ce
1275:Cao Kun
1145: (
1139:1921-01
1137: (
1082:removed
1067:sources
1031:Lin Sen
970:Cao Kun
927:Guangxi
885:of the
877:of the
678:Cao Kun
538: (
532:1917-07
530: (
475:removed
460:sources
318:removed
303:sources
262:by the
236:Chinese
94:scholar
2294:Yunnan
2274:Shanxi
1684:
1537:quorum
1445:Impact
1400:, and
1366:Fujian
1167:Result
1013:, and
1001:, and
931:Yunnan
560:Result
278:Origin
238::
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
2334:(CCP)
2326:(KMT)
2252:Zhili
2247:Anhui
1626:, or
1573:opium
1160:China
935:Hunan
553:China
385:Cai E
378:Japan
101:JSTOR
87:books
2225:1934
2215:1932
2205:1932
2165:1930
2142:1929
2110:1928
2090:1927
2080:1927
2070:1927
2060:1927
2028:1926
2000:1925
1972:1924
1962:1923
1940:1922
1920:1921
1890:1920
1860:1919
1820:1917
1810:1916
1786:1915
1776:1913
1682:ISBN
1468:any
1466:cite
1132:Date
1065:any
1063:cite
945:and
929:and
881:and
525:Date
458:any
456:cite
413:Puyi
301:any
299:cite
240:護法運動
230:The
170:护法运动
73:news
1479:by
1076:by
937:'s
469:by
312:by
254:in
56:by
2366::
2284:Ma
2263:)
2197:/
2183:/
1680:.
1630:,
1622:,
1437:,
1408:.
1396:,
1009:,
997:,
941:,
380:.
155:運動
152:護法
2259:(
2156:)
1714:e
1707:t
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98:·
91:·
84:·
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