619:. Most of this area had not previously been explored by Europeans. A joint Anglo-French surveying party left Khartoum at the end of 1921. The section along the divide from the 11th to 5th parallel, where French Equatorial Africa met the Belgian Congo, was densely wooded and uninhabited. The expedition could not buy food locally, but had to carry all they needed. Pinning down the location of the divide was extremely difficult. The technique was to march along a compass bearing until a stream was reached, then to follow it up to its ultimate source, which was often a marsh, and to determine its location. The surveyors suffered from poor food, although there was abundant game, from malaria and from torrential rainfall. It took eighteen months to complete the task.
492:
348:
138:
418:
31:
223:
319:, but were forced east and south by expanding populations further to the west. The Europeans knew little about the area in 1885, when they made the divide the boundary between Belgian and French spheres of influence to the west and the British sphere of influence to the east. The line ran through the territory of the
123:
further south. The
European colonialists used the Congo–Nile divide as a boundary between British-controlled territories to the east and territories controlled by the French and Belgians to the west. This was decided at a time when few Europeans had visited the area, which had yet to be mapped. It
474:
in
Burundi. The parks provide a refuge for various primates of conservation concern, and also for rare bird and plant species. Around these parks the land is heavily populated, and agriculture is practiced intensively. Farming is difficult in this area, where peaks can be over 3,000 metres
507:
The East
African great lakes plateau was difficult for the nineteenth-century European explorers to access, with inhospitable arid or semi-arid land to the north, east and southeast, and the difficult Congo Basin forests to the west. The route from the south via the rift valley lakes,
581:, the sphere of influence of Leopold's Congo Free State was limited to "a frontier following the 30th meridian east of Greenwich up to its intersection by the watershed between the Nile and the Congo, and thence following the watershed in a northerly and north-westerly direction."
610:
France and
Britain made a friendly agreement in 1919 to define the boundary between the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan and French Equatorial Africa. The boundary was to run along the Nile–Congo divide until the 11th parallel of northern latitude, and then along the boundary between
577:
The Berlin
Conference of 1885 agreed that the Nile–Congo watershed would form the boundary between the British Sudan and the Congo State. Under an agreement of 12 May 1894 between Britain and King
409:, causing it instead to discharge southward into Lake Tanganyika. Before that Lake Tanganyika, or separate sub-basins in what is now the lake, may have had no outlet other than evaporation.
570:, although he mistakenly thought it flowed into the Chad Basin rather than the Congo, Wilhelm Junker (1840–1892), who corrected Schweinfurth's hydrographical theories, and
1278:
401:. It seems likely that the present hydrological system was established quite recently when the Virunga volcanoes erupted and blocked the northward flow of water from
296:. The combination of deforestation due to seed agriculture, cattle ownership and changes in weapons technology with the introduction of iron may have allowed
1293:
592:. He claimed to be the only living "white man who had crossed the headwaters of all the rivers from river Wau to Bahr al-Arab." In 1911 Comyn, in his
289:
in the south, and also from ten smaller rivers flowing from the Congo–Nile divide which together provide 20 billion cubic meters of water annually.
479:
rises in forested country in southern Rwanda to the east of the divide. The source of the
Rukarara is now known to be the overall source of the
1079:
Suny Series in Global
Politics: Water Resources and Inter-Riparian Relations in the Nile Basin: the Search for an Integrative Discourse
144:
c. 1880. Their territory lay on either side of the northern section of the divide, which was made an international frontier at the
292:
The easily traveled northern section of the divide may have been the main route for Bantu expansion to the east and south in the
1213:
1169:
1141:
1087:
1060:
1031:
1010:
983:
944:
906:
596:, described the tributaries of the Nile that came from the Congo–Nile divide to the east of the Central African Republic.
543:
established among
Europeans that this was not the case. The Ruzizi flows into Lake Tanganyika, which overflows into the
434:
1288:
1114:
17:
328:
263:
273:
region between South Sudan and the DRC is cut by many streams that have formed steep and narrow valleys. The vast
389:, are still highly active. South of the Virungas, Lake Kivu drains to the south into Lake Tanganyika through the
531:, uncertain of the direction of flow of the Ruzizi, thought that it might flow north out of the lake toward the
491:
72:
There are several geologically and geographically distinct sections between the point on the border between the
1268:
496:
1273:
1283:
381:
The
Virunga Massif along the border between Rwanda and the DRC consists of eight volcanoes. Two of these,
1263:
563:
499:, to the west of today's South Sudan. The coastline is depicted accurately, but the interior and the
308:
116:
495:
An 1827 map, where the Congo basin was thought to be much smaller, and the Nile to originate in the
336:
259:
231:
230:(orange dot) where the Congo, Chad and Nile basins meet. This point is located on the boundary the
157:
73:
331:. About 29% of them now lived in the Sudan, 68% in the Congo and the rest in the French colony of
137:
1133:
960:
524:
1203:
1185:
1159:
1021:
876:
156:
where the Congo, Chad and Nile basins meet. This point is located on the boundary between the
1077:
1048:
1000:
934:
923:
896:
578:
475:(10,000 ft) high. The parks are under pressure from the people that live near them. The
973:
519:
The Ruzizi River, flowing south into Lake
Tanganyika, is part of the upper watershed of the
358:
In the central section, the divide runs along the mountains that form the west flank of the
347:
600:
540:
471:
363:
282:
185:
8:
612:
500:
351:
1126:
528:
516:, was easier, and the Congo–Nile divide from the northwest provided the easiest route.
304:
no more than 1,500 years ago. From there, they would have continued yet further south.
54:
1209:
1165:
1137:
1110:
1104:
1083:
1056:
1027:
1006:
979:
940:
902:
559:
536:
422:
375:
270:
145:
1002:
Volcano and Geothermal Tourism: Sustainable Geo-Resources for Leisure and Recreation
604:
426:
1238:
1053:
An Economic History of Tropical Africa: Volume One : The Pre-Colonial Period
513:
456:
297:
211:
120:
97:
417:
607:
explored the area. He opined that it was a suitable place to build a railway.
476:
467:
452:
359:
58:
455:. The divide runs northward along the crest of these mountains to the east of
124:
separated members of the ethnic groups that live on both sides of the divide.
1257:
1240:
Nile-Congo Watershed. By Major C. Christy ... 1916. Scale, 1 : 1,000,000
552:
440:
286:
250:
The Congo–Nile divide runs southeast and then south along the border between
227:
153:
141:
96:
where the boundaries of the Nile and Congo basins diverge and border several
93:
616:
544:
398:
390:
332:
320:
312:
200:
181:
101:
722:
720:
323:, who lived in the dense woodland in the extreme southwest of what is now
315:. They once lived to the west of the divide in the region to the south of
520:
406:
394:
382:
367:
324:
307:
The people who now live along the Congo–Nile divide in South Sudan speak
251:
243:
215:
196:
192:
169:
81:
77:
62:
34:
599:
In 1915–16, when the divide defined part of the western frontier of the
439:
In the south, the divide runs from a point near the southwest corner of
717:
571:
567:
532:
509:
386:
278:
109:
105:
89:
85:
38:
483:– the point at the furthest distance upstream from the river's mouth.
460:
402:
371:
316:
222:
207:
30:
744:
354:
in the central part of the divide, to the west of the Albertine rift
1161:
A History of Exploration from the Earliest Times to the Present Day
693:
444:
293:
115:
The people who live along the divide are diverse, mainly speaking
804:
448:
301:
877:"A Geographical Analysis of Boundaries in Inter-Tropical Africa"
681:
558:
Other European explorers who helped map out the region included
255:
239:
165:
421:
Mountains in Rwanda. The volcanoes in the background are the
374:. The divide crosses the Albertine rift along the line of the
548:
235:
161:
1020:
Hughes, Ralph H.; Hughes, Jane S.; Bernacsek, G. M. (1992).
959:
726:
486:
480:
412:
274:
177:
69:
rivers. It is about 2,000 kilometres (1,200 mi) long.
66:
342:
92:, and the southern point in Tanzania to the southwest of
780:
732:
635:
633:
631:
975:
The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use
792:
756:
1190:. Taylor & Francis. p. 413. GGKEY:NJTBBU1FAGG
1019:
750:
657:
645:
628:
176:
the Umbelasha River flows to the North East into the
1049:"Speculations on the Coming of the Banada to Uganda"
852:
840:
828:
816:
669:
998:
898:
On Safari in Africa: 101 Things to Know When You Go
768:
699:
687:
451:to the mountains that form the eastern wall of the
300:-speakers to migrate south through the region into
1184:
1125:
810:
705:
1279:Geography of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
999:Erfurt-Cooper, Patricia; Cooper, Malcolm (2010).
226:The Congo–Nile divide (green line) starts at the
1255:
535:. Their research and follow-up explorations by
523:. Nineteenth-century British explorers such as
936:"The" Southern Sudan in Historical Perspective
206:the Yata River flows to the North West into
1123:
738:
547:about 120 kilometres (75 mi) south of
132:
1294:Geography of the Central African Republic
894:
883:. Taylor & Francis. GGKEY:W5HTG750C3U
762:
584:In 1907 D.C.E. Comyn published a survey,
487:European exploration and boundary setting
1102:
1075:
1046:
925:Kalambo Falls prehistoric site, Volume 1
798:
786:
663:
651:
490:
416:
413:Southern section: east of Albertine rift
346:
221:
136:
29:
1236:
932:
874:
675:
639:
393:. Lake Tanganyika then drains into the
343:Central section: west of Albertine rift
277:wetlands in South Sudan are fed by the
14:
1256:
1132:. Twenty-First Century Books. p.
971:
939:. Transaction Publishers. p. 11.
774:
1201:
1157:
921:
858:
846:
834:
822:
711:
443:in a southwesterly direction through
172:prefectures. From this triple point:
425:, home of the critically endangered
152:The Congo–Nile divide starts at the
1205:The Nile: An Annotated Bibliography
901:. On Safari in Africa. p. 20.
751:Hughes, Hughes & Bernacsek 1992
37:with the divide between it and the
24:
1023:Iucn Directory of African Wetlands
555:, a major tributary of the Congo.
435:Congo-Nile Divide (Rwanda-Burundi)
25:
1305:
1106:Journey to the Source of the Nile
933:Collins, Robert O. (2006-04-01).
551:. The Lukuga flows west into the
327:and northeast of what is now the
41:to the east highlighted in green.
1158:Sykes, Percy Molesworth (1949).
967:. Wildlife Conservation Society.
727:Congo-Nile Divide Landscape: WCS
566:(1836–1925), who discovered the
370:and on towards the north end of
329:Democratic Republic of the Congo
264:Democratic Republic of the Congo
700:Erfurt-Cooper & Cooper 2010
688:Erfurt-Cooper & Cooper 2010
594:Service and Sport in the Sudan
210:, through the Bahr Oulou, the
13:
1:
1103:Ondaatje, Christoper (1998).
1047:McMaster, D.N. (2013-01-11).
961:"Congo-Nile Divide Landscape"
622:
378:, to the north of Lake Kivu.
1124:Streissguth, Thomas (2008).
922:Clark, John Desmond (1969).
881:Essays on African Population
195:flows to the South into the
27:Continental divide in Africa
7:
1202:Tvedt, Terje (2004-01-17).
1109:. Toronto: Harper Collins.
1076:Okbazghi, Yohannes (2008).
895:Brakspear, Patrick (2008).
586:Western Sources of the Nile
238:, at the limit between the
164:, at the limit between the
127:
104:, of which the largest are
10:
1310:
867:
432:
119:in the northern parts and
1055:. Routledge. p. 26.
972:Dumont, Henri J. (2009).
564:Georg August Schweinfurth
466:This region includes the
309:Central Sudanic languages
117:Central Sudanic languages
1289:Geography of South Sudan
1164:. Taylor & Francis.
337:Central African Republic
260:Central African Republic
232:Central African Republic
158:Central African Republic
74:Central African Republic
978:. Springer. p. 2.
133:Northern section: Sudan
1187:The Expansion of Egypt
875:Barbour, K.M. (1961).
811:The Expansion of Egypt
525:Richard Francis Burton
504:
430:
355:
247:
149:
42:
1269:Geography of Tanzania
1026:. IUCN. p. 205.
579:Leopold II of Belgium
497:Mountains of the Moon
494:
420:
350:
225:
140:
33:
1274:Geography of Burundi
1237:Christy, C. (1917).
601:Anglo-Egyptian Sudan
590:Geographical Journal
541:Henry Morton Stanley
472:Kibira National Park
258:to the east and the
186:Bahr el Ghazal River
51:Nile–Congo Watershed
1284:Geography of Uganda
366:in the north, past
352:Ruwenzori Mountains
266:(DRC) to the west.
57:that separates the
1128:Rwanda in Pictures
529:John Hanning Speke
505:
470:in Rwanda and the
431:
356:
311:, and include the
281:river that drains
248:
150:
55:continental divide
43:
1215:978-1-86064-879-3
1171:978-0-8371-8576-7
1143:978-0-8225-8570-1
1089:978-0-7914-7854-7
1062:978-1-136-27084-0
1033:978-2-88032-949-5
1012:978-1-84407-870-7
985:978-1-4020-9726-3
946:978-1-4128-3484-1
908:978-0-9805048-0-4
702:, pp. 35–36.
560:Panayotis Potagos
537:David Livingstone
427:mountain gorillas
423:Virunga Mountains
376:Virunga Mountains
271:Ironstone Plateau
146:Berlin Conference
108:in the north and
47:Congo–Nile Divide
18:Congo-Nile Divide
16:(Redirected from
1301:
1264:Drainage divides
1250:
1248:
1247:
1225:
1223:
1222:
1198:
1196:
1195:
1181:
1179:
1178:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1131:
1120:
1099:
1097:
1096:
1072:
1070:
1069:
1043:
1041:
1040:
1016:
995:
993:
992:
968:
956:
954:
953:
929:
918:
916:
915:
891:
889:
888:
862:
856:
850:
844:
838:
832:
826:
820:
814:
808:
802:
796:
790:
784:
778:
772:
766:
760:
754:
748:
742:
739:Streissguth 2008
736:
730:
724:
715:
709:
703:
697:
691:
685:
679:
673:
667:
661:
655:
649:
643:
637:
605:Cuthbert Christy
98:endorheic basins
88:basins meet the
21:
1309:
1308:
1304:
1303:
1302:
1300:
1299:
1298:
1254:
1253:
1245:
1243:
1231:Further reading
1228:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1193:
1191:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1117:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1013:
990:
988:
986:
951:
949:
947:
913:
911:
909:
886:
884:
870:
865:
857:
853:
845:
841:
833:
829:
821:
817:
809:
805:
797:
793:
789:, p. 26ff.
785:
781:
773:
769:
761:
757:
749:
745:
737:
733:
725:
718:
710:
706:
698:
694:
686:
682:
674:
670:
662:
658:
650:
646:
638:
629:
625:
489:
457:Lake Tanganyika
437:
415:
345:
212:Bahr Aouk River
135:
130:
121:Bantu languages
59:drainage basins
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1307:
1297:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1252:
1251:
1227:
1226:
1214:
1208:. I.B.Tauris.
1199:
1182:
1170:
1155:
1142:
1121:
1115:
1100:
1088:
1082:. SUNY Press.
1073:
1061:
1044:
1032:
1017:
1011:
996:
984:
969:
965:Albertine Rift
957:
945:
930:
928:. CUP Archive.
919:
907:
892:
871:
869:
866:
864:
863:
861:, p. 386.
851:
849:, p. 385.
839:
837:, p. 384.
827:
825:, p. 338.
815:
813:, p. 413.
803:
801:, p. 166.
791:
779:
767:
763:Brakspear 2008
755:
753:, p. 203.
743:
731:
716:
704:
692:
680:
668:
656:
644:
642:, p. 319.
626:
624:
621:
488:
485:
477:Rukarara River
468:Nyungwe Forest
453:Albertine Rift
433:Main article:
414:
411:
360:Albertine Rift
344:
341:
220:
219:
204:
199:, through the
189:
180:, through the
134:
131:
129:
126:
112:in the south.
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1306:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
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1267:
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1262:
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1259:
1242:
1241:
1235:
1234:
1233:
1232:
1217:
1211:
1207:
1206:
1200:
1189:
1188:
1183:
1173:
1167:
1163:
1162:
1156:
1145:
1139:
1135:
1130:
1129:
1122:
1118:
1116:0-00-200019-9
1112:
1108:
1107:
1101:
1091:
1085:
1081:
1080:
1074:
1064:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1045:
1035:
1029:
1025:
1024:
1018:
1014:
1008:
1005:. Earthscan.
1004:
1003:
997:
987:
981:
977:
976:
970:
966:
962:
958:
948:
942:
938:
937:
931:
927:
926:
920:
910:
904:
900:
899:
893:
882:
878:
873:
872:
860:
855:
848:
843:
836:
831:
824:
819:
812:
807:
800:
799:Ondaatje 1998
795:
788:
787:McMaster 2013
783:
776:
771:
765:, p. 20.
764:
759:
752:
747:
741:, p. 11.
740:
735:
728:
723:
721:
714:, p. 35.
713:
708:
701:
696:
690:, p. 36.
689:
684:
678:, p. 11.
677:
672:
666:, p. 26.
665:
664:McMaster 2013
660:
654:, p. 73.
653:
652:Okbazghi 2008
648:
641:
636:
634:
632:
627:
620:
618:
614:
608:
606:
602:
597:
595:
591:
587:
582:
580:
575:
573:
569:
565:
562:(1839–1903),
561:
556:
554:
553:Lualaba River
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
517:
515:
511:
503:were unknown.
502:
498:
493:
484:
482:
478:
473:
469:
464:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
441:Lake Victoria
436:
428:
424:
419:
410:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
379:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
353:
349:
340:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
305:
303:
299:
295:
290:
288:
287:Lake Victoria
284:
280:
279:Bahr al Jabal
276:
272:
267:
265:
261:
257:
253:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
228:triple divide
224:
217:
213:
209:
205:
202:
198:
194:
190:
187:
183:
179:
175:
174:
173:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
154:triple divide
147:
143:
142:Azande people
139:
125:
122:
118:
113:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
94:Lake Victoria
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
70:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
40:
36:
32:
19:
1244:. Retrieved
1239:
1230:
1229:
1219:. Retrieved
1204:
1192:. Retrieved
1186:
1175:. Retrieved
1160:
1147:. Retrieved
1127:
1105:
1093:. Retrieved
1078:
1066:. Retrieved
1052:
1037:. Retrieved
1022:
1001:
989:. Retrieved
974:
964:
950:. Retrieved
935:
924:
912:. Retrieved
897:
885:. Retrieved
880:
854:
842:
830:
818:
806:
794:
782:
777:, p. 2.
770:
758:
746:
734:
707:
695:
683:
676:Collins 2006
671:
659:
647:
640:Barbour 1961
609:
598:
593:
589:
585:
583:
576:
574:1848–1925).
557:
545:Lukuga River
518:
506:
465:
438:
399:Lukuga River
391:Ruzizi River
380:
357:
333:Ubangi-Shari
321:Zande people
313:Kresh people
306:
291:
268:
249:
246:prefectures.
201:Ubangi River
182:Bahr al-Arab
151:
114:
102:Gregory Rift
71:
50:
46:
44:
775:Dumont 2009
521:Congo River
501:Great Lakes
407:Lake Edward
395:Congo River
383:Nyamuragira
368:Lake Edward
364:Lake Albert
325:South Sudan
283:Lake Albert
252:South Sudan
244:Haute-Kotto
216:Chari River
197:Congo River
193:Kotto River
170:Haute-Kotto
148:of 1884–85.
78:South Sudan
35:Congo Basin
1258:Categories
1246:2013-05-04
1221:2013-05-03
1194:2013-05-04
1177:2013-05-04
1095:2013-05-03
1068:2013-05-03
1039:2013-03-25
991:2013-04-03
952:2013-05-03
914:2013-04-03
887:2013-05-04
859:Sykes 1949
847:Sykes 1949
835:Sykes 1949
823:Tvedt 2004
712:Clark 1969
623:References
572:Oskar Lenz
568:Uele River
533:White Nile
514:Tanganyika
387:Nyiragongo
335:, now the
110:Lake Rukwa
106:Lake Eyasi
90:Chad Basin
80:where the
39:Nile Basin
588:, in the
461:Lake Kivu
403:Lake Kivu
372:Lake Kivu
317:Lake Chad
208:Lake Chad
1149:23 April
445:Tanzania
397:via the
294:Iron Age
214:and the
184:and the
160:and the
128:Location
868:Sources
449:Burundi
302:Buganda
100:in the
61:of the
53:is the
49:or the
1212:
1168:
1140:
1113:
1086:
1059:
1030:
1009:
982:
943:
905:
613:Darfur
256:Uganda
240:Vakaga
166:Vakaga
617:Wadai
549:Ujiji
510:Nyasa
405:into
362:from
298:Bantu
236:Sudan
162:Sudan
82:Congo
63:Congo
1210:ISBN
1166:ISBN
1151:2013
1138:ISBN
1111:ISBN
1084:ISBN
1057:ISBN
1028:ISBN
1007:ISBN
980:ISBN
941:ISBN
903:ISBN
615:and
539:and
527:and
512:and
481:Nile
459:and
447:and
385:and
285:and
275:Sudd
269:The
262:and
254:and
242:and
234:and
191:the
178:Nile
168:and
86:Nile
84:and
76:and
67:Nile
65:and
45:The
1260::
1136:.
1134:11
1051:.
963:.
879:.
719:^
630:^
603:,
463:.
339:.
1249:.
1224:.
1197:.
1180:.
1153:.
1119:.
1098:.
1071:.
1042:.
1015:.
994:.
955:.
917:.
890:.
729:.
429:.
218:.
203:.
188:.
20:)
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