Constitution of Bhutan

1883:, which comprises the Chief Justice and four Drangpons, is the highest appellate authority to entertain appeals against the judgments, orders, or decisions of the High Court in all matters. The Supreme Court is a court of record. The Chief Justice of Bhutan, Drangpons (Associate Justices) of the Supreme Court are appointed by the King. The term of office of the Chief Justice of Bhutan is five years (or until attaining age 65). That of the Drangpons of the Supreme Court is ten years (or until attaining age 65). Where a question of law or fact is of such a nature and of such public importance that it is expedient to obtain the opinion of the Supreme Court, the King may refer the question to the Supreme Court for its consideration, which hears the reference and submit its opinion to him. The Supreme Court may, on its own motion or on an application made by the 572:. The King expressed his desire that the Lhengye Zhungtshog and the Chief Justice should hold discussions on formulating the Draft Constitution. While Bhutan did not have a formal Constitution, the King believed all the principles and provisions of a Constitution were covered under the various written laws and legislation which guided the actions of the King and the functioning of the Royal Government, the judiciary and the National Assembly of Bhutan. Nevertheless, with the country and the people having successfully achieved a high level of development and political maturity, the time had come for a formal Constitution for the Kingdom of Bhutan. Royal Government of Bhutan appointed 2017:(Districts) in all of Bhutan, each headed by a Dzongdag appointed by the King as the chief executive supported by civil servants. Each Dzongkhag is also represented by a Dzongkhag Tshogdu (District Council). Membership of the Dzongkhag Tshogdu depends on the number of Gewogs within the Dzongkhag. Each Gewog is represented on the Tshogdu by two members, its Gup and Mangmi (below). Two further members of the Tshogdu are one elected representative from the Dzongkhag Thromde (District municipality) and one elected representative from Dzongkhag Yenlag Thromde (satellite towns). The Dzongkhag Tshogdu elects a Chairperson from among its members and meets at least twice a year. 692: 2158:; have been terminated from public service; have been convicted for any criminal offense and sentenced to imprisonment; are in arrears of taxes or other dues to the Government; have failed to lodge accounts of election expenses within the time and in the manner required by law without good reason or justification; holds any office of profit under the Government, public companies, or corporations as prescribed in the Electoral Laws; or is disqualified under any law made by Parliament. Disqualifications are adjudicated by the High Court on an election petition filed pursuant to law made by Parliament. 1215: 1560:, vocational guidance and training and just and favourable conditions of work. It strives to provide education for the purpose of improving and increasing knowledge, values and skills of the entire population with education being directed towards the full development of the human personality. The State endeavours to take appropriate measures to eliminate all forms of discrimination and exploitation against women and children; and to promote those conditions that are conducive to co-operation in community life and the integrity of the 1052: 1392:

Public Service; the right to own property (but not the right to sell or transfer land or any immovable property to non-citizens, except as allowed by Parliament); the right to practice any lawful trade, profession or vocation; the right to equal pay for work of equal value; the right to freedom of peaceful assembly and freedom of association, other than membership of associations that are harmful to the peace and unity of the country; and the right not to be compelled to belong to any association.

891:. A Council of Regency is established when the King has temporarily relinquished, by Proclamation, the exercise of the Royal Prerogatives; or when it has been resolved by at least ¾ of the total number of members of Parliament in a joint sitting that the King is unable to exercise the Royal Prerogatives by reason of temporary physical or mental infirmity; or the King abdicates or dies and the successor to the throne has not attained the age 21. These provisions are effective until the royal 1689: 1991:

taken into account in the national sphere of governance by providing a forum for public consideration on issues affecting the local territory; to provide democratic and accountable government for local communities; to ensure the provision of services to communities in a sustainable manner; to encourage the involvement of communities and community organizations in matters of local governance; and to discharge any other responsibilities as may be prescribed by law made by Parliament.

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security and sovereignty. The King decided the Lhengye Zhungtshog should, therefore, establish a committee to draft the Constitution for the Kingdom of Bhutan. The King said that the Drafting Committee should comprise government officials, National Assembly members, and eminent citizens who were well qualified, had a good understanding of the laws of Bhutan, and who would be able to contribute towards drafting the Constitution.

866: 1141: 2269:. He is appointed by the King on the advice of the Prime Minister. The Attorney General functions as the legal aid and representative of the government and has the right to appear before any court. The Attorney General has the authority to appear before Parliament to express legal opinions and to institute, initiate, or withdraw any case. The Attorney General functions in accordance with the 2194:

annual report to the King, the Prime Minister and Parliament. Parliament appoints a five-member Public Accounts Committee, comprising members of Parliament who are reputed for their integrity, to review and report on the annual audit to Parliament for its consideration or on any other report presented by the Auditor General. The Royal Audit Authority functions in accordance with the

785:, command bills and other measures to be introduced in Parliament. Furthermore, bills of Parliament are ultimately subject to veto and modification by the King, however he must assent to bills resubmitted after joint sitting and deliberation. The King may also exercise powers "relating to matters which are not provided for under this Constitution or other laws." 2051:), who is directly elected by the voters of the Dzongkhag Thromde. The powers and functions of the Thrompon are defined by Parliament. The other members of the Thromde Tshogde are elected directly by citizens divided into constituencies. Like the Gewog Tshogde, the Thromde Tshogde must comprise between 7–10 members and meet at least three times annually. 1754:, each constituency is represented by one National Assembly member; each of the 20 Dzongkhags must be represented by between 2–7 members. Constituencies are reapportioned every 10 years. The National Assembly meets at least twice a year, and elects a Speaker and Deputy Speaker from among its members. Members and candidates may be members of 1995:

and appropriate taxes, duties, tolls, and fees in accordance with procedures provided for by Parliament by law. Local Governments are also entitled to own assets and incur liabilities by borrowing on their own account subject to such limitations as may be provided for by Parliament by law. Such is an example of a decentralized economy.

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cross-national membership and support and be committed to national cohesion and stability. Members of all parties must declare allegiance to the constitution and uphold the sovereignty, security, and unity of the Kingdom. Furthermore, parties are required to advance democracy and the social, economic, and political growth of Bhutan.

2170:. Under Article 2 Section 19 (above), the King appoints the members of these agencies on advice from the civil government, namely the Prime Minister, the Chief Justice of Bhutan, the Speaker, the Chairperson of the National Council, and the Leader of the Opposition Party. The term for each position is 5 years. Referenced for 1012:

Parliament (presided by the Chief Justice of Bhutan) if at least ⅔ of the total number of the members of Parliament submits such a motion stating its basis and grounds. The King may respond to the motion in writing or by addressing the joint sitting of Parliament in person or through a representative.

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and are responsible for maintaining law and order and preventing crime. Parliament may require compulsory militia service for adult citizens to strengthen the defence of Bhutan. The Constitution allows the Government to use military force against foreign states only in self-defence or for the purpose

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The Constitution also codifies and explains the function of the Anti-Corruption Commission. It is headed by a Chairperson and comprises two members. The Commission reports to the King, the Prime Minister, and Parliament; prosecution on the basis of the findings of the Commission are undertaken by the

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The independent Election Commission is responsible for the preparation, maintenance, and periodical updating of electoral rolls, the election schedule, and the supervision, direction, control, and conduct of elections to Parliament and Local Governments, as well as holding of National Referendums, in

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The Lhengye Zhungtshog must assess the state of affairs in Government and society, at home and abroad; define the goals of State action and determine the resources required to achieve them; plan and co-ordinate government policies and ensure their implementation; and represent the Kingdom at home and

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The Constitution provides that the King must abdicate the throne for willful violations of the Constitution or for suffering permanent mental disability. Either must be upon a motion passed by a joint sitting of Parliament. The motion for abdication must be tabled for discussion at a joint sitting of

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The Constitution places requirements on holders of Constitutional Offices. Judicial appointees, and the Chairs of Anti-Corruption, Civil Service, and Election Commissions are holders of Constitutional Office. Holders of these offices must be natural-born citizens of Bhutan and must not be married to

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The Constitution codifies and explains the function of the Royal Civil Service Commission. Its membership consists of one Chairman and four other members, all appointed by the King. It also comprises a Secretariat as the Government's central personnel agency. The Commission is charged with training,

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Every person in Bhutan has the right to approach the courts in matters arising out of the Constitution or other laws subject to guarantee as fundamental rights. The Supreme Court and the High Court may issue such declarations, orders, directions or writs as may be appropriate in the circumstances of

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To qualify for an elective office, candidates must be Bhutanese citizens; must be registered voters in their own constituencies; be between ages 25 and 65 at the time of nomination; must not receive money or assistance from foreign sources whatsoever; and fulfill the necessary educational and other

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In order to provide for informed choice by the voter, candidates for an elective office must file, along with a nomination, an affidavit declaring: the income and assets of candidates, spouses and dependent children; biographical data and educational qualifications; records of criminal convictions;

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Parliament makes, by law, provisions for all matters relating to, or in connection with, elections including the filing of election petitions challenging elections to Parliament and Local Governments, and the Code of Conduct for the political parties and the conduct of the election campaign as well

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Political parties may be dissolved only by declaration of the Supreme Court. The Constitution establishes grounds for dissolution of political parties. If party objectives or activities are in contravention of the Constitution; if a party has received money or assistance from foreign sources; or if

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that are "decentralized and devolved to elected Local Governments to facilitate the direct participation of the people in the development and management of their own social, economic and environmental well-being." The stated objectives of all Local Governments are to ensure that local interests are

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The Constitution declares the State's economic endeavours. The State endeavours to develop and execute policies to minimize inequalities of income, concentration of wealth, and promote equitable distribution of public facilities among individuals and people living in different parts of the Kingdom.

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The State further endeavours to ensure fundamental rights listed under Article 7; to provide justice through a fair, transparent and expeditious process; to safeguard legal aid to secure justice; and to protect the telephonic, electronic, postal or other communications of all persons in Bhutan from

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However, the State may subject persons to reasonable restriction by law, when it concerns the interests of the sovereignty, security, unity and integrity of Bhutan; the interests of peace, stability and well-being of the nation; the interests of friendly relations with foreign States; incitement to

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for the benefit of the present and future generations and declares it the fundamental duty of every citizen to contribute to protection, conservation, and prevention of all forms of ecological degradation including noise, visual and physical pollution. This Article mandates the adoption and support

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The King also appoints, from lists of names recommended jointly by the Prime Minister, the Chief Justice of Bhutan, the Speaker, the Chairperson of the National Council, and the Leader of the Opposition Party, four kinds of high-level Government: the Chief Election Commissioner and other members of

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The King appoints most of the upper Judicial branch: the Chief Justice of Bhutan and the Drangpons (Associate Justices) of the Supreme Court; the Chief Justice and Drangpons (Associate Justices) of the High Court. These judicial appointments are made from among the vacant positions' peers, juniors,

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There is a stated preference that a prince take precedence over a princess, however this is subject to the exception that if there are "shortcomings in the elder prince, it is the sacred duty of the King to select and proclaim the most capable prince or princess as heir to the Throne." Title to the

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The King emphasized that the Constitution must promote and protect the present as well as the future well-being of the people and the country. He stated the Constitution must ensure that Bhutan had a political system that would provide peace and stability, and also strengthen and safeguard Bhutan's

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Local Governments receive financial resources from the National Government in the form of annual grants to ensure self-reliant and self-sustaining units of local self-government and to promote holistic and integrated area-based development planning. Local Governments are entitled to levy, collect,

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must be presented bicamerally, at times in joint sitting of the National Council and National Assembly, however bills may pass by default without vote when none is conducted before the close of the present session. Bills are ultimately subject to veto and modification by the King, however the King

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Bhutanese citizens have the right to freedom of speech, opinion and expression; the right to information; the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion; the right to vote; the right to freedom of movement and residence within Bhutan; the right to equal access and opportunity to join the

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Third, "citizens by naturalization" are those who have applied for, and were granted, naturalization. Naturalization requires applicants to have lawfully resided in Bhutan for at least 15 years; have no record of imprisonment for criminal offences within the country or outside; can speak and write

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The Government itself pledges to protect, conserve and improve the pristine environment and safeguard the biodiversity of the country; prevent pollution and ecological degradation; secure ecologically balanced sustainable development while promoting justifiable economic and social development; and

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The Constitution entitles the King and the royal family to annuities from the State in accordance with law made by Parliament; all rights and privileges including the provision of palaces and residences for official and personal use; and exemption from taxation on the royal annuity and properties.

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a free and fair manner. It is also responsible for the delimitation of constituencies for election of the members of Parliament and Local Governments. It functions in accordance with the Electoral Laws set forth by Parliament and is headed by the Chief Election Commissioner for a term of 5 years.

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and the other Ministers of Bhutan. The King recognizes the leader or nominee of the party that wins the majority of seats in the National Assembly as the Prime Minister. The Prime Minister is limited to two terms of office. Other Ministers are appointed from among National Assembly members by the

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If, at such joint sitting of Parliament, at least ¾ of the total number of members of Parliament passes the motion for abdication, then such a resolution is placed before the people in a National Referendum to be approved or rejected. If the National Referendum passes in all the Dzongkhags in the

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of four persons, consisting of two members appointed by the King, one member nominated by the Lhengye Zhungtshog (Council of Ministers), and one member nominated by the National Council. The Privy Council is responsible for: all matters pertaining to the privileges and conduct of the King and the

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in the event of sickness and disability or lack of adequate means of livelihood for reasons beyond one's control. The State also endeavours to ensure that all the Dzongkhags are treated with equity on the basis of different needs so that the allocation of national resources results in comparable

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The Council of Regency collectively exercises the Royal Prerogatives and the powers vested in the King. The Council of Regency is composed of 6 members: one senior member of the royal family nominated by the Privy Council (below), the Prime Minister, the Chief Justice of Bhutan, the Speaker, the

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If there are no present or prospective lineal heirs, title passes to the nearest collateral line of the descendants of the King in accordance with the principle of lineal descent, with preference being given for elder over the younger. Title may never pass to children incapable of exercising the

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The Constitution codifies and explains the function of the Royal Audit Authority. The Audit Authority is tasked with auditing the accounts of all departments and offices of the Government, and wherever public funds are used including the police and defence forces. The Auditor General submits an

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By command of the King and upon the recommendation of the National Judicial Commission, Drangpons of the Supreme Court and the High Court may be punished by censure and suspension for proven misbehaviour that does not deserve impeachment in the opinion of the Commission. Parliament may, by law,

1246:, and reaffirm the sovereign rights of the State over its own biological resources. Parliament may also declare any part of the country to be a National Park, Wildlife Reserve, Nature Reserve, Protected Forest, Biosphere Reserve, Critical Watershed and such other categories meriting protection. 741:

for his actions, and his person is sacrosanct. However, the King is mandated to protect and uphold the Constitution "in the best interest and for the welfare of the people of Bhutan." Furthermore, there are Constitutional provisions for involuntary abdication in the event the King violates the

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Political parties must be registered by the Election Commission. Registration requires their members to be Bhutanese citizens and not otherwise disqualified, and that membership not be based on region, sex, language, religion or social origin. Registration requires parties be broad-based with

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to head Local Governments, and other secretaries to the Government on the recommendation of the Prime Minister who obtains nominations from the Royal Civil Service Commission on the basis of merit and seniority and in accordance with other relevant rules and regulations. The King appoints the

1288:. They must also renounce the citizenship, if any, of a foreign State on being conferred Bhutanese citizenship; and take a solemn Oath of Allegiance to the Constitution as may be prescribed. The grant of citizenship by naturalization takes effect by a Royal Kasho (written order) of the King. 2101:

Parties are prohibited from receiving any money or assistance other than those contributions made by its registered members, and the value of such contributions is regulated by the Election Commission. Parties are prohibited from receiving any money or assistance from foreign sources, be it

1899:). The High Court of Bhutan, which comprises a Chief Justice and eight Drangpons, is the court of appeal from the Dzongkhag Courts and Tribunals in all matters and exercises original jurisdiction in matters not within the jurisdiction of the Dzongkhag Courts and Tribunals. The judges of the 658:

All laws in force in the territory of Bhutan at the time of adopting this Constitution continues until altered, repealed or amended by Parliament. However, the provisions of any law, whether made before or after the coming into force of this Constitution, which are inconsistent with this

1826:, provided that the King may require the Lhengye Zhungtshog to reconsider such advice. The Prime Minister must keep the King informed from time to time about the affairs of the State, including international affairs, and must submit such information and files as called for by the King. 1199:

of the citizens. It must also recognize culture as an evolving dynamic force and endeavour to strengthen and facilitate the continued evolution of traditional values and institutions that are sustainable as a progressive society. The State must conserve and encourage research on

815:, enshrined on December 17, 1907. Title may pass only to children born of lawful marriage, by hereditary succession to direct lineal descendants in order of seniority upon the abdication or demise of the King. Article 2 Section 6 provides that upon reaching age 65, the King must 1918:

The King appoints the four members of the National Judicial Commission. The Commission comprises the Chief Justice of Bhutan as Chairperson, the senior most Drangpon of the Supreme Court, the Chairperson of the Legislative Committee of the National Assembly, and the

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The number of other Ministers is determined by the number of Ministries required to provide efficient and good governance. Creation of an additional ministry or reduction of any ministry must be approved by Parliament. The Lhengye Zhungtshog must aid and advise the

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Political parties must promote national unity and progressive economic development and strive to ensure the well-being of the nation. Candidates and parties are prohibited from appealing to regionalism, ethnicity and religion to incite voters for electoral gain.

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The State endeavours to apply State Policy to ensure a good quality of life for the people of Bhutan in a progressive and prosperous country that is committed to peace and amity in the world. It strives to promote conditions that will enable the pursuit of

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Under Article 2 Section 19, the King appoints a significant number of high-level Government officers: Judicial appointees, the Auditor General, and the Chairs of Anti-Corruption, Civil Service, and Election Commissions are holders of Constitutional Office.

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The Constitution defines the Government's role in finance, trade and commerce. It authorizes the Government to raise loans, make grants, or guarantee loans. It also sets up a regulatory framework for the Consolidated Fund, Bhutan's general public assets.

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of all citizens over age 18 who have been registered in the civil registry of their constituency for at least one year and not "otherwise disqualified from voting under any law in force in Bhutan." In order to vote, Bhutanese citizens must furnish their

944:; the Auditor General of the Royal Audit Authority; the Chairperson and other members of the Royal Civil Service Commission; and the Chairperson and other members of the Anti-Corruption Commission. The term for each position is 5 years. Referenced for 2106:

the Election Laws are violated, the Supreme Court may declare that party dissolved. Furthermore, Parliament may proscribe other laws with the effect of disqualifying political parties. Once dissolved, political parties may not comprise any members.

2036:(deputy), both of whom are directly elected by citizens. Other Tshogpas (Representatives) are directly elected by citizens of Chiwogs. The membership of each Gewog Tshogde must comprise between 7–10 members and meet at least three times annually. 2147:

and whether candidates are accused in a pending case for an offense punishable with imprisonment for more than one year and in which charges are framed or cognizance is taken by a court of law prior to the date of filing of such a nomination.

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abroad. The Lhengye Zhungtshog are collectively responsible to the King and to Parliament. The Executive cannot issue any executive order, circular, rule or notification inconsistent with, modifying, varying or superseding the laws of Bhutan.

1708:, the National Council and the National Assembly. Bhutan's international territorial boundaries and internal Dzongkhag and Gewog divisions may be altered only with the consent of at least ¾ of the total number of members of Parliament. 587:

On November 30, 2001, the King inaugurated the outset of its drafting with a ceremony. By 2005, the Royal Government had circulated copies of the draft among the civil service and local governments in order to receive locals' feedback.

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requirement in order to conduct any business on Local Government levels. It also defines local electoral procedure in terms of Parliamentary Electoral Laws. Notably, candidates and members of the Local Governments are banned from

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The Constitution codifies Bhutanese culture in legal terms. The State must endeavour to preserve, protect and promote the cultural heritage of the country, including monuments, places and objects of artistic or historic interest,

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The Constitution provides for a Pay Commission. The Pay Commission operates independently, but its actions must be approved by the Lhengye Zhungtshog. Its Chairperson is appointed by the King on the advice of the Prime Minister.

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in which all registered political parties may participate. The majority is the ruling party, while the second party among the plurality forms the opposition. Defection from one party to another is prohibited to sitting members.

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All persons are equal before the law and are entitled to equal and effective protection of the law. They must not be discriminated against on the grounds of race, sex, language, religion, politics or other status. (Cf. American

1442:, abuse of women, children or any other person, and must take necessary steps to prevent such acts. All persons have the responsibility to provide help, to the greatest possible extent, to victims of accidents and in times of 975:

The King appoints positions other than Constitutional Officers on the advice of other bodies. He appoints the heads of the Defence Forces from a list of names recommended by the Service Promotion Board. The King appoints the

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Article 2 Section 26 states that Parliament may make no laws nor exercise its powers to amend the provisions regarding the monarchy and Bhutan's government as a "Democratic Constitutional Monarchy" except through a national

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an offence on the grounds of race, sex, language, religion or region; the disclosure of information received in regard to the affairs of the State or in discharge of official duties; or the rights and freedom of others.

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or by a party to a case, withdraw any case pending before the High Court involving a substantial question of law of general importance relating to the interpretation of this Constitution and dispose of the case itself.

858:, and is crowned on the Golden Throne. Upon the ascension of the King to the Throne, the members of the royal family, the members of Parliament, and the holders of offices requiring appointment by the King must take an 1727:(Districts) and 5 appointed by the King. The National Council meets at least twice a year. The membership elects a Chairperson and Deputy Chairperson from its number. Members and candidates of the National Council are 1579:

Crossing into religion, the State strives to create conditions that will enable the true and sustainable development of a good and compassionate society rooted in Buddhist ethos and universal human values.

766:(and as Head of State), promotes goodwill and good relations with other countries by receiving state guests and undertaking state visits to other countries. The King may also award titles, decorations, 919:

royal family; rendering advice to the King on matters concerning the Throne and the royal family; all matters pertaining to crown properties; and any other matter as may be commanded by the King.

1599:. The State also endeavours to achieve economic self-reliance and promote open and progressive economy; to ensure the right to fair and reasonable remuneration for one's work; to ensure the 1556:. It endeavours to create a civil society free of oppression, discrimination and violence; based on the rule of law, protection of human rights and dignity. It also endeavours to ensure the 898:

When the successor to the throne reaches age 21, or when the King resumes the exercise of the Royal Prerogatives, notice must be given by Proclamation. However, when the King regains the

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Parliament regulates the formation, functions, ethical standards, and intra-party organization of political parties and regularly audits their accounts to ensure compliance with law.

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No person may be deprived of property by acquisition or requisition, except for public purpose and on payment of fair compensation in accordance with the provisions of the law. (Cf.

1533:; and encourage free participation in the cultural life of the community, promote arts and sciences and foster technological innovation. The State must also encourage and foster 1063:

is the spiritual heritage of Bhutan. Buddhism is described as promoting the principles and values of peace, non-violence, compassion and tolerance. The Constitution places upon

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Second, "citizens by registration" are those who can prove domicile in Bhutan by December 31, 1958 by showing registration in the official record of the Government of Bhutan.

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placing, and promoting quality civil servants within a transparent and accountable apparatus. The Constitution guarantees administrative due process safeguards, but only

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for reigning monarchs: voluntary and involuntary. As stated above, the King may relinquish the exercise of Royal Prerogatives, and such relinquishment may be temporary.

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All persons in Bhutan have the right to material interests resulting from any scientific, literary or artistic production of which he or she is the author or creator.

2352:, referenced in Article 1 § 6. The Third Schedule contains the "Oath or Affirmation of Office." The Fourth Schedule contains the "Oath or Affirmation of Secrecy." 1239:

ensure a safe and healthy environment. To this end, it promises that a minimum of 60 percent of Bhutan's total land shall be maintained as forest for all time.

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The Constitution also limits the membership of the royal family to reigning and past Monarchs, their Queens and their Royal Children born of lawful marriage.

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Throughout the Constitution, retirement is mandated for most civil servants upon reaching age 65. Notably, this includes the reigning King whenever possible.

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Bhutanese citizens must preserve, protect and defend the sovereignty, territorial integrity, security and unity of Bhutan. Bhutanese citizens must render

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throne may also pass to the child of the Queen who is pregnant at the time of the demise of the King if no lineal heir exists. Such is an example of semi-

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King on advice of the Prime Minister. All Ministers must be natural-born citizens of Bhutan. There is a limit of two Ministers from any one Dzongkhag.

568:(Council of Ministers, or Cabinet), the Chief Justice, and the Chairman of the Royal Advisory Council on the need to draft formal Constitution for the 1114:(Central Monastic Body); and the Secretary of the Dratshang Lhentshog who is a civil servant. The Zhung Dratshang and Rabdeys (monastic bodies in the 1111: 1071:. Religious institutions and personalities are explicitly required to remain above politics. The sole Constitutional exception is the King under the 1284:

Dzongkha; have a good knowledge of the culture, customs, traditions and history of Bhutan; and have no record of having spoken or acted against the

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All the citizens of Bhutan have the right to life, liberty and security of person and is not deprived of such rights except in accordance with the

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Royal Prerogatives by reason of physical or mental infirmity, nor to anyone whose spouse is a person other than a natural born citizen of Bhutan.

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Persons charged with a penal offence are presumed innocent until proven guilty in accordance with the law. This is an explicit statement of the

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of the Armed Forces and the Militia. It establishes the Royal Body Guards as responsible for the security of the King. It also requires the

4452: 2550: 489: 1102:(Commission for the Monastic Affairs), the Five Lopons from among monks with the nine qualities of a spiritual master and accomplished in 522:. The Constitution was thoroughly planned by several government officers and agencies over a period of almost seven years amid increasing 4688: 1090:

on the recommendation of the Five Lopons (teachers). The Je Khenpo must be a learned and respected monk ordained in accordance with the

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are appointed by the King. The term of office of the Chief Justice and the Drangpons of the High Court is 10 years (or until attaining

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is made generally available, and ensure that higher education is equally accessible to all on the basis of merit. It must also provide

3403: 3381: 3362: 3330: 3298: 3279: 3255: 3236: 3217: 3198: 3179: 3160: 3141: 3109: 3087: 3057: 3029: 3005: 2983: 2961: 2939: 2917: 2895: 2873: 2845: 2777: 2753: 2729: 2705: 2681: 2651: 2615: 537:, comparative analysis of 20 other modern constitutions, public opinion, and existing laws, authorities, and precedents. According to 1852:

is to safeguard, uphold, and administer justice fairly and independently without fear, favour, or undue delay in accordance with the

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The last part of the English-language version of the Constitution of Bhutan is a glossary containing many terms translated therein.

4602: 1876:, and such other courts and tribunals as may be established by the King on the recommendation of the National Judicial Commission. 1298:

The Constitution confers the power to regulate all matters relating to citizenship to Parliament, subject to the Citizenship Acts.

996:(below) as the spiritual leader of Bhutan. Finally, as indicated above, the King appoints 2 of the 4 members of the Privy Council. 984:, the Cabinet Secretary, and Bhutanese ambassadors and consuls on the recommendation of the Prime Minister. The King also appoints 443: 298: 293: 85: 4627: 4122: 3569: 2525: 4647: 2468: 534: 462: 4198: 2253: 425: 421: 725:, is the upholder of the Chhoe-sid (religion and politics; temporal and secular). In addition, the King is the protector of 1493:. By the language of the Constitution, some provisions of the mandate are obligatory, while others listed in Article 9 are 1110:

practice). The membership of the Dratshang Lhentshog comprises 7 people: the Je Khenpo as Chairman; the Five Lopons of the

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The provisions of the Constitution of Bhutan appear below, grouped into thematic order for the convenience of the reader.

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The Constitution sets forth the procedure of the formation of government and its ministries, providing for the post of

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The grouping of Dzongkhags into four zones (dzongdey), Eastern, Southern, Central and Western, is no longer official.

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must assent to bills resubmitted after joint sitting and deliberation by the National Council and National Assembly.

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of parliament. It consists of a maximum of 55 members directly elected by the citizens of constituencies within each

175: 1856:

to inspire trust and confidence and to enhance access to justice. The judicial authority of Bhutan is vested in the

811:

of the Golden Throne of Bhutan. Under this Section, title to the throne vests in the legitimate descendants of King

4683: 4073: 3582: 482: 4642: 4547: 3598: 1915:

establish impartial and independent Administrative Tribunals as well as Alternative Dispute Resolution centres.

1075:(dual system of religion and politics). Thus, while religion and politics are officially separate, the Buddhist 4752: 4340: 3659: 3448: 2143:

as all other matters necessary for the due constitution of the Houses of Parliament and the Local Governments.

1344: 1336: 1259: 1144: 699: 310: 92: 1761:

The Constitution details procedures for the passing of bills and other procedural requirements of governance.

1477:

and heritage of the nation; and to foster tolerance, mutual respect and spirit of brotherhood amongst all the

1410:

for the enforcement of the rights conferred by Article 7, subject to the above reasonable restriction by law.

4652: 4311: 1351: 565: 4597: 4562: 4517: 4254: 3903: 3654: 1530: 1340: 670:

Rights over natural resources vest in the State and are thus properties of the State and regulated by law.

542: 1067:

and personalities the responsibility to promote the spiritual heritage of Bhutan while also ensuring that

4487: 4482: 4377: 4150: 4115: 3885: 3800: 3562: 1823: 1755: 1751: 1739: 1679: 1659: 475: 398: 1638:

branches except to the extent provided for by the Constitution. The legislative branch is the bicameral

1242:

Parliament may enact environmental legislation to ensure sustainable use of natural resources, maintain

989:

Secretary General of the respective Houses on the recommendation of the Royal Civil Service Commission.

4607: 4582: 4497: 4477: 4427: 4397: 4387: 4184: 3984: 3842: 3764: 3644: 3613: 3538: 2315: 2266: 2215: 2171: 2126:

Article 23 defines the Constitutional requirements for elections in Bhutan. The Constitution calls for

1920: 1884: 1777: 1712: 1675: 977: 962: 945: 385: 216: 717:

and the symbol of unity of the Kingdom and of the people of Bhutan. The Constitution establishes the "

4693: 4572: 4567: 4447: 4291: 4189: 3989: 3837: 3822: 2575: 2435: 2240:

The Constitution defines the role and objectives of the Bhutanese defence apparatus. The King is the

1849: 1839: 1773:

in the Government. If the vote passes with at least ⅔ support, the King must dismiss the Government.

1600: 1072: 1034: 933: 851: 718: 686: 433: 223: 211: 2028:

for election purposes. Each Gewog is represented by a Gewog Tshogde (County Committee), headed by a

1650:

and supported by subsidiary government agencies. The politically independent judicial branch is the

4637: 4587: 4542: 4522: 4512: 4412: 4369: 3717: 3689: 3664: 3521: 2302:

Article 35 contains provisions regarding Constitutional Amendment and the authoritativeness of the

1647: 1546: 1373: 1243: 1802:(Council of Ministers, or Cabinet), which consists of the Ministers headed by the Prime Minister. 1603:, including reasonable limitation of working hours and periodic holidays with pay; and to provide 721:" (dual system of religion and politics) of Bhutan as unified in the person of the King who, as a 4767: 4612: 4527: 4507: 4392: 4382: 4223: 4027: 3649: 1880: 1861: 1770: 1655: 1469:

when called upon to do so by Parliament. They have the duty to preserve, protect and respect the

1325: 620: 234: 106: 2554: 1295:. If citizens of Bhutan acquire another citizenship, their Bhutanese citizenship is terminated. 902:

to exercise the Royal Prerogatives, notice is given to that effect by resolution of Parliament.

774:") in accordance with tradition and custom. Also among the Royal Prerogatives are the grants of 4757: 4657: 4592: 4557: 4492: 4472: 4462: 4422: 4407: 4281: 4193: 4108: 4009: 3805: 3555: 1857: 1843: 1781: 1651: 1631: 1478: 1407: 664: 561: 538: 229: 169: 58: 3466: 2102:

governmental, non-governmental, private organizations or from private parties or individuals.

1399:, radio and television and other forms of dissemination of information, including electronic. 1350:

No person may be compelled to belong to another faith by means of coercion or inducement. See

1343:; arbitrary or unlawful interference with his or her privacy, family, home or correspondence; 4698: 4617: 4577: 4552: 4532: 4467: 4442: 4432: 4417: 4296: 4286: 4155: 3880: 3810: 1762: 1683: 1518: 1255: 1208: 1064: 775: 691: 511: 448: 63: 3489: 778:, amnesty, pardon and reduction of sentences; and land "kidu" and other "kidus" (benefits). 4762: 4537: 4502: 4457: 4259: 4228: 4207: 3832: 3410: 2081:, however the Constitution provides partisan elections only for the National Assembly. Two 2010:

Tshogde (Municipal Committee at the most local level). Each body sits for five-year terms.

1892: 1865: 1671: 1639: 1621: 1455: 1454:

in accordance with the law. All persons have the duty to uphold justice and to act against

1396: 1180: 239: 205: 1214: 1211:

as may be necessary to advance the cause of the cultural enrichment of Bhutanese society.

8: 4667: 4276: 4202: 4037: 4022: 3999: 3913: 3795: 3738: 3679: 3632: 3608: 2413: 2374: 2296: 2249: 2235: 2218:

for adjudication by the courts. The Commission functions in accordance with Parliament's

2121: 2014: 1999: 1940: 1747: 1724: 1514: 1470: 1231: 1223: 1099: 1038: 968: 941: 808: 770:

for Lhengye and Nyi-Kyelma (conferring a red scarf of rank and honour with the title of "

624: 530: 526: 340: 262: 135: 3709: 2024:(Counties or Blocks), numbering 205 in all of Bhutan. These are in turn subdivided into 1780:

in Parliament. It also lays a framework for the formation, function, and dissolution of

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The Constitution is the supreme law of the State and affirms the authority of legal

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is the guardian of the Constitution and the final authority on its interpretation.

628: 623:

belonging to the people of the Kingdom. The territory of Bhutan is divided into 20

580:

to serve as the Constitutional adviser for drafting of the Constitution of Bhutan.

349: 3490:"Democracy in Bhutan: An Analysis of Constitutional Change in a Buddhist Monarchy" 2512:"Aadhaar, triple talaq immediate challenges for new attorney general KK Venugopal" 2186:; references to existing "Election Laws" also appear throughout the Constitution. 4264: 4233: 4089: 4047: 4017: 3979: 3974: 3674: 3542: 3385: 3366: 3334: 3302: 3283: 3259: 3240: 3221: 3202: 3183: 3164: 3145: 3113: 3091: 3061: 3033: 3009: 2987: 2965: 2943: 2921: 2899: 2877: 2849: 2781: 2757: 2733: 2709: 2685: 2655: 2619: 2379: 2166:

The Constitution provides for several independent government bodies analogous to

2082: 2060: 1900: 1869: 1730: 1561: 1447: 1268:. First, "natural born citizens" are children of two citizen parents. This is an 1184: 869: 812: 800: 577: 523: 244: 1406:

All persons in Bhutan have the right to initiate appropriate proceedings in the

4270: 4238: 4080: 3969: 3958: 2341: 2319: 1904: 1873: 1693: 1534: 1506: 1423: 1362: 1192: 1094:

tradition, having the nine qualities of a spiritual master and accomplished in

1080: 1076: 1051: 1046: 824: 249: 182: 127: 81: 4741: 4716: 4131: 3939: 3473: 2494:"Meet 86-yr-old KK Venugopal, who replaces Mukul Rohatgi as Attorney General" 2364: 2349: 2327: 2281:

non-citizens. After five-year terms, they are ineligible for re-appointment.

2131: 1819: 1688: 1658:. Within these branches of government, only members of the executive and the 1557: 1490: 1427: 1273: 1269: 1226:. The Constitution states that every Bhutanese is a trustee of the Kingdom's 1188: 1017: 915: 906:

Chairperson of the National Council, and the leader of the Opposition Party.

855: 714: 53: 2284:

Article 32 sets forth the law regarding impeachment of Government Officers.

1953: 2248:

to be a professional standing army to defend against security threats. The

1720: 1553: 1419: 1307: 1091: 820: 644: 546: 1497:, stating that "the State shall endeavour" to fulfill certain guarantees. 1376:. All persons have the right to consult and be represented by a Bhutanese 1004:

The Constitution provides substantive and procedural law for two paths of

4726: 3817: 3508:

Tantric State: A Buddhist Approach to Democracy and Development in Bhutan

1853: 1815: 1743: 1716: 1705: 1627: 1573: 1569: 1459: 1314: 1285: 1265: 797: 710: 696: 682: 558: 411: 4332: 793: 3603: 1662:(the lower house of Parliament) may hold political party affiliations. 1568:

unlawful interception or interruption. These are further guarantees of

1481:

transcending religious, linguistic, regional or sectional diversities.

1358: 1005: 816: 751: 599: 1769:

The National Assembly may, with support of at least ⅓ of its members,

1723:. It consists of 25 members: one directly elected from each of the 20 3733: 1936: 1439: 1126:) are to receive adequate funds and other facilities from the State. 1107: 1087: 993: 985: 832: 651: 617: 148: 2257:

of maintaining its security, territorial integrity and sovereignty.

1595:

Thus, the State's policy in carrying out its objectives is somewhat

3744: 2332: 2303: 1635: 1526: 1435: 1347:; and from unlawful attacks on the person's honour and reputation. 1176: 1160: 1060: 722: 706: 636: 507: 356: 32: 3547: 2292:

Article 33 sets forth plans in the event of a national emergency.

2287: 1462:; and to respect and abide by the provisions of the Constitution. 865: 541:, the constitutional committee was particularly influenced by the 2154:

Persons are disqualified from holding an elective office if they

2040: 2007: 1697: 1604: 1431: 1332: 1148: 1123: 1119: 1055:

Bhutanese Buddhist monk looking out of the window of a monastery.

632: 369: 4100: 2348:, referenced in Article 1 § 5. The Second Schedule contains the 1509:

to all children of school going age up to grade 10, ensure that

4166: 3578: 2055: 2025: 2006:

Tshogde (County Committee at the intermediate local level) and

1381: 1140: 1115: 936:(below). Dungkhag Court jurists are not appointed by the King. 888: 876: 613: 569: 2206:. It also provides that the Commission must operate under the 2112:

Article 16 delineates the rules of public campaign financing.

2048: 1156: 980:, the Chairperson of the Pay Commission, the Governor of the 771: 573: 3535: 2085:

are elected to the National Assembly, established through a

1998:

The Constitution divides Local Government into three tiers:

1430:. No persons may tolerate or participate in acts of injury, 591: 846:(a scarf that symbolizes the conferring of rank) from the 1451: 2002:

Tshogdu (District Council at the highest local level),

1306:

The Constitution, in Article 7, guarantees a number of

1098:. The Je Khenpo appoints, on the recommendation of the 999: 932:

and available eminent jurists in consultation with the

887:

The Constitution provides a procedural framework for a

2295:

Article 34 sets forth the guidelines for conducting a

1848:

Article 21 pertains to the judiciary. The duty of the

1776:

The Constitution defines the rights and duties of the

1310:, variously to all persons and to citizens of Bhutan. 2260: 1207:

The Constitution allows Parliament to enact any such

762:

Under the Constitution, the King, in exercise of his

676: 1665: 3487: 2151:qualifications prescribed in the Electoral Laws. 1069:religion remains separate from politics in Bhutan 1016:Kingdom, the King must abdicate in favour of the 4739: 3442:"Democratization from above: The case of Bhutan" 1626:The Constitution mandates the separation of the 1235:of environment friendly practices and policies. 603:Government of Bhutan under the 2008 Constitution 2288:Emergencies, referendums, and textual authority 1541:competition and prevent commercial monopolies. 2077:Article 15 sets up a regulatory framework for 1700:, seat of the Bhutanese government since 1952. 1264:The Constitution provides three categories of 827:, provided the royal heir has reached age 21. 4348: 4116: 3563: 3439: 2043:Tshogde (Municipal Committee) is headed by a 705:The Constitution confirms the institution of 483: 3536:Official Website of the Government of Bhutan 895:reaches age 21 and becomes Regent by right. 788: 3404:"The Constitution of the Kingdom of Bhutan" 4355: 4341: 4123: 4109: 3570: 3556: 3467:"Countries at the Crossroads 2007: Bhutan" 490: 476: 4362: 3447:. Democracy International. Archived from 2433: 2402: 2309: 2265:The Constitution defines the role of the 2161: 1615: 1171:(sacred images, scriptures, and stupas), 1106:(stages of development and completion in 972:also appear throughout the Constitution. 3355: 3353: 3351: 3349: 3347: 3345: 3343: 3323: 3321: 3319: 3317: 3315: 3313: 3311: 3272: 3270: 3268: 2976: 2974: 2954: 2952: 2932: 2930: 2910: 2908: 2888: 2886: 2838: 2836: 2834: 2832: 2830: 2828: 2826: 2824: 2822: 2820: 2818: 2816: 2814: 2812: 2810: 2770: 2768: 2766: 2746: 2744: 2742: 2722: 2720: 2718: 2698: 2696: 2694: 2674: 2672: 2670: 2668: 2666: 2664: 2644: 2642: 2640: 2638: 2636: 2634: 2632: 2630: 2628: 2427: 2331: 1952: 1687: 1422:in Bhutan. All persons must respect the 1331:All persons are guaranteed freedom from 1213: 1139: 1050: 864: 792: 690: 598: 592:Provisions of the Constitution of Bhutan 3134: 3132: 3130: 3128: 3126: 3124: 3122: 3102: 3100: 3080: 3078: 3076: 3074: 3072: 3070: 3050: 3048: 3046: 3044: 3042: 3022: 3020: 3018: 2998: 2996: 2866: 2864: 2862: 2860: 2858: 2808: 2806: 2804: 2802: 2800: 2798: 2796: 2794: 2792: 2790: 2463: 2461: 2459: 1891:The Chief Justice and Drangpons of the 1552:The State also endeavours to guarantee 1218:Satellite image of Bhutan in April 2002 1204:" arts, custom, knowledge and culture. 529:. The current Constitution is based on 4740: 2608: 2606: 2604: 2602: 2600: 2598: 2596: 2553:. Government of Bhutan. Archived from 2543: 2528:. Government of Bhutan. Archived from 2518: 2471:. Government of Bhutan. Archived from 2412:. Government of Bhutan. Archived from 1418:Article 8 of the Constitution defines 735:Armed Forces and the Militia of Bhutan 4336: 4199:Ministry of Home and Cultural Affairs 4104: 3551: 3372: 3340: 3308: 3289: 3265: 3246: 3208: 3189: 3170: 3151: 2971: 2949: 2927: 2905: 2883: 2763: 2739: 2715: 2691: 2661: 2625: 2254:Ministry of Home and Cultural Affairs 1413: 1301: 1023: 922: 842:The successor to the Throne receives 757: 659:Constitution, shall be null and void. 3119: 3097: 3067: 3039: 3015: 2993: 2855: 2787: 2456: 2436:"New Dynamics in Constitutional Law" 2066: 1926: 1818:in the exercise of his functions as 1489:Article 9 defines the principles of 1129: 1000:Voluntary and involuntary abdication 627:(Districts) with each consisting of 545:because of its strong protection of 107:Crown Prince Jigme Namgyel Wangchuck 4302:Local governance (decentralization) 3577: 2593: 2073:List of political parties in Bhutan 1933:Local Government Act of Bhutan 2009 607: 13: 3433: 2261:Public offices and related matters 1583: 803:, founder of the Wangchuck Dynasty 518:) was enacted 18 July 2008 by the 14: 4779: 4130: 3514: 2054:The Constitution establishes a ⅔ 1798:Executive power is vested in the 1750:(District). Under this system of 807:The Constitution establishes the 677:The monarchy and the royal family 504:Constitution of Kingdom of Bhutan 4721: 4712: 4711: 4165: 3622: 3488:Marian Gallenkamp (March 2010). 2434:Newburger, Emily (Summer 2007). 2340:The First Schedule contains the 1666:Legislative branch and operation 1500: 909: 739:not answerable in a court of law 31: 3599:Second Battle of Simtokha Dzong 3227: 2174:by respective sections are the 1907:are not appointed by the King. 1484: 914:The Constitution establishes a 4679:British Indian Ocean Territory 2568: 2504: 2486: 1642:. The executive branch is the 1337:inhuman or degrading treatment 1260:Bhutanese Citizenship Act 1985 1249: 1145:Pungtang Dechen Photrang Dzong 700:Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck 93:Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck 1: 2390: 2306:version of the Constitution. 2184:Bhutanese Anti-Corruption Act 1352:freedom of religion in Bhutan 1345:arbitrary arrest or detention 1059:The Constitution states that 958:Bhutanese Anti-Corruption Act 612:The Constitution defines the 552: 510:: འབྲུག་གི་རྩ་ཁྲིམས་ཆེན་མོ་; 3440:Klaus Hofmann (2006-01-04). 3413:. 2008-07-18. Archived from 2395: 2115: 2020:Dzongkhags are divided into 1833: 1787: 1719:, or house of review in the 1608:socio-economic development. 1523:basic public health services 1395:The Constitution guarantees 934:National Judicial Commission 543:Constitution of South Africa 141:(state religious commission) 7: 2358: 2180:Bhutanese Civil Service Act 2039:On the most local level, a 1752:proportional representation 1740:National Assembly of Bhutan 1704:Parliament consists of the 1680:National Assembly of Bhutan 1654:, which is reviewed by the 1408:Supreme Court or High Court 1291:The Constitution prohibits 1175:(sacred pilgrimage sites), 1028: 992:The King also appoints the 954:Bhutanese Civil Service Act 535:Conventions on Human Rights 516:'Druk-gi cha-thrims-chen-mo 406:Ministry of Foreign Affairs 10: 4784: 3510:. Oxford University Press. 3395: 2316:National symbols of Bhutan 2313: 2242:Supreme Commander in Chief 2229: 2225: 2119: 2070: 1930: 1837: 1791: 1713:National Council of Bhutan 1676:National Council of Bhutan 1669: 1619: 1587: 1253: 1222:Article 5 pertains to the 1195:to enrich society and the 1133: 1032: 978:Attorney General of Bhutan 882: 731:Supreme Commander in Chief 680: 647:of Bhutan is December 17. 520:Royal Government of Bhutan 4707: 4666: 4626: 4368: 4247: 4216: 4175: 4162: 4138: 4060: 4008: 3935: 3926: 3876: 3867: 3786: 3777: 3708: 3640: 3631: 3620: 3589: 2350:National Anthem of Bhutan 2346:National Emblem of Bhutan 2336:National Emblem of Bhutan 1840:Judicial system of Bhutan 1646:(cabinet), headed by the 1601:right to rest and leisure 1436:killing of another person 1035:Dual system of government 966:; references to existing 852:Shabdrung Ngawang Namgyal 789:Succession and retirement 687:Dual system of government 4748:Constitutions by country 4428:East Timor (Timor-Leste) 3522:"Constitution of Bhutan" 1729:prohibited from holding 1547:Gross National Happiness 1374:presumption of innocence 1244:intergenerational equity 1167:(monastic communities), 713:(King of Bhutan) is the 539:Princess Sonam Wangchuck 334:Administrative divisions 4689:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 3506:William J. Long. 2019. 2498:Business Standard India 1986:Article 22 establishes 1881:Supreme Court of Bhutan 1771:motion of no confidence 1656:Supreme Court of Bhutan 1505:The State must provide 1458:; to act in aid of the 1326:Equal Protection Clause 729:. The King is also the 727:all religions in Bhutan 665:Supreme Court of Bhutan 621:constitutional monarchy 4194:Royal Court of Justice 4146:Constitution of Bhutan 3379:Constitution of Bhutan 3360:Constitution of Bhutan 3328:Constitution of Bhutan 3296:Constitution of Bhutan 3277:Constitution of Bhutan 3253:Constitution of Bhutan 3234:Constitution of Bhutan 3215:Constitution of Bhutan 3196:Constitution of Bhutan 3177:Constitution of Bhutan 3158:Constitution of Bhutan 3139:Constitution of Bhutan 3107:Constitution of Bhutan 3085:Constitution of Bhutan 3055:Constitution of Bhutan 3027:Constitution of Bhutan 3003:Constitution of Bhutan 2981:Constitution of Bhutan 2959:Constitution of Bhutan 2937:Constitution of Bhutan 2915:Constitution of Bhutan 2893:Constitution of Bhutan 2871:Constitution of Bhutan 2843:Constitution of Bhutan 2775:Constitution of Bhutan 2751:Constitution of Bhutan 2727:Constitution of Bhutan 2703:Constitution of Bhutan 2679:Constitution of Bhutan 2649:Constitution of Bhutan 2613:Constitution of Bhutan 2337: 2310:Schedules and glossary 2252:are trained under the 2162:Audits and commissions 2032:(Head of Gewog) and a 1983: 1858:Royal Court of Justice 1844:Royal Court of Justice 1701: 1652:Royal Court of Justice 1616:Branches of government 1515:professional education 1219: 1151: 1086:The King appoints the 1065:religious institutions 1056: 982:Central Bank of Bhutan 879: 804: 702: 661: 604: 576:constitutional lawyer 562:Jigme Singye Wangchuck 422:Diplomatic missions of 230:Royal Court of Justice 197:(council of ministers) 4753:Bhutanese legislation 4363:Constitutions of Asia 3727:(electoral precincts) 3604:Bhutan War (Duar War) 3384:July 6, 2011, at the 3365:July 6, 2011, at the 3333:July 6, 2011, at the 3301:July 6, 2011, at the 3282:July 6, 2011, at the 3258:July 6, 2011, at the 3239:July 6, 2011, at the 3220:July 6, 2011, at the 3201:July 6, 2011, at the 3182:July 6, 2011, at the 3163:July 6, 2011, at the 3144:July 6, 2011, at the 3112:July 6, 2011, at the 3090:July 6, 2011, at the 3060:July 6, 2011, at the 3032:July 6, 2011, at the 3008:July 6, 2011, at the 2986:July 6, 2011, at the 2964:July 6, 2011, at the 2942:July 6, 2011, at the 2920:July 6, 2011, at the 2898:July 6, 2011, at the 2876:July 6, 2011, at the 2848:July 6, 2011, at the 2780:July 6, 2011, at the 2756:July 6, 2011, at the 2732:July 6, 2011, at the 2708:July 6, 2011, at the 2684:July 6, 2011, at the 2654:July 6, 2011, at the 2618:July 6, 2011, at the 2335: 2230:Further information: 2120:Further information: 2071:Further information: 1956: 1931:Further information: 1838:Further information: 1824:international affairs 1763:Bhutanese legislation 1721:bicameral legislature 1691: 1684:Bhutanese legislation 1670:Further information: 1620:Further information: 1588:Further information: 1531:traditional medicines 1256:Immigration in Bhutan 1254:Further information: 1217: 1143: 1134:Further information: 1054: 1033:Further information: 868: 796: 694: 681:Further information: 656: 602: 557:On 4 September 2001, 16:Supreme law of Bhutan 4603:United Arab Emirates 4277:Elections and voting 3411:Government of Bhutan 2440:Harvard Law Bulletin 2271:Attorney General Act 1893:High Court of Bhutan 1672:Parliament of Bhutan 1640:Parliament of Bhutan 1622:Government of Bhutan 1537:development through 1397:freedom of the press 963:Attorney General Act 850:(the holy relic) of 4630:limited recognition 3609:Operation All Clear 2375:Bhutanese democracy 2297:National Referendum 2250:Royal Bhutan Police 2236:Royal Bhutan Police 2220:Anti-Corruption Act 2176:Bhutanese Audit Act 2156:marry a non-citizen 2122:Elections in Bhutan 1941:Districts of Bhutan 1850:Judiciary of Bhutan 1782:interim governments 1384:) of their choice ( 1100:Dratshang Lhentshog 1039:Dratshang Lhentshog 950:Bhutanese Audit Act 942:Election Commission 643:of Bhutan, and the 531:Buddhist philosophy 341:Districts of Bhutan 137:Dratshang Lhentshog 4255:Capital punishment 4203:Police and prisons 3904:Telecommunications 3541:2005-12-30 at the 2444:Harvard Law School 2385:Constitutional law 2370:Politics of Bhutan 2338: 2232:Military of Bhutan 2128:universal suffrage 1984: 1800:Lhengye Zhungtshog 1794:Lhengye Zhungtshog 1702: 1644:Lhengye Zhungtshog 1597:Buddhist-socialist 1420:Fundamental Duties 1414:Fundamental duties 1341:capital punishment 1315:due process of law 1308:Fundamental Rights 1302:Fundamental rights 1220: 1152: 1057: 1043:Buddhism in Bhutan 1024:Heritage of Bhutan 923:Royal appointments 889:Council of Regency 880: 860:oath of allegiance 805: 764:Royal Prerogatives 758:Royal prerogatives 703: 635:(Municipalities). 605: 566:Lhengye Zhungtshog 193:Lhengye Zhungtshog 24:Politics of Bhutan 4735: 4734: 4672:other territories 4330: 4329: 4312:Religious freedom 4098: 4097: 4056: 4055: 3922: 3921: 3863: 3862: 3850:Political parties 3843:National Assembly 3801:Foreign relations 3773: 3772: 2246:Royal Bhutan Army 2208:Civil Service Act 2204:to civil servants 2083:political parties 2079:political parties 2067:Political parties 1988:Local Governments 1949:Chewogs of Bhutan 1927:Local governments 1860:, comprising the 1756:political parties 1660:National Assembly 1590:Economy of Bhutan 1367:just compensation 1277:citizenship law. 1228:natural resources 1136:Culture of Bhutan 1130:Culture of Bhutan 875:, the unifier of 817:retire (abdicate) 809:law of succession 783:Royal Prerogative 781:The King may, by 695:Reigning Monarch 641:national language 614:Kingdom of Bhutan 570:Kingdom of Bhutan 527:reforms in Bhutan 500: 499: 444:Visa requirements 399:Foreign relations 321:Political parties 269:Recent elections 217:National Assembly 115:Wangchuck dynasty 4775: 4725: 4715: 4714: 4684:Christmas Island 4370:Sovereign states 4357: 4350: 4343: 4334: 4333: 4234:Dzongkhag Courts 4185:Attorney General 4170: 4169: 4125: 4118: 4111: 4102: 4101: 4083: 4076: 4069: 3985:National symbols 3933: 3932: 3899: 3874: 3873: 3838:National Council 3784: 3783: 3760: 3759:(village groups) 3750: 3728: 3638: 3637: 3626: 3614:Military history 3572: 3565: 3558: 3549: 3548: 3532: 3530: 3529: 3503: 3501: 3500: 3494: 3484: 3482: 3481: 3471: 3462: 3460: 3459: 3453: 3446: 3428: 3426: 3425: 3419: 3408: 3389: 3376: 3370: 3357: 3338: 3325: 3306: 3293: 3287: 3274: 3263: 3250: 3244: 3231: 3225: 3212: 3206: 3193: 3187: 3174: 3168: 3155: 3149: 3136: 3117: 3104: 3095: 3082: 3065: 3052: 3037: 3024: 3013: 3000: 2991: 2978: 2969: 2956: 2947: 2934: 2925: 2912: 2903: 2890: 2881: 2868: 2853: 2840: 2785: 2772: 2761: 2748: 2737: 2724: 2713: 2700: 2689: 2676: 2659: 2646: 2623: 2610: 2591: 2590: 2588: 2586: 2572: 2566: 2565: 2563: 2562: 2547: 2541: 2540: 2538: 2537: 2522: 2516: 2515: 2508: 2502: 2501: 2490: 2484: 2483: 2481: 2480: 2465: 2454: 2453: 2451: 2450: 2431: 2425: 2424: 2422: 2421: 2406: 2324:Emblem of Bhutan 2267:Attorney General 2216:Attorney General 2137:Citizenship Card 2087:primary election 1982: 1980: 1976: 1974: 1970: 1968: 1964: 1962: 1945:Gewogs of Bhutan 1921:Attorney General 1885:Attorney General 1870:Dzongkhag Courts 1778:opposition party 1479:people of Bhutan 1467:national service 1444:natural calamity 1386:right to counsel 1293:dual citizenship 893:heir presumptive 819:in favor of the 608:Basic provisions 533:, international 492: 485: 478: 245:Dzongkhag Courts 212:National Council 198: 142: 35: 19: 18: 4783: 4782: 4778: 4777: 4776: 4774: 4773: 4772: 4738: 4737: 4736: 4731: 4703: 4671: 4662: 4643:Northern Cyprus 4629: 4622: 4364: 4361: 4331: 4326: 4292:Law enforcement 4243: 4239:Dungkhag Courts 4212: 4190:Judicial system 4177: 4171: 4164: 4160: 4134: 4129: 4099: 4094: 4086: 4079: 4072: 4065: 4052: 4004: 3990:Public holidays 3918: 3897: 3859: 3823:Law enforcement 3769: 3758: 3748: 3726: 3704: 3685:Protected areas 3627: 3618: 3585: 3576: 3543:Wayback Machine 3527: 3525: 3520: 3517: 3498: 3496: 3492: 3479: 3477: 3469: 3465: 3457: 3455: 3451: 3444: 3436: 3434:Further reading 3431: 3423: 3421: 3417: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3393: 3392: 3386:Wayback Machine 3377: 3373: 3367:Wayback Machine 3358: 3341: 3335:Wayback Machine 3326: 3309: 3303:Wayback Machine 3294: 3290: 3284:Wayback Machine 3275: 3266: 3260:Wayback Machine 3251: 3247: 3241:Wayback Machine 3232: 3228: 3222:Wayback Machine 3213: 3209: 3203:Wayback Machine 3194: 3190: 3184:Wayback Machine 3175: 3171: 3165:Wayback Machine 3156: 3152: 3146:Wayback Machine 3137: 3120: 3114:Wayback Machine 3105: 3098: 3092:Wayback Machine 3083: 3068: 3062:Wayback Machine 3053: 3040: 3034:Wayback Machine 3025: 3016: 3010:Wayback Machine 3001: 2994: 2988:Wayback Machine 2979: 2972: 2966:Wayback Machine 2957: 2950: 2944:Wayback Machine 2935: 2928: 2922:Wayback Machine 2913: 2906: 2900:Wayback Machine 2891: 2884: 2878:Wayback Machine 2869: 2856: 2850:Wayback Machine 2841: 2788: 2782:Wayback Machine 2773: 2764: 2758:Wayback Machine 2749: 2740: 2734:Wayback Machine 2725: 2716: 2710:Wayback Machine 2701: 2692: 2686:Wayback Machine 2677: 2662: 2656:Wayback Machine 2647: 2626: 2620:Wayback Machine 2611: 2594: 2584: 2582: 2574: 2573: 2569: 2560: 2558: 2549: 2548: 2544: 2535: 2533: 2524: 2523: 2519: 2510: 2509: 2505: 2500:. 30 June 2017. 2492: 2491: 2487: 2478: 2476: 2469:"Royal Command" 2467: 2466: 2457: 2448: 2446: 2432: 2428: 2419: 2417: 2408: 2407: 2403: 2398: 2393: 2380:Democratization 2361: 2330: 2314:Main articles: 2312: 2290: 2263: 2238: 2228: 2210:of Parliament. 2164: 2124: 2118: 2075: 2069: 2061:political party 1978: 1977: 1972: 1971: 1966: 1965: 1960: 1959: 1958: 1951: 1929: 1905:Dungkhag Courts 1874:Dungkhag Courts 1846: 1836: 1796: 1790: 1731:political party 1686: 1668: 1624: 1618: 1592: 1586: 1584:Economic policy 1562:extended family 1503: 1487: 1448:public property 1446:; to safeguard 1428:National Anthem 1416: 1339:or punishment; 1304: 1262: 1252: 1163:(monasteries), 1138: 1132: 1112:Zhung Dratshang 1049: 1031: 1026: 1002: 925: 912: 885: 873:Ngawang Namgyal 813:Ugyen Wangchuck 801:Ugyen Wangchuck 791: 760: 689: 679: 631:(Counties) and 610: 594: 578:K. K. Venugopal 555: 496: 467: 463:Other countries 454: 453: 434:Nationality law 430: 418: 401: 391: 390: 382: 362: 336: 326: 325: 315: 303: 286: 265: 255: 254: 250:Dungkhag Courts 221: 203: 200: 196: 195: 167: 159: 158: 144: 140: 139: 130: 120: 119: 109: 95: 77: 69: 68: 49: 26: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4781: 4771: 4770: 4768:2008 in Bhutan 4765: 4760: 4755: 4750: 4733: 4732: 4730: 4729: 4719: 4708: 4705: 4704: 4702: 4701: 4696: 4691: 4686: 4681: 4675: 4673: 4664: 4663: 4661: 4660: 4655: 4650: 4645: 4640: 4634: 4632: 4624: 4623: 4621: 4620: 4615: 4610: 4605: 4600: 4595: 4590: 4585: 4580: 4575: 4570: 4565: 4560: 4555: 4550: 4545: 4540: 4535: 4530: 4525: 4520: 4515: 4510: 4505: 4500: 4495: 4490: 4485: 4480: 4475: 4470: 4465: 4460: 4455: 4450: 4445: 4440: 4435: 4430: 4425: 4420: 4415: 4410: 4405: 4400: 4395: 4390: 4385: 4380: 4374: 4372: 4366: 4365: 4360: 4359: 4352: 4345: 4337: 4328: 4327: 4325: 4324: 4319: 4314: 4309: 4304: 4299: 4294: 4289: 4284: 4279: 4274: 4271:Driglam namzha 4267: 4262: 4257: 4251: 4249: 4245: 4244: 4242: 4241: 4236: 4231: 4226: 4220: 4218: 4214: 4213: 4211: 4210: 4205: 4196: 4187: 4181: 4179: 4173: 4172: 4163: 4161: 4159: 4158: 4153: 4148: 4142: 4140: 4136: 4135: 4128: 4127: 4120: 4113: 4105: 4096: 4095: 4093: 4092: 4085: 4084: 4077: 4070: 4062: 4061: 4058: 4057: 4054: 4053: 4051: 4050: 4045: 4040: 4035: 4030: 4025: 4020: 4014: 4012: 4006: 4005: 4003: 4002: 3997: 3992: 3987: 3982: 3977: 3972: 3967: 3962: 3952: 3947: 3942: 3936: 3930: 3924: 3923: 3920: 3919: 3917: 3916: 3911: 3906: 3901: 3893: 3888: 3883: 3877: 3871: 3865: 3864: 3861: 3860: 3858: 3857: 3855:Prime Minister 3852: 3847: 3846: 3845: 3840: 3830: 3825: 3820: 3815: 3814: 3813: 3803: 3798: 3793: 3787: 3781: 3775: 3774: 3771: 3770: 3768: 3767: 3762: 3752: 3749:(subdistricts) 3742: 3730: 3720: 3714: 3712: 3706: 3705: 3703: 3702: 3697: 3692: 3687: 3682: 3677: 3672: 3667: 3665:Extreme points 3662: 3657: 3652: 3647: 3641: 3635: 3629: 3628: 3621: 3619: 3617: 3616: 3611: 3606: 3601: 3595: 3593: 3587: 3586: 3575: 3574: 3567: 3560: 3552: 3546: 3545: 3533: 3516: 3515:External links 3513: 3512: 3511: 3504: 3485: 3463: 3435: 3432: 3430: 3429: 3399: 3397: 3394: 3391: 3390: 3371: 3339: 3307: 3288: 3264: 3245: 3226: 3207: 3188: 3169: 3150: 3118: 3096: 3066: 3038: 3014: 2992: 2970: 2948: 2926: 2904: 2882: 2854: 2786: 2762: 2738: 2714: 2690: 2660: 2624: 2592: 2567: 2551:"Consultation" 2542: 2517: 2514:. 3 July 2017. 2503: 2485: 2455: 2426: 2400: 2399: 2397: 2394: 2392: 2389: 2388: 2387: 2382: 2377: 2372: 2367: 2360: 2357: 2320:Flag of Bhutan 2311: 2308: 2289: 2286: 2262: 2259: 2227: 2224: 2163: 2160: 2117: 2114: 2068: 2065: 1969: Southern 1928: 1925: 1835: 1832: 1807:Prime Minister 1792:Main article: 1789: 1786: 1694:Tashichoedzong 1667: 1664: 1648:Prime Minister 1617: 1614: 1585: 1582: 1535:private sector 1507:free education 1502: 1499: 1486: 1483: 1415: 1412: 1363:eminent domain 1303: 1300: 1251: 1248: 1159:(fortresses), 1131: 1128: 1081:state religion 1077:Drukpa Lineage 1047:Drukpa Lineage 1030: 1027: 1025: 1022: 1001: 998: 924: 921: 911: 908: 884: 881: 825:Crown Princess 790: 787: 759: 756: 742:Constitution. 737:. The King is 678: 675: 609: 606: 593: 590: 554: 551: 498: 497: 495: 494: 487: 480: 472: 469: 468: 466: 465: 459: 456: 455: 452: 451: 446: 441: 436: 429: 428: 417: 416: 415: 414: 402: 397: 396: 393: 392: 389: 388: 383: 381: 380: 373: 365: 363: 361: 360: 353: 345: 343: 337: 332: 331: 328: 327: 324: 323: 318: 317: 316: 314: 313: 306: 304: 302: 301: 296: 289: 287: 285: 284: 279: 272: 266: 261: 260: 257: 256: 253: 252: 247: 242: 237: 232: 220: 219: 214: 202: 201: 190: 188: 187: 186: 183:Lotay Tshering 176:Prime Minister 168: 165: 164: 161: 160: 157: 156: 155: 154: 134: 131: 128:State religion 126: 125: 122: 121: 118: 117: 112: 111: 110: 105: 98: 97: 96: 91: 78: 75: 74: 71: 70: 67: 66: 61: 56: 50: 45: 44: 41: 40: 37: 36: 28: 27: 22: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4780: 4769: 4766: 4764: 4761: 4759: 4758:Law of Bhutan 4756: 4754: 4751: 4749: 4746: 4745: 4743: 4728: 4724: 4720: 4718: 4710: 4709: 4706: 4700: 4697: 4695: 4692: 4690: 4687: 4685: 4682: 4680: 4677: 4676: 4674: 4669: 4665: 4659: 4656: 4654: 4653:South Ossetia 4651: 4649: 4646: 4644: 4641: 4639: 4636: 4635: 4633: 4631: 4625: 4619: 4616: 4614: 4611: 4609: 4606: 4604: 4601: 4599: 4596: 4594: 4591: 4589: 4586: 4584: 4581: 4579: 4576: 4574: 4571: 4569: 4566: 4564: 4561: 4559: 4556: 4554: 4551: 4549: 4546: 4544: 4541: 4539: 4536: 4534: 4531: 4529: 4526: 4524: 4521: 4519: 4516: 4514: 4511: 4509: 4506: 4504: 4501: 4499: 4496: 4494: 4491: 4489: 4486: 4484: 4481: 4479: 4476: 4474: 4471: 4469: 4466: 4464: 4461: 4459: 4456: 4454: 4451: 4449: 4446: 4444: 4441: 4439: 4436: 4434: 4431: 4429: 4426: 4424: 4421: 4419: 4416: 4414: 4411: 4409: 4406: 4404: 4401: 4399: 4396: 4394: 4391: 4389: 4386: 4384: 4381: 4379: 4376: 4375: 4373: 4371: 4367: 4358: 4353: 4351: 4346: 4344: 4339: 4338: 4335: 4323: 4320: 4318: 4315: 4313: 4310: 4308: 4305: 4303: 4300: 4298: 4295: 4293: 4290: 4288: 4285: 4283: 4280: 4278: 4275: 4273: 4272: 4268: 4266: 4263: 4261: 4258: 4256: 4253: 4252: 4250: 4246: 4240: 4237: 4235: 4232: 4230: 4227: 4225: 4224:Supreme Court 4222: 4221: 4219: 4215: 4209: 4206: 4204: 4200: 4197: 4195: 4191: 4188: 4186: 4183: 4182: 4180: 4174: 4168: 4157: 4154: 4152: 4149: 4147: 4144: 4143: 4141: 4137: 4133: 4132:Bhutanese law 4126: 4121: 4119: 4114: 4112: 4107: 4106: 4103: 4091: 4088: 4087: 4082: 4078: 4075: 4071: 4068: 4064: 4063: 4059: 4049: 4046: 4044: 4041: 4039: 4036: 4034: 4031: 4029: 4028:Ethnic groups 4026: 4024: 4021: 4019: 4016: 4015: 4013: 4011: 4007: 4001: 3998: 3996: 3993: 3991: 3988: 3986: 3983: 3981: 3978: 3976: 3973: 3971: 3968: 3966: 3963: 3960: 3956: 3953: 3951: 3948: 3946: 3943: 3941: 3938: 3937: 3934: 3931: 3929: 3925: 3915: 3912: 3910: 3907: 3905: 3902: 3900: 3894: 3892: 3889: 3887: 3884: 3882: 3879: 3878: 3875: 3872: 3870: 3866: 3856: 3853: 3851: 3848: 3844: 3841: 3839: 3836: 3835: 3834: 3831: 3829: 3826: 3824: 3821: 3819: 3816: 3812: 3809: 3808: 3807: 3804: 3802: 3799: 3797: 3794: 3792: 3789: 3788: 3785: 3782: 3780: 3776: 3766: 3763: 3761: 3757: 3753: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3740: 3736: 3735: 3731: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3719: 3716: 3715: 3713: 3711: 3707: 3701: 3698: 3696: 3693: 3691: 3688: 3686: 3683: 3681: 3678: 3676: 3673: 3671: 3668: 3666: 3663: 3661: 3658: 3656: 3653: 3651: 3648: 3646: 3643: 3642: 3639: 3636: 3634: 3630: 3625: 3615: 3612: 3610: 3607: 3605: 3602: 3600: 3597: 3596: 3594: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3573: 3568: 3566: 3561: 3559: 3554: 3553: 3550: 3544: 3540: 3537: 3534: 3523: 3519: 3518: 3509: 3505: 3491: 3486: 3475: 3474:Freedom House 3468: 3464: 3454:on 2011-06-10 3450: 3443: 3438: 3437: 3420:on 2011-07-06 3416: 3412: 3405: 3401: 3400: 3387: 3383: 3380: 3375: 3368: 3364: 3361: 3356: 3354: 3352: 3350: 3348: 3346: 3344: 3336: 3332: 3329: 3324: 3322: 3320: 3318: 3316: 3314: 3312: 3304: 3300: 3297: 3292: 3285: 3281: 3278: 3273: 3271: 3269: 3261: 3257: 3254: 3249: 3242: 3238: 3235: 3230: 3223: 3219: 3216: 3211: 3204: 3200: 3197: 3192: 3185: 3181: 3178: 3173: 3166: 3162: 3159: 3154: 3147: 3143: 3140: 3135: 3133: 3131: 3129: 3127: 3125: 3123: 3115: 3111: 3108: 3103: 3101: 3093: 3089: 3086: 3081: 3079: 3077: 3075: 3073: 3071: 3063: 3059: 3056: 3051: 3049: 3047: 3045: 3043: 3035: 3031: 3028: 3023: 3021: 3019: 3011: 3007: 3004: 2999: 2997: 2989: 2985: 2982: 2977: 2975: 2967: 2963: 2960: 2955: 2953: 2945: 2941: 2938: 2933: 2931: 2923: 2919: 2916: 2911: 2909: 2901: 2897: 2894: 2889: 2887: 2879: 2875: 2872: 2867: 2865: 2863: 2861: 2859: 2851: 2847: 2844: 2839: 2837: 2835: 2833: 2831: 2829: 2827: 2825: 2823: 2821: 2819: 2817: 2815: 2813: 2811: 2809: 2807: 2805: 2803: 2801: 2799: 2797: 2795: 2793: 2791: 2783: 2779: 2776: 2771: 2769: 2767: 2759: 2755: 2752: 2747: 2745: 2743: 2735: 2731: 2728: 2723: 2721: 2719: 2711: 2707: 2704: 2699: 2697: 2695: 2687: 2683: 2680: 2675: 2673: 2671: 2669: 2667: 2665: 2657: 2653: 2650: 2645: 2643: 2641: 2639: 2637: 2635: 2633: 2631: 2629: 2621: 2617: 2614: 2609: 2607: 2605: 2603: 2601: 2599: 2597: 2581: 2577: 2576:"Bhutan 2008" 2571: 2557:on 2010-07-15 2556: 2552: 2546: 2532:on 2010-07-18 2531: 2527: 2521: 2513: 2507: 2499: 2495: 2489: 2475:on 2010-07-16 2474: 2470: 2464: 2462: 2460: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2430: 2416:on 2010-07-15 2415: 2411: 2405: 2401: 2386: 2383: 2381: 2378: 2376: 2373: 2371: 2368: 2366: 2365:Law of Bhutan 2363: 2362: 2356: 2353: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2342:National Flag 2334: 2329: 2328:Druk tsendhen 2325: 2321: 2317: 2307: 2305: 2300: 2298: 2293: 2285: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2272: 2268: 2258: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2237: 2233: 2223: 2221: 2217: 2211: 2209: 2205: 2199: 2197: 2191: 2187: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2172:incorporation 2169: 2159: 2157: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2138: 2133: 2132:secret ballot 2129: 2123: 2113: 2110: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2074: 2064: 2063:affiliation. 2062: 2057: 2052: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2037: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2018: 2016: 2013:There are 20 2011: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1996: 1992: 1989: 1981: Western 1975: Central 1963: Eastern 1955: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1924: 1922: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1889: 1886: 1882: 1877: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1862:Supreme Court 1859: 1855: 1851: 1845: 1841: 1831: 1827: 1825: 1821: 1820:Head of State 1817: 1811: 1808: 1803: 1801: 1795: 1785: 1783: 1779: 1774: 1772: 1767: 1764: 1759: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1736: 1734: 1732: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1709: 1707: 1699: 1695: 1690: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1663: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1623: 1613: 1609: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1591: 1581: 1577: 1575: 1571: 1565: 1563: 1559: 1558:right to work 1555: 1550: 1548: 1542: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1501:Social policy 1498: 1496: 1492: 1482: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1463: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1450:; and to pay 1449: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1424:National Flag 1421: 1411: 1409: 1404: 1400: 1398: 1393: 1389: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1370: 1368: 1364: 1361:concepts of " 1360: 1355: 1353: 1348: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1335:or to cruel, 1334: 1329: 1327: 1321: 1318: 1316: 1311: 1309: 1299: 1296: 1294: 1289: 1287: 1281: 1278: 1276: 1275: 1274:jus sanguinis 1271: 1267: 1261: 1257: 1247: 1245: 1240: 1236: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1216: 1212: 1210: 1205: 1203: 1198: 1197:cultural life 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1137: 1127: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1084: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1073:Chhoe-sid-nyi 1070: 1066: 1062: 1053: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1021: 1019: 1018:heir apparent 1013: 1009: 1007: 997: 995: 990: 987: 983: 979: 973: 971: 970: 969:Election Laws 965: 964: 959: 955: 951: 947: 946:incorporation 943: 937: 935: 929: 920: 917: 916:Privy Council 910:Privy Council 907: 903: 901: 896: 894: 890: 878: 874: 872: 867: 863: 862:to the King. 861: 857: 856:Punakha Dzong 853: 849: 845: 840: 836: 834: 828: 826: 822: 818: 814: 810: 802: 799: 795: 786: 784: 779: 777: 773: 769: 765: 755: 753: 747: 743: 740: 736: 732: 728: 724: 720: 719:Chhoe-sid-nyi 716: 715:Head of State 712: 708: 701: 698: 693: 688: 684: 674: 671: 668: 666: 660: 655: 653: 648: 646: 642: 638: 634: 630: 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4563:Saudi Arabia 4402: 4322:Tobacco laws 4282:Human rights 4269: 4178:and agencies 4176:Institutions 4145: 4081:Bibliography 4010:Demographics 3945:Architecture 3806:Human rights 3791:Constitution 3790: 3755: 3745: 3732: 3723: 3710:Subdivisions 3526:. 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