157:
394:
540:
52:
657:
43:
2791:
449:
441:, who had been Llywelyn's vassals until 1277 and were now Edward's vassals. Llywelyn and the other Welsh leaders, including those in the south, joined in and it soon assumed a very different character from the 1277 campaign. It became a national struggle enjoying wide support among the Welsh, who were provoked particularly by Edward's attempts to impose
350:
Early in 1277, before the main royal army had been mustered, Edward deployed, in south and mid-Wales, a mixture of forces comprising paid troops, some of the marcher lords' retainers and knights of the royal household. They met with considerable success as many of the native Welsh rulers, resentful
419:
By the Treaty of
Aberconwy in November 1277, Llywelyn was left only with the western part of Gwynedd, though he was allowed to retain the title of Prince of Wales. Eastern Gwynedd was split between Edward and Llywelyn's brother Dafydd, with the remainder of the lands that had been tributary to him
423:
As a result of both territorial expropriation and the submission of the ruling families, Deheubarth, Powys and mid-Wales became a mixture of directly controlled royal land and pliant
English protectorates. Edward's victory was comprehensive and it represented a major redistribution of power and
378:
Llywelyn soon realised his position was hopeless and quickly surrendered. The campaign never came to a major battle. However, Edward decided to negotiate a settlement rather than attempt total conquest. It may be that he was running short of men and supplies by
November 1277 and, in any case,
766:
There was an unforeseen constitutional impact for
England. The financial cost of the conquest was heavy. Including the construction of the new castles, Edward spent around £173,000 to achieve it. (In comparison, Edward's annual revenue at this time averaged around £40,000.) Additionally, the
527:. The combination of de Valence's pressure from the south and the king's advance into the north was too much for the Welsh forces. The conquest of Gwynedd was completed with the capture in June 1283 of Dafydd, who had succeeded his brother as prince the previous December. Dafydd was taken to
581:
Edward divided the territory of the Welsh principalities between himself (that is, retained under direct royal control) and his supporters through feudal grants, which in practice became new
Marcher lordships. The lordships created were mainly grants to
119:. Although English monarchs had made several attempts to seize control of the native Welsh territories, it was not until Edward's war of conquest against Llywelyn, the last native prince of Wales, that this was achieved on a lasting basis.
342:, the leader of a rebellion against the crown during the reign of Edward's father. In November 1276, Edward declared war on Llywelyn. However, his objective was to put down a recalcitrant vassal rather than to begin a war of conquest.
432:
War broke out again in 1282, as a result of a rebellion by
Llywelyn's brother Dafydd, who was discontented with the reward he had received from Edward in 1277. Dafydd launched a series of attacks co-ordinated with the Welsh rulers in
676:. Outside of the towns, Welsh peasants were evicted from key areas and their land resettled by English peasants: for example, in the Lordship of Denbigh 10,000 acres were occupied by English settlers by 1334.
636:
continued to be used in some civil cases such as land inheritance, though with changes; for example, illegitimate sons could no longer claim part of the inheritance, which Welsh law had allowed them to do.
767:
exchequer had to bear the cost of the ongoing military presence in Wales, including maintenance of the castles. The king's financial need contributed to the extension of the role and membership of the
679:
Edward's main concern following his victory was to ensure the military security of his new territories and the stone castle was to be the primary means for achieving this. Under the supervision of
235:
survived and from the end of the 11th century, the Welsh began pushing back the Norman advance. Over the following century the Welsh recovery fluctuated and the
English kings, notably
687:
was built, using a distinctive design and the most advanced defensive features of the day, to form a "ring of stone" around north Wales. Among the major buildings were the castles of
2830:
122:
Most of the conquered territory was retained as a royal fief, and these lands later became, by custom, the territorial endowment of the heir to the
English throne with the title
311:. Whereas Henry's ineffectiveness had led to the collapse of royal authority in England during his reign, Edward was a vigorous and forceful ruler and an able military leader.
480:
but failed to engage with a Welsh army. Edward then suffered a set-back in mid-Wales when his commander there, Roger
Mortimer, died in October. On 6 November, while
2655:
243:
over the native Welsh principalities. Nevertheless, by the end of the 12th century the
Marcher lordships were reduced to the south and south-east of the country.
2552:
424:
territory in Wales in Edward's favour. Edward now enjoyed a degree of direct control in the native Welsh areas which no previous English king had achieved.
126:. The remainder would be granted to Edward's supporters as new Marcher lordships. Although the territories would not be effectively incorporated into the
322:
defected to the English and sought Edward's protection. The continuing conflict with the Marcher Lords, particularly over Roger Mortimer's new castle at
742:
the last representative in the male line of the ruling house of Gwynedd planned two invasions of Wales with French support. In 1400, a Welsh nobleman,
115:, whose princes had gained control of the greater part of the country, making the other remaining Welsh princes their vassals, and had taken the title
621:(the future Edward II), with the title "Prince of Wales" and thereafter the lands and title became the customary endowment of the heir to the throne.
2094:
684:
664:
From 1277, and particularly after 1283, Edward embarked on a policy of English colonisation and settlement of Wales, creating new towns like
1472:
Diane M. Korngiebel (2003). "Forty acres and a mule: the mechanics of English settlement in North-east Wales after the Edwardian conquest".
714:. Some Welsh laws were kept, but the remaining Welsh legal code could be superseded by an English noble official or the use of English law.
2109:
2535:
445:
on the Welsh. Edward, however, soon began to see it as a war of conquest rather than just a punitive expedition to put down a rebellion.
576:
254:". But war with England in 1241 and 1245, followed by a dynastic dispute in the succession to the throne, weakened Gwynedd and allowed
246:
The principality of Gwynedd was the dominant power in Wales in the first half of the 13th century, with Powys and Deheubarth becoming
1221:(1984). "Law and national identity in thirteenth century Wales". In R. R. Davies; R. A. Griffiths; I. G. Jones; K. O. Morgan (eds.).
473:
465:
339:
283:
1534:
468:
advancing with a substantial army in the south. Initially the Welsh were successful. In June 1282, Gloucester was defeated at the
1682:
460:
The English launched a three-pronged attack, with Edward leading his army into North Wales along much the same route as in 1277,
291:
1916:
2440:
1884:
1858:
1836:
1797:
1775:
1746:
1724:
1692:
1665:
1548:
1500:
1445:
1238:
1041:
980:
928:
888:
835:
2875:
2825:
2650:
2191:
613:
of 1284, which declared that they were "annexed and united" to the English crown, although they did not become part of the
262:(also known as the "Four Cantrefs", the eastern part of the principality). However, from 1256 a resurgent Gwynedd under
2218:
461:
287:
42:
2336:
355:
into North Wales with his own army of 15,500—of whom 9,000 were Welshmen from the south—raised through a traditional
17:
2035:
2030:
751:
131:
2840:
2341:
595:
511:
on 11 December 1282. Taking advantage of this fortuitous event, Edward raised a new army and boldly marched into
147:
2557:
820:
were referred to, erroneously, as the "Principality of North Wales", which had its own administration under the
2835:
2815:
2577:
1980:
587:
594:. But additionally, Edward's Welsh allies received back their own lands, but on a feudal basis; for instance,
2880:
2845:
2762:
2015:
1960:
2670:
1627:
97:("Llywelyn the Last"), and then completely overran it, as well as the other remaining Welsh principalities.
2820:
2690:
2660:
2316:
2228:
648:, as before, from the 1290s Edward began intervening in the affairs of the March to a much greater extent.
2850:
2720:
2582:
2420:
2266:
2126:
1712:
723:
503:
However, the war turned in Edward's favour when Llywelyn unexpectedly marched out of North Wales towards
2326:
1909:
603:
266:(who became known as "Llywelyn the Last") resumed the war with Henry and took back Perfeddwlad. By the
212:
156:
2737:
2416:
2370:
2261:
2186:
1955:
1809:
The Welsh Wars of Edward I. a Contribution to Mediaeval Military History, Based on Original Documents
660:
Caernarfon Castle, the "capital" of English rule in North Wales for two centuries after the conquest
2865:
2855:
2562:
2525:
2435:
2396:
2121:
2099:
2084:
2005:
1975:
821:
750:), led the most serious revolt against English rule. None of these rebellions succeeded and by the
469:
151:
86:
2515:
2715:
2547:
2542:
2520:
2346:
2208:
2196:
2176:
2116:
2104:
1785:
628:
on the English model, administered by royal officials. The Statute also enforced the adoption of
519:
in the heartland of the Welsh resistance. At the same time de Valence in the south advanced from
508:
496:
they had built to the mainland, they were ambushed by the Welsh and suffered heavy losses at the
351:
of Llywelyn's overlordship, surrendered and joined the English. In July 1277, Edward launched a
2870:
2860:
2321:
2276:
2089:
1970:
315:
2725:
2640:
2572:
2530:
2492:
2460:
2281:
2057:
1902:
1230:
768:
680:
393:
722:
Rebellions continued to occur in Wales sporadically. These included revolts in 1287–88, and
492:, decided to carry out a surprise attack. Shortly after Tany and his men had crossed over a
371:, most likely causing significant damage to the areas it advanced through. A fleet from the
2767:
2506:
2311:
618:
539:
520:
497:
331:
267:
263:
255:
161:
94:
60:
2025:
8:
2750:
2602:
2567:
2223:
2020:
610:
591:
388:
352:
335:
326:, and Edward's harbouring of defectors led Llewelyn to refuse Edward's demand to come to
308:
236:
90:
2745:
2612:
2477:
2469:
2401:
2356:
2171:
2045:
1985:
1873:
755:
629:
614:
516:
319:
274:
to the English king, Llywelyn was recognised as Prince of Wales and his re-conquest of
224:
127:
112:
51:
617:. They were the King's personal fief and in 1301, they were bestowed on Edward's son,
2680:
2675:
2632:
2331:
2238:
2213:
2158:
2140:
1965:
1880:
1868:
1854:
1846:
1832:
1812:
1793:
1771:
1742:
1720:
1688:
1661:
1544:
1496:
1441:
1234:
1223:
1037:
976:
924:
884:
831:
727:
692:
665:
360:
2700:
2695:
2450:
2383:
2351:
2299:
2181:
2166:
2149:
2079:
2074:
1990:
1947:
1937:
1569:
813:
688:
228:
143:
743:
278:
was accepted by Henry. However, sporadic warfare between Llywelyn and some of the
2645:
2594:
2201:
817:
599:
323:
271:
251:
247:
116:
791:, regarded as the founder of the modern academic study of Welsh history, in his
656:
2685:
2482:
2445:
2430:
2425:
2067:
2062:
2000:
711:
700:
641:
493:
223:, owing allegiance to the English crown. However, Welsh principalities such as
192:
1573:
2809:
2755:
2487:
2411:
1824:
1816:
1540:
739:
731:
583:
334:. For Edward, a further provocation came from Llywelyn's planned marriage to
105:
2795:
2772:
2502:
2243:
1530:
796:
696:
645:
624:
The Statute of Rhuddlan divided the territory under royal control into six
485:
481:
372:
279:
220:
108:
104:
was divided between native Welsh principalities and the territories of the
2710:
1734:
1218:
788:
669:
524:
477:
442:
438:
356:
275:
259:
379:
complete conquest of Llywelyn's territories had not been his objective.
2406:
1995:
735:
577:
Principality of Wales § 1284 to 1542: annexed to the English crown
528:
434:
240:
232:
1440:(4th ed.), Cardiff: Cadw – Welsh Historic Monuments, p. 19,
2607:
2391:
2271:
2253:
633:
512:
81:
took place between 1277 and 1283. It is sometimes referred to as the
799:, the leading modern scholar of the period, in his works including
673:
609:
Lands retained under direct royal control were organised under the
489:
364:
68:
793:
History of Wales from the Earliest Times to the Edwardian Conquest
1894:
1536:
A History of Britain 1: 3000 BC-AD 1603 At the Edge of the World?
730:, a distant relative of Llywelyn ap Gruffudd and in 1316–1318 by
707:
453:
368:
327:
216:
170:
1493:
Castles in Context: Power, Symbolism and Landscape, 1066 to 1500
2233:
504:
484:, Archbishop of Canterbury, was conducting peace negotiations,
359:. From Chester the army marched into Gwynedd, camping first at
1790:
A Great and Terrible King: Edward I and the Forging of Britain
211:
Following a series of invasions beginning shortly after their
1925:
625:
101:
710:
in Wales in charge of "administering royal law" were mostly
448:
314:
In 1274, tension between Llywelyn and Edward increased when
137:
134:, Edward's conquest marked the end of Welsh independence.
973:
Historical Dictionary of Late Medieval England, 1272–1485
507:
in mid-Wales. He was lured into a trap and killed at the
970:
787:
Examples of historians using the term include Professor
2831:
13th-century military history of the Kingdom of England
219:
seized much of Wales and established quasi-independent
89:. In two campaigns, in 1277 and 1282–83, respectively,
1853:(updated ed.). New Haven: Yale University Press.
640:
The rest of Wales continued to be constituted as the
307:
Henry III died in 1272 and was succeeded by his son,
270:
of 1267, peace was restored and, in return for doing
1564:Prestwich, Michael (2004). "Edward I (1239–1307)".
1471:
651:
456:
which marks the site of the Battle of Orewin Bridge
179: Territories conquered by Llywelyn ap Gruffudd
85:, to distinguish it from the earlier (but partial)
1872:
1222:
1115:
1113:
771:as taxes were needed to be raised in consequence.
606:and became known as Owen de la Pole (or "Poole").
402: Gwynedd, Llywelyn ap Gruffudd's principality
1879:(new ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2807:
1687:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 206–207.
531:and executed as a traitor the following autumn.
330:in 1275 to do homage to him, as required by the
1393:
1229:. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. pp.
1110:
971:Robison, William B.; Fritze, Ronald H. (2002).
239:, several times sought to conquer or establish
883:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 44–50.
1910:
1717:The Struggle for Mastery: Britain, 1066–1284
1658:The Plantagenets: The Kings Who Made England
754:Wales was effectively incorporated into the
632:in Wales, albeit with some local variation.
414: Territories ceded to the English Crown
1387:
761:
397:Gwynedd after the Treaty of Aberconwy 1277
250:. Gwynedd's princes now assumed the title "
1917:
1903:
302:
1867:
1845:
1831:(2nd ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press.
1711:
1660:. HarperCollins Publishers. p. 314.
1563:
1514:
1459:
1357:
1340:
1313:
1294:
1270:
1253:
1205:
1136:
1119:
1080:
1068:
1056:
1031:
995:
975:. Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 573–574.
966:
964:
955:
863:
795:, first published in 1911, and Professor
570:
138:Background: Wales in the High Middle Ages
1792:(updated ed.). London: Hutchinson.
1490:
914:
912:
874:
872:
655:
538:
447:
392:
318:of Powys and Llywelyn's younger brother
155:
1823:
1625:
1566:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1465:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1336:
1334:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1177:
1175:
1162:
1160:
1151:
1147:
1145:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1104:
408: Territories of Dafydd ap Gruffudd
185: Territories of Llywelyn's vassals
93:first greatly reduced the territory of
27:1277 to 1283 English military campaigns
14:
2808:
1806:
1784:
1733:
1621:
1619:
1529:
1525:
1523:
1435:
1423:
1411:
1381:
1369:
1325:
1282:
1217:
1193:
1181:
1166:
1092:
1019:
1007:
961:
943:
918:
878:
859:
857:
825:
602:, received his ancestral lands as the
427:
382:
200: Lordships of the King of England
1898:
1755:
1739:The Age of Conquest: Wales, 1063–1415
1680:
1655:
1610:
1598:
1586:
1396:Constitutional and Administrative Law
909:
903:
869:
801:The Age of Conquest: Wales, 1063–1415
717:
173:, Llywelyn ap Gruffudd's principality
1346:
1331:
1300:
1259:
1172:
1157:
1142:
1125:
921:Oxford Dictionary of British History
828:Oxford Dictionary of British History
474:William de Valence, Earl of Pembroke
1741:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1719:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1684:Mints and Money in Medieval England
1616:
1568:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1557:
1539:(Paperback 2003 ed.). London:
1520:
1401:. Cavendish Publishing. p. 59.
854:
550: "Principality of North Wales"
345:
24:
1924:
1628:"Wales: English Conquest of Wales
476:who raided in the south as far as
25:
2892:
1829:The Thirteenth Century: 1216–1307
2789:
2031:Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542
1758:The Welsh wars of independence:
1495:, Windgather Press, p. 55,
1438:Caernarfon Castle and Town Walls
652:Colonisation and castle building
50:
41:
1811:. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press.
1704:
1674:
1649:
1604:
1592:
1580:
1508:
1484:
1453:
1429:
1417:
1405:
1375:
1363:
1319:
1288:
1276:
1247:
1211:
1199:
1187:
1098:
1086:
1074:
1062:
1050:
1025:
1013:
1001:
806:
596:Owain ap Gruffydd ap Gwenwynwyn
464:operating in mid-Wales and the
420:becoming effectively Edward's.
148:Gwynedd in the High Middle Ages
111:. The leading principality was
1875:Plantagenet England: 1225–1360
989:
949:
937:
897:
781:
544:Royal lands after the conquest
13:
1:
2667:Non-Christian belief systems
1759:
1629:
848:
556: Other direct rule lands
515:in January 1283 and captured
79:conquest of Wales by Edward I
1225:Welsh Society and Nationhood
752:Laws in Wales Acts 1535–1542
685:a series of imposing castles
534:
132:Laws in Wales Acts 1535–1542
7:
2826:Warfare in medieval England
923:. OUP Oxford. p. 661.
830:. OUP Oxford. p. 661.
683:, Edward's master-builder,
598:, of the princely house of
472:. Edward replaced him with
297:
83:Edwardian conquest of Wales
10:
2897:
2763:Prince of Wales's feathers
919:Cannon, John, ed. (2009).
826:Cannon, John, ed. (2009).
574:
386:
141:
2785:
2736:
2631:
2593:
2501:
2468:
2459:
2382:
2378:
2369:
2307:
2298:
2252:
2157:
2148:
2139:
2053:
2044:
1946:
1933:
1491:Liddiard, Robert (2005),
1032:Carpenter, David (1996).
452:The Llywelyn Monument at
2337:Housing and construction
1807:Morris, John E. (1901).
1770:(new ed.). Tempus.
1436:Taylor, Arnold (1997) ,
1394:Hilaire Barnett (2004).
822:Justiciar of North Wales
774:
762:Consequences for England
488:, Edward's commander in
470:Battle of Llandeilo Fawr
375:provided naval support.
206: Kingdom of England
152:Norman invasion of Wales
87:Norman conquest of Wales
2876:England–Wales relations
2721:1904–1905 Welsh revival
2716:Welsh Methodist revival
1474:Haskins Society Journal
1059:, pp. 567, 558–565
724:more seriously, in 1294
565: Marcher lordships
509:Battle of Orewin Bridge
303:Immediate causes of war
191: Lordships of the
2841:13th-century conflicts
1681:Allen, Martin (2012).
1034:The Reign of Henry III
879:Walker, David (1990).
661:
571:Territorial settlement
567:
457:
416:
316:Gruffydd ap Gwenwynwyn
208:
2836:13th century in Wales
2816:Principality of Wales
2726:Welsh Church Act 1914
2493:British Sign Language
1756:Moore, David (2005).
1574:10.1093/ref:odnb/8517
681:James of Saint George
659:
542:
451:
396:
159:
100:By the 13th century,
2881:Wars involving Wales
2846:Invasions by England
2282:British Armed Forces
2122:Wales–England border
1637:. BBC History online
619:Edward of Caernarfon
498:Battle of Moel-y-don
332:Treaty of Montgomery
268:Treaty of Montgomery
264:Llywelyn ap Gruffudd
162:Treaty of Montgomery
95:Llywelyn ap Gruffudd
61:Llywelyn ap Gruffudd
2821:Edward I of England
2441:Scheduled monuments
2417:Literature in Welsh
2317:Banking and finance
2095:Mountains and hills
2021:Statute of Rhuddlan
1656:Jones, Dan (2012).
611:Statute of Rhuddlan
592:lordship of Denbigh
428:Campaign of 1282–83
389:Treaty of Aberconwy
383:Treaty of Aberconwy
353:punitive expedition
213:conquest of England
91:Edward I of England
63:, Prince of Wales (
35:Llywelyn and Edward
2851:Invasions of Wales
2608:Healthcare service
2229:Secretary of State
2011:Edwardian conquest
2001:Medieval Welsh law
1986:Kingdom of Gwynedd
1869:Prestwich, Michael
1847:Prestwich, Michael
1633: 1200 – 1415
1613:, pp. 169–185
1601:, pp. 164–166
1426:, pp. 376–379
1384:, pp. 364–365
1360:, pp. 204–205
1122:, pp. 150–151
958:, pp. 363–364
866:, pp. 110–116
816:, Merionethshire,
769:English Parliament
756:Kingdom of England
718:Further rebellions
662:
644:under the rule of
630:English common law
615:Kingdom of England
568:
517:Dolwyddelan Castle
466:Earl of Gloucester
458:
417:
320:Dafydd ap Gruffydd
209:
128:Kingdom of England
71:, King of England.
2803:
2802:
2781:
2780:
2627:
2626:
2623:
2622:
2365:
2364:
2294:
2293:
2290:
2289:
2219:Political parties
2135:
2134:
2026:Glyndŵr rebellion
1981:Early Middle Ages
1886:978-0-19-822844-8
1860:978-0-300-07209-9
1838:978-0-19-821708-4
1799:978-0-09-179684-6
1777:978-0-7524-3321-9
1748:978-0-19-820878-5
1726:978-0-19-522000-1
1694:978-1-107-01494-7
1667:978-0-00-745749-6
1550:978-0-563-48714-2
1502:978-0-9545575-2-2
1447:978-1-85760-042-1
1240:978-0-7083-0890-5
1043:978-1-85285-137-8
982:978-0-313-29124-1
930:978-0-19-955037-1
890:978-0-521-31153-3
837:978-0-19-955037-1
803:, published 2000.
728:Madog ap Llywelyn
706:For generations,
604:lordship of Powys
590:who received the
340:Simon de Montfort
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18:Conquest of Wales
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626:shire counties
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462:Roger Mortimer
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1541:BBC Worldwide
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1531:Schama, Simon
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1413:
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1398:(5th edition)
1397:
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1371:
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1009:
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997:
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737:
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646:Marcher Lords
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584:Anglo-Normans
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280:Marcher Lords
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215:in 1066, the
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2787:
2773:Welsh Dragon
2641:Christianity
2461:Demographics
2419: /
2244:Wales Office
2209:Local rulers
2058:Biodiversity
2010:
1961:Bibliography
1874:
1850:
1828:
1808:
1789:
1786:Morris, Marc
1757:
1738:
1716:
1705:Bibliography
1683:
1676:
1657:
1651:
1639:. Retrieved
1606:
1594:
1582:
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1535:
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1477:
1473:
1467:
1455:
1437:
1431:
1419:
1407:
1399:
1395:
1389:
1377:
1365:
1321:
1290:
1278:
1249:
1224:
1219:Davies, Rees
1213:
1201:
1189:
1152:Powicke 1962
1105:Powicke 1962
1100:
1088:
1076:
1064:
1052:
1033:
1027:
1015:
1003:
991:
972:
951:
939:
920:
899:
880:
827:
808:
800:
797:R. R. Davies
792:
783:
765:
747:
721:
705:
678:
663:
639:
623:
608:
586:such as the
580:
558:
543:
502:
486:Luke de Tany
482:John Peckham
459:
431:
422:
418:
377:
373:Cinque ports
349:
313:
306:
245:
210:
123:
121:
106:Anglo-Norman
99:
82:
78:
76:
64:
29:
2768:Royal Badge
2711:Saint David
2651:Catholicism
2646:Anglicanism
2322:Coal mining
2312:Agriculture
2214:Nationalism
1767: 1415
1641:24 December
1424:Davies 2000
1412:Davies 2000
1382:Davies 2000
1370:Davies 2000
1326:Davies 2000
1283:Morris 2008
1194:Davies 2000
1182:Davies 2000
1167:Davies 2000
1093:Davies 2000
1020:Davies 2000
1008:Morris 2008
944:Davies 2000
789:J. E. Lloyd
670:Aberystwyth
525:Meirionnydd
478:Aberystwyth
443:English law
439:North Powys
294:continued.
276:Perfeddwlad
260:Perfeddwlad
2810:Categories
2603:Healthcare
2563:Scientists
2526:Architects
2421:in English
2407:Eisteddfod
2182:Government
2167:Devolution
2150:Government
2127:Waterfalls
1996:Deheubarth
1966:Prehistory
1765: – c.
1763: 410
1611:Moore 2005
1599:Moore 2005
1587:Moore 2005
904:Moore 2005
849:References
736:Senghenydd
734:, Lord of
693:Caernarfon
575:See also:
529:Shrewsbury
435:Deheubarth
282:, such as
241:suzerainty
233:Deheubarth
142:See also:
130:until the
2656:Mormonism
2548:Musicians
2543:Inventors
2478:Languages
2470:Languages
2402:Education
2357:Transport
2327:Companies
2172:Elections
2046:Geography
1971:Roman Era
1817:562375464
1480:: 99–100.
689:Beaumaris
634:Welsh law
535:Aftermath
513:Snowdonia
363:and then
258:to seize
256:Henry III
164:of 1267:
2707:History
2681:Hinduism
2676:Buddhism
2633:Religion
2578:in Welsh
2332:Forestry
2239:Unionism
2159:Politics
2141:Politics
2036:Colonies
1956:Timeline
1871:(2007).
1851:Edward I
1849:(1997).
1827:(1962).
1788:(2008).
1737:(2000).
1715:(2003).
1533:(2003).
814:Anglesey
708:sheriffs
674:Rhuddlan
521:Cardigan
490:Anglesey
365:Rhuddlan
324:Cefnllys
309:Edward I
298:Conquest
237:Henry II
69:Edward I
2738:Symbols
2701:Sikhism
2696:Druidry
2691:Judaism
2671:Bahá'ís
2573:Writers
2558:Royalty
2531:Artists
2451:Theatre
2436:Museums
2397:Castles
2384:Culture
2371:Society
2352:Tourism
2300:Economy
2192:History
2085:Islands
2080:Geology
2075:Climate
1948:History
712:English
701:Harlech
454:Cilmeri
369:Deganwy
336:Eleanor
328:Chester
225:Gwynedd
217:Normans
171:Gwynedd
113:Gwynedd
67:), and
2746:Anthem
2613:Boards
2595:Health
2516:Actors
2503:People
2446:Sports
2267:Courts
2234:Senedd
2202:Mayors
2197:Cities
2117:Rivers
1883:
1857:
1835:
1815:
1796:
1774:
1745:
1723:
1691:
1664:
1547:
1499:
1444:
1237:
1040:
979:
927:
887:
834:
824:. See
726:under
563:
554:
548:
505:Builth
412:
406:
400:
272:homage
204:
198:
189:
183:
177:
169:
167:
150:, and
2751:Flags
2686:Islam
2583:Women
2568:Women
2553:Poets
2536:Women
2483:Welsh
2431:Music
2426:Media
2110:AONBs
2090:Lakes
2068:Flora
2063:Fauna
1926:Wales
1231:51–69
775:Notes
697:Conwy
666:Flint
523:into
361:Flint
229:Powys
102:Wales
2507:list
1881:ISBN
1855:ISBN
1833:ISBN
1813:OCLC
1794:ISBN
1772:ISBN
1743:ISBN
1721:ISBN
1689:ISBN
1662:ISBN
1643:2012
1545:ISBN
1497:ISBN
1442:ISBN
1235:ISBN
1038:ISBN
977:ISBN
925:ISBN
885:ISBN
832:ISBN
746:(or
699:and
672:and
437:and
367:and
290:and
231:and
77:The
65:left
2392:Art
2254:Law
1570:doi
2812::
1760:c.
1630:c.
1618:^
1522:^
1478:14
1476:.
1348:^
1333:^
1302:^
1261:^
1233:.
1174:^
1159:^
1144:^
1127:^
1112:^
963:^
911:^
871:^
856:^
758:.
703:.
695:,
691:,
668:,
500:.
286:,
227:,
146:,
2509:)
2505:(
1918:e
1911:t
1904:v
1889:.
1863:.
1841:.
1819:.
1802:.
1780:.
1751:.
1729:.
1697:.
1670:.
1645:.
1635:"
1576:.
1572::
1553:.
1243:.
1046:.
985:.
933:.
893:.
840:.
20:)
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