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138:
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36:
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its 315 members were designated by the
National Assembly (35 proportionately to the representation of the parliamentary groups that composed it, and 15 to represent the French overseas); 65 were designated by local assemblies overseas; 200 were elected by a body composed of deputies, 3,000 general councillors and 85,000 other electors. (127 were directly elected, and 73 nominated in proportion to the votes not cast).
1026:"The French people proclaim anew that every human being, with no distinction as to race, religion nor belief, possesses inalienable and sacred rights. They solemnly re-affirm the rights and liberties of man and of a citizen consecrated in the 1789 Declaration of Rights and the fundamental principles recognized by the laws of the Republic."
1111:. Nonetheless, the legislative power resided, at the beginning of the Fourth Republic, solely in the National Assembly, by virtue of Article 13, which provided that the "National Assembly alone votes the law." Practice, as well as the 1954 Constitution itself, would nonetheless evolve towards a return to
1095:
such rules had led to the political instability of the Third
Republic. "The most lasting of (the French constitutions), that of the Third Republic adopted in 1875, saw 93 different governments within 65 years." The concept of rationalized parliamentarianism was expressed by the Ukrainian-French jurist
1204:
In a parliamentary regime bringing judicial techniques to bear in order to stabilize the government is nothing without the support of a stable parliamentary majority. In the end one can say that rationalisation is often useless to a government once it has lost the confidence of the deputies. "When
886:
Above all, this transitional constitution text gave only a very brief time in power to the
Constituent Assembly: its time in office would end the day the new constitution took effect, or at the latest after seven months had past. The transition legitimately needed take place as soon as possible, but
882:
Thus, it describes political responsibility of the
Government which is only valid under a hypothetical motion of censure by a majority of the members of the Fourth Republic National Assembly (Article 1). The Assembly had the initiative in law concurrently with the Government (Article 4). Finally, the
1142:
The president of the
Republic was elected for a seven-year term by the Congress (National Assembly and Council of the Republic together) meeting in Versailles. He would be eligible for a second term if re-elected. He held the classic executive powers: pardons and diplomatic representation. He was to
1122:
The second chamber, the
Council of the Republic, had a consultative role in 1946. It gave advice to the National Assembly, which could choose to not take it into account if it was not passed by an absolute majority. The recruitment system of the Council of the Republic was very complicated. Fifty of
746:
simply re-established republican rule of law, in declaring nul and void constitutional law published since 10 July 1940. In fact, it negated the very principle of a dissolution of the Third
Republic by the Vichy régime: the constitutional laws of 1875 were the only constitutional laws recognized by
1188:
The personal confirmation meant that when the president of the
Republic nominated the president of the Council, the latter needed in addition to obtain a vote of confidence from the National Assembly. This requirement was intended to give some weight to this head of the government and increase his
1094:
Rationalized parliamentarianism describes the whole of the judicial rules that meticulously frame relations between parliament and government in order to assure governmental stability in the absence of a consistent parliamentary majority. The writers of the
Constitution believed that an absence of
874:
The attached text was in fact a legislative text, that would become constitutional if approved by the French people. This constitutional consecration, while precarious, thus would allow the public powers to submit to this law and to lead urgently needed political action. This text has also been
2056:
Sander, Éric (31 October 2017). "La situation du droit local alsacien-mosellan au début du XXI" [The situation of the
Alsatian-Moselle local law at the beginning of the 21st century]. In Lienhard, Alain; Pérochon, Françoise; Rontchevsky, Nicolas; Roussel-Galle, Philippe; Storck, Michel
1200:
was the first president of the Council, confirmed 21 January 1947. He put together his government and decided to come back before the National Assembly with his government, to seek a collective confirmation. As it happened, this was the beginning of double confirmation, taken as proof that the
1118:
The Chamber of deputies of the Fourth Republic was henceforth named the National Assembly, (the name of the combined Chamber of Deputies and Senate under the Third Republic). Composed of 627 members elected to a five-year term through universal direct suffrage (men, women and military), the
1149:
For the first time the role of the president of the Council was now recorded in the Constitution, whereas the office had been a mere custom under the Third Republic. He was responsible to the National Assembly. The procedure by which he took office was described in the Constitution: after
1153:
The idea was to allow governments some longevity, unlike what took place under the Third Republic. The president of the Council and his government were protected to avoid instability. A vote of confidence had to address the entirety of the government, rather than a single person. An entire
887:
must still take place in a democratic manner. The Constitution adopted by the Assembly must be presented to the French for their approval in a referendum. If the electorate voted the text down, the same procedure was to again apply, with the election of a new Constituent Assembly.
1150:
designation by the president of the Republic, he appeared alone before the National Assembly and gave a policy speech. The Assembly was to confirm his nomination by an absolute majority of the 251 deputies, thus approving both the man and his program.
1177:
For legislatures: Refusal to allow control by the second chamber of the legislative process, a personal confirmation of the president of the Council, and careful framing of any motion of censure as well as of a vote of confidence and dissolution.
1167:
and France to have been at least fifteen days without an (executive) government. Dissolution was then possible. The president of the Council must then resign (although not his government), and he was to be replaced by the president of the
768:
The second question was: "If the electorate answers yes to the first question, in the interim period until the new Constitution comes into force, should the public authorities be organized as described in the proposed Draft opposite?"
1119:
Assembly alone held certain powers. It set the length of its sessions itself (at least eight months a year); it set its own agenda; it voted laws and the investiture of the government. The Assembly had little counterbalance.
182:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge.
2101:"Historical and Psychological Sources Shaping Constitutionalism and Constitutional Performance in the Post-Communist Societies: Reflections on Constitutionalism in the Transition, or the Legacy of Transitory Constitutions"
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Si le corps électoral a répondu oui à la première question, approuvez-vous que les pouvoirs publics soient, jusqu'à la mise en vigueur de la nouvelle Constitution, organisés conformément au projet ci-contre ?
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This text not only had the goal of defining the adoption procedure for the Constitution, but also was established the relationships between public powers, in a minimalist text comprising only eight articles.
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912:
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consecrates this preamble, which thus retains its constitutional meaning. The wording of the preamble still has force today over the public powers, and its application has been assured by the
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The president of the Republic presided at the Council of ministers, whose minutes he was to keep: he was to be the memory of the State. All his decisions would have had to be countersigned.
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605:"If the electorate answers yes to the first question, do you approve public power being organized, until the new constitution takes effect, in accordance with the above proposal?
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Since the voters agreed to a constituent assembly, and therefore a new Constitution, the Constitution of 1875 was therefore not re-established. Still, it was not yet formally
443:
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902:
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A rationalized parliamentary system is a set of constitutional and electoral law techniques designed to avoid excessive governmental instability in a parliamentary system
1205:
used improperly," rationalized parliamentarianism "might bring about government paralysis", warn the authors of a study of its attempted introduction in Eastern Europe.
871:
If the French people had answered "No" to this question, the elected Constitutional Assembly would have defined "as it pleased" the relationships between public powers.
739:
569:, the French provisional government of the French Republic headed by General de Gaulle chose to proceed in as democratic a manner as possible. An initial failure, the
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intervening day was required between a question of confidence and its vote. Here too, approval of the vote required an absolute majority of the Assembly deputies.
451:
3232:
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president of the provisional government of the French Republic would be elected by the National Assembly, out of respect for the French parliamentary tradition.
53:
1002:
731:. There could be no continuity with the constitutional law of 1940, since it was considered illegitimate. Therefore it was ignored. On the other hand, the
1714:(1996). "Les principes fondamentaux reconnus par les lois de la RĂ©publique" [The fundamental principles recognized by the laws of the Republic]. In
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1016:
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17:
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Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
72:
2031:"La reconnaissance par le Conseil constitutionnel du principe fondamental reconnu par les lois de la RĂ©publique relatif Ă la justice des mineurs"
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In all, it took a year and six days for a new Constitution to take effect in France and fully stabilize the organization of French institutions.
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president of the Council did not dare to decide anything on his own and himself had put himself under the authority of the elected chamber.
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Right to participate in collective determination of work conditions as well as the management of employer enterprises.
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The first question was "Do you want the National Assembly elected today to have the power to propose a constitution?"
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Content in this edit is translated from the existing French Knowledge article at ]; see its history for attribution.
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According to Article 5 of the Constitution, "Parliament is composed of the National Assembly and of the
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1675:(thesis). Bibliothèque constitutionnelle et de science politique 126 (in French) (1 ed.). Paris:
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The bill outlining the organisation of government power was adopted and promulgated, becoming the
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It gave a Constitutional meaning to principles considered "particularly necessary in our time":
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602:"Do you want the National Assembly elected today to have the power to propose a constitution?
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1185:(rather than Senate, too prestigious a name for a chamber whose role was simply advisory).
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was voted down by the people. The second text succeeded in passing, although just barely.
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through mechanisms of reciprocal control between the executive and legislative branches.
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The National Assembly was also protected, and difficult to dissolve. To do so required:
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The new National Assembly therefore had a mission to draw up a new constitutional text.
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1732:] (colloquium proceedings). Droit public positif (in French) (1 ed.). Paris:
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1816:[Constitution of the French Republic] (in French). 28 October 1946. JO1946
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that no less than 18 months have passed since the previous legislative elections,
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1972:[France, 21 October 1945: National Assembly as Constitutional Council].
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In the first instance, the constitution is that of the French Republic as the
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2012:
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Le régime législatif des départements d'outre-mer et l'unité de la République
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République française; Secrétariat général du gouvernement (19 October 2022).
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Voulez-vous que l’Assemblée nationale, élue ce jour, soit constituante ?
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609:
This was not the first political election open to women voters; that was the
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466:
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The question of the effective date of the constitution is debated. Following
1970:"Frankreich, 21. Oktober 1945 : Nationalversammlung als Verfassungsrat"
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Second question: Organisation of public power and constitutional transition
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Revue du droit public et de la science politique en France et Ă l'Ă©tranger
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of the constitution, consider that its effective date was deferred until
751:, since no other new constitution, even provisional, had replaced them.
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to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is
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By 9,263,416 "yes" against 8,143,931 "no", with 6,147,537 abstentions.
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The Constitution of 1946 opens with a preamble that enriches the 1789
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2157:[Constitution of 27 October 1946] (in French). Archived from
1918:
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Two branches (executive and legislative) with bicameral legislature
1019:, affirming new constitutional rights, mostly social and economic.
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The constitution was revised once, by the law of 7 December 1954.
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By 440 votes to 106 out of 546, the constitution was approved by
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1993:]. Lexifac/Droit (in French) (3 ed.). Rosny-sous-Bois:
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Promulgated the 27th, recorded in the Journal Officiel the 28th.
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1831:(in French). Vol. 78. 28 October 1946. pp. 9166–9175.
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1777:]. Manuels/Droit public (in French) (37 ed.). Paris:
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The Republic in French Law, Proceedings of the Dijon Colloqium
1530:
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Finally, it committed France to respecting international law.
2490:
Fundamental principles recognized by the laws of the Republic
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Fundamental principles recognized by the laws of the Republic
903:
Fundamental principles recognized by the laws of the Republic
2143:[Constitution of 1946, Fourth Republic] (in French).
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political authority compared to other government ministers.
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could be re-established, as it was a legitimate legal text.
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Legal Reform in Post-Communist Europe: The View from Within
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1842:[The public service for dissemination of the law].
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Right to employment and a workplace free of discrimination,
212:{{Translated|fr|Constitution française du 27 octobre 1946}}
1725:
La République en droit français,actes du colloque de Dijon
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1409:
1917:. Droit public positif (in French) (1 ed.). Paris:
1444:
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This question in reality asks about re-establishing the
2103:. In Stanisław Frankowski; Paul B. Stephan III (eds.).
1846:. Direction de l'information légale et administrative.
1840:"LĂ©gifrance Le service public de la diffusion du droit"
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27:
Fundamental law of the French Fourth Republic (1946-58)
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Constitution of the French Republic of 27 October 1946
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Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
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Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
1957:[Interim Constitution of 21 October 1945].
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La transition constitutionnelle en France 1940-1945
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with at least two government crises in that period,
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Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
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a machine-translated version of the French article.
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1955:"Frankreich, 21. Oktober 1945: Interimsverfassung"
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1181:In the 1946 text the second chamber is named the
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749:provisional government of the Republic of France
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2063:(in French) (1 ed.). Issy-les-Moulineaux:
1633:
1392:
1340:remained outside the scope of the constitution.
508:. But at the same time it is also that of the
458:, on 27 October 1946, it was published in the
200:accompanying your translation by providing an
162:Click for important translation instructions.
149:expand this article with text translated from
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1983:Poulet-Gibot Leclerc, Nadine (August 2007) .
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996:
456:Provisional Government of the French Republic
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2107:. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 147.
1982:
1553:Const. Council dec. 71-44 DC of 16 July 1971
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446:on 29 September 1946, and promulgated by
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2060:MĂ©langes en l'honneur de Jean-Luc Vallens
1814:"Constitution de la République française"
617:First question: 3B or 4th Republic ?
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
2475:Preamble to the 1946 French Constitution
2131:(in French) on the official site of the
1872:Institutions et vie politique françaises
1143:designate the president of the Council.
1126:
1085:
965:Preamble to the 1946 French Constitution
951:Preamble to the 1958 French Constitution
913:Preamble to the 1946 French Constitution
611:municipal election held on 29 April 1945
590:The provisional government, through the
69:"French Constitution of 27 October 1946"
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1332:The postwar French occupation zones in
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485:1946, date of the first meeting of the
460:Official Journal of the French Republic
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2141:"Constitution de 1946, IVe RĂ©publique"
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2179:Constitutional law of 2 November 1945
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764:Constitutional law of 2 November 1945
586:1945 French constitutional referendum
543:French constitution of 4 October 1958
403:Constitutional Law of 2 November 1945
2189:Constitution of the Fourth Republic
2155:"La Constitution du 27 octobre 1946"
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58:adding citations to reliable sources
29:
1669:Cartier, Emmanuel (December 2005).
241:Constitution of the French Republic
24:
18:Constitution of the Fourth Republic
2198:Constitution of the Fifth Republic
1869:Martin-Pannetier, Andrée (1981) .
549:, recognized as still in force by
252:Facsimile of the 1946 Constitution
25:
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1875:(in French) (2 ed.). Paris:
1636:"Political Instability in France"
911:Further information (in French):
875:called the "small Constitution".
529:rationalized parliamentary system
393:Constitutional Law of 3 June 1958
2165:President of the French Republic
1953:MĂĽller, Beat (24 January 2018).
1634:François Goguel (October 1954).
1254:
1213:
1209:Timeline of French constitutions
1017:Declaration of the rights of man
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2147:Constitutional Council (France)
2129:Constitution du 27 octobre 1946
1968:MĂĽller, Beat (4 October 2020).
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1034:Equality between men and women,
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527:The constitution established a
45:needs additional citations for
3063:Government of National Defense
2163:, on the official site of the
2145:, on the official site of the
2067:, hors coll. p. 273-290.
2029:Roux, JĂ©rĂ´me (November 2002).
1662:
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1131:The executive was composed of
210:You may also add the template
13:
1:
2972:Diplomatic Revolution of 1756
2967:War of the Spanish Succession
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1320:entrée en vigueur par paliers
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1138:the president of the Council.
1135:the president of the Republic
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907:Constitutional block (France)
580:Referendum of 21 October 1945
2133:Ministry of Culture (France)
1299:on 13 October 1946 following
920:One of the components of the
594:of 17 August 1945, called a
545:, with the exception of its
504:, known collectively as the
444:Constituent Assembly of 1946
435:was the constitution of the
7:
2485:Charter for the Environment
2480:French Constitution of 1958
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979:Charter for the Environment
944:French Constitution of 1958
896:
892:Constitutional law of 1945.
711:Registered / Participation
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420:French Constitution of 1946
10:
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3453:French subdivisions by GDP
3200:2022 presidential election
3185:2017 presidential election
1193:Failure of rationalization
935:Bloc de constitutionnalité
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744:Ordinance of 9 August 1944
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524:) was outside the Union.
516:, and protectorates. The
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354:President of the Republic
346:
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151:the corresponding article
3228:Administrative divisions
2099:Tanchev, Evgeni (1995).
1911:Miclo, François (1982).
1623:Digithèque MJP full text
1040:Right to freely unionize
571:first draft constitution
469:, some authors, such as
358:President of the Council
3776:Legal history of France
3448:Franc (former currency)
3053:Coup of 2 December 1851
3026:Long nineteenth century
2237:Constitutions of France
2186:Constitutions of France
1498:Hamon & Troper 2017
1419:Hamon & Troper 2017
1183:Council of the Republic
1109:Council of the Republic
1071:Conseil constitutionnel
487:Council of the Republic
341:Council of the Republic
221:For more guidance, see
3766:French Fourth Republic
3468:Science and technology
3125:Provisional Government
3094:
3073:
2933:
2261:Constitutional Cabinet
1375:
1360:
1319:
1242:Constitution of France
1227:French Fourth Republic
1091:
1070:
1066:Constitutional Council
1028:
555:Constitutional Council
437:French Fourth Republic
267:Provisional Government
1770:Droit constitutionnel
1537:Martin-Pannetier 1981
1247:French Fifth Republic
1127:Bicephalous executive
1089:
1024:
901:Further information:
762:Further information:
729:French Third Republic
584:Further information:
537:The constitution was
325:Parliament, Executive
223:Knowledge:Translation
194:copyright attribution
3761:Government of France
3273:World Heritage Sites
3190:Coronavirus pandemic
1609:of 17 August 1945, (
1103:Bicameral parliament
926:Constitutional block
826:Blank and Nul Votes
733:Constitution of 1875
678:Blank and Nul Votes
502:overseas territories
498:overseas departments
315:Government structure
54:improve this article
3411:Automotive industry
3195:2021 labor protests
2952:Peace of Westphalia
2820:History of Normandy
2815:History of Brittany
1986:Droit administratif
1767:(September 2017) .
1736:. p. 231-240.
774:
626:
294:Date effective
3478:Telecommunications
3180:2015 Paris attacks
3043:Revolution of 1848
2871:Visigothic Kingdom
1991:Administrative Law
1775:Constitutional Law
1642:. Foreign Affairs.
1092:
772:
624:
565:At the end of the
202:interlanguage link
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3747:
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3387:
3380:Political parties
3316:Foreign relations
3281:
3280:
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2993:French Revolution
2947:Thirty Years' War
2928:Absolute monarchy
2893:Kingdom of France
2789:Foreign relations
2769:Political history
2699:
2698:
2449:
2204:
2203:
2195:Succeeded by
2161:on 30 March 2019.
2074:978-2-306-00083-0
2004:978-2-7495-0793-4
1788:978-2-275-04929-8
1716:Mathieu, Bertrand
1605:Article 6 of the
1373:Second question:
1358:First question: "
1058:1958 Constitution
1013:
1012:
869:
868:
773:National results
721:
720:
625:National results
551:Decision 71-44 DC
514:League of Nations
429:
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337:National Assembly
280:29 September 1946
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16:(Redirected from
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2918:Early modern era
2898:Fundamental laws
2774:Military history
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2176:Preceded by
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1720:Verpeaux, Michel
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1043:Right to strike,
1037:Right to asylum,
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567:Second World War
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3175:Great Recession
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3143:1900 to present
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442:Adopted by the
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271:Fourth Republic
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2123:External links
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2041:(6): 1731–1768
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1765:Troper, Michel
1761:Hamon, Francis
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1712:Favoreu, Louis
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520:(present-day
519:
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494:unitary state
490:
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472:
471:Louis Favoreu
468:
467:Georges Vedel
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147:You can help
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71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
3629:Coat of arms
3619:Architecture
3591:Social class
3549:Homelessness
3534:Demographics
3488:Trade unions
3421:Central bank
3363:criminal law
3326:Human rights
3309:presidential
3153:Algerian War
3136:Contemporary
3110:Vichy France
3105:World War II
3075:Belle Époque
3008:First Empire
2910:Early Modern
2881:West Francia
2434:5th Republic
2432:
2422:4th Republic
2420:
2415:
2408:
2398:French State
2396:
2386:3rd Republic
2384:
2372:
2362:2nd Republic
2360:
2348:
2338:Hundred Days
2336:
2324:
2312:
2295:
2283:
2273:1st Republic
2271:
2259:
2192:1946 - 1958
2184:
2169:
2159:the original
2104:
2088:29 September
2086:. Retrieved
2059:
2045:29 September
2043:. Retrieved
2038:
2034:
2018:29 September
2016:. Retrieved
1990:
1985:
1976:(in German).
1973:
1961:(in German).
1958:
1942:29 September
1940:. Retrieved
1913:
1900:30 September
1898:. Retrieved
1871:
1843:
1828:
1820:29 September
1818:. Retrieved
1802:29 September
1800:. Retrieved
1774:
1769:
1749:29 September
1747:. Retrieved
1729:
1724:
1700:29 September
1698:. Retrieved
1671:
1653:Tanchev 1995
1648:
1639:
1629:
1618:
1606:
1601:
1594:
1590:
1544:
1532:
1510:Favoreu 1996
1505:
1449:Cartier 2005
1369:
1354:
1345:
1328:
1313:
1304:
1291:
1282:
1237:French Union
1212:
1203:
1196:
1187:
1180:
1176:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1145:
1141:
1130:
1121:
1117:
1113:bicameralism
1106:
1093:
1074:) since its
1055:
1052:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1014:
932:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
870:
848:Abstentions
815:Valid Votes
767:
753:
737:
725:Constitution
722:
700:Abstentions
667:Valid Votes
620:
608:
591:
589:
575:
564:
536:
533:
526:
518:New Hebrides
510:French Union
491:
464:
441:
432:
430:
389:Last amended
263:Jurisdiction
235:
198:edit summary
189:
158:(March 2021)
156:
148:
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
3739:WikiProject
3554:Immigration
3544:Health care
3406:Agriculture
3358:enforcement
3115:Free France
3084:World War I
3031:Restoration
3018:Late Modern
2888:Middle Ages
2863:Middle Ages
2848:Celtic Gaul
2589:Constituent
2502:referendums
2448:(in French)
2326:Restoration
1663:Works cited
1583:MĂĽller 2018
1568:MĂĽller 2020
1479:Sander 2017
1317:In stages:
862:25,744,992
840:20,353,985
818:19,283,882
792:12,794,943
714:25,744,992
692:20,353,985
670:19,283,882
644:18,584,746
483:24 December
479:paragraph 2
3755:Categories
3682:Philosophy
3667:Literature
3579:secularism
3375:Parliament
3170:2005 riots
3120:Liberation
2986:Revolution
2853:Roman Gaul
2838:Prehistory
2794:Journalism
2666:1958 (Oct)
2661:1958 (Jun)
2591:assemblies
2565:1946 (Oct)
2560:1946 (May)
2440:amendments
2374:2nd Empire
2314:1st Empire
2114:0792332180
2083:1010744224
1844:LĂ©gifrance
1797:1005077136
1607:ordonnance
1549:Legifrance
1464:Miclo 1982
1297:referendum
1269:References
1232:French law
851:5,391,007
829:1,070,103
803:6,449,206
789:In favour
703:5,391,007
681:1,070,103
641:In favour
592:ordonnance
475:Article 98
424:Wikisource
399:Supersedes
380:Amendments
110:March 2021
80:newspapers
3539:Education
3493:Transport
3343:Judiciary
3304:Elections
3258:Mountains
3216:Geography
2962:Louis XIV
2752:Overviews
2445:full text
2297:Consulate
2285:Directory
2013:470750338
1937:465377212
1919:Economica
1895:417437022
1860:867599055
1852:2270-8987
1734:Economica
1695:470417840
1525:Roux 2002
1434:JORF 1946
1404:JORF 1946
1386:Footnotes
1168:Assembly.
557:in 1971.
452:president
409:Full text
348:Executive
285:Presented
216:talk page
153:in French
3729:Category
3662:Language
3574:Religion
3519:Abortion
3473:Taxation
3370:Military
3331:Intersex
3321:Politics
3287:Politics
3089:Interwar
2784:Economic
2779:Language
2764:Timeline
2057:(eds.).
1722:(eds.).
1221:See also
897:Preamble
800:Against
740:repealed
655:699,136
652:Against
561:Adoption
547:preamble
539:repealed
500:and the
370:Repealed
331:Chambers
321:Branches
258:Overview
192:provide
3720:Outline
3702:Theatre
3697:Symbols
3657:Gardens
3647:Fashion
3639:Cuisine
3606:Culture
3596:Welfare
3569:Poverty
3507:Society
3483:Tourism
3443:Exports
3416:Banking
3394:Economy
3353:history
3248:Islands
3243:Borders
2876:Francia
2830:Ancient
2808:Regions
2759:History
2744:History
1974:sudd.ch
1959:sudd.ch
1338:Austria
1336:and in
1334:Germany
1060:of the
778:Option
727:of the
630:Option
553:of the
541:by the
522:Vanuatu
506:DOM-TOM
454:of the
364:History
277:Created
214:to the
196:in the
155:.
94:scholar
3734:Portal
3634:Cinema
3614:Anthem
3586:Racism
3564:People
3458:Mining
3433:Energy
3268:Rivers
3233:Cities
3165:May 68
2736:topics
2733:France
2111:
2081:
2071:
2011:
2001:
1935:
1925:
1893:
1883:
1858:
1850:
1795:
1785:
1740:
1693:
1683:
1500:, 426.
1421:, 427.
865:79.06
854:20.94
837:Total
821:94.74
806:33,51
795:66,48
781:Votes
742:: the
717:79.06
706:20,94
689:Total
673:94,74
647:96,37
633:Votes
352:dual:
304:System
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
3692:Sport
3677:Music
3672:Media
3529:Crime
3253:Lakes
2635:1872
2462:block
1995:Bréal
1989:[
1773:[
1728:[
1274:Notes
832:5.26
684:5,26
658:3,63
176:DeepL
101:JSTOR
87:books
3652:Flag
3438:Euro
3336:LGBT
2691:2008
2686:2003
2681:1992
2676:1982
2671:1968
2656:1945
2651:1940
2646:1875
2618:1946
2613:1945
2608:1871
2603:1848
2598:1789
2580:2000
2575:1969
2570:1958
2555:1945
2550:1870
2545:1852
2540:1851
2535:1815
2530:1804
2525:1802
2520:1800
2515:1795
2510:1793
2428:1958
2416:1946
2410:GPRF
2404:1940
2392:1875
2380:1852
2368:1848
2356:1830
2344:1815
2332:1814
2267:1791
2109:ISBN
2090:2018
2079:OCLC
2069:ISBN
2065:Joly
2047:2018
2020:2018
2009:OCLC
1999:ISBN
1944:2018
1933:OCLC
1923:ISBN
1902:2018
1891:OCLC
1881:ISBN
1877:LGDJ
1856:OCLC
1848:ISSN
1826:in:
1822:2018
1804:2018
1793:OCLC
1783:ISBN
1779:LGDJ
1751:2018
1738:ISBN
1702:2018
1691:OCLC
1681:ISBN
1677:LGDJ
1611:text
1056:The
905:and
843:100
747:the
695:100
431:The
190:must
188:You
169:View
73:news
3624:Art
3348:Law
2039:118
422:at
335:2:
178:or
56:by
3757::
2077:.
2033:.
2007:.
1997:.
1931:.
1921:.
1889:.
1879:.
1854:.
1791:.
1781:.
1763:;
1718:;
1689:.
1679:.
1638:.
1575:^
1560:^
1551:,
1517:^
1486:^
1471:^
1456:^
1441:^
1426:^
1411:^
1394:^
1115:.
1099:.
1078:.
784:%
636:%
613:.
489:.
477:,
450:,
439:.
269:,
2725:e
2718:t
2711:v
2229:e
2222:t
2215:v
2117:.
2092:.
2049:.
2022:.
1946:.
1904:.
1862:.
1824:.
1806:.
1753:.
1704:.
1655:.
1613:)
1585:.
1570:.
1555:.
1406:.
1364:"
1323:.
1068:(
1004:e
997:t
990:v
937:)
933:(
384:2
225:.
218:.
123:)
117:(
112:)
108:(
98:·
91:·
84:·
77:·
50:.
20:)
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