Democratic Republic of the Congo

2219: 3550: 1467: 2823: 1603: 102: 5225: 2961: 4423: 3246: 4614: 2203: 4396: 168: 88: 178: 3844: 3902: 4899:, and sorcery and vary widely among ethnic groups. The syncretic sects often merge elements of Christianity with traditional beliefs and rituals and are not recognized by mainstream churches as part of Christianity. New variants of ancient beliefs have become widespread, led by US-inspired Pentecostal churches which have been in the forefront of witchcraft accusations, particularly against children and the elderly. Children accused of witchcraft are sent away from homes and family, often to live on the street, which can lead to physical violence against these children. There are charities supporting street children such as the 3962: 4742:

language of education at all levels. Since 1975, the four national languages have been reintroduced in the first two years of primary education, with French becoming the sole language of education from the third year onward, but in practice many primary schools in urban areas solely use French from the first year of school onward. Portuguese is taught in the Congolese schools as a foreign language. The lexical similarity and phonology with French makes Portuguese a relatively easy language for the people to learn. Most of the roughly 175,000 Portuguese speakers in the DRC are Angolan and Mozambican expatriates.

5612: 2406: 2377:. The armed groups were after gold, diamonds, oil, and cobalt to line the pockets of rich men both in the region and internationally. There were also ethnic and cultural rivalries at play, as well as religious motives and the political crisis with postponed elections. Egeland says people believe the situation in the DRC is "stably bad" but in fact, it has become much, much worse. "The big wars of the Congo that were really on top of the agenda 15 years ago are back and worsening". Disruption in planting and harvesting caused by the conflict was estimated to escalate starvation in about two million children. 1532: 4222: 4771: 2015: 15400: 2718: 4675: 1769: 1878:. Lumumba was dismissed from office on 5 September 1960 by Kasa-Vubu who publicly blamed him for massacres by the armed forces in South Kasai and for involving Soviets in the country. On 7 September, Lumumba made a speech to the Congolese House of Representatives, arguing his dismissal was illegal under the nation's laws. Congolese law gave parliament, not the president, the authority to dismiss a government minister. The House and Senate both rejected the dismissal of Lumumba, but the removal proceeded unconstitutionally. 2601: 2000:

of the office to maintain control. Joseph Kasa-Vubu's death in April 1969 ensured that no person with First Republic credentials could challenge his rule. By the early 1970s, Mobutu was attempting to assert Zaire as a leading African nation. He traveled frequently across the continent while the government became more vocal about African issues, particularly those relating to the southern region. Zaire established semi-clientelist relationships with several smaller African states, especially Burundi, Chad, and Togo.

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which would likely take several years and therefore keep him in power past the planned 2016 elections, which he is constitutionally barred from participating in). This bill passed; however, it was gutted of the provision that would keep Kabila in power until a census took place. A census is supposed to take place, but it is no longer tied to when the elections take place. In 2015, elections were scheduled for late 2016 and a tenuous peace held in the Congo. On 27 November 2016 Congolese foreign minister

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mountains in the far east. Since the late 19th century, traditional ways of life have undergone changes brought about by colonialism, the struggle for independence, the stagnation of the Mobutu era, and most recently, the First and Second Congo Wars. Despite these pressures, the customs and cultures of the Congo have retained much of their individuality. The country's 81 million inhabitants (2016) are mainly rural. The 30% who live in urban areas have been the most open to

5338: 4386: 726: 4811:. The impact of the Catholic Church is difficult to overestimate. Schatzberg has called it the country's "only truly national institution apart from the state." Its schools have educated over 60% of the nation's primary school students and more than 40% of its secondary students. The church owns and manages an extensive network of hospitals, schools, and clinics, as well as many diocesan economic enterprises, including farms, ranches, stores, and artisans' shops. 3095:). It is the only country in the world in which bonobos are found in the wild. Much concern has been raised about great ape extinction. Because of hunting and habitat destruction, the numbers of chimpanzee, bonobo and gorilla (each of whose populations once numbered in the millions) have now dwindled down to only about 200,000 gorillas, 100,000 chimpanzees and possibly only about 10,000 bonobos. The gorillas, chimpanzee, bonobo, and okapi are all classified as 601: 17152: 16508: 15615: 14446: 4757: 3704: 15627: 1746: 4853: 2176: 5117: 4265: 2540: 2245:(CNDP), which began an armed rebellion against the government. In March 2009, after a deal between the DRC and Rwanda, Rwandan troops entered the DRC and arrested Nkunda and were allowed to pursue FDLR militants. The CNDP signed a peace treaty with the government in which it agreed to become a political party and to have its soldiers integrated into the national army in exchange for the release of its imprisoned members. In 2012 14343: 4938: 3137: 2764: 14436: 751: 707: 692: 663: 648: 1958: 10770:"Article 3, Paragraphe 7: De la mutilation sexuelle; Article 174g; Sera puni d'une peine de servitude pénale de deux à cinq ans et d'une amende de deux cent mille francs congolais constants, quiconque aura posé un acte qui porte atteinte à l'intégrité physique ou fonctionnelle des organes génitaux d'une personne. Lorsque la mutilation a entraîné la mort, la peine est de servitude pénale à perpétuité." 4074: 2172:. These were the first free national elections since 1960, which many believed would mark the end to violence in the region. However, an election-result dispute between Kabila and Bemba turned into a skirmish between their supporters in Kinshasa. MONUC took control of the city. A new election took place in October 2006, which Kabila won, and in December 2006 he was sworn in as president. 4626: – constitute an important subset of the population. Additionally, the country's large mine operations attract migrant workers from Africa and beyond. There is also considerable migration for commercial activities from other African countries and the rest of the world, but these movements are not well studied. Transit migration towards South Africa and Europe also plays a role. 1391: 2977: 1588:, confirmed the accusations of humanitarian abuses. The Belgian Parliament forced Leopold II to set up an independent commission of inquiry. Its findings confirmed Casement's report of abuses, concluding that the population of the Congo had been "reduced by half" during this period. Determining precisely how many people died is impossible, as no accurate records exist. 4093:

than 2,500 km (1,600 mi) (e.g. Matadi to Lubumbashi, 2,700 km (1,700 mi) by road). The figure of 2,250 km (1,400 mi) converts to 35 km (22 mi) of paved road per one million of population. Comparative figures for Zambia and Botswana are 721 km (448 mi) and 3,427 km (2,129 mi), respectively. Three routes in the

1885:, with the backing of the US and Belgium, removed Lumumba from office. On 17 January 1961, Lumumba was handed over to Katangan authorities and executed by Belgian-led Katangan troops. A 2001 investigation by Belgium's Parliament found Belgium "morally responsible" for the murder of Lumumba, and the country has since officially apologised for its role in his death. 2325:

individuals who have died are children under five years of age. There have been frequent reports of weapon bearers killing civilians, of the destruction of property, of widespread sexual violence, causing hundreds of thousands of people to flee their homes, and of other breaches of humanitarian and human rights law. One study found that more than

5372:, and France. By the 1980s, numerous Congolese musicians were based in Europe, facilitating the global dissemination of their musical prowess. Congolese lead guitarists became a sought-after commodity, attracting bands worldwide eager to infuse a Congolese flavor into their compositions or learn the intricate art of Congolese guitar dexterity. 2381:

deemed to be a threat to the president," they said. Fierce fighting has erupted in Masisi between government forces and a powerful local warlord, General Delta. The United Nations mission in the DRC is its largest and most expensive peacekeeping effort, but it shut down five UN bases near Masisi in 2017, after the U.S. led a push to cut costs.

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goods by boat and ferry than any other country in Africa, but air transport remains the only effective means of moving goods and people between many places within the country, especially in rural areas. Chronic economic mismanagement, political corruption and internal conflicts have led to long-term under-investment of infrastructure.

4181:. The country also possesses 50% of Africa's forests and a river system that could provide hydro-electric power to the entire continent, according to a UN report on the country's strategic significance and its potential role as an economic power in central Africa. The generation and distribution of electricity are controlled by 1642:, remained in office in the Belgian Congo and the majority of Leopold II's administration with him. Opening up the Congo and its natural and mineral riches to the Belgian economy remained the main motive for colonial expansion – however, other priorities, such as healthcare and basic education, slowly gained in importance. 2007:" or "Zairian sickness", meaning gross corruption, theft and mismanagement, was coined, reportedly by Mobutu. International aid, most often in the form of loans, enriched Mobutu while he allowed national infrastructure such as roads to deteriorate to as little as one-quarter of what had existed in 1960. Zaire became a 3795:(FGM) is also practiced in DRC, although not on a large scale. The prevalence of FGM is estimated at 5% of women. FGM is illegal: the law imposes a penalty of two to five years of prison and a fine of 200,000 Congolese francs on any person who violates the "physical or functional integrity" of the genital organs. 3577:

from rampant corruption and inefficiency. The agreements signed at the end of the Second Congo War called for a new "national, restructured and integrated" army that would be made up of Kabila's government forces (the FAC), the RCD, and the MLC. Also stipulated was that rebels like the RCD-N, RCD-ML, and the

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Under Belgian rule, the Belgians instituted teaching and use of the four national languages in primary schools, making it one of the few African nations to have had literacy in local languages during the European colonial period. This trend was reversed after independence, when French became the sole

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The DRC has fewer all-weather paved highways than any country of its population and size in Africa — a total of 2,250 km (1,400 mi), of which only 1,226 km (762 mi) is in good condition. To put this in perspective, the road distance across the country in any direction is more

3859:, which serves as the primary form of currency in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. In 2007, The World Bank decided to grant the Democratic Republic of Congo up to $ 1.3 billion in assistance funds over the following three years. The Congolese government started negotiating membership in the 3576:

The FARDC was established in 2003 after the end of the Second Congo War and integrated many former rebel groups into its ranks. Due to the presence of undisciplined and poorly trained ex-rebels, as well as a lack of funding and having spent years fighting against different militias, the FARDC suffers

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After a four-year interlude between two constitutions, with new political institutions established at the various levels of government, as well as new administrative divisions for the provinces throughout the country, a new constitution came into effect in 2006 and politics in the Democratic Republic

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Given the often unstable situation in the country and the condition of state structures, it is extremely difficult to obtain reliable migration data. However, evidence suggests that DRC continues to be a destination country for immigrants, in spite of recent declines in their numbers. Immigration is

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In April 2013, anti-corruption NGOs revealed that Congolese tax authorities had failed to account for $ 88 million from the mining sector, despite booming production and positive industrial performance. The missing funds date from 2010 and tax bodies should have paid them into the central bank.

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At independence in 1960, DRC was the second-most-industrialized country in Africa after South Africa; it boasted a thriving mining sector and a relatively productive agriculture sector. Foreign businesses have curtailed operations because of uncertainty about the outcome of long-term conflicts, lack

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Despite such vast mineral wealth, the economy of the Democratic Republic of the Congo has declined drastically since the mid-1980s. The DRC generated up to 70% of its export revenue from minerals in the 1970s and 1980s and was particularly hit when resource prices deteriorated at that time. By 2005,

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as the winner of the presidential vote, and he was officially sworn in as president on 24 January. However, there were widespread suspicions that the results were rigged and that a deal had been made between Tshisekedi and Kabila. The Catholic Church said that the official results did not correspond

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ally. Opponents within Zaire stepped up demands for reform. This atmosphere contributed to Mobutu's declaring the Third Republic in 1990, whose constitution was supposed to pave the way for democratic reform. The reforms turned out to be largely cosmetic. Mobutu continued in power until armed forces

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but has suffered from political instability, a lack of infrastructure, corruption, and centuries of both commercial and colonial extraction and exploitation, followed by more than 60 years of independence, with little widespread development. Besides the capital Kinshasa, the two next largest cities,

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Figures for Congolese nationals abroad vary greatly depending on the source, from three to six million. This discrepancy is due to a lack of official, reliable data. Emigrants from the DRC are above all long-term emigrants, the majority of whom live in Africa and to a lesser extent in Europe; 79.7%

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Ground transport in the Democratic Republic of Congo has always been difficult. The terrain and climate of the Congo Basin present serious barriers to road and rail construction, and the distances are enormous across this vast country. The DRC has more navigable rivers and moves more passengers and

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on Violence against Women who toured eastern Congo in July 2007, violence against women in North and South Kivu included "unimaginable brutality". Ertürk added that "Armed groups attack local communities, loot, rape, kidnap women and children, and make them work as sexual slaves". In December 2008,

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broke out across the country and protesters demanded that Kabila step down as president. The protests began after the passage of a law by the Congolese lower house that, if also passed by the Congolese upper house, would keep Kabila in power at least until a national census was conducted (a process

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in the Democratic Republic of Congo every year. In 2018 and 2019, Congo reported the highest levels of sexual violence in the world. According to the Human Rights Watch and the New York University-based Congo Research Group, armed troops in DRC's eastern Kivu region have killed over 1,900 civilians

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By late 1967 Mobutu had successfully neutralized his political opponents and rivals, either through co-opting them into his regime, arresting them, or rendering them otherwise politically impotent. Throughout the late 1960s, Mobutu continued to shuffle his governments and cycle officials in and out

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against the new leadership. Most of the 100,000 Europeans who had remained behind after independence fled the country. After the United Nations rejected Lumumba's call for help to put down the secessionist movements, Lumumba asked for assistance from the Soviet Union, who accepted and sent military

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A relative of Mobutu explained how the government illicitly collected revenue during his rule: "Mobutu would ask one of us to go to the bank and take out a million. We'd go to an intermediary and tell him to get five million. He would go to the bank with Mobutu's authority and take out ten. Mobutu

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employ new, integrated and responsive strategies for identifying and ensuring, on a continual basis, an adequate supply of strategic and critical materials required for their security needs. Highlighting the DR Congo's importance to United States national security, the effort to establish an elite

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techniques. The people living in the south and southwest were foraging groups, whose technology involved only minimal use of metal technologies. The development of metal tools during this time period revolutionized agriculture. This led to the displacement of the hunter-gatherer groups in the east

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in the late 1990s—early 2000s, over 5.2 million children in the country did not receive any education. Since the end of the civil war, the situation has improved tremendously, with the number of children enrolled in primary schools rising from 5.5 million in 2002 to 16.8 million in

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Metallurgical Plant, which has a capacity of 175,000 tonnes of copper and 8,000 tonnes of cobalt per year, making it the largest cobalt refinery in the world. After a major rehabilitation program, the company resumed copper production operations in December 2007 and cobalt production in May 2008.

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writes literature for the between generations of those who grew up in the Congo, during the time when they were colonised, fighting for independence and after. Yamusangie in an interview said he felt the distance in literature and wanted to remedy that he wrote the novel, Full Circle, which is a

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The culture of the Democratic Republic of the Congo reflects the diversity of its numerous ethnic groups and their differing ways of life throughout the country—from the mouth of the River Congo on the coast, upriver through the rainforest and savanna in its centre, to the more densely populated

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The political allies of Kabila maintained control of key ministries, the legislature, judiciary and security services. However, Tshisekedi succeeded in strengthening his hold on power. In a series of moves, he won over more legislators, gaining the support of almost 400 out of 500 members of the

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Human Rights Watch said in 2017 that Kabila recruited former 23 March Movement fighters to put down country-wide protests over his refusal to step down from office at the end of his term. "M23 fighters patrolled the streets of Congo's main cities, firing on or arresting protesters or anyone else

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in 2006 expressed concern that in the post-war transition period, the promotion of women's human rights and gender equality is not seen as a priority. Mass rapes, sexual violence and sexual slavery are used as a weapon of war by the Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo and armed

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to live in the country came from Uganda in 1953. Four years later the first local administrative council was elected. In 1970 the National Spiritual Assembly (national administrative council) was first elected. Though the religion was banned in the 1970s and 1980s, due to misrepresentations of

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published reported rape and sexual violence being used routinely by state officials in Congolese prisons as punishment for politically active women. The women included in the report were abused in several locations across the country including the capital Kinshasa and other areas away from the

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running out at 64 km/h (40 mph) and 46 m (50 yd) wide. One of the three streams flowed directly through Goma, killing 45 people and leaving 120,000 homeless. Over 400,000 people were evacuated from the city during the eruption. The lava flowed into and poisoned the water of

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reported that people in the Congo continued to die at a rate of an estimated 45,000 per month – estimates of the number who have died from the long conflict range from 900,000 to 5,400,000. The death toll is caused by widespread disease and famine; reports indicate that almost half of the

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The government – not the President – is responsible to the Parliament. The new constitution also granted new powers to the provincial governments, creating provincial parliaments which have oversight of the Governor and the head of the provincial government, whom they elect. The new

1622:, assisted by a Colonial Council (Conseil Colonial) (both located in Brussels). The Belgian parliament exercised legislative authority over the Belgian Congo. In 1923 the colonial capital moved from Boma to Léopoldville, some 300 kilometres (190 mi) further upstream into the interior. 3981:

and is not reflected in GDP data. A third of the DRC's diamonds are believed to be smuggled out of the country, making it difficult to quantify diamond production levels. In 2002, tin was discovered in the east of the country but to date has only been mined on a small scale. Smuggling of

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The 2006 constitution, also known as the Constitution of the Third Republic, came into effect in February 2006. It had concurrent authority, however, with the transitional constitution until the inauguration of the elected officials who emerged from the July 2006 elections. Under the new

2369:, the situation in the DRC became much worse in 2016 and 2017 and is a major moral and humanitarian challenge comparable to the wars in Syria and Yemen, which receive much more attention. Women and children are abused sexually and "abused in all possible manners". Besides the conflict in 3929:

and are highly mechanized, with a capacity of several million tons per year of copper and cobalt ore, and refining capability for metal ore. The DRC is the second-largest diamond-producing nation in the world, and artisanal and small-scale miners account for most of its production.

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killing its plants, animals and fish. Only two planes left the local airport because of the possibility of the explosion of stored petrol. The lava flowed through and past the airport, destroying a runway and trapping several parked airplanes. Six months after the event, nearby

2260:, M23 briefly captured the provincial capital of Goma in November 2012. Neighboring countries, particularly Rwanda, have been accused of arming rebels groups and using them as proxies to gain control of the resource-rich country, an accusation they deny. In March 2013, the 3945:

missions met with the government to help it develop a coherent economic plan, and President Kabila began implementing reforms. Much economic activity still lies outside the GDP data. Through 2011 the DRC had the lowest Human Development Index of the 187 ranked countries.

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guilty of corruption. He was sentenced to 20 years' hard labour, after facing charges of embezzling almost $ 50m (£39m) of public funds. He was the most high-profile figure to be convicted of corruption in the DRC. However, Kamerhe was released already in December 2021.

5823: 2392:. Nearly 900 Banunu people from four villages were slaughtered by members of the Batende community in a deep-rooted rivalry over monthly tribal duties, land, fields and water resources. Some 100 Banunus fled to Moniende island in the Congo River, and another 16,000 to 150: 3507:

It is thought that due to the importance of cobalt for batteries for electric vehicles and stabilization of electric grids with large proportions of intermittent renewables in the electricity mix, the DRC could become an object of increased geopolitical competition.

2593: 2507:, Tshisekedi had a clear lead in his run for a second term. On 31 December 2023, officials said that President Felix Tshisekedi had been re-elected with 73% of the vote. Nine opposition candidates signed a declaration rejecting the election and called for a rerun. 1547:

In the Free State, colonists coerced the local population into producing rubber, for which the spread of automobiles and development of rubber tires created a growing international market. Rubber sales made a fortune for Leopold, who built several buildings in

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The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) has expressed concern over abuses against civilians, especially women and children, in South Kivu in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo. It frequently receives reports of abductions, executions, rapes, and

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suspended the country's candidacy for membership due to insufficient reporting, monitoring and independent audits, but in July 2013 the country improved its accounting and transparency practices to the point where the EITI gave the country full membership.

3585:(Superior Defence Council) which would declare states of siege or war and give advice on security sector reform, disarmament/demobilisation, and national defence policy. The FARDC is organised on the basis of brigades, which are dispersed throughout the 2685:

As a result of its equatorial location, the DRC experiences high precipitation and has the highest frequency of thunderstorms in the world. The annual rainfall can total upwards of 2,000 millimetres (80 in) in some places, and the area sustains the

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for petroleum and chemical processing; drying agents for paints and inks; ground coats for porcelain enamels; decolorant for ceramics and glass; and pigments for ceramics, paints, and plastics. The country possesses 80% of the world's cobalt reserves.

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of infrastructure, and the difficult operating environment. The wars intensified the impact of such basic problems as an uncertain legal framework, corruption, inflation, and lack of openness in government economic policy and financial operations.

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and four vice presidents. The President was also the Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces. The transitional constitution also established a relatively independent judiciary, headed by a Supreme Court with constitutional interpretation powers.

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was complete by the 10th century, followed by the establishment of the Bantu kingdoms, whose rising populations soon made possible intricate local, regional, and foreign commercial networks that traded mostly in slaves, salt, iron, and copper.

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Kimbanguism was seen as a threat to the colonial regime and was banned by the Belgians. Kimbanguism, officially "the church of Christ on Earth by the prophet Simon Kimbangu", has about three million members, primarily among the Bakongo of

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In July 2007, the International Committee of the Red Cross expressed concern about the situation in eastern DRC. A phenomenon of "pendulum displacement" has developed, where people hasten at night to safety. According to Yakin Ertürk, the

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forced him to flee in 1997. "From 1990 to 1993, the United States facilitated Mobutu's attempts to hijack political change", one academic wrote, and "also assisted the rebellion of Laurent-Desire Kabila that overthrew the Mobutu regime."

9853: 7342: 11581: 12854: 4633:, the number of immigrants in the DRC has fallen from just over one million in 1960, to 754,000 in 1990, to 480,000 in 2005, to an estimated 445,000 in 2010. Official figures are unavailable, partly due to the predominance of the 3183:

constitution, the legislature remained bicameral; the executive was concomitantly undertaken by a President and the government, led by a Prime Minister, appointed from the party able to secure a majority in the National Assembly.

2149:. The two rebel movements, along with Rwandan and Ugandan troops, started the Second Congo War by attacking the DRC army in 1998. Angolan, Zimbabwean, and Namibian militaries entered the hostilities on the side of the government. 2396:

in Republic of Congo. Military-style tactics were employed in the bloodbath, and some assailants were clothed in army uniforms. Local authorities and elements within the security forces were suspected of lending them support.

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as well as the ongoing military conflict. This was criticized as these regions are known as opposition strongholds. In August 2019, six months after the inauguration of Félix Tshisekedi, a coalition government was announced.

4729:). Although some limited number of people speak these as first languages, most of the population speak them as a second language, after the native language of their own ethnic group. Lingala was the official language of the 3789:

groups in the eastern part of the country. The eastern part of the country in particular has been described as the "rape capital of the world" and the prevalence of sexual violence there described as the worst in the world.

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Mobutu allegedly amassed between US$ 50 million and $ 125 million during his rule. He was not the first corrupt Congolese leader by any means: "Government as a system of organized theft goes back to King Leopold II," noted

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occupies nearly the entire country and an area of nearly 1,000,000 km (390,000 sq mi). The river and its tributaries form the backbone of Congolese economics and transportation. Major tributaries include the

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report, 49 million Congolese people (51% of the population) could read and write in French. A 2021 survey found that 74% of the population could speak French, making it the most widely spoken language in the country.

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The Belgian Congo achieved independence on 30 June 1960 under the name "République du Congo" ("Republic of Congo" or "Republic of the Congo" in English). Shortly after, on 15 August 1960, the neighboring French colony of

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under Belgian colonial rule and remains to this day the predominant language of the armed forces. Since the recent rebellions, a good part of the army in the east also uses Swahili, where it competes to be the regional

1094:, are both mining communities. The DRC's largest export is raw minerals, with China accepting over 50% of its exports in 2019. In 2021, DR Congo's level of human development was ranked 179th out of 191 countries by the 3866:

The DRC is widely considered one of the world's richest countries in natural resources; its untapped deposits of raw minerals are estimated to be worth in excess of US$ 24 trillion. The DRC has 70% of the world's

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In 2021, the UN estimated the country's population to be 96 million, a rapid increase from 39.1 million in 1992 despite the ongoing war. As many as 250 ethnic groups have been identified and named. About 600,000

11584:[Technical Study preparing lobby-work on energy-resources and conflict prevention – Hydroelectric power dams at Inga: Great potential for the development of the Democratic Republic of Congo and Africa] 3740: 3734: 5330:, have set the tone for a generation of young men always dressed up in exorbitant designer clothes. They came to be known as the fourth generation of Congolese music and mostly come from the former prominent band 4984:

Actual school attendance has also improved greatly in recent years, with primary school net attendance estimated to be 82.4% in 2014 (82.4% of children ages 6–11 attended school; 83.4% for boys, 80.6% for girls).

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In a campaign to identify himself with African nationalism, starting on 1 June 1966, Mobutu renamed the nation's cities: Léopoldville became Kinshasa (the country was known as Congo-Kinshasa), Stanleyville became

10185: 149: 8637:"'The wars will never stop' – millions flee bloodshed as Congo falls apart: Starving and sick, people living in the Democratic Republic of Congo are caught in a bloody cycle of violence and political turmoil" 1942:

the year before Mobutu's coup of 1965 resulted in the country's official name being changed to the "Democratic Republic of the Congo". In 1971 Mobutu changed the name again, this time to "Republic of Zaire".

17106: 10038: 4185:, but only 15% of the country has access to electricity. The DRC is a member of three electrical power pools. These are Southern African Power Pool, East African Power Pool, and Central African Power Pool. 2218: 1309:

In 1992, the Sovereign National Conference voted to change the name of the country to the "Democratic Republic of the Congo", but the change was not made. The country's name was later restored by President

1114:, around 600,000 Congolese refugees were still living in neighbouring countries. Two million children risk starvation, and the fighting has displaced 4.5 million people. The country is a member of the 9284: 7485: 17224: 13236: 1649:). Indigenous courts had only limited powers and remained under the firm control of the colonial administration. The Belgian authorities permitted no political activity in the Congo whatsoever, and the 17259: 10513: 9812: 4788:

Program in 2013–2014 indicated that Christians constituted 93.7% of the population (with Catholics making up 29.7%, Protestants 26.8%, and other Christians 37.2%). A new Christian religious movement,

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conflict zones. In 2015, figures both inside and outside of the country, such as Filimbi and Emmanuel Weyi, spoke out about the need to curb violence and instability as the 2016 elections approached.

2119:) fled to eastern Zaire and used refugee camps as bases for incursions against Rwanda. They allied with the Zairian Armed Forces to launch a campaign against Congolese ethnic Tutsis in eastern Zaire. 14765: 3785: 151: 12004: 10773: 9011: 8646: 3549: 2682:, with one-third to the north and two-thirds to the south. With an area of 2,345,408 square kilometres (905,567 sq mi), it is the second-largest country in Africa by area, after Algeria. 14079:, Paper to be presented at the Workshop "Colonial Extraction in the Netherlands Indies and Belgian Congo: Institutions, Institutional Change and Long Term Consequences", Utrecht 3–4 December 2010. 5052:

The incidence of yellow fever-related fatalities in DRC is relatively low. According to the World Health Organization's (WHO) report in 2021, only two individuals died due to yellow fever in DRC.

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Because of abundant sunlight, the potential for solar development is very high in the DRC. There are already about 836 solar power systems in the DRC, with a total power of 83 MW, located in

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constitution also saw the disappearance of the Supreme Court, which was divided into three new institutions. The constitutional interpretation prerogative of the Supreme Court is now held by the

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rose up, taking a significant amount of territory and proclaiming a communist "People's Republic of the Congo" in Stanleyville. The Simbas were pushed out of Stanleyville in November 1964 during

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and Tshisekedi resulted in new agreements increasing international trade and security (counterterrorism, immigration, cyber security, and customs) between the two countries. In February 2022,

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in the DRC. Data are also lacking on irregular immigrants, however given neighbouring countries' ethnic links to DRC nationals, irregular migration is assumed to be a significant phenomenon.

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and 15.3% respectively, according to estimated 2000 data. New destination countries include South Africa and various points en route to Europe. The DRC has produced a considerable number of

1939: 11589: 13055: 12864: 10733: 5724: 14645: 14535: 10385: 2481: 2354:

told the press no elections would be held in 2016: "it has been decided that the voter registration operation will end on July 31, 2017, and that election will take place in April 2018."

16561: 11960: 11784: 10064: 9653: 9535: 8443: 2497: 2122:

A coalition of Rwandan and Ugandan armies invaded Zaire to overthrow the government of Mobutu, launching the First Congo War. The coalition allied with some opposition figures, led by

1466: 13752: 1638:

The transition from the Congo Free State to the Belgian Congo was a break, but it also featured a large degree of continuity. The last governor-general of the Congo Free State, Baron

1618:) and took over the Free State from King Leopold II. On 18 October 1908, the Belgian parliament voted in favour of annexing the Congo as a Belgian colony. Executive power went to the 3512: 14789: 14499: 7981: 4792:, had the adherence of 2.8%, while Muslims made up 1%. Other recent estimates have found Christianity the majority religion, followed by 95.8% of the population according to a 2010 3515:

in the DRC and Congolese exports to China have grown rapidly. In July 2019, UN ambassadors of 37 countries, including DRC, have signed a joint letter to the UNHRC defending China's

9184: 8840: 8785: 8704: 15665: 14660: 14420: 12028: 9978: 3221: 3875:

90% of the DRC's revenues derived from its minerals. Congolese citizens are among the poorest people on Earth. In 2023, 60% of Congolese subsisted on less than $ 2.15 a day, and

2837:

The Albertine Rift plays a key role in shaping the Congo's geography. Not only is the northeastern section of the country much more mountainous, but tectonic movement results in

14811: 14599: 13612: 3730: 2165: 1504:

Leopold had designs on what was to become the Congo as a colony. In a succession of negotiations, Leopold, professing humanitarian objectives in his capacity as chairman of the

11468: 11080: 9214: 8874: 1565:

During 1885–1908, millions of Congolese died as a consequence of exploitation and disease. In some areas the population declined dramatically – it has been estimated that

15034: 14074: 12886: 12610: 11736: 10355: 8349: 7931: 1977: 10491: 9724: 8588: 8533: 1931:, a military operation conducted by Belgian and American forces to rescue hundreds of hostages. Congolese government forces fully defeated the Simba rebels by November 1965. 11527: 6202: 5887: 16032: 15103: 14525: 8418: 5379:

emerged as a fast-paced, hip-swaying dance music, drawing inspiration from Congolese rumba and soukous. This genre gained widespread popularity in Africa, Europe, and the

5094:

levels in the Democratic Republic of the Congo are very unhealthy. In 2020, annual average air pollution in the DRC stood at 34.2 μg/m, which is almost 6.8 times the

3860: 3188: 2949: 2474: 12673: 12565: 10942: 9946: 4629:

Immigration to the DRC has decreased steadily over the past two decades, most likely as a result of the armed violence that the country has experienced. According to the

11985: 9694: 9105: 7422: 5794: 2164:. Talks led to a peace accord under which Kabila would share power with former rebels. By June 2003 all foreign armies except those of Rwanda had pulled out of Congo. A 101: 14869: 14799: 14680: 14655: 12206: 10752: 6007: 5630: 4261:

linguistic groups. Because of this diversity, there is no dominant ethnic group in the Congo, however the following ethnic groups account for 51.5% of the population:

2955: 10182: 14935: 14849: 14726: 14670: 13713: 13573: 10803: 5942: 5014: 3532: 3442: 3164: 2470: 2127: 832: 10295: 9887: 7789: 14893: 11791: 11762: 11619: 10030: 9914: 6561: 5436: 4192:(167), Katanga (159), Nord-Kivu (170), the two Kasaï provinces (170), and Bas-Congo (170). Also, the 148 Caritas network system has a total power of 6.31 MW. 4172: 2130:. In 1997 Mobutu fled and Kabila marched into Kinshasa, naming himself as president and reverting the name of the country to the Democratic Republic of the Congo. 1980:. He periodically held elections in which he was the only candidate. Although relative peace and stability were achieved, Mobutu's government was guilty of severe 10646: 7279: 3695:

In November 2021, a judicial investigation targeting Kabila and his associates was opened in Kinshasa after revelations of alleged embezzlement of $ 138 million.

17155: 15008: 14864: 14755: 12938: 9268: 7477: 6677: 5635: 5589: 5254:". Imported records by Sexteto Habanero and Trio Matamoros, often mislabeled as "rumba", played a significant role. Artists such as Antoine Kasongo, Paul Kamba, 4856: 4653:, there were more than 460,000 refugees from the DRC; in 2008, Congolese refugees numbered 367,995 in total, 68% of whom were living in other African countries. 4233:

estimated the population to be over 115 million as of 2024. Between 1950 and 2000, the country's population nearly quadrupled from 12.2 million to 46.9 million.

4021:

defined the DRC as economically "the Saudi Arabia of the electric vehicle age," because of its cobalt resources, cobalt being essential in the production of the

3896: 3722: 2326: 13926: 13643: 12236: 11706: 10205: 7048: 5768: 2819:

into the Atlantic Ocean. The river and a 37-kilometre-wide (23 mi) strip of coastline on its north bank provide the country's only outlet to the Atlantic.

1031: 16351: 15970: 14806: 14665: 14640: 13230: 8613: 6040: 4367: 4048: 3747:

have been used on a large scale in DRC, and in 2011 it was estimated that 30,000 children were still operating with armed groups. Instances of child labor and

3726: 2504: 2433: 2169: 1804: 1776: 1063: 366: 13434: 11236: 7455: 6594: 1211:). According to American writer Samuel Henry Nelson: "It is probable that the word 'Kongo' itself implies a public gathering and that it is based on the root 16037: 14731: 14716: 14650: 14492: 10517: 8003: 7844: 4177:

Both coal and crude oil resources were mainly used domestically up to 2008. The DRC has the infrastructure for hydro-electricity from the Congo River at the

4030: 3761: 3115: 827: 11821: 11107: 10917: 10530:

Ministère du Plan et Suivi de la Mise en œuvre de la Révolution de la Modernité (MPSMRM), Ministère de la Santé Publique (MSP) et ICF International (2014).

15833: 15658: 14945: 14920: 14782: 14760: 14743: 14711: 14706: 11489: 8399: 4201: 4086: 3716: 3544: 2945: 1935: 1900:, along with all 15 passengers, setting off a succession crisis. Amidst widespread confusion and chaos, a temporary government was led by technicians (the 1055: 541: 416: 325: 287: 12744: 12001: 11650: 10777: 10255: 9003: 8636: 7022: 4965:. Primary education is not free nor compulsory, even though the Congolese constitution says it should be (Article 43 of the 2005 Congolese Constitution). 4150:. All air carriers certified by the DRC have been banned from European Union airports by the European Commission, because of inadequate safety standards. 2811:

are on opposite sides of the river at the Pool. Then the river narrows and falls through a number of cataracts in deep canyons, collectively known as the

1402:

The geographical area now known as the Democratic Republic of the Congo was populated as early as 90,000 years ago, as shown by the 1988 discovery of the

17254: 14839: 14748: 12803: 10833: 5597: 5531: 5521: 4923:. Though recently outlawed, children have been subjected in these exorcisms to often-violent abuse at the hands of self-proclaimed prophets and priests. 3773: 3562: 3231: 3215: 3174:

had, among other things, the charge of drafting the new constitution of the country. The executive branch was vested in a 60-member cabinet, headed by a

14245:

From Genocide to Continental War: The Congolese Conflict and the Crisis of Contemporary Africa: The Congo Conflict and the Crisis of Contemporary Africa

6233: 5695:

The figures are obtained by dividing the population figures in the Knowledge country articles by the paved roads figure in the 'Transport in ' articles.

4919:(children accused of witchcraft). Non-denominational church organizations have been formed to capitalize on this belief by charging exorbitant fees for 4841:

pushed into the interior for ivory- and slave-trading purposes. Today, Muslims constitute approximately 1% of the Congolese population according to the

17219: 16331: 16254: 16172: 16088: 16083: 14998: 14910: 14905: 14772: 14738: 10583: 10443: 8981: 6636: 5853: 5569:

are others who gained significant international attention in basketball. Several Congolese players and players of Congolese descent—including strikers

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There are economic and strategic incentives (for external countries) to bring more "security" to the Congo, which is rich in natural resources such as

2515: 1993: 386: 12966: 11887: 11414: 11357: 11002: 9332: 9145: 983:

formally acquired rights to the Congo territory from the colonial nations of Europe in 1885 and declared the land his private property, naming it the

16290: 16239: 14955: 14940: 14925: 14879: 14794: 14721: 14628: 14439: 13199: 12649:"UIS.Stat (see: National Monitoring >> Number of students and enrolment rates by level of education >> Enrollment by level of education)" 11262: 9236: 8673: 7163: 6951: 6841: 4932: 4669: 4372: 4042: 3586: 3566: 3227: 3211: 3175: 2609: 2557: 1812: 1758: 351: 13278: 12294: 10695: 10000: 7734: 15965: 14993: 14950: 14694: 14675: 14485: 12774: 12536: 11436: 9064: 7313: 6897: 5527: 5517: 5153:

story of a boy named Emanuel who in the beginning of the book feels a difference in culture among the different groups in the Congo and elsewhere.

5141: 5000: 4751: 4120:: this east–west highway crosses Katanga and requires re-construction over most of its length, being an earth track between the Angolan border and 3131: 2941: 2207: 605: 587: 305: 17060: 13840: 12916: 11336: 10890: 8940: 8495: 5976: 3653:

got one, and we took the other nine." Mobutu institutionalized corruption to prevent political rivals from challenging his control, leading to an

16326: 15651: 15027: 14970: 14874: 14827: 14517: 11159: 10730: 6904: 5716: 5625: 5447: 5111: 4207: 3838: 3832: 2613: 2242: 1355: 423: 13047: 10964: 10558: 10377: 2461:

in the country left nearly 5,000 dead in 2019. The Ebola outbreak ended in June 2020, after causing 2,280 deaths over 2 years. Another, smaller

87: 16553: 14978: 14930: 14854: 12128: 12054: 12016: 11582:"Energie hydraulique des barrages d'Inga : Grands potentiels pour le développement de la République Démocratique du Congo et de l'Afrique" 10615: 9543: 7583: 5364:, expanding the spread of Congolese urban music. Notably, the quartet Ry-Co Jazz played a crucial role in globalizing Congolese music, touring 4994: 4696: 4166: 3235: 3160: 3100: 1645:

Colonial administrators ruled the territory and a dual legal system existed (a system of European courts and another one of indigenous courts,

1424:

at some point during the first millennium BC, then gradually started to expand southward. Their propagation was accelerated by the adoption of

1137: 492: 107: 13372: 13308: 11680: 6786: 2822: 16134: 15857: 15094: 15003: 14960: 14915: 14594: 13814: 13331: 11944: 11549: 10060: 9645: 8439: 7133: 5166: 4977:

2018, and the number of children enrolled in secondary schools rising from 2.8 million in 2007 to 4.6 million in 2015 according to

4010: 3880: 3784:(pp. 299) found that 74.8% of women agreed that a husband is justified in beating his wife in certain circumstances. The United Nations 3629: 1938:. Taking advantage of the leadership crisis between Kasavubu and Tshombe, Mobutu garnered enough support within the army to launch a coup. A 556: 299: 17055: 13736: 12627: 12453: 9358: 6072: 1602: 17244: 16177: 15473: 14988: 10231: 9384: 7614: 7368: 5157:, an author from the Katanga province, wrote novels and poems to promote artistic expressions as a way to address and deal with conflicts. 4823: 4182: 3617: 3570: 1143: 762: 202: 93: 14063: 13865: 13403: 12423: 12176:(in French). Ministère du Plan et Suivi de la Mise en œuvre de la Révolution de la Modernité, Ministère de la Santé Publique. p. 36. 11851: 11192: 11135:

which is used in the fabrication of electronic components in computers and mobile phones. The coltan mines are small, and non-mechanized.

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is one of the best African basketball players to ever play the game. Mutombo is well known for humanitarian projects in his home country.

3673:

case of about $ 6.7 million of deposits of Mobutu's in a Swiss bank, and therefore the assets should be returned to Mobutu's family.

17229: 17101: 16431: 16157: 16078: 16073: 11392: 8848: 8782: 8696: 8473: 8375: 6176: 6105: 2441:

to the information its election monitors had collected. The government had also "delayed" the vote until March in some areas, citing the

1634:

soldiers in the Belgian Congo in 1918. At its peak, the Force Publique had around 19,000 Congolese soldiers, led by 420 Belgian officers.

1615: 17175: 12032: 10102: 9968: 9176: 8823: 7710: 7071: 6924: 6528: 6379: 6326: 5662:

proper. The confusion arises from the fact that the government of the DRC officially recognizes and refers to the language as "Kikongo".

16187: 6878: 6757: 6721: 6489: 5490: 3676:

President Kabila established the Commission of Repression of Economic Crimes upon his ascension to power in 2001. However, in 2016 the

889: 569: 14399: 13596: 10864: 8326: 4422: 17214: 16544: 16111: 15043: 14777: 14092:

Justenhoven, Heinz-Gerhard; Ehrhart, Hans Georg. Intervention im Kongo: eine kritische Analyse der Befriedungspolitik von UN und EU.

11458: 11076: 8870: 7875: 4760: 3171: 2265: 401: 12878: 12722: 11728: 10347: 9481: 9206: 8346: 7927: 12828: 11568: 10483: 9716: 9623: 8585: 8525: 7814: 4630: 4114:: the DR Congo is the main missing link in this east–west highway and requires a new road to be constructed before it can function. 2142: 11519: 8726: 7676: 6198: 2462: 17065: 16374: 16182: 15893: 15409: 15048: 12674:

Ministère du Plan et Suivi de la Mise en oeuvre de la Révolution de la Modernité (MPSMRM); Ministère de la Santé Publique (MSP);

12566:

Ministère du Plan et Suivi de la Mise en oeuvre de la Révolution de la Modernité (MPSMRM); Ministère de la Santé Publique (MSP);

11369: 9777:"The National Assembly adopts the laws regarding the limits of the provinces in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (in French)" 8415: 6937:

Democratic Republic of the Congo (DROC) will become eligible for AGOA trade benefits upon formation of a transitional government.

5879: 5617: 4001: 2421: 1897: 1715:. Belgian Congolese forces under the command of Belgian officers notably fought against the Italian colonial army in Ethiopia in 1668:

turned into open warfare with a joint Anglo-Belgian-Portuguese invasion of German colonial territory in 1916 and 1917 during the

14564: 13507: 13488:. Middletown, Connecticut, United States: Wesleyan University Press for the Society for Ethnomusicology. 2008. pp. 297–309. 12132: 12058: 9513: 8180: 5102:

of an average citizen of the DRC by almost 2.9 years. Currently, the DRC does not have a national ambient air quality standard.

4395: 3949: 1780: 1762: 1740: 1231: 1011: 16321: 16027: 15674: 13783: 13483: 12353:

Schatzberg, Michael G (February 1980) Politics and Class in Zaire: Bureaucracy, Business and Beer in Lisala, Africana Pub. Co.

10934: 9936: 9122: 7790:"Congo-Zaire's 1996–97 civil war in the context of evolving patterns of military conflict in Africa in the era of independence" 7767: 6901: 6775:"Congo-Zaire's 1996-97 civil war in the context of evolving patterns of military conflict in Africa in the era of independence" 3199: 2816: 2238: 1314:

when he overthrew Mobutu in 1997. To distinguish it from the neighboring Republic of the Congo, it is sometimes referred to as

1241:

At the time of independence, the country was named the Republic of the Congo-Léopoldville to distinguish it from its neighbour

1181: 1131: 436: 37: 14173:, Third Edition, New Africa Press, 2006, "Chapter Six: Congo in The Sixties: The Bleeding Heart of Africa", pp. 147–205, 9686: 6620: 5790: 3810:

released a film documenting the testimony of over 400 women and girls who had been abused by marauding militia. In June 2010,

16144: 16126: 15990: 15953: 15459: 14288: 14259: 14190: 14178: 14163: 14105: 14034: 13963: 13894: 13746: 13707: 13606: 13567: 13467: 12399: 12269: 12202: 12177: 12142: 12068: 11982: 11954: 10749: 10166: 10141: 10096: 8558: 8240: 8210: 8154: 8124: 8094: 8064: 7975: 7905: 7558: 7518: 7406: 7242: 6918: 6872: 6522: 6483: 6373: 6320: 6293: 6266: 6170: 4949:

rate for the population between the ages of 15 and 49 was estimated to be 75.9% (88.1% male and 63.8% female) according to a

2868:

has exposed an enormous amount of mineral wealth throughout the south and east of the Congo, making it accessible to mining.

2046:

During the 1970s and 1980s, Mobutu was invited to visit the United States on several occasions, meeting with U.S. Presidents

1905: 13969: 12688: 12580: 10534: 10325: 9425: 8898: 8804: 8760: 8569: 8034: 7524: 7248: 5224: 955:, the territory of the Congo was first inhabited by Central African foragers around 90,000 years ago and was reached by the 16356: 16345: 16106: 11139: 10552:"Concluding comments of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women: Democratic Republic of the Congo" 9539: 8301: 8271: 7448:"Patrice Lumumba: 50 Years Later, Remembering the U.S.-Backed Assassination of Congo's First Democratically Elected Leader" 5883: 2731:

produced the Congo River system which dominates the region topographically along with the rainforest it flows through. The

2293: 1889: 1712: 1509: 13697: 13557: 13126: 12991: 10799: 10465: 9784: 5935: 16441: 16436: 16167: 16162: 15995: 13176: 12630:

2005 Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor, Bureau of International Labor Affairs, U.S. Department of Labor (2006).

12369: 11310: 10287: 9879: 9455: 5088:, in 2020 four in ten people in Congo lacked food security and about 15.6 million were facing a potential hunger crisis. 4774: 4139:. Traditionally water transport has been the dominant means of moving around in approximately two-thirds of the country. 3463:

The global growth in demand for scarce raw materials and the industrial surges in China, India, Russia, Brazil and other

1800: 1669: 1000: 11615: 11182:"The Dark Side of Globalization. The Vicious Cycle of Exploitation from World Market Integration: Lesson from the Congo" 10638: 9910: 7271: 6551: 3472:

Congolese unit is the latest push by the U.S. to professionalize armed forces in this "strategically important" region.

2160:, arrived in April 2001. In 2002–03 Bemba intervened in the Central African Republic on behalf of its former president, 1364:, the territory comprising the Democratic Republic of the Congo was home to Central Africa's oldest settled groups, the 17249: 17234: 16000: 14545: 14212: 14201: 13106: 13024: 10419: 6133: 5348:

Political and economic challenges under Mobutu prompted a mass exodus of musicians to Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia,

5080:

United Nations emergency food relief agency warned that amid the escalating conflict and worsening situation following

2960: 1619: 1457: 996: 14060:

The Dark Side of Globalization. The Vicious Cycle of Exploitation from World Market Integration: Lesson from the Congo

13149: 12942: 12608: 12097: 9041: 6977:

Yellen, John E. (1 September 1998). "Barbed Bone Points: Tradition and Continuity in Saharan and Sub-Saharan Africa".

6673: 4153:

Several international airlines service Kinshasa's international airport and a few also offer international flights to

1843:.' To avoid confusion between the two, the former Belgian Congo became known as the Democratic Republic of the Congo ( 1614:

In 1908, the Belgian parliament, in spite of initial reluctance, bowed to international pressure (especially from the

15087: 14383: 14142: 14008: 13916: 13635: 12358: 12228: 11702: 10202: 9306: 7215: 7112: 7087: 7042: 6751: 6715: 5918: 5760: 4258: 3800: 3752: 2579: 2358:

when Kabila's term in office ended. Across the country, dozens of protesters were killed and hundreds were arrested.

885: 11873: 10672: 8605: 6029: 3759:

in the DRC in 2013 and six goods produced by the country's mining industry appear on the department's December 2014

3605:

region, and other rebellions since the Second Congo War. Besides the FARDC, the largest peacekeeping mission of the

3245: 1972:; the U.S. believed that his administration would serve as an effective counter to communist movements in Africa. A 1168:, which flows through the country. The Congo River is the world's deepest river and the world's third-largest river 16336: 16269: 16259: 16195: 16055: 15420: 14616: 13426: 11285:"Province orientale: le diamant et l'or quelle part dans la reconstruction socio – économique de la Province?" 11284: 11220: 11054: 8007: 7447: 6584: 4154: 2355: 1901: 13674: 11785:"World Population Prospects 2022: Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950-2100" 11050: 7836: 5999: 4868:

foreign governments, the ban was lifted by the end of the 1980s. In 2012 plans were announced to build a national

3814:

reported a dramatic increase in the number of rapes in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and researchers from

16411: 14530: 11813: 10914: 5546: 5046: 4703:

In Kinshasa, 67% of the population in 2014 could read and write French, and 68.5% could speak and understand it.

4622:

very diverse in nature; refugees and asylum-seekers – products of the numerous and violent conflicts in the

3743:

was initiated by Kabila in April 2004. The International Criminal Court prosecutor opened the case in June 2004.

2268:

to neutralize armed groups. On 5 November 2013, M23 declared an end to its insurgency. Additionally, in northern

2261: 2059: 14281:

Entwicklungsträger in der DR Kongo: Entwicklungen in Politik, Wirtschaft, Religion, Zivilgesellschaft und Kultur

11917: 11497: 11103: 10514:"UN expert on violence against women expresses serious concerns following visit to Democratic Republic of Congo" 8396: 7019: 5033:

was introduced around Kinshasa. In 2012, it was estimated that about 1.1% of adults aged 15–49 were living with

4869: 4617:

Population fleeing their villages due to fighting between FARDC and rebels groups, Sake North Kivu 30 April 2012

4613: 2202: 17116: 17091: 16264: 15982: 15841: 12796: 12748: 12111: 11642: 10252: 9754: 6226:"Violence is roiling the Democratic Republic of Congo. Some say it's a strategy to keep the president in power" 6036: 4950: 4785: 3781: 2908:, iron ore, and coal are all found in plentiful supply, especially in the Congo's southeastern Katanga region. 2561: 2133:

Kabila later requested that foreign military forces return to their own countries. Rwandan troops retreated to

17: 10829: 6225: 4837:

Islam has been present in the Democratic Republic of the Congo since the 18th century, when Arab traders from

16537: 16488: 16316: 16304: 16047: 15959: 14557: 12483: 9359:"Gunfire rings out in Congo's capital as men in military uniform clash with politician's guards | World News" 5535: 5214: 5149: 4815: 4800:

reports this figure to be 95.9%. The proportion of followers of Islam is variously estimated from 1% to 12%.

4101: 4094: 2168:

was set up until after the election. A constitution was approved by voters, and on 30 July 2006 DRC held its

2138: 2043:, its fourth name change in eleven years and its sixth overall. The Congo River was renamed the Zaire River. 2019: 851: 167: 16796: 15324: 12513: 11028: 10590: 10435: 8964: 4709:

Approximately 242 languages are spoken in the country, of which four have the status of national languages:

3937:

Conditions improved in late 2002, when a large portion of the invading foreign troops withdrew. A number of

3041: 2450:

National Assembly. The pro-Kabila speakers of both houses of parliament were forced out. In April 2021, the

17264: 16403: 16366: 16341: 16152: 16005: 15910: 15080: 12963: 11418: 10994: 6674:"5.1 Democratic Republic of Congo Acronyms and Abbreviations | Digital Logistics Capacity Assessments" 5396: 4254: 3884: 3847:

Change in per capita GDP of Congo, 1950–2018. Figures are inflation-adjusted to 2011 International dollars.

3670: 2346: 1792: 1067: 817: 293: 14459: 13207: 12301: 11258: 7155: 6955: 6803: 6457:

Memoir, Descriptive and Explanatory, to Accompany the New Chart of the Ethiopic or Southern Atlantic Ocean

6347:

Nelson, Samuel Henry. Colonialism In The Congo Basin, 1880–1940. Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press, 1994

1050:

from 1998 to 2003, which resulted in the deaths of 5.4 million people. The war ended under President

16847: 16379: 16116: 16015: 15886: 14393: 13270: 12652: 11883: 9081: 7723: 6913:. Message from the President of the United States. United States Government Printing Office. p. 87. 6445:

Narrative of an Expedition to Explore the River Zaire, Usually Called the Congo, in South Africa, in 1816

5831: 5654:

The term "Kikongo" in the Constitution is actually referring to the Kituba language – which is known as

5493:(RTNC) is the national broadcaster of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. RTNC currently broadcasts in 5098:

PM2.5 guideline (5 μg/m: set in September 2021). These pollution levels are estimated to reduce the

3938: 3516: 2330:

and kidnapped at least 3,300 people since June 2017 to June 2019. On 10 May 2018, Congolese gynecologist

2297: 1704: 1525: 1169: 13232:

52 ans de musique congolaise : Au Congo-Kinshasa République démocratique du Congo (RDC) – 1960–2012

12770: 11432: 7310: 5412: 16426: 16231: 15938: 14425: 13836: 12908: 11332: 11156: 10886: 9973: 8923: 8503: 7079: 5968: 2123: 1311: 789: 10551: 7234:

Bortaï: journal de campagne: Abyssinie 1941, offensive belgo-congolaise, Faradje, Asosa, Gambela, Saio

4822:, since it covers most of the DRC Protestants. With more than 25 million members, it constitutes 4695:, facilitating communication among the many different ethnic groups of the Congo. According to a 2018 4104:: this route crosses the western extremity of the country on National Road No. 1 between Kinshasa and 3687:

In June 2020, a court in the Democratic Republic of Congo found President Tshisekedi's chief of staff

2316:

moved from their original bases in Uganda and South Sudan to DR Congo in 2005 and set up camps in the

177: 16384: 14844: 10972: 9065:"Vaccine hesitancy runs high in some African countries, in some cases leaving unused doses to expire" 5465: 5286:

authentically popularized the style and made significant contributions to it in the 1940s and 1950s.

5185:

Congo has a rich musical heritage, rooted in traditional rhythms. The earliest known form of popular

5095: 5084:

in the DRC, millions of lives were at risk as they could die of hunger. According to the data of the

5018: 4111: 3852: 3843: 3792: 3635: 3029: 2510:

In May 2024, during a parliamentary crisis related to the election for the leadership of parliament,

2489: 2366: 2313: 1447: 892:. With a population of around 109 million, the Democratic Republic of the Congo is the most populous 14358: 10607: 7575: 3961: 3198:, the nation is also economically and regionally affiliated with Southern Africa as a member of the 16636: 16530: 16421: 16065: 15923: 15163: 13364: 11672: 7390: 6774: 6469: 5294: 5081: 5030: 4117: 3744: 3195: 3114:, which threatens wildlife populations, water pollution and mining. From 2015 to 2019, the rate of 2627: 1820: 1039: 905: 338: 14183:

Africa and America in The Sixties: A Decade That Changed The Nation and The Destiny of A Continent

13806: 13300: 12544: 7125: 17096: 16522: 16493: 16483: 16221: 12445: 7103: 6068: 3954: 3009: 2550: 2405: 2339: 2161: 1875: 1566: 1381: 1250: 1099: 1095: 740: 629: 15643: 10223: 7606: 7364: 4524: 4189: 3358: 1562:

was called in and made the practice of cutting off the limbs of the natives a matter of policy.

1263: 1222:

The Democratic Republic of the Congo has been known in the past as, in chronological order, the

17086: 16919: 16511: 16478: 16389: 16098: 15943: 15879: 14058: 13862: 13395: 12415: 12331: 11843: 11384: 11181: 10768:

The law on sexual violence, DRC 2006 (Les lois sur les violences sexuelles) reads (in French):

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The economy of DRC relies heavily on mining. However, the smaller-scale economic activity from

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also erupted. The mountain subsequently erupted again in 2006, and once again in January 2010.

2523: 1928: 1059: 671: 623: 15580: 8465: 7068: 6283: 6095: 4770: 4432: 4221: 4108:, a distance of 285 km (177 mi) on one of the only paved sections in fair condition. 2841:

activity, occasionally with loss of life. The geologic activity in this area also created the

16656: 16244: 16216: 15183: 10133: 10126: 10086: 8820: 6908: 6858: 6637:"DR Congo: Children's access to education under threat from ongoing violence in Kasai region" 6512: 6363: 6310: 6256: 5582: 4470: 4288: 3479:, a metal used in many industrial and military applications. The largest use of cobalt is in 3428: 3119: 3057: 3049: 3045: 3037: 2981: 2969: 2698:

of the river, which slopes toward the Atlantic Ocean in the west. This area is surrounded by

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in 2013 and 400,000 persons displaced in the province as of 2013. On and off fighting in the

1840: 1486: 1246: 1242: 1177: 980: 901: 33: 14477: 14241:

Africa's World War: Congo, the Rwandan Genocide, and the Making of a Continental Catastrophe

12012: 10856: 9121: 9080: 8323: 7867: 7207: 6737: 6701: 6473: 2320:. The war in the Congo has been described as the bloodiest war since World War II. In 2009, 2156:

succeeded him and called for multilateral peace talks. UN peacekeepers, MONUC, now known as

2014: 16893: 16211: 15849: 14466: 14116: 9827: 9578: 6864: 6817: 5205:. The style gained popularity in the 1920s–1930s, introducing the "bar-dancing" culture in 5085: 4904: 4900: 4241:

Over 250 ethnic groups and 450 tribes (ethnic subgroups) populate the DRC. They are in the

3901: 3876: 3871:, a third of its cobalt, more than 30% of its diamond reserves, and a tenth of its copper. 3819: 2846: 2417: 2393: 2281: 1985: 1482: 1119: 945: 44: 12714: 4864: 2249:, the leader of the CNDP, and troops loyal to him, mutinied and formed the rebel military 1524:. Leopold's regime began various infrastructure projects, such as the construction of the 8: 17132: 16949: 15441: 15424: 14315: 13850: 13601:. Santa Barbara, California, United States: Bloomsbury Publishing USA. pp. 207–208. 12859: 12832: 10088:

Democratic Republic of the Congo: Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper-Progress Report (EPub)

9477: 7967: 5539: 4842: 4793: 4718: 4623: 4273: 4022: 3386: 3310: 3152: 3149: 3096: 3033: 2842: 2667: 2442: 2389: 2197: 1989: 1531: 1275: 801: 267: 14348: 12326: 12295:"Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life / Islam and Christianity in Sub-Saharan Africa" 9831: 9615: 9582: 7806: 6821: 5154: 4953:

nationwide survey. The education system is governed by three government ministries: the

4784:

Christianity is the predominant religion of the DRC. A 2013–14 survey, conducted by the

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discovered that rapes committed by civilians had increased seventeenfold. In June 2014,

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was President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo from January 2001 to January 2019.

2519: 2437: 2410: 1893: 1071: 357: 17239: 17137: 16934: 16462: 16415: 14388: 14296:

Dancing in the Glory of Monsters: the Collapse of the Congo and the Great War of Africa

14111: 11878: 11433:"Katanga Project Update and 2Q 2008 Financials, Katanga Mining Limited, 12 August 2008" 8734: 7672: 7002: 6952:"Katanda Bone Harpoon Point | The Smithsonian Institution's Human Origins Program" 6833: 6707: 6589: 5404: 5279: 4797: 4230: 4147: 3464: 2711: 2675: 2671: 2663: 2619: 2277: 1665: 1505: 1306:

as the name used by the natives (i.e., derived from Portuguese usage) remained common.

1074:, who has served as president since. Since 2015, eastern Congo has been the site of an 15072: 12797:"Democratic Republic of the Congo, Epidemiological profile, World Malaria Report 2014" 12745:"The World Factbook – Field Listing : HIV/AIDS : adult prevalence rate" 9004:"Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) – Ebola Situation Report #40 – April 10, 2021" 8176: 2436:

was held. On 10 January 2019, the electoral commission announced opposition candidate

1639: 16939: 16676: 16249: 15948: 15787: 15626: 15199: 14983: 14284: 14255: 14208: 14197: 14186: 14174: 14159: 14158:

Miller, Eric: "The Inability of Peacekeeping to Address the Security Dilemma", 2010.

14138: 14101: 14097: 14030: 14004: 13959: 13742: 13703: 13602: 13563: 13530: 13499: 13463: 13339: 13102: 12984:"Millions 'on the edge' in DR Congo, now in even greater danger of tipping over: WFP" 12675: 12567: 12395: 12354: 12148: 12138: 12105: 12074: 12064: 11950: 11228: 10415: 10162: 10137: 10092: 10061:"Chapter XXVI: Disarmament – No. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons" 9845: 9596: 9503: 9392: 9276: 9113: 9072: 8973: 8932: 7971: 7554: 7514: 7402: 7395: 7238: 7211: 7200: 7108: 7083: 7006: 6994: 6914: 6868: 6837: 6747: 6711: 6518: 6479: 6369: 6316: 6289: 6262: 6166: 5936:

Mortality in the Democratic Republic of Congo: An ongoing crisis: Full 26-page report

5914: 5578: 5506: 5198: 5145: 4686: 4250: 4246: 4018: 3983: 3769: 3496: 3468: 2915: 2812: 2784: 2691: 2511: 2466: 2425: 2351: 2335: 2250: 2146: 2141:

to fight Kabila, while Uganda instigated the creation of a rebel movement called the

2100: 2055: 1724: 1692: 1536: 1517: 1407: 1235: 1062:, torture, arbitrary imprisonment and restrictions on civil liberties. Following the 967:

from the 14th to 19th centuries. In the northeast, center, and east, the kingdoms of

13775: 10436:"Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor – Democratic Republic of the Congo" 7759: 5267: 4560: 3922: 3352: 3324: 1768: 1410:, one of the oldest barbed harpoons ever found, believed to have been used to catch 15928: 14589: 14574: 14540: 13883:"Rwanda Kicks Off Quest for Africa Women's Volleyball Championship Against Morocco" 9835: 9586: 9307:"Congolese army says shootout in the capital is failed coup, perpetrators arrested" 8584:

Al Jazeera News (9 March 2018). "UN: Two million children risk starvation in DRC."

8555: 8232: 8202: 8146: 8116: 8086: 8056: 7963: 7673:""Zaire: The Hoax of Independence", The Aida Parker Newsletter #203, 4 August 1997" 6986: 6829: 6825: 6610: 6441:

An Abstract of a Voyage to Congo River, Or the Zair and to Cabinde in the Year 1700

6158: 6100: 5593: 5562: 5558: 5534:. The sports are played in numerous stadiums throughout the country, including the 5494: 5452: 5300:

style that evolved from Congolese rumba. Soukous led to diverse offshoots, such as

5283: 5202: 5056: 5022: 4973: 4892: 4722: 4634: 4323: 4128:, and a paved road in fair condition over the short distance to the Zambian border. 4026: 3978: 3974: 3926: 3414: 3013: 2965: 2912: 2728: 2721: 2717: 2659: 2269: 2104: 2093: 2083: 1961: 1882: 1859: 1808: 1784: 1754: 1540: 1521: 1494: 1478: 1451: 1385: 1258: 1223: 1188: 1082: 1047: 1027: 984: 976: 960: 941: 797: 715: 449: 262: 257: 138: 15813: 13882: 13776:"Musique : qu'est-ce que le clan Wenge, pionnier de la danse Ndombolo ?" 13048:"Regulating Air Quality: the First Global Assessment of Air Pollution Legislation" 12370:"Zaire (Democratic Republic of Congo)", Adherents.com – Religion by Location. 12258: 12170: 7897: 6910:

Comprehensive Report on U.S. Trade and Investment Policy Toward Sub-Saharan Africa

6802:

Ballinger, Benjamin; Stringer, Martin; Schmeda-Lopez, Diego R. (1 December 2019).

5545:

Internationally, the country is especially famous for its professional basketball

5201:, encompassing parts of the present-day Republic of the Congo, southern Gabon and 4674: 4649:

located in the region and beyond. These numbers peaked in 2004 when, according to

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International Criminal Court investigation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

3735:

International Criminal Court investigation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

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would become part of the new armed forces. It also provided for the creation of a

3338: 1917: 1863: 1720: 1584:, was instructed by the British government to investigate. His report, called the 1573:

killed nearly half the population in the areas surrounding the lower Congo River.

1489:. The eastern regions of the precolonial Congo were heavily disrupted by constant 1481:

and administration took place from the 1870s until the 1920s. It was first led by

17081: 16731: 15619: 15528: 15115: 14859: 14584: 14415: 14374: 14067: 13953: 13869: 13457: 12970: 12679: 12614: 12571: 12008: 11989: 11364: 11163: 11143: 10921: 10756: 10737: 10538: 10531: 10317: 10259: 10209: 10189: 9417: 8902: 8895: 8827: 8808: 8801: 8789: 8756: 8641: 8592: 8573: 8566: 8562: 8422: 8403: 8353: 8330: 8030: 7508: 7317: 7232: 7098: 7075: 7052: 7026: 6137: 5671: 5574: 5566: 5554: 5550: 5251: 5172: 5130: 5099: 5062: 4969: 4710: 4682: 4313: 4242: 3856: 3662: 3499:

consumes significant quantities of cobalt in a variety of applications including

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The country is currently divided into the city-province of Kinshasa and 25 other

3088: 3080: 3025: 2858: 2788: 2694:. This massive expanse of lush jungle covers most of the vast, low-lying central 2451: 2088: 2079: 1973: 1924: 1923:

Meanwhile, in the east of the country, Soviet and Cuban-backed rebels called the

1828: 1824: 1796: 1772: 1681: 1585: 1434: 1403: 1369: 1361: 1302:

is the preferred English name in 19th-century literature, although references to

1043: 1023: 972: 956: 929: 773: 528: 252: 237: 72: 14450: 14327:

In the Footsteps of Mr. Kurtz: Living on the Brink of Disaster in Mobutu's Congo

11136: 8293: 8263: 8177:"Tanzanian troops arrive in eastern DR Congo as part of UN intervention brigade" 6896: 6157:, Arab Human Development Report, United Nations, pp. ii–iii, 29 June 2022, 6150: 4089:

and the Office of the Uele Railways (Office des Chemins de fer des Ueles, CFU).

2600: 2374: 16929: 15933: 15918: 15782: 15565: 15549: 13122: 12983: 12681:

Enquête Démographique et de Santé en République Démocratique du Congo 2013–2014

12573:

Enquête Démographique et de Santé en République Démocratique du Congo 2013–2014

11550:"How 'modern-day slavery' in the Congo powers the rechargeable battery economy" 10532:

Enquête Démographique et de Santé en République Démocratique du Congo 2013–2014

10469: 10407: 9840: 9776: 6808: 6162: 5659: 5392: 5341: 5271: 5074: 5066: 4888: 4646: 4578: 4452: 4308: 4303: 3997: 3909:

The DRC is the world's largest producer of cobalt ore, and a major producer of

3883:

in the world. The DRC is also one of the twenty lowest-ranked countries on the

3708: 3677: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3488: 3296: 3260: 3021: 2780: 2772: 2695: 2493: 2485: 2301: 2289: 2246: 2234: 2193: 1969: 1913: 1630: 1581: 1577: 1558: 1461: 1421: 1204: 1115: 992: 988: 881: 372: 13172: 13077: 12127: 12053: 12029:"Target Survey: French, the most spoken language in DRC, far ahead of Lingala" 11306: 9591: 9566: 9447: 9237:"DR Congo presidential election: partial results give Tshisekedi a clear lead" 6990: 5005: 4706:

In 2024, there were around 12 million native French speakers in the country.

3879:

had reached 173%. DR Congo consistently has the lowest, or nearly the lowest,

3780:

seems to be perceived by large sectors of society to be normal. The 2013–2014

1934:

Lumumba had previously appointed Mobutu chief of staff of the new Congo army,

1909: 17208: 17190: 17177: 16852: 16701: 15902: 15808: 15803: 15631: 15239: 14611: 14606: 14552: 14454: 14410: 14148: 14082:

Gondola, Ch. Didier, "The History of Congo", Westport: Greenwood Press, 2002.

13702:. New York City, New York State, United States: Hachette Books. p. 129. 13343: 12939:"The World Factbook – Country Comparison : Maternal mortality rate" 12633: 11463: 11232: 9849: 9508: 9396: 9280: 9117: 9076: 8977: 8936: 6998: 6804:"The vulnerability of electric vehicle deployment to critical mineral supply" 6130: 5570: 5384: 5317: 5313: 5263: 5259: 5228: 5186: 5091: 4831: 4726: 4691: 4331: 4298: 4143: 3748: 3688: 3590: 3528: 3452: 3268: 3140: 3107: 2757: 2753: 2526:

were arrested by security forces, and videos of their capture shared online.

2331: 2257: 2227: 2189: 2153: 2062:

U.S. relations with Mobutu cooled, as he was no longer deemed necessary as a

2051: 2047: 1847:), while the former French colony retained the name 'Republic of the Congo' ( 1745: 1696: 1597: 1490: 1417: 1238:, before returning to its current name the Democratic Republic of the Congo. 1227: 1192: 1123: 1075: 1051: 1004: 844: 462: 217: 204: 15059: 13016: 5059:, in 2016, 26,529 people died on the roads in DRC due to traffic accidents. 4053: 3917:. As of 2023, the country is estimated to possess around 70% of the world's 3558: 1625: 16606: 15744: 15349: 15339: 15143: 14569: 14070:, Working Papers in Economics and Statistics 31, University Innsbruck 2007. 14022: 13562:. New York City, New York State, United States: Bloomsbury Publishing USA. 13141: 12715:"Congo, With Donors' Help, Introduces New Vaccine for Pneumococcal Disease" 10378:"DRC: Investigation opens on Joseph Kabila over $ 138 million embezzlement" 9941: 9911:"An April 2009 report to Congress by the National Defense Stockpile Center" 9600: 9333:"RDC: situation confuse à Kinshasa autour de la résidence de Vital Kamerhe" 9033: 7546: 5477: 5419:

making significant contributions to its evolution and international stage.

5408: 5349: 5331: 5305: 5275: 5255: 5194: 5042: 4907:'s flagship project is Kimbilio, which works to reunite street children in 4814:

Sixty-two Protestant denominations are federated under the umbrella of the

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in the south and southwest, by mountainous terraces in the west, and dense

1981: 1870: 1836: 1736: 1700: 1365: 1196: 1159: 1019: 968: 475: 14153:

Conspiracy to Murder: The Rwandan Genocide and the International Community

10318:"Vital Kamerhe: DRC president's chief of staff found guilty of corruption" 9646:"Analysis: The next Amazon? Congo Basin faces rising deforestation threat" 4689:

of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It is culturally accepted as the

17009: 16811: 16791: 16711: 15523: 15354: 15244: 11307:"UN human development rankings place Norway at the top and DR Congo last" 10668: 6258:

The Democratic Republic of the Congo. La République Démocratique du Congo

5416: 5365: 5297: 4846: 4838: 4804: 4789: 4656:

Since 2003, more than 400,000 Congolese migrants have been expelled from

4318: 3987: 3925:

in the west. By far the largest mines in the DRC are located in southern

3681: 3400: 3316: 3155:. The 2003 transitional constitution had established a parliament with a 2929: 2865: 2854: 2808: 2804: 2737: 2732: 2631: 2362: 2309: 2305: 2116: 2008: 1867: 1657: 1425: 1165: 1155: 964: 952: 909: 410: 395: 13853:

Libraries & Academic Information Resources. Retrieved 28 April 2014.

12389: 11292: 8440:"1,900 killed, over 3,300 abducted in DR Congo's eastern Kivu provinces" 4955:

Ministère de l'Enseignement Primaire, Secondaire et Professionnel (MEPSP

16984: 16979: 16873: 16806: 16746: 16736: 16726: 16631: 16457: 15739: 15729: 15714: 15430: 15334: 15299: 15284: 15269: 15224: 15158: 14076:

Doomed to Disaster? Long-term Trajectories of Exploitation in the Congo

13666: 12450:

U.S. Department of State – Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor

11571:, Official EC list, updated 20 April 2011. Retrieved 20 September 2011. 10694:

Matundu Mbambi, Annie; Faray-Kele, Marie-Claire (April–December 2010).

9969:"DRC's Tshisekedi has secured his power base: now it's time to deliver" 9241: 8727:"REFILE-Opposition leader Felix Tshisekedi sworn in as Congo president" 7868:"Revealed: how Africa's dictator died at the hands of his boy soldiers" 6743: 5337: 5327: 5243: 4908: 4896: 4876: 4764: 4756: 4596: 4542: 4465: 4447: 4427: 4400: 4125: 4058: 3942: 3594: 3484: 3480: 3422: 3408: 3344: 3001: 2830: 2792: 2564: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2370: 2285: 2211: 2032: 1607: 1091: 1087: 1046:. The country then had its name changed back and was confronted by the 309: 32:

This article is about the larger country. For the smaller country, see

15507: 13741:. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. p. 313. 12607:

Constitution de la République démocratique du Congo – Wikisource

11735:. UN, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. 10159:

War, Hunger, and Displacement: The Origins of Humanitarian Emergencies

6361: 5581:—have gained prominence in world football. DR Congo has twice won the 5065:

is poor in DRC. According to 2010 estimates, DRC has the 17th highest

5009:

Development of life expectancy in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

3703: 3638:

are the primary police force in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

2992:

The rainforests of the Democratic Republic of the Congo contain great

2276:

created by Laurent Kabila slipped out of the control of Kinshasa with

1807:

of the Republic of the Congo, on 24 June 1960. The parliament elected

1656:

The Belgian Congo was directly involved in the two world wars. During

16969: 16964: 16909: 16751: 15724: 15289: 14093: 13888: 11909: 10731:"Female Genital Cutting Rates | African Women's Health Center at BWH" 9687:"Interim Constitution – Democratic Republic of the Congo (2003–2006)" 9385:"DRC army says it stopped attempted coup involving three US citizens" 8965:"New Ebola Outbreak in Congo, Already Hit by Measles and Coronavirus" 7069:

The Cambridge history of Africa: From the earliest times to c. 500 BC

5709: 5588:

DR Congo's women's national volleyball team lastly qualified for the

5369: 5232: 5218: 5210: 5116: 4920: 4852: 4483: 4437: 4178: 4133: 3966: 3274: 3068: 2924: 2893: 2885: 2850: 2838: 2826: 2707: 2604:

Democratic Republic of the Congo map of Köppen climate classification

2175: 2028: 1498: 10935:"Rights Groups, DRC Lawmakers Call for 'Filimbi' Activists' Release" 10031:"China Cash Flowed Through Congo Bank to Former President's Cronies" 9813:"The geopolitics of renewable energy: Debunking four emerging myths" 9746: 8031:"Congo-Kinshasa: General Ntaganda and Loyalists Desert Armed Forces" 4264: 4225:

Democratic Republic of the Congo's population between 1960 and 2017.

3994:

and tin, respectively, helped to fuel the war in the eastern Congo.

2539: 1556:

to honor himself and his country. To enforce the rubber quotas, the

1528:

of Leopoldville (now Kinshasa), which took eight years to complete.

1516:

King Leopold formally acquired rights to the Congo territory at the

1176:("Committee for the Study of the Upper Congo"), established by King 900:, which is also the economic center. The country is bordered by the 17225:

Member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie

17111: 17035: 17004: 16999: 16666: 16661: 16621: 16616: 16601: 15759: 15749: 15704: 15694: 15389: 15364: 15214: 15209: 15188: 15153: 15138: 14378: 14274:

Bradt Travel Guide: Congo — Democratic Republic/Republic

11946:

Migration en République Démocratique du Congo: Profil national 2009

11358:"Ranking Of The World's Diamond Mines By Estimated 2013 Production" 11132: 10541:. Rockville, Maryland, USA : MPSMRM, MSP and ICF International 8757:"DR Congo presidential election: Outcry as Tshisekedi named winner" 7478:"Belgians accused of war crimes in killing of Congo leader Lumumba" 7029:. BBC World Service: The Story of Africa; accessed 2 December 2017. 6615: 5388: 5380: 5376: 5236: 5206: 5180: 5034: 4946: 4884: 4808: 4642: 4555: 4519: 4413: 4408: 4390: 4146:) that offered flights inside DR Congo. Congo Airways was based at 4142:

As of February 2024, DR Congo had one major national airline (

4136: 3991: 3557:

The military of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, known as the

3500: 3302: 3254: 3111: 2997: 2877: 2800: 2771:

The Congo River has the second-largest flow and the second-largest

2647: 2063: 2036: 1968:

Mobutu had the staunch support of the United States because of his

1570: 1549: 1471: 1429: 925: 897: 839: 777: 196: 16552: 12475: 11179: 10584:"Violence Against Women in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)" 10001:"Congo Reviews $ 6.2 Billion China Mining Deal as Criticism Grows" 8841:"DR Congo announces new govt 7 months after president inaugurated" 6069:"Democratic Republic of Congo in Crisis | Human Rights Watch" 4803:

There are about 35 million Catholics in the country with six

1257:(a past name for the Congo River) on 27 October 1971 by President 17019: 17014: 16989: 16944: 16924: 16914: 16831: 16826: 16821: 16801: 16781: 16766: 16756: 16721: 16646: 16611: 16591: 16586: 16581: 16576: 15734: 15709: 15673: 15596: 15575: 15544: 15502: 15374: 15344: 15329: 15314: 15304: 15294: 15259: 15254: 15204: 15173: 15148: 15123: 14267:

The Great African War: Congo and Regional Geopolitics, 1996–2006

13082: 12632:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

12505: 11758: 11024: 9269:"DRC president declared election winner as opposition cries foul" 9177:"RDC failed coup plot: president's security adviser in detention" 8821:

Nearly 900 killed in ethnic violence in Congo in mid-December -UN

8802:

DR Congo: Nearly 900 killed in ethnic clashes last month, UN says

7959:

The Frontlines of Peace: An Insider's Guide to Changing the World

6129:

BBC. (9 October 2013). "DR Congo: Cursed by its natural wealth".

5353: 5322: 5290: 5176: 5038: 4880: 4714: 4501: 4121: 3914: 3815: 3613:, is also present in the country with about 18,000 peacekeepers. 3610: 3578: 3492: 3394: 3380: 3372: 3330: 3064: 2905: 2897: 2873: 2703: 2699: 2679: 2643: 2400: 2273: 2157: 1395: 1015: 979:

ruled from the 16th and 17th centuries to the 19th century. King

921: 479: 319: 15871: 13958:(illustrated, reprint ed.). University of Wisconsin Press. 11874:"The World Factbook: Africa – Congo, Democratic Republic of the" 11520:"The [Ivanhoe] pullback investors have been waiting for" 10995:"World Bank Pledges $ 1 Billion to Democratic Republic of Congo" 9448:"Nyamuragira Volcano, Democratic Republic of Congo | John Seach" 8830:. Reuters. Published 16 January 2019. Retrieved 21 January 2019. 4937: 3222:

Administrative divisions of the Democratic Republic of the Congo

3136: 2763: 2500:

in the country led to uncertainty, but the coup attempt failed.

2340:

the use of sexual violence as a weapon of war and armed conflict

2137:

and launched a new Tutsi-led rebel military movement called the

1888:

On 18 September 1961, in ongoing negotiations of a ceasefire, a

1874:

supplies and advisers. On 23 August, the Congolese armed forces

1730: 1703:, the Belgian Congo provided a crucial source of income for the 1520:

in 1885 and made the land his private property. He named it the

17260:

1960 establishments in the Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville)

16994: 16974: 16959: 16954: 16888: 16883: 16857: 16786: 16761: 16696: 16691: 16681: 16626: 15754: 15719: 15689: 15399: 15384: 15379: 15319: 15274: 15234: 15128: 15107: 14429: 13202:[Musical Journey: the return and return of the rumba]. 11128: 9937:"Which Countries Are For or Against China's Xinjiang Policies?" 9751:

Southern African Development Community: Towards a common future

9106:"Italy Mourns an Ambassador and His Bodyguard, Killed in Congo" 8697:"Surprise Winner Of Congolese Election Is An Opposition Leader" 7553:(expanded ed.). Rochester, Vermont: Schenkman Books, Inc. 7156:"Kinshasa – national capital, Democratic Republic of the Congo" 6641: 5357: 5070: 4978: 4778: 4657: 4537: 4488: 4354:

Largest cities or towns in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

4105: 4081:

Rail transportation is provided by the Congo Railroad Company (

3918: 3910: 3868: 3731:

Military macho-violence in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

3476: 3288: 3282: 3005: 2901: 2869: 2655: 2651: 2639: 2635: 1957: 1677: 1553: 1485:, who undertook his explorations under the sponsorship of King 1411: 1184:, established by him in 1879, were also named after the river. 1127: 937: 933: 917: 913: 12648: 11490:"10th Annual Pan-European Conference Strategic Decisions 2013" 7928:"ICC Convicts Bemba of War Crimes and Crimes against Humanity" 6801: 5960: 1687:

After 1918, Belgium was rewarded for the participation of the

1187:

The Congo River was named by early European sailors after the

1018:

on 30 June 1960 and was immediately confronted by a series of

16878: 16776: 16771: 16706: 16686: 16671: 16596: 16274: 15570: 15359: 15309: 15264: 15249: 15229: 15219: 15193: 15133: 14579: 14507: 11983:"Calls for Angola to Investigate Abuse of Congolese Migrants" 11949:(in French). International Organization for Migration. 2010. 10348:"DRC: Under what conditions has Vital Kamerhe been released?" 10156: 6365:

Historical Dictionary of the Democratic Republic of the Congo

6285:

Historical Dictionary of the Democratic Republic of the Congo

5400: 5121: 4959:

Ministère de l'Enseignement Supérieur et Universitaire (MESU)

4650: 4573: 4062: 3811: 3524: 3491:

and in cutting and wear-resistant materials such as cemented

3017: 2985: 2919: 2779:

in both respects). The sources of the Congo River are in the

2710:

extending beyond the Congo River in the north. The glaciated

2465:

began in June 2020, ultimately causing 55 deaths. The global

2385: 2108: 1952: 1827:, and the Parti National du Peuple led by Albert Delvaux and 1816: 1750: 1716: 1254: 1253:

on 1 August 1964, the country became the DRC but was renamed

1215:, 'to gather' (trans)." The modern name of the Kongo people, 1035: 515: 14001:

The State-Society Struggle: Zaire in Comparative Perspective

12446:"2010 Human Rights Report: Democratic Republic of the Congo" 10696:"Gender Inequality and Social Institutions in the D.R.Congo" 10639:"Prevalence of Rape in E. Congo Described as Worst in World" 9207:"Combat troops patrol in Kinshasa after failed coup attempt" 8811:. BBC. Published 16 January 2019. Retrieved 21 January 2019. 8406:. The Program for Humanitarian Policy and Conflict Research. 8117:"Rwanda defence chief leads DR Congo rebels, UN report says" 7641: 7513:. Oxford; New York City: Osprey Publishing. pp. 14–18. 6096:"Congo's surprise new leader in 1st peaceful power transfer" 5320:

ethnic background. The same soukous, under the guidance of "

4073: 3861:

Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa

3786:

Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women

3680:

issued a report claiming that the Congo is run as a violent

2950:

Environmental issues in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

1054:, who governed the country from 2001 to 2019 and under whom 16816: 16741: 16716: 16641: 15369: 15279: 15168: 13921: 12646: 11077:"Congo with $ 24 Trillion in Mineral Wealth BUT still Poor" 8496:"The Democratic Republic of the Congo: Hurdle After Hurdle" 7794:

Conflict Studies Journal at the University of New Brunswick

7724:"The 2006 Constitution of the Democratic Republic of Congo" 7551:

The Rise and Fall of Patrice Lumumba: Conflict in the Congo

6891:

Aid Applicant: The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DROC).

5758: 5361: 5026: 4591: 2881: 2795:. The river flows generally west from Kisangani just below 2223: 2134: 2112: 1199:, when they encountered them in the 16th century. The word 1107: 14016:

The Democratic Republic of Congo: Between Hope and Despair

12831:. World Health Organization. 24 April 2014. Archived from 11643:"The Power Plants That May Save a Park, and Aid a Country" 10910: 10908: 10776:[The laws against sexual violence]. Archived from 10484:"Foreign travel advice – Democratic Republic of the Congo" 10412:

Reimagining Child Soldiers in International Law and Policy

10161:. Faculty of Philosophy Columbia University. p. 261. 9478:"Lambertini, A Naturalist's Guide to the Tropics, excerpt" 9034:"Covid: DR Congo in race against time to vaccinate people" 8695:

Gonzales, Richard; Schwartz, Matthew S. (9 January 2019).

7951: 7949: 5631:

Index of Democratic Republic of the Congo-related articles

4124:, a paved road in very poor condition between Kolwezi and 2956:

List of ecoregions in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

1390: 1081:

The Democratic Republic of the Congo is extremely rich in

14127:. Boulder, Colorado and London: Lynne Rienner Publishers. 13845: 13738:

Europe after Empire: Decolonization, Society, and Culture

11554: 10669:"UN official calls DR Congo 'rape capital of the world.'" 10262:. Swissinfo, Basel Institute of Governance, 14 July 2009. 9781:

National Assembly of the Democratic Republic of the Congo

8907: 7837:"Zaire Chooses Confusing New Name | The Spokesman-Review" 7691: 7653: 7629: 6556: 6468: 6030:"Measuring Mortality in the Democratic Republic of Congo" 5913:. New York, NY: HarperCollins. pp. Chapter 1 and 2. 4678:

The four Bantu languages with elevated "national" status.

3665:

in 2009. In July 2009, a Swiss court determined that the

3443:

Foreign relations of the Democratic Republic of the Congo

2976: 2889: 2592: 2518:

which was repelled by security forces loyal to President

2241:, defected along with troops loyal to him and formed the 2128:

Alliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Congo

2073: 2011:

as Mobutu and his associates embezzled government funds.

1946: 1070:

since independence, Kabila was succeeded as president by

856: 14369: 13636:"Spreading Ndombolo Dance Across Africa with Bush Sebar" 11792:

United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs

11763:

United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs

10693: 10128:

King of the Mountain: The Nature of Political Leadership

9146:"Kenya, DRC sign deals on security, trade and transport" 7930:. International Justice Resource Center. 29 March 2016. 6857:

Starbird, Caroline; Deboer, Dale; Pettit, Jenny (2004).

4173:

Renewable energy in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

3487:

parts for high speed war planes. Cobalt is also used in

2650:(across Lake Tanganyika), to the south and southeast by 2253:(M23), claiming the government had violated the treaty. 1298:

gradually in English usage during the 18th century, and

1164:

The Democratic Republic of the Congo is named after the

126:("Justice – Peace – Work") 122:"Justice – Paix – Travail" 15102: 14471:

Africa South of the Sahara: Selected Internet Resources

13427:"Papa Wemba: the King of Rumba, 'le Prince de la Sape'" 12259:"Enquête Démographique et de Santé (EDS-RDC) 2013–2014" 12171:"Enquête Démographique et de Santé (EDS-RDC) 2013–2014" 11459:"Watchdog says $ 88m missing in Congolese mining taxes" 11173: 10905: 10800:"DRC: 'Civilians bearing brunt of South Kivu violence'" 8896:"DR Congo measles: Nearly 5,000 dead in major outbreak" 8871:"DR Congo names new cabinet, cements president's power" 7946: 3897:

Mining industry of the Democratic Republic of the Congo

3723:

Sexual violence in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

3519:

and other Muslim ethnic minorities. In 2021, President

2972:, making the park a critical habitat for these animals. 2690:, the second-largest rainforest in the world after the 1103: 896:

in the world. The national capital and largest city is

14137:

Mealer, Bryan: "All Things Must Fight To Live", 2008.

13332:"Papa Wemba: Congolese music's dandy with a dark side" 12855:"The Latest: Ebola deaths top 1,000 in Congo outbreak" 8526:"No elections in DR Congo before April 2018: minister" 4049:

Rail transport in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

3727:

Child soldiers in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

2803:, joining with the Ubangi River, and running into the 2658:, and to the west by the South Atlantic Ocean and the 2492:. On 22 April 2021, meetings between Kenyan President 2206:

People fleeing their villages due to fighting between

1513:, actually played one European rival against another. 15834:

Southern African Development Coordination Conference

14052:

The Troubled Heart of Africa: A History of the Congo.

13462:. London, United Kingdom: Rough Guides. p. 723. 13200:"Voyage Musical : l'aller et retour de la rumba" 11729:"Democratic Republic of the Congo Demographic Trends" 10466:"Constitution de la République Démocratique du Congo" 10288:"New Study Shows Congo is Run as Violent Kleptocracy" 9717:"Congo (Democratic Republic of the) 2005 (rev. 2011)" 8233:"Katanga: Fighting for DR Congo's cash cow to secede" 8006:. Agence France-Presse. 23 March 2012. Archived from 7397:

The Congo, From Leopold to Kabila: A People's History

5824:"World Economic Outlook Database, April 2024 Edition" 5209:(now Kinshasa), incorporating unique elements like a 3762:

List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor

3116:

deforestation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

3032:. Five of the country's national parks are listed as 2845:, four of which lie on the Congo's eastern frontier: 1904:). Katangan secession ended in January 1963 with the 1839:

also gained independence and adopted the same name, '

14220:

The Congo from Leopold to Kabila: A People's History

12098:"Mapped: Top 15 Countries by Native French Speakers" 8670:"Fear and trauma haunt Congolese massacre survivors" 8347:"A New Study Finds Death Toll in Congo War too High" 8004:"DR Congo government, CNDP rebels 'sign peace deal'" 7807:"Capture of Zaire's capital complete – May 18, 1997" 7044:

The Congo Free State – a colony of gross excess

6856: 5607: 5590:

2021 Women's African Nations Volleyball Championship

4941:

A classroom in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

4202:

Demographics of the Democratic Republic of the Congo

3768:

The Democratic Republic of the Congo has prohibited

3717:

Human rights in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

3545:

Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo

3523:

called for a review of mining contracts signed with

3056:. The Democratic Republic of the Congo is one of 17 2946:

Institut Congolais pour la Conservation de la Nature

2384:

A tribal conflict erupted on 16–17 December 2018 at

2070:

In September 1997, Mobutu died in exile in Morocco.

1576:

News of the abuses began to circulate. In 1904, the

1286:("river swallowing rivers"). The river was known as 1111: 14460:

The Democratic Republic of Congo from Global Issues

14440:

Wikimedia Atlas of Democratic Republic of the Congo

12390:De Boeck, Filip; Plissart, Marie-Frangoise (1899). 10630: 10091:. International Monetary Fund. 2010. pp. 56–. 8924:"Congo's Deadliest Ebola Outbreak Is Declared Over" 8783:

DR Congo election board delays vote in three cities

8606:"DR Congo: Rebels Were Recruited to Crush Protests" 7956:Autesserre, Séverine; Gbowee, Leymah (3 May 2021). 7230: 6094:Mwanamilongo, Saleh; Anna, Cara (24 January 2019). 5636:

Democratic Republic of the Congo–South Sudan border

5522:

Rugby union in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

5045:are problems. In May 2019, the death toll from the 3216:

Territories of the Democratic Republic of the Congo

2767:

Satellite image of Democratic Republic of the Congo

1058:remained poor and included frequent abuses such as 12829:"Yellow fever in the Democratic Republic of Congo" 12229:"The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency" 10157:Nafziger, E. Wayne; Raimo Frances Stewart (2000). 10125: 9880:"GIs retrain Congo troops known for being violent" 8963: 8922: 7394: 7199: 6585:"DR Congo: Rampant Intercommunal Violence in West" 6475:From Zaire to the Democratic Republic of the Congo 6199:"DR Congo crisis stirs concerns in central Africa" 5767:. Langley, Virginia: Central Intelligence Agency. 5429:Mass media in the Democratic Republic of the Congo 4212:Child marriage in Democratic Republic of the Congo 3855:is responsible for developing and maintaining the 3648:Corruption in the Democratic Republic of the Congo 2183: 16291:Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention 13952:Young, M. Crawford; Turner, Thomas Edwin (2013). 13837:Countries: Democatric Republic of the Congo: News 13142:"L'état de la musique traditionnelle en RD.Congo" 11844:"Pygmies want UN tribunal to address cannibalism" 11588:(in French). suedwind-institut.de. Archived from 11104:"Mining Companies Could See Big Profits in Congo" 10063:. United Nations Treaty Collection. 7 July 2017. 7760:"Mobutu dies in exile in Morocco – Sept. 7, 1997" 7401:(3rd ed.). New York: Palgrave. p. 108. 6552:"A Visit to the Other Congo, the Forgotten Congo" 6362:Emizet Francois Kisangani; Scott F. Bobb (2010). 5933: 5927: 5021:. The DRC has the world's second-highest rate of 5015:hospitals in the Democratic Republic of the Congo 4933:Education in the Democratic Republic of the Congo 4670:Languages of the Democratic Republic of the Congo 4043:Transport in the Democratic Republic of the Congo 3905:Rough diamonds ≈1 to 1.5 mm in size from DR Congo 3587:provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo 3553:Congolese soldiers being trained by UN personnel. 3212:Provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo 3063:Conservationists have particularly worried about 2610:Geography of the Democratic Republic of the Congo 1819:) party. Other parties that emerged included the 1791:In May 1960, a growing nationalist movement, the 568:2,345,409 km (905,567 sq mi) ( 17206: 13696:George, Nelson; Carr, Daphne (20 October 2008). 12617:. Fr.wikisource.org. Retrieved 27 February 2013. 11790:("Total Population, as of 1 July (thousands)"). 8694: 8502:. PGW Global Risk Management LLP. Archived from 8147:"Rwanda military aiding DRC mutiny, report says" 7955: 7713:, Heritage Foundation Executive Memorandum #239. 7389: 6898:Office of the United States Trade Representative 6357: 6355: 6353: 6093: 5518:Football in the Democratic Republic of the Congo 5001:HIV/AIDS in the Democratic Republic of the Congo 4752:Religion in the Democratic Republic of the Congo 3132:Politics of the Democratic Republic of the Congo 2942:Wildlife of the Democratic Republic of the Congo 2935: 2356:Protests broke out in the country on 20 December 16332:African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights 14234:No Mercy: A Journey into the Heart of the Congo 11526:. London, UK: Aspermont Ltd. 22 February 2018. 10221: 9564: 7604: 6863:. Center for Teaching International Relations, 5626:Outline of the Democratic Republic of the Congo 5598:2018–2020 CAVB Beach Volleyball Continental Cup 5112:Culture of the Democratic Republic of the Congo 4208:Poverty in the Democratic Republic of the Congo 4017:In February 2018, global asset management firm 3839:Poverty in the Democratic Republic of the Congo 3833:Economy of the Democratic Republic of the Congo 3616:The Democratic Republic of Congo signed the UN 2783:Mountains that flank the western branch of the 2614:Geology of the Democratic Republic of the Congo 2596:The map of the Democratic Republic of the Congo 2308:ethnic groups, respectively. In the northeast, 2243:National Congress for the Defence of the People 1680:in September 1916 under the command of General 1441: 1356:History of the Democratic Republic of the Congo 1234:, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the 16554:Organisation internationale de la Francophonie 15858:Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa 12129:Organisation internationale de la Francophonie 12055:Organisation internationale de la Francophonie 12017:Organisation internationale de la Francophonie 11939: 11937: 11935: 11616:"DR Congo economic and strategic significance" 11025:"OHADA.com: The business law portal in Africa" 10965:"Is Emmanuel Weyi "the change" the DRC needs?" 8368:"Congo's Death Rate Unchanged Since War Ended" 7865: 7148: 6000:"Congo War driven crisis kills 45,000 a month" 5144:use literature as a way to develop a sense of 5025:(after Chad). In April 2011, through aid from 4995:Health in the Democratic Republic of the Congo 4875:Traditional religions embody such concepts as 4167:Energy in the Democratic Republic of the Congo 3776:are generally negative throughout the nation. 2401:2018 election and new president (2018–present) 1676:gained a notable victory when it marched into 1660:(1914–1918), an initial stand-off between the 1526:railway that ran from the coast to the capital 1138:Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie 17061:Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique 16538: 15887: 15659: 15088: 15064: 14493: 14003:. New York: Columbia University Press, 1984, 13872:. World Stadiums. Retrieved 27 February 2013. 13396:"Why Papa Wemba's Legacy Will Outlive Us All" 13173:"La "Rumba", un humanisme musical en partage" 13011: 13009: 12123: 12121: 11180:Exenberger, Andreas; Hartmann, Simon (2007). 9616:"World 'losing battle against deforestation'" 6350: 5908: 5526:Many sports are played in the DRC, including 5167:Music of the Democratic Republic of the Congo 4268:Breakdown of the largest ethnic groups in DRC 4083:Société nationale des chemins de fer du Congo 4011:Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative 3630:Crime in the Democratic Republic of the Congo 3238:. Before 2015, the country had 11 provinces. 2799:, then gradually bends southwest, passing by 2454:was formed without the supporters of Kabila. 1976:was established, and Mobutu declared himself 1731:Independence and political crisis (1960–1965) 1695:mandate over the previously German colony of 16327:African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights 15474:Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha 14027:Chief of Station, Congo: A Memoir of 1960–67 12163: 11777: 11291:(in French). 23 October 2009. Archived from 9558: 7510:Modern African Wars (4): The Congo 1960–2002 7367:. Historylearningsite.co.uk. 30 March 2007. 7063: 7061: 6703:Angola: A Modern Military History, 1961–2002 6543: 6254: 6196: 6022: 5434: 3623: 3618:treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons 3060:and is the most biodiverse African country. 1964:and Richard Nixon in Washington, D.C., 1973. 1591: 1326:. Its name is sometimes also abbreviated as 1219:, was introduced in the early 20th century. 1144:Economic Community of Central African States 1135: 135: 120: 61: 17102:Prix des cinq continents de la francophonie 14250:Renton, David; Seddon, David; Zeilig, Leo. 13951: 13175:(in French). Lyon, France: HAL. p. 3. 13045: 11932: 11385:"Congo's Riches, Looted by Renegade Troops" 11259:"Cobalt: World Mine Production, By Country" 10830:"DRC: 'Pendulum displacement' in the Kivus" 8847:(in French). 26 August 2019. Archived from 8634: 7697: 7659: 7647: 7635: 7123: 7037: 7035: 6514:African Yearbook of International Law, 1997 6510: 6223: 5818: 5816: 5814: 5812: 5600:in both the women's and the men's section. 3531:, in particular the Sicomines multibillion 3205: 3148:of the Congo finally settled into a stable 2968:; half of its population live in the DRC's 2284:briefly invading the provincial capital of 17255:States and territories established in 1960 17056:Assemblée parlementaire de la Francophonie 16545: 16531: 16135:African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights 15894: 15880: 15666: 15652: 15095: 15081: 14500: 14486: 14310:The Congo Wars: Conflict, Myth and Reality 14125:Borders, nationalism and the African state 13695: 13096: 13006: 12376:(1998), 'official government web site' of 12363: 12118: 11613: 11496:. Sanford C. Bernstein Ltd. Archived from 11189:Working Papers in Economics and Statistics 11017: 9908: 9275:. Agence France-Presse. 31 December 2023. 9174: 9103: 7898:"Kabila's son to be sworn in as president" 7567: 6860:Teaching International Economics and Trade 5791:"DR Congo Population (2024) – Worldometer" 5592:. The country featured a national team in 3757:Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor 3589:. Congolese troops have been fighting the 3125: 3106:Major environmental issues in DRC include 2139:Rassemblement Congolais pour la Democratie 2039:. In 1971, Mobutu renamed the country the 176: 166: 43:"DRC" redirects here. For other uses, see 17220:French-speaking countries and territories 14185:, First Edition, New Africa Press, 2006, 14085:Joris, Lieve, translated by Waters, Liz, 13955:The Rise and Decline of the Zairian State 13863:Stadiums in the Democratic Republic Congo 13804: 13633: 13271:"A brief history of popular music in DRC" 13197: 13078:"Frederick Kambemba Yamusangie Interview" 12537:"Children in Congo forced into exorcisms" 12195: 10637:McCrummen, Stephanie (9 September 2007). 10636: 9839: 9590: 9528: 9504:"The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species" 7269: 7058: 6668: 6666: 6415:Zaïre: the Roots of the Continuing Crisis 6288:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 158. 6281: 5911:Congo : the epic history of a people 5754: 5752: 5750: 5748: 5746: 5744: 5742: 5289:The 1960s and 1970s saw the emergence of 5242:In the 1940s and 1950s, the influence of 2714:are found in the extreme eastern region. 2580:Learn how and when to remove this message 2522:. Three belligerents reportedly carrying 2266:United Nations Force Intervention Brigade 2152:Kabila was assassinated in 2001. His son 725: 14419:) is being considered for deletion. See 13917:"Continental Cup Finals start in Africa" 13773: 13734: 13329: 12879:"Yellow Fever – West and Central Africa" 12021: 11382: 11157:"A bid for front-line command in Africa" 10750:RESPONSES TO INFORMATION REQUESTS (RIRs) 10132:. University Press of Kentucky. p. 9810: 8365: 8087:"Goma: M23 rebels capture DR Congo city" 7576:"Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC)" 7197: 7032: 6576: 6478:. Nordic Africa Institute. pp. 5–. 6308: 6255:Bobineau, Julien; Gieg, Philipp (2016). 5966: 5809: 5336: 5223: 5115: 5004: 4936: 4851: 4769: 4755: 4673: 4631:International Organization for Migration 4612: 4263: 4220: 4072: 4052: 3960: 3948: 3900: 3842: 3702: 3548: 3446: 3244: 3230:. The provinces are subdivided into 145 3194:Although located in the Central African 3135: 2975: 2959: 2918:, with three streams of extremely fluid 2821: 2775:of any river in the world (trailing the 2762: 2716: 2599: 2591: 2490:killed in North Kivu on 22 February 2021 2404: 2217: 2201: 2174: 2143:Movement for the Liberation of the Congo 2087: 2013: 1956: 1767: 1744: 1624: 1601: 1530: 1465: 1389: 959:about 3,000 years ago. In the west, the 600: 171: 17066:Agence universitaire de la Francophonie 13594: 13528: 13264: 13262: 13260: 13258: 13256: 13254: 12713:McNeil, Donald G. Jr. (11 April 2011). 12137:. Paris: Éditions Nathan. p. 117. 11751: 11101: 10854: 10516:. UNOG.ch. 30 July 2007. Archived from 10414:. Oxford University Press. p. 32. 10253:"Court agrees to release Mobutu assets" 8961: 8488: 8322:Kristof, Nicholas D. (31 January 2010) 8057:"Rebels in DR Congo withdraw from Goma" 7962:(1 ed.). Oxford University Press. 6699: 6549: 5934:Coghlan, Benjamin; et al. (2007). 5618:Democratic Republic of the Congo portal 4911:. The usual term for these children is 4859:in the Democratic Republic of the Congo 4132:The DRC has thousands of kilometres of 3751:have been observed and reported in the 3711:in the Democratic Republic of the Congo 3118:doubled. In 2021, deforestation of the 3028:and, further south in the country, the 2463:Ebola outbreak in the Équateur Province 1898:Secretary-General of the United Nations 1106:. As of 2018, following two decades of 991:forced the local population to produce 36:. For entities with similar names, see 14: 17207: 15675:Southern African Development Community 14132:Burundi: Ethnic Conflict and Genocide. 13455: 13393: 13268: 13170: 12712: 12534: 12134:La langue française dans le monde 2014 12063:. Paris: Éditions Nathan. p. 30. 12060:La langue française dans le monde 2014 11471:from the original on 21 September 2013 11351: 11221:"Why Congo's chaotic election matters" 11215: 11213: 11005:from the original on 22 September 2013 10855:Bennett, Christian (5 December 2008). 10774:"Les lois sur les violences sexuelles" 10406: 10203:"Mobutu's village basks in his glory". 10183:"Mobutu: A Rich man In Poor Standing". 10123: 9806: 9804: 9802: 9613: 8719: 8667: 8446:from the original on 26 September 2020 8304:from the original on 30 September 2009 8243:from the original on 10 September 2013 8203:"DR Congo M23 rebels 'end insurgency'" 8183:from the original on 28 September 2013 8157:from the original on 26 September 2012 8037:from the original on 21 September 2013 7934:from the original on 11 September 2016 7506: 7300:Congo 1960, dossiers du CRISP, Belgium 7270:McCrummen, Stephanie (4 August 2009). 6976: 6902:United States House of Representatives 6663: 6430:, KARTHALA Editions, 2014, p. 171 5997: 5979:from the original on 11 September 2013 5739: 3772:since 2006, and attitudes towards the 3200:Southern African Development Community 2074:Continental and civil wars (1996–2007) 2003:Corruption became so common the term " 1947:Mobutu autocracy and Zaire (1965–1997) 1182:International Association of the Congo 1132:Southern African Development Community 1022:, the assassination of Prime Minister 38:Republic of the Congo (disambiguation) 16526: 16284:Specialised agencies and institutions 15875: 15647: 15076: 15063: 14481: 14073:Exenberger, Andreas/Hartmann, Simon. 14057:Exenberger, Andreas/Hartmann, Simon. 13817:from the original on 26 November 2015 13786:from the original on 12 November 2023 13735:Buettner, Elizabeth (24 March 2016). 13664: 13555: 13549: 13529:Tchakam, Stéphane (2 December 2003). 13510:from the original on 12 November 2023 13437:from the original on 15 December 2023 13424: 13406:from the original on 15 December 2023 13269:Mukuna, Kazadi wa (7 December 2014). 13228: 13179:from the original on 15 December 2023 13152:from the original on 15 December 2023 13129:from the original on 5 December 2018. 13046:Environment, U. N. (31 August 2021). 12777:from the original on 12 November 2014 12694:from the original on 26 December 2016 12626:"Congo, Democratic Republic of the." 12620: 12586:from the original on 26 December 2016 12239:from the original on 22 February 2021 11709:from the original on 22 February 2021 11653:from the original on 4 September 2017 11569:List of airlines banned within the EU 11530:from the original on 22 November 2018 11057:from the original on 21 February 2014 10867:from the original on 5 September 2013 10675:from the original on 22 November 2012 10358:from the original on 11 November 2022 10271: 9727:from the original on 5 September 2015 9675:Full text of constitution (in French) 9458:from the original on 14 November 2017 9249:from the original on 30 December 2023 9187:from the original on 10 February 2022 9104:Pianigiani, Gaia (23 February 2021). 9062: 8920: 8763:from the original on 11 February 2019 8536:from the original on 28 November 2016 8261: 8097:from the original on 20 November 2012 8028: 7545: 7345:from the original on 16 November 2018 7136:from the original on 21 November 2016 6125: 6123: 6063: 6061: 5948:from the original on 8 September 2013 5771:from the original on 22 February 2021 5538:. As Zaire, they participated in the 5491:Radio Télévision Nationale Congolaise 4963:Ministère des Affaires Sociales (MAS) 2662:. The country lies between latitudes 2365:, presently Secretary-General of the 1908:. Several short-lived governments of 1433:and southeast. The final wave of the 16033:Permanent Representatives' Committee 14130:Lemarchand, Reni and Hamilton, Lee; 13897:from the original on 18 October 2021 13755:from the original on 13 January 2024 13716:from the original on 13 January 2024 13689: 13677:from the original on 9 November 2023 13646:from the original on 8 November 2023 13615:from the original on 13 January 2024 13576:from the original on 13 January 2024 13531:"Cameroun: L'autre danse congolaise" 13522: 13492: 13251: 13239:from the original on 6 November 2023 13139: 12994:from the original on 1 December 2020 12392:Kinshasa tales of the invisible City 12275:from the original on 10 October 2017 12183:from the original on 10 October 2017 11854:from the original on 21 January 2010 11383:Polgreen, Lydia (16 November 2008). 11313:from the original on 3 December 2021 10893:from the original on 11 October 2012 10712:from the original on 31 October 2014 10388:from the original on 7 December 2021 10328:from the original on 7 December 2021 10041:from the original on 7 December 2021 10011:from the original on 7 December 2021 9981:from the original on 7 December 2021 9890:from the original on 10 October 2017 9877: 9820:Energy Research & Social Science 9787:from the original on 27 January 2015 9697:from the original on 2 February 2019 9540:United Nations Environment Programme 9516:from the original on 23 October 2018 9428:from the original on 29 October 2017 9351: 9299: 8707:from the original on 10 January 2019 8661: 8416:"400,000 rapes in Congo in one year" 8264:"Congo terror after LRA rebel raids" 8213:from the original on 6 November 2013 8127:from the original on 3 November 2012 8067:from the original on 6 December 2012 7984:from the original on 4 November 2021 7908:from the original on 25 January 2022 7878:from the original on 9 December 2012 7847:from the original on 25 January 2022 7527:from the original on 11 January 2023 7282:from the original on 14 October 2017 7206:. New York: Public Affairs. p. 7166:from the original on 18 October 2014 6954:. Humanorigins.si.ed. Archived from 6789:from the original on 26 January 2021 6772: 6692: 6623:from the original on 10 October 2018 6329:from the original on 1 December 2019 5884:United Nations Development Programme 5880:"Human Development Report 2023/2024" 5759:Central Intelligence Agency (2014). 5727:from the original on 29 January 2023 4824:one of the largest Protestant bodies 4087:Office National des Transports Congo 4029:. Open-pit cobalt mining has led to 3436: 3087:), and possibly a population of the 3067:. The Congo is inhabited by several 2562:adding citations to reliable sources 2533: 2294:Nationalist and Integrationist Front 1783:, was murdered by Belgian-supported 1741:Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville) 1691:in the East African campaign with a 1653:put down any attempts at rebellion. 1620:Belgian minister of colonial affairs 1510:Association Internationale Africaine 1372:culture remain in the present time. 1290:during the 16th and 17th centuries; 17245:Member states of the United Nations 16442:Single African Air Transport Market 16437:African Continental Free Trade Area 14320:Congo: The Epic History of a People 13994:The African Stakes of the Congo War 13281:from the original on 25 August 2023 13222: 13198:Ossinondé, Clément (3 March 2020). 13191: 13058:from the original on 24 August 2022 13027:from the original on 20 August 2020 13017:"The Air Quality Life Index (AQLI)" 12771:"DRC: Malaria still biggest killer" 11992:, Inter Press Service. 21 May 2012. 11818:Library of Congress Country Studies 11703:"Congo, Democratic Republic of the" 11640: 11622:from the original on 10 August 2010 11309:. 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Peter and Paul Cathedral 4337: 4036: 2988:was unknown to science until 1901 1902:Collège des commissaires généraux 1871:engaged in secessionist struggles 1501:, who was well known to Stanley. 17215:Democratic Republic of the Congo 17151: 17150: 16652:Democratic Republic of the Congo 16507: 16506: 16357:African Union–Ethiopia relations 16038:Specialized Technical Committees 15700:Democratic Republic of the Congo 15625: 15614: 15613: 15421:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 15398: 15179:Democratic Republic of the Congo 14509:Democratic Republic of the Congo 14451:Democratic Republic of the Congo 14444: 14434: 14426:Democratic Republic of the Congo 14400:Democratic Republic of the Congo 14384:Democratic Republic of the Congo 14359:Democratic Republic of the Congo 14341: 13909: 13875: 13856: 13829: 13798: 13767: 13728: 13658: 13627: 13588: 13476: 13449: 13418: 13387: 13375:from the original on 13 May 2023 13357: 13323: 13293: 13164: 13140:Yoka, Lye M. 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According to 4431: 4421: 4394: 4384: 4236: 4155:Lubumbashi International Airport 4148:Kinshasa's international airport 3071:species: the common chimpanzee ( 2538: 1664:and the German colonial army in 1375: 1368:. Most of the remnants of their 886:second-largest country in Africa 884:. By land area the Congo is the 866:Democratic Republic of the Congo 750: 749: 724: 706: 705: 691: 690: 662: 661: 647: 646: 599: 147: 100: 86: 15842:Southern African Customs Union 13774:Makumeno, Emery (1 July 2022). 13559:Culture and Customs of Tanzania 13425:Bauer, George (24 April 2016). 13052:UNEP – UN Environment Programme 12941:. Cia.gov. 2010. Archived from 12747:. Cia.gov. 2012. Archived from 12516:from the original on 9 May 2019 12486:from the original on 9 May 2019 12426:from the original on 9 May 2019 12205:. Pew Forum. 18 December 2012. 10105:from the original on 9 May 2016 8688: 8628: 8598: 8578: 8548: 8518: 8458: 8442:. Africa News. 15 August 2019. 8432: 8409: 8390: 8359: 8345:Butty, James (21 January 2010) 8339: 8316: 8286: 8255: 8225: 8195: 8179:. United Nations. 10 May 2013. 8139: 8109: 8079: 8049: 8029:Gouby, Melanie (4 April 2012). 8022: 7996: 7920: 7890: 7859: 7829: 7799: 7782: 7752: 7716: 7711:"Zaire's Mobutu Visits America" 7703: 7665: 7598: 7539: 7500: 7470: 7440: 7415: 7383: 7357: 7327: 7303: 7294: 7224: 7191: 7178: 7117: 7013: 6970: 6944: 6680:from the original on 8 May 2023 6517:. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. 6504: 6492:from the original on 5 May 2016 6462: 6443:(1746). James Hingston Tuckey, 6433: 6426:Jean-Jacques Arthur Malu-Malu, 6420: 6407: 6394: 6341: 6302: 6275: 6248: 6217: 6190: 6143: 6087: 5998:Bavier, Joe (22 January 2008). 5991: 5967:Robinson, Simon (28 May 2006). 5148:amongst the people of the DRC. 4195: 4183:Société nationale d'électricité 3921:production. Diamonds come from 3698: 3583:Conseil Supérieur de la Défense 2549:needs additional citations for 2262:United Nations Security Council 2184:Continued conflicts (2008–2018) 2060:dissolution of the Soviet Union 1920:took over in quick succession. 1854:Shortly after independence the 1815:, of the Alliance des Bakongo ( 1775:, first democratically elected 1757:, first democratically elected 1249:. With the promulgation of the 17092:International Francophonie Day 14536:Colonial governors (1885–1960) 13665:Kabwe, Jason (15 March 2013). 13504:Site de miziki-ya-congo ! 13097:Yamusangie, Frederick (2003). 12964:"Democratic Republic of Congo" 12909:"Democratic Republic of Congo" 12416:"Street Children in D.R.Congo" 12031:. 10 July 2021. Archived from 9175:AfricaNews (9 February 2022). 7709:Johns, Michael (29 June 1989) 7423:"The Assassination of Lumumba" 6830:10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.113844 6773:Thom, William G. (Fall 1999). 6550:Gjelten, Tom (28 April 2007). 6368:. Scarecrow Press. p. i. 6037:International Rescue Committee 5902: 5783: 5665: 5648: 5433:Newspapers of the DRC include 4786:Demographic and Health Surveys 2618:The DRC is located in central 2505:the 2023 presidential election 1026:, and the seizure of power by 963:ruled around the mouth of the 493:Admitted to the United Nations 13: 1: 16489:United States of Latin Africa 16183:Rural Economy and Agriculture 15960:Organisation of African Unity 14408: 12802:. World Health Organization. 12327:"Structured View of Dioceses" 12096:Lu, Marcus (31 August 2024). 11146:, BBC News. 16 November 2006. 10889:. Al Jazeera. 15 April 2010. 10759:. justice.gov. 17 April 2012. 10274:The Corruption Notebooks 2006 8962:Maclean, Ruth (1 June 2020). 8911:. Retrieved 20 November 2020. 8324:"Orphaned, Raped and Ignored" 7132:. Vol. 62, no. 10. 7126:"Belgium's Heart of Darkness" 6979:African Archaeological Review 6447:(1818). "Congo River, called 6224:Robyn Dixon (12 April 2018). 5909:Van Reybrouck, David (2015). 5702: 5536:Stade Frederic Kibassa Maliba 5235:orchestra performing live at 5150:Frederick Kambemba Yamusangie 5136: 4818:. It is often referred to as 4816:Church of Christ in the Congo 4216: 4095:Trans-African Highway network 3641: 3159:legislature, consisting of a 2936:Biodiversity and conservation 2876:, industrial and gem-quality 2807:(Stanley Pool). Kinshasa and 2300:who claimed to represent the 1858:mutinied, and on 11 July the 1606:1908 photograph of a married 1278:adaptation of a Kikongo word 1174:Comité d'études du haut Congo 1034:. Mobutu renamed the country 16346:United States military bases 16342:United States Africa Command 14617:M23 offensive (2022–present) 14590:Second Congo War (1998–2003) 14565:Congo-Léopoldville (1960–65) 14541:Congo Free State (1885–1908) 13598:Culture and Customs of Kenya 12378:Democratic Republic of Congo 12203:"Global Religious Landscape" 8635:Jason Burke (3 April 2018). 8567:BBC DR Congo country profile 8466:"The Nobel Peace Prize 2018" 8356:, VOA News, 21 January 2010. 7796:, Vol. XIX No. 2, Fall 1999. 7231:Philippe Brousmiche (2010). 7188:, Brussels: Editions Racine. 7124:Tim Stanley (October 2012). 7020:The East African slave trade 6700:Weigert, Stephen L. (2011). 6455:by the natives" John Purdy, 6197:Samir Tounsi (6 June 2018). 5530:, basketball, baseball, and 5397:Quartier Latin International 5027:Global Alliance for Vaccines 5019:General Hospital of Kinshasa 4926: 4663: 4608: 4065:on a newly refurbished line. 3885:Corruption Perceptions Index 3671:international asset recovery 3000:species, such as the common 2529: 2498:allegations of a coup d'état 2477:beginning on 19 April 2021. 2373:, violence increased in the 2035:, and Coquilhatville became 1793:Mouvement National Congolais 1442:Congo Free State (1877–1908) 1149: 1112:continued internal conflicts 1068:peaceful transition of power 1038:in 1971 and imposed a harsh 7: 16848:French Community of Belgium 16173:HR, Sciences and Technology 14732:Foreign policy under Mobutu 14449:Geographic data related to 14394:Central Intelligence Agency 14218:Nzongola-Ntalaja, Georges, 14029:. New York: PublicAffairs. 13305:www.redbullmusicacademy.com 13206:(in French). Archived from 13123:"Rais Neza Boneza's Baraza" 12543:. USA today. Archived from 12535:Harris, Dan (21 May 2009). 11641:Yee, Amy (30 August 2017). 11191:. University of Innsbruck. 10887:"Rapes 'surge' in DR Congo" 8556:BBC Newshour, Feb. 15, 2018 7582:. Encyclopædia Britannica. 6905:Committee on Ways and Means 6779:Journal of Conflict Studies 6315:. James Currey Publishers. 5832:International Monetary Fund 5603: 5029:, a new vaccine to prevent 4775:Our Lady of Peace Cathedral 4745: 3939:International Monetary Fund 3538: 3008:(or pygmy chimpanzee), the 2298:Union of Congolese Patriots 2170:first multi-party elections 2145:, led by Congolese warlord 1803:. Lumumba became the first 1705:Belgian government in exile 1543:chief Mata-Buiké in c. 1888 1493:, mainly from Arab–Swahili 1282:("river"), a truncation of 1056:human rights in the country 504:• Democratic Republic 10: 17281: 16427:African Economic Community 16232:Peace and Security Council 15939:African and Malagasy Union 14575:State of Katanga (1960–63) 14243:, 2011 (also published as 14206:Africa: Dawn of a New Era, 13813:. Courrier International. 13811:Courrierinternational.com/ 13634:AfroConex (9 March 2023). 13365:"The Legendary Papa Wemba" 12913:www.roadsafetyfacility.org 12110:: CS1 maint: url-status ( 11910:"Africa Population (2022)" 11333:"Economic activity in DRC" 10915:Rape As torture in the DRC 10124:Ludwig, Arnold M. (2002). 9841:10.1016/j.erss.2018.10.018 9512:. April 2016. April 2016. 8500:PGW Global Risk Management 7080:Cambridge University Press 6746:. 2000. pp. 79, 645. 6611:"DR Congo country profile" 6163:10.18356/9789210019293c001 6140:Retrieved 9 December 2017. 5658:by its speakers – not the 5515: 5504: 5500: 5443:Radion Télévision Mwangaza 5426: 5170: 5164: 5109: 5105: 4998: 4992: 4930: 4749: 4667: 4420: 4383: 4345: 4205: 4199: 4170: 4164: 4046: 4040: 3894: 3836: 3830: 3826: 3720: 3714: 3645: 3627: 3542: 3440: 3243: 3219: 3209: 3129: 2996:, including many rare and 2953: 2939: 2607: 2187: 2077: 1950: 1936:Armée Nationale Congolaise 1734: 1713:Allied campaigns in Africa 1595: 1535:Congo Free State official 1455: 1445: 1379: 1353: 1349: 1153: 339:semi-presidential republic 42: 31: 17250:Central African countries 17235:Least developed countries 17146: 17125: 17074: 17048: 17028: 16902: 16866: 16841:National/regional members 16840: 16569: 16560: 16502: 16471: 16450: 16402: 16365: 16352:United States ambassadors 16312: 16303: 16283: 16230: 16204: 16168:Social Affairs and Health 16163:Infrastructure and Energy 16143: 16125: 16097: 16064: 16046: 16023: 16014: 15981: 15909: 15826: 15796: 15775: 15768: 15682: 15609: 15589: 15558: 15537: 15516: 15495: 15484: 15468: 15452: 15439: 15407: 15396: 15114: 15104:Countries and territories 15070: 15065:Links to related articles 15021: 14969: 14901: 14892: 14835: 14826: 14702: 14693: 14636: 14627: 14585:First Congo War (1996–98) 14516: 14054:St. Martin's Press, 2002. 13805:International, Courrier. 12973:. scalingupnutrition.org. 11848:The Sydney Morning Herald 11363:21 September 2013 at the 10258:23 September 2015 at the 10188:25 September 2022 at the 9592:10.1016/j.cub.2004.05.006 8397:"IHL and Sexual Violence" 7391:Nzongola-Ntalaja, Georges 7259:– via Google Books. 7198:Meredith, Martin (2005). 7186:Congo: Mythes et réalités 6710:. pp. PT122, PT157. 6470:Nzongola-Ntalaja, Georges 5511: 5316:dance movements from the 5096:World Health Organization 4988: 4863:The first members of the 4160: 4102:Tripoli–Cape Town Highway 4033:and habitat destruction. 3890: 3853:Central Bank of the Congo 3793:Female genital mutilation 3655:economic collapse in 1996 3636:Congolese National Police 3624:Law enforcement and crime 3030:southern white rhinoceros 2488:, and his bodyguard were 2367:Norwegian Refugee Council 1940:constitutional referendum 1892:resulted in the death of 1881:On 14 September, Colonel 1592:Belgian Congo (1908–1960) 1448:Colonisation of the Congo 1076:ongoing military conflict 1066:, in the country's first 987:. From 1885 to 1908, his 942:Cabinda exclave of Angola 890:11th-largest in the world 850: 838: 826: 816: 808: 784: 769: 739: 714: 699: 684: 670: 655: 640: 622: 612: 593: 586: 576: 562: 555: 551: 538: 525: 512: 502: 489: 472: 459: 446: 433: 429: 422: 407: 392: 382: 378: 363: 348: 344: 333: 318: 276: 243: 233: 189: 163: 136: 130: 121: 116: 82: 52: 27:Country in Central Africa 16637:Central African Republic 16127:African Court of Justice 15924:Decolonisation of Africa 15164:Central African Republic 14707:Administrative divisions 14421:templates for discussion 14181:; Mwakikagile, Godfrey, 13456:Trillo, Richard (2002). 12380:. Retrieved 25 May 2007. 12007:16 December 2021 at the 11335:. Research and Markets. 10857:"Rape in a lawless land" 10736:29 November 2014 at the 10537:26 December 2016 at the 10272:Werve, Jonathan (2006). 10228:New York Review of Books 9565:Vigilant, Linda (2004). 9391:. Reuters. 19 May 2024. 9339:(in French). 19 May 2024 8901:11 February 2020 at the 8788:10 February 2019 at the 8759:. BBC. 10 January 2019. 8421:22 December 2015 at the 7611:New York Review of Books 7316:16 December 2014 at the 7237:(in French). Harmattan. 6309:Anderson, David (2000). 5854:"GINI index coefficient" 5641: 5422: 5413:Wenge Musica Maison Mére 5308:rhythmic influence, and 5160: 5049:in DRC surpassed 1,000. 3753:U.S. Department of Labor 3206:Administrative divisions 3101:World Conservation Union 2628:Central African Republic 2031:, Elisabethville became 1821:Parti Solidaire Africain 1725:Auguste-Eduard Gilliaert 1474:Station and Port in 1884 1040:personalist dictatorship 906:Central African Republic 618:48/km (124.3/sq mi) 63:République démocratique 17097:Jeux de la Francophonie 16494:East African Federation 16484:United States of Africa 16222:African Investment Bank 14612:M23 rebellion (2012–13) 14553:Belgian Congo (1908–60) 14298:, Public Affairs, 2011. 13868:6 February 2013 at the 13699:Best Music Writing 2008 13307:. Paris, France. 2015. 12773:. IRIN. 28 April 2008. 12613:25 October 2011 at the 11142:2 December 2010 at the 10832:. IRIN. 1 August 2007. 10740:. brighamandwomens.org. 10608:"OHCHR | Africa Region" 8826:22 January 2019 at the 8595:Retrieved 9 March 2018. 8586:Al Jazeera News website 7698:Young & Turner 2013 7660:Young & Turner 2013 7648:Young & Turner 2013 7636:Young & Turner 2013 7184:Stengers, Jean (2005), 7025:6 December 2013 at the 6991:10.1023/A:1021659928822 6739:Worldmark Yearbook 2000 6706:(electronic ed.). 4870:Baháʼí House of Worship 4097:pass through DR Congo: 3965:Collecting firewood in 3955:Human Development Index 3707:A group of demobilized 3126:Government and politics 3010:African forest elephant 2327:400,000 women are raped 2222:Government troops near 2166:transitional government 2107:and the ascension of a 2099:By 1996, following the 1970:opposition to communism 1906:assistance of UN forces 1801:parliamentary elections 1382:Early Congolese history 1294:seems to have replaced 1251:Luluabourg Constitution 1100:least developed country 1096:Human Development Index 234:Official languages 17087:UN French Language Day 16920:Bosnia and Herzegovina 16205:Financial institutions 16196:Cross-Cutting Programs 16099:Pan-African Parliament 14570:Congo Crisis (1960–65) 14531:Colonization (1867–85) 14473:. Stanford University. 14169:Mwakikagile, Godfrey, 14066:15 August 2011 at the 12332:Catholic-Hierarchy.org 11467:, South Africa, 2013, 11106:. Theotcinvestor.com. 11053:. Thefreelibrary.com. 10671:. BBC. 28 April 2010. 9536:"Gorillas on Thin Ice" 7507:Abbott, Peter (2014). 7067:Fage, John D. (1982). 5941:(Report). p. 26. 5675: 5583:African Cup of Nations 5549:and football players. 5435: 5345: 5239: 5146:national consciousness 5125: 5010: 4942: 4860: 4781: 4767: 4679: 4618: 4269: 4226: 4078: 4066: 3998:Katanga Mining Limited 3970: 3958: 3906: 3881:nominal GDP per capita 3848: 3778:Violence against women 3712: 3667:statute of limitations 3554: 3460: 3249: 3144: 3054:Okapi Wildlife Reserve 3050:Virunga National Parks 2989: 2973: 2834: 2768: 2724: 2654:, to the southwest by 2630:, to the northeast by 2626:, to the north by the 2605: 2597: 2473:in March 2020, with a 2459:major measles outbreak 2443:Ebola outbreak in Kivu 2432:On 30 December 2018 a 2429: 2338:for his effort to end 2314:Lord's Resistance Army 2231: 2215: 2180: 2096: 2023: 2018:Mobutu with the Dutch 1965: 1929:Operation Dragon Rouge 1890:plane crash near Ndola 1788: 1765: 1711:again participated in 1684:after heavy fighting. 1635: 1611: 1580:at Boma in the Congo, 1544: 1475: 1399: 1136: 1020:secessionist movements 62: 16797:São Tomé and Príncipe 16657:Republic of the Congo 16245:African Standby Force 16217:African Monetary Fund 15850:Common Monetary Area 15325:São Tomé and Príncipe 15184:Republic of the Congo 14404:UCB Libraries GovPubs 14195:Congo in The Sixties, 13893:. 12 September 2021. 11794:, Population Division 11765:, Population Division 11421:on 30 September 2011. 11162:17 March 2008 at the 11131:is a major source of 10755:14 April 2014 at the 10596:on 25 September 2007. 10352:The Africa Report.com 10208:27 March 2024 at the 10007:. 28 September 2021. 8672:. AFP. Archived from 8300:. 25 September 2008. 7074:18 March 2015 at the 7051:19 March 2012 at the 6645:. 15 September 2017. 5596:that competed at the 5585:football tournament. 5516:Further information: 5489:, a web-based daily. 5340: 5260:Antoine Wendo Kolosoy 5227: 5171:Further information: 5119: 5008: 4940: 4917:enfants dits sorciers 4857:Roman Catholic Church 4855: 4820:the Protestant Church 4773: 4759: 4677: 4616: 4267: 4224: 4206:Further information: 4171:Further information: 4112:Lagos–Mombasa Highway 4076: 4056: 4047:Further information: 4023:lithium-ion batteries 3964: 3952: 3904: 3846: 3801:UN Special Rapporteur 3721:Further information: 3706: 3552: 3511:In the 21st century, 3450: 3429:Haut-Katanga Province 3248: 3220:Further information: 3139: 3120:Congolian rainforests 3058:Megadiverse countries 2982:Congolian rainforests 2979: 2970:Virunga National Park 2963: 2954:Further information: 2825: 2766: 2720: 2624:Republic of the Congo 2603: 2595: 2415:Republic of the Congo 2408: 2318:Garamba National Park 2292:occurred between the 2278:Gédéon Kyungu Mutanga 2221: 2205: 2179:Refugees in the Congo 2178: 2124:Laurent-Désiré Kabila 2091: 2017: 1960: 1918:Moise Kapenda Tshombe 1771: 1748: 1670:East African campaign 1628: 1605: 1534: 1497:such as the infamous 1487:Leopold II of Belgium 1469: 1393: 1312:Laurent-Désiré Kabila 1247:Republic of the Congo 1178:Leopold II of Belgium 1154:Further information: 1064:2018 general election 1060:forced disappearances 997:widespread atrocities 981:Leopold II of Belgium 902:Republic of the Congo 578:• Water (%) 34:Republic of the Congo 16894:United Arab Emirates 16212:African Central Bank 14120:HarperCollins, 1998. 14117:The Poisonwood Bible 14100:, 2008. (In German) 13229:Ossinondé, Clément. 12969:2 April 2015 at the 12480:Congo Children Trust 12420:Congo Children Trust 12307:on 24 September 2015 11814:"Zaire – Population" 11733:Open Data for Africa 11595:on 21 September 2013 11295:on 25 November 2009. 11227:. 18 December 2023. 10920:22 July 2014 at the 10520:on 17 February 2008. 10384:. 24 November 2021. 10201:The New York Times, 10037:. 28 November 2021. 9652:. 11 November 2022. 9245:. 25 December 2023. 9213:. 13 February 2022. 8905:(21 November 2019). 8807:5 March 2019 at the 8591:9 March 2018 at the 8572:29 July 2018 at the 8561:5 March 2018 at the 8532:. 27 November 2016. 8352:2 April 2015 at the 8329:25 June 2017 at the 8093:. 20 November 2012. 7104:King Leopold's Ghost 6865:University of Denver 6511:Yusuf, A.A. (1998). 6413:Ghislain C. Kabwit, 5086:World Food Programme 5031:pneumococcal disease 4905:Congo Children Trust 4901:Congo Children Trust 4796:estimate, while the 4118:Beira–Lobito Highway 3877:food-price inflation 3820:Freedom from Torture 3517:treatment of Uyghurs 3465:developing countries 3455:with U.S. President 3189:Constitutional Court 3034:World Heritage Sites 2911:On 17 January 2002, 2558:improve this article 2475:vaccination campaign 2418:Denis Sassou Nguesso 2394:Makotimpoko District 2282:Mai Mai Kata Katanga 2092:Belligerents of the 1986:political repression 1785:Katangan separatists 1723:under Major-General 1518:Conference of Berlin 1483:Henry Morton Stanley 1120:Non-Aligned Movement 1098:and is classed as a 946:South Atlantic Ocean 868:, also known as the 595:• 2024 estimate 542:Current constitution 145:("Arise, Congolese") 54:Democratic Republic 45:DRC (disambiguation) 17265:Countries in Africa 17187: / 17133:Francophone economy 15797:Secretaries-General 15581:Plazas de soberanía 15485:African territories 15425:unclear sovereignty 15410:States with limited 14232:O'Hanlon, Redmond, 14225:O'Hanlon, Redmond, 14112:Kingsolver, Barbara 13851:Stanford University 13506:(in French). 2018. 13125:. 17 October 2018. 12860:The Washington Post 12751:on 16 February 2015 12372:Sources quoted are 11988:25 May 2013 at the 11820:. 8 November 2004. 11500:on 22 November 2018 10643:The Washington Post 10354:. 7 December 2021. 10224:"Rape of the Congo" 9977:. 27 October 2021. 9832:2019ERSS...49...36O 9783:. 10 January 2015. 9583:2004CBio...14.R369V 9422:pamojasolutions.org 9126:on 28 December 2021 9085:on 28 December 2021 8845:Journal du Cameroun 8737:on 14 February 2019 8676:on 14 February 2019 8612:. 4 December 2017. 8209:. 5 November 2013. 8123:. 17 October 2012. 8063:. 1 December 2012. 8010:on 30 November 2012 7904:. 19 January 2001. 7607:"Rape of the Congo" 7454:. 21 January 2011. 7276:The Washington Post 6822:2019ApEn..25513844B 6312:Africa's Urban Past 6136:31 May 2018 at the 5540:1974 FIFA World Cup 5375:In the late 1980s, 5189:music in Congo was 4968:As a result of the 4915:(child witches) or 4845:. The majority are 4843:Pew Research Center 4794:Pew Research Center 4077:Map of rail network 4009:Later in 2013, the 3986:such as coltan and 3527:by his predecessor 3469:developed countries 3387:Tanganyika Province 3311:Mai-Ndombe Province 3153:democratic republic 2843:African Great Lakes 2678:. It straddles the 2424:due to the ongoing 2420:in 2020; both wear 2390:Mai-Ndombe Province 2198:2018 Yumbi violence 2022:in Kinshasa in 1973 1990:cult of personality 1974:single-party system 1876:invaded South Kasai 1860:province of Katanga 1707:in London, and the 1647:tribunaux indigènes 1479:Belgian exploration 1412:giant river catfish 1394:Arab slave raid on 999:. In 1908, Leopold 894:Francophone country 214: / 17138:Senghor University 16935:Dominican Republic 16463:African Border Day 16178:Trade and Industry 16153:Peace and Security 16145:ECOSOCC Committees 16079:Deputy Chairperson 15489:non-African states 14870:Telecommunications 14717:Court of Cassation 14681:Former place names 14465:Karen Fung (ed.). 14389:The World Factbook 14265:Reyntjens, Filip, 14050:Edgerton, Robert, 14018:, Zed Books, 2013. 14014:Deibert, Michael: 13210:on 28 October 2023 12990:. 12 August 2020. 12719:The New York Times 12547:on 4 November 2012 12374:The World Factbook 12035:on 23 October 2022 12013:Éditions Gallimard 11914:populationstat.com 11879:The World Factbook 11647:The New York Times 11558:. 1 February 2023. 11494:Bernstein Research 11389:The New York Times 10557:. United Nations. 10472:on 12 August 2006. 10212:29 September 1988. 9363:The Indian Express 9110:The New York Times 9069:The New York Times 8970:The New York Times 8929:The New York Times 8402:4 May 2011 at the 8372:The New York Times 8335:The New York Times 8239:. 11 August 2013. 7339:www.heinonline.org 7335:"- HeinOnline.org" 7202:The Fate of Africa 6708:Palgrave Macmillan 6590:Human Rights Watch 5765:The World Factbook 5346: 5280:Tabu Ley Rochereau 5246:bands transformed 5240: 5126: 5067:maternal mortality 5017:(DRC) include the 5011: 4943: 4861: 4798:CIA World Factbook 4782: 4768: 4680: 4624:Great Lakes Region 4619: 4270: 4231:CIA World Factbook 4227: 4079: 4067: 3971: 3959: 3957:scores, 1970–2010. 3907: 3863:(OHADA), in 2009. 3849: 3713: 3669:had run out on an 3561:, consists of the 3555: 3513:Chinese investment 3461: 3250: 3145: 2990: 2974: 2835: 2769: 2725: 2712:Rwenzori Mountains 2620:sub-Saharan Africa 2606: 2598: 2482:Italian ambassador 2430: 2322:The New York Times 2232: 2216: 2210:and rebel groups, 2181: 2162:Ange-Félix Patassé 2097: 2024: 1966: 1789: 1781:Congo-Léopoldville 1766: 1763:Congo-Léopoldville 1666:German East Africa 1636: 1612: 1545: 1506:front organization 1476: 1400: 1108:various civil wars 880:, is a country in 680:2024 estimate 636:2024 estimate 294:traditional faiths 182:Show map of Africa 17170: 17169: 17164: 17163: 17044: 17043: 17029:Suspended members 16867:Associate members 16677:Equatorial Guinea 16520: 16519: 16398: 16397: 16322:Foreign relations 16299: 16298: 16250:Panel of the Wise 16158:Political Affairs 16028:Executive Council 15971:Secretary General 15949:Sirte Declaration 15869: 15868: 15822: 15821: 15788:Kgalema Motlanthe 15641: 15640: 15605: 15604: 15480: 15479: 15200:Equatorial Guinea 15057: 15056: 15017: 15016: 14936:Human trafficking 14888: 14887: 14822: 14821: 14790:Political parties 14783:National Assembly 14727:Foreign relations 14689: 14688: 14370:Official website. 14301:Tayler, Jeffrey, 14289:978-3-8258-0425-1 14279:Schulz, Manfred. 14260:978-1-84277-485-4 14239:Prunier, Gérard, 14191:978-0-9802534-2-9 14179:978-0-9802534-1-2 14164:978-3-8383-4027-2 14106:978-3-17-020781-3 14098:Kohlhammer Verlag 14089:, Atlantic, 2008. 14036:978-1-58648-405-7 13965:978-0-299-10113-8 13887:Damas Sikubwabo ( 13748:978-1-316-59470-4 13709:978-0-7867-2612-7 13608:978-0-313-03936-2 13569:979-8-216-06991-1 13469:978-1-85828-859-8 13086:. 15 August 2014. 12676:ICF International 12579:. pp. 41–3. 12568:ICF International 12476:"About the trust" 12401:978-90-5544-554-7 12335:. David M. Cheney 12144:978-2-09-882654-0 12070:978-2-09-882654-0 11956:978-92-9068-567-8 11705:. 18 April 2022. 11373:, 20 August 2013. 10975:on 26 August 2016 10780:on 19 August 2014 10181:Washington Post, 10168:978-0-19-829739-0 10143:978-0-8131-2233-5 10098:978-1-4552-2241-4 9884:Stars and Stripes 9577:(10): R369–R371. 9152:. 22 April 2021. 9010:. 10 April 2021. 8506:on 3 October 2017 8033:. allafrica.com. 7977:978-0-19-753035-1 7841:www.spokesman.com 7788:Thom, William G. 7650:, pp. 61–62. 7574:Payanzo, Ntsomo. 7560:978-0-87073-901-9 7520:978-1-78200-076-1 7408:978-1-84277-053-5 7244:978-2-296-13069-2 6920:978-1-4289-5014-6 6874:978-0-943804-92-7 6619:. 14 April 2023. 6524:978-90-411-1055-8 6485:978-91-7106-538-4 6428:Le Congo Kinshasa 6375:978-0-8108-6325-5 6322:978-0-85255-761-7 6295:978-1-4422-7316-0 6268:978-3-643-13473-8 6230:Los Angeles Times 6172:978-92-1-001929-3 5886:. 19 March 2024. 5579:Dieumerci Mbokani 5507:Congolese cuisine 5304:, reflecting the 5199:Kingdom of Loango 5142:Congolese authors 5055:According to the 4974:Second Congo Wars 4687:official language 4605: 4604: 4334:live in the DRC. 4027:electric vehicles 4019:AllianceBernstein 3984:conflict minerals 3804:GuardianFilms of 3770:same-sex marriage 3497:chemical industry 3437:Foreign relations 3434: 3433: 3165:National Assembly 3122:increased by 5%. 2930:Mount Nyamuragira 2813:Livingstone Falls 2785:East African Rift 2692:Amazon rainforest 2670:, and longitudes 2634:, to the east by 2590: 2589: 2582: 2512:Christian Malanga 2467:COVID-19 pandemic 2426:COVID-19 pandemic 2352:Raymond Tshibanda 2336:Nobel Peace Prize 2256:In the resulting 2251:March 23 Movement 2147:Jean-Pierre Bemba 2101:Rwandan Civil War 2056:George H. W. Bush 2041:Republic of Zaire 1841:Republic of Congo 1693:League of Nations 1567:sleeping sickness 1537:Camille Coquilhat 1245:, officially the 1236:Republic of Zaire 1195:inhabitants, the 1180:in 1876, and the 1083:natural resources 989:colonial military 862: 861: 733:medium inequality 701:• Per capita 657:• Per capita 651:$ 160.197 billion 604:109,717,326 ( 516:Republic of Zaire 498:20 September 1960 417:National Assembly 156: 16:(Redirected from 17272: 17202: 17201: 17199: 17198: 17197: 17192: 17188: 17185: 17184: 17183: 17180: 17154: 17153: 16567: 16566: 16547: 16540: 16533: 16524: 16523: 16510: 16509: 16422:Development Bank 16310: 16309: 16192:Women and Gender 16188:Economic Affairs 16117:Gallagher Estate 16021: 16020: 15929:Casablanca Group 15896: 15889: 15882: 15873: 15872: 15861: 15853: 15845: 15837: 15773: 15772: 15668: 15661: 15654: 15645: 15644: 15629: 15617: 15616: 15493: 15492: 15450: 15449: 15402: 15196:(partly in Asia) 15116:Sovereign states 15097: 15090: 15083: 15074: 15073: 15061: 15060: 15037: 15030: 14899: 14898: 14860:Franc (currency) 14833: 14832: 14700: 14699: 14634: 14633: 14502: 14495: 14488: 14479: 14478: 14474: 14448: 14447: 14438: 14437: 14345: 14344: 14325:Wrong, Michela, 14308:Turner, Thomas, 14303:Facing the Congo 14294:Stearns, Jason: 14087:The Rebels' Hour 14045:The Wild Highway 14040: 13992:Clark, John F., 13981: 13979: 13977: 13939: 13938: 13936: 13934: 13925:. 22 June 2021. 13913: 13907: 13906: 13904: 13902: 13879: 13873: 13860: 13854: 13833: 13827: 13826: 13824: 13822: 13802: 13796: 13795: 13793: 13791: 13780:BBC News Afrique 13771: 13765: 13764: 13762: 13760: 13732: 13726: 13725: 13723: 13721: 13693: 13687: 13686: 13684: 13682: 13667:"Ndombolo Craze" 13662: 13656: 13655: 13653: 13651: 13631: 13625: 13624: 13622: 13620: 13592: 13586: 13585: 13583: 13581: 13553: 13547: 13546: 13544: 13542: 13535:Cameroon Tribune 13526: 13520: 13519: 13517: 13515: 13496: 13490: 13489: 13480: 13474: 13473: 13453: 13447: 13446: 13444: 13442: 13422: 13416: 13415: 13413: 13411: 13391: 13385: 13384: 13382: 13380: 13369:Guyana Chronicle 13361: 13355: 13354: 13352: 13350: 13327: 13321: 13320: 13318: 13316: 13297: 13291: 13290: 13288: 13286: 13266: 13249: 13248: 13246: 13244: 13226: 13220: 13219: 13217: 13215: 13195: 13189: 13188: 13186: 13184: 13168: 13162: 13161: 13159: 13157: 13137: 13131: 13130: 13119: 13113: 13112: 13094: 13088: 13087: 13074: 13068: 13067: 13065: 13063: 13043: 13037: 13036: 13034: 13032: 13013: 13004: 13003: 13001: 12999: 12980: 12974: 12961: 12955: 12954: 12952: 12950: 12945:on 18 April 2015 12935: 12929: 12928: 12926: 12924: 12905: 12899: 12898: 12896: 12894: 12875: 12869: 12868: 12863:. Archived from 12851: 12845: 12844: 12842: 12840: 12825: 12819: 12818: 12816: 12814: 12808: 12801: 12793: 12787: 12786: 12784: 12782: 12767: 12761: 12760: 12758: 12756: 12741: 12735: 12734: 12732: 12730: 12710: 12704: 12703: 12701: 12699: 12693: 12686: 12671: 12665: 12664: 12662: 12660: 12644: 12638: 12624: 12618: 12606: 12602: 12596: 12595: 12593: 12591: 12585: 12578: 12563: 12557: 12556: 12554: 12552: 12532: 12526: 12525: 12523: 12521: 12502: 12496: 12495: 12493: 12491: 12472: 12466: 12465: 12463: 12461: 12442: 12436: 12435: 12433: 12431: 12412: 12406: 12405: 12387: 12381: 12367: 12361: 12351: 12345: 12344: 12342: 12340: 12323: 12317: 12316: 12314: 12312: 12306: 12300:. Archived from 12299: 12291: 12285: 12284: 12282: 12280: 12274: 12263: 12255: 12249: 12248: 12246: 12244: 12225: 12219: 12218: 12216: 12214: 12199: 12193: 12192: 12190: 12188: 12182: 12175: 12167: 12161: 12160: 12158: 12156: 12147:. Archived from 12125: 12116: 12115: 12109: 12101: 12093: 12087: 12086: 12084: 12082: 12073:. Archived from 12051: 12045: 12044: 12042: 12040: 12025: 12019: 11999: 11993: 11979: 11973: 11972: 11970: 11968: 11941: 11930: 11929: 11927: 11925: 11906: 11900: 11899: 11897: 11895: 11870: 11864: 11863: 11861: 11859: 11840: 11834: 11833: 11831: 11829: 11810: 11804: 11803: 11801: 11799: 11789: 11781: 11775: 11774: 11772: 11770: 11755: 11749: 11748: 11746: 11744: 11725: 11719: 11718: 11716: 11714: 11699: 11693: 11692: 11690: 11688: 11669: 11663: 11662: 11660: 11658: 11638: 11632: 11631: 11629: 11627: 11614:Vandiver, John. 11611: 11605: 11604: 11602: 11600: 11594: 11587: 11578: 11572: 11566: 11560: 11559: 11546: 11540: 11539: 11537: 11535: 11516: 11510: 11509: 11507: 11505: 11486: 11480: 11479: 11478: 11476: 11455: 11449: 11448: 11446: 11444: 11429: 11423: 11422: 11417:. Archived from 11411: 11405: 11404: 11402: 11400: 11380: 11374: 11355: 11349: 11348: 11346: 11344: 11329: 11323: 11322: 11320: 11318: 11303: 11297: 11296: 11289:societecivile.cd 11281: 11275: 11274: 11272: 11270: 11255: 11249: 11248: 11246: 11244: 11217: 11208: 11207: 11205: 11203: 11197: 11186: 11177: 11171: 11153: 11147: 11126: 11120: 11119: 11117: 11115: 11099: 11093: 11092: 11090: 11088: 11073: 11067: 11066: 11064: 11062: 11047: 11041: 11040: 11038: 11036: 11021: 11015: 11014: 11012: 11010: 10991: 10985: 10984: 10982: 10980: 10971:. Archived from 10961: 10955: 10954: 10952: 10950: 10941:. 15 June 2015. 10931: 10925: 10912: 10903: 10902: 10900: 10898: 10883: 10877: 10876: 10874: 10872: 10852: 10846: 10845: 10843: 10841: 10826: 10820: 10819: 10813: 10811: 10796: 10790: 10789: 10787: 10785: 10766: 10760: 10747: 10741: 10728: 10722: 10721: 10719: 10717: 10711: 10700: 10691: 10685: 10684: 10682: 10680: 10665: 10659: 10658: 10656: 10654: 10634: 10628: 10627: 10625: 10623: 10604: 10598: 10597: 10595: 10588: 10580: 10574: 10573: 10571: 10569: 10563: 10556: 10548: 10542: 10528: 10522: 10521: 10510: 10504: 10503: 10501: 10499: 10480: 10474: 10473: 10468:. Archived from 10462: 10456: 10455: 10453: 10451: 10432: 10426: 10425: 10404: 10398: 10397: 10395: 10393: 10374: 10368: 10367: 10365: 10363: 10344: 10338: 10337: 10335: 10333: 10324:. 20 June 2020. 10314: 10308: 10307: 10305: 10303: 10284: 10278: 10277: 10269: 10263: 10250: 10244: 10243: 10241: 10239: 10219: 10213: 10199: 10193: 10179: 10173: 10172: 10154: 10148: 10147: 10131: 10121: 10115: 10114: 10112: 10110: 10083: 10077: 10076: 10074: 10072: 10057: 10051: 10050: 10048: 10046: 10027: 10021: 10020: 10018: 10016: 9997: 9991: 9990: 9988: 9986: 9974:The Conversation 9965: 9959: 9958: 9956: 9954: 9945:. 15 July 2019. 9933: 9927: 9926: 9924: 9922: 9909:Vandiver, John. 9906: 9900: 9899: 9897: 9895: 9878:Vandiver, John. 9875: 9869: 9868: 9866: 9864: 9858: 9843: 9817: 9808: 9797: 9796: 9794: 9792: 9773: 9767: 9766: 9764: 9762: 9743: 9737: 9736: 9734: 9732: 9713: 9707: 9706: 9704: 9702: 9683: 9677: 9672: 9666: 9665: 9663: 9661: 9642: 9636: 9635: 9633: 9631: 9611: 9605: 9604: 9594: 9562: 9556: 9555: 9553: 9551: 9532: 9526: 9525: 9523: 9521: 9500: 9494: 9493: 9491: 9489: 9474: 9468: 9467: 9465: 9463: 9444: 9438: 9437: 9435: 9433: 9414: 9408: 9407: 9405: 9403: 9381: 9375: 9374: 9372: 9370: 9355: 9349: 9348: 9346: 9344: 9329: 9323: 9322: 9320: 9318: 9303: 9297: 9296: 9294: 9292: 9265: 9259: 9258: 9256: 9254: 9233: 9227: 9226: 9224: 9222: 9203: 9197: 9196: 9194: 9192: 9172: 9166: 9165: 9163: 9161: 9150:The East African 9142: 9136: 9135: 9133: 9131: 9125: 9120:. Archived from 9101: 9095: 9094: 9092: 9090: 9084: 9079:. Archived from 9060: 9054: 9053: 9051: 9049: 9030: 9024: 9023: 9021: 9019: 9000: 8994: 8993: 8991: 8989: 8967: 8959: 8953: 8952: 8950: 8948: 8926: 8918: 8912: 8893: 8887: 8886: 8884: 8882: 8867: 8861: 8860: 8858: 8856: 8851:on 17 April 2020 8837: 8831: 8818: 8812: 8799: 8793: 8779: 8773: 8772: 8770: 8768: 8753: 8747: 8746: 8744: 8742: 8723: 8717: 8716: 8714: 8712: 8692: 8686: 8685: 8683: 8681: 8665: 8659: 8658: 8656: 8654: 8632: 8626: 8625: 8623: 8621: 8602: 8596: 8582: 8576: 8552: 8546: 8545: 8543: 8541: 8522: 8516: 8515: 8513: 8511: 8492: 8486: 8485: 8483: 8481: 8462: 8456: 8455: 8453: 8451: 8436: 8430: 8413: 8407: 8394: 8388: 8387: 8385: 8383: 8363: 8357: 8343: 8337: 8320: 8314: 8313: 8311: 8309: 8290: 8284: 8283: 8281: 8279: 8259: 8253: 8252: 8250: 8248: 8229: 8223: 8222: 8220: 8218: 8199: 8193: 8192: 8190: 8188: 8173: 8167: 8166: 8164: 8162: 8143: 8137: 8136: 8134: 8132: 8113: 8107: 8106: 8104: 8102: 8083: 8077: 8076: 8074: 8072: 8053: 8047: 8046: 8044: 8042: 8026: 8020: 8019: 8017: 8015: 8000: 7994: 7993: 7991: 7989: 7953: 7944: 7943: 7941: 7939: 7924: 7918: 7917: 7915: 7913: 7894: 7888: 7887: 7885: 7883: 7863: 7857: 7856: 7854: 7852: 7833: 7827: 7826: 7824: 7822: 7803: 7797: 7786: 7780: 7779: 7777: 7775: 7756: 7750: 7749: 7747: 7745: 7739: 7728: 7720: 7714: 7707: 7701: 7695: 7689: 7688: 7686: 7684: 7669: 7663: 7657: 7651: 7645: 7639: 7633: 7627: 7626: 7624: 7622: 7602: 7596: 7595: 7593: 7591: 7571: 7565: 7564: 7547:Kanza, Thomas R. 7543: 7537: 7536: 7534: 7532: 7504: 7498: 7497: 7495: 7493: 7484:. 23 June 2010. 7474: 7468: 7467: 7465: 7463: 7444: 7438: 7437: 7435: 7433: 7419: 7413: 7412: 7400: 7387: 7381: 7380: 7378: 7376: 7361: 7355: 7354: 7352: 7350: 7331: 7325: 7311:Jungle Shipwreck 7307: 7301: 7298: 7292: 7291: 7289: 7287: 7267: 7261: 7260: 7258: 7256: 7228: 7222: 7221: 7205: 7195: 7189: 7182: 7176: 7175: 7173: 7171: 7152: 7146: 7145: 7143: 7141: 7121: 7115: 7099:Hochschild, Adam 7096: 7090: 7065: 7056: 7041:Keyes, Michael. 7039: 7030: 7017: 7011: 7010: 6974: 6968: 6967: 6965: 6963: 6948: 6942: 6939: 6934: 6932: 6893: 6888: 6886: 6853: 6851: 6849: 6798: 6796: 6794: 6769: 6767: 6765: 6733: 6731: 6729: 6696: 6690: 6689: 6687: 6685: 6670: 6661: 6658: 6656: 6654: 6632: 6630: 6628: 6606: 6604: 6602: 6580: 6574: 6573: 6571: 6569: 6547: 6541: 6540: 6538: 6536: 6508: 6502: 6501: 6499: 6497: 6466: 6460: 6437: 6431: 6424: 6418: 6411: 6405: 6400:Forbath, Peter. 6398: 6392: 6391: 6389: 6387: 6359: 6348: 6345: 6339: 6338: 6336: 6334: 6306: 6300: 6299: 6279: 6273: 6272: 6252: 6246: 6245: 6243: 6241: 6221: 6215: 6214: 6212: 6210: 6194: 6188: 6187: 6186: 6184: 6147: 6141: 6131:BBC News website 6127: 6118: 6117: 6115: 6113: 6101:Associated Press 6091: 6085: 6084: 6082: 6080: 6065: 6056: 6055: 6053: 6051: 6045: 6034: 6026: 6020: 6019: 6017: 6015: 5995: 5989: 5988: 5986: 5984: 5964: 5958: 5957: 5955: 5953: 5947: 5940: 5931: 5925: 5924: 5906: 5900: 5899: 5897: 5895: 5876: 5870: 5869: 5867: 5865: 5856:. CIA Factbook. 5850: 5844: 5843: 5841: 5839: 5820: 5807: 5806: 5804: 5802: 5787: 5781: 5780: 5778: 5776: 5756: 5737: 5736: 5734: 5732: 5713: 5696: 5693: 5687: 5684: 5678: 5669: 5663: 5652: 5620: 5615: 5614: 5613: 5594:beach volleyball 5563:Jonathan Kuminga 5559:Christian Eyenga 5469: 5456: 5440: 5284:Papa Noel Nedule 5213:, a bottle as a 5155:Rais Neza Boneza 5057:World Bank Group 5023:infant mortality 4913:enfants sorciers 4893:ancestor worship 4872:in the country. 4635:informal economy 4435: 4425: 4398: 4388: 4355: 4343: 4342: 4025:that power many 3975:artisanal mining 3927:Katanga Province 3560: 3521:Félix Tshisekedi 3415:Lualaba Province 3241: 3240: 3085:Gorilla beringei 3014:mountain gorilla 2966:mountain gorilla 2913:Mount Nyiragongo 2880:, gold, silver, 2815:, and runs past 2729:tropical climate 2722:Ituri Rainforest 2688:Congo rainforest 2585: 2578: 2574: 2571: 2565: 2542: 2534: 2520:Félix Tshisekedi 2438:Félix Tshisekedi 2434:general election 2411:Félix Tshisekedi 2334:was awarded the 2115:militia forces ( 2094:Second Congo War 2084:Second Congo War 2058:. Following the 1962:Mobutu Sese Seko 1894:Dag Hammarskjöld 1809:Joseph Kasa-Vubu 1755:Joseph Kasa-Vubu 1522:Congo Free State 1452:Congo Free State 1386:Kingdom of Kongo 1316:Congo (Kinshasa) 1259:Mobutu Sese Seko 1224:Congo Free State 1189:Kingdom of Kongo 1141: 1072:Félix Tshisekedi 1048:Second Congo War 1032:1965 coup d'état 1028:Mobutu Sese Seko 985:Congo Free State 961:Kingdom of Kongo 951:Centered on the 795: 794: 760: 759: 753: 752: 746: 735: 734: 728: 727: 721: 709: 708: 695:$ 73.761 billion 694: 693: 677: 665: 664: 650: 649: 633: 603: 602: 547:18 February 2006 468:15 November 1908 450:Congo Free State 442:17 November 1879 358:Félix Tshisekedi 328: 246: 229: 228: 226: 225: 224: 219: 218:4.317°S 15.317°E 215: 212: 211: 210: 207: 192:and largest city 183: 180: 173: 170: 158: 157: 143: 142: 139:Debout Congolais 124: 123: 104: 90: 77: 76: 68: 66: 57: 50: 49: 21: 17280: 17279: 17275: 17274: 17273: 17271: 17270: 17269: 17205: 17204: 17195: 17193: 17189: 17186: 17181: 17178: 17176: 17174: 17173: 17171: 17166: 17165: 17160: 17142: 17121: 17082:French language 17070: 17040: 17024: 16898: 16862: 16836: 16732:North Macedonia 16556: 16551: 16521: 16516: 16498: 16467: 16446: 16394: 16361: 16295: 16279: 16226: 16200: 16139: 16121: 16093: 16060: 16042: 16010: 15977: 15905: 15900: 15870: 15865: 15859: 15851: 15843: 15835: 15818: 15792: 15764: 15678: 15672: 15642: 15637: 15601: 15585: 15554: 15533: 15529:Pelagie Islands 15512: 15488: 15486: 15476: 15464: 15446: 15443: 15435: 15414: 15411: 15403: 15394: 15110: 15101: 15066: 15058: 15053: 15040: 15033: 15026: 15013: 15009:Public holidays 14965: 14884: 14818: 14756:Law enforcement 14685: 14623: 14580:Zaire (1965–97) 14512: 14506: 14464: 14445: 14435: 14424: 14375:Country Profile 14366: 14365: 14364: 14346: 14342: 14337: 14332: 14272:Rorison, Sean, 14068:Wayback Machine 14037: 14021: 13988: 13986:Further reading 13975: 13973: 13966: 13943: 13942: 13932: 13930: 13915: 13914: 13910: 13900: 13898: 13881: 13880: 13876: 13870:Wayback Machine 13861: 13857: 13834: 13830: 13820: 13818: 13803: 13799: 13789: 13787: 13772: 13768: 13758: 13756: 13749: 13733: 13729: 13719: 13717: 13710: 13694: 13690: 13680: 13678: 13663: 13659: 13649: 13647: 13632: 13628: 13618: 13616: 13609: 13593: 13589: 13579: 13577: 13570: 13554: 13550: 13540: 13538: 13527: 13523: 13513: 13511: 13498: 13497: 13493: 13485:Ethnomusicology 13482: 13481: 13477: 13470: 13454: 13450: 13440: 13438: 13423: 13419: 13409: 13407: 13392: 13388: 13378: 13376: 13363: 13362: 13358: 13348: 13346: 13328: 13324: 13314: 13312: 13299: 13298: 13294: 13284: 13282: 13275:Music in Africa 13267: 13252: 13242: 13240: 13227: 13223: 13213: 13211: 13196: 13192: 13182: 13180: 13169: 13165: 13155: 13153: 13146:Music In Africa 13138: 13134: 13121: 13120: 13116: 13109: 13095: 13091: 13076: 13075: 13071: 13061: 13059: 13044: 13040: 13030: 13028: 13015: 13014: 13007: 12997: 12995: 12982: 12981: 12977: 12971:Wayback Machine 12962: 12958: 12948: 12946: 12937: 12936: 12932: 12922: 12920: 12907: 12906: 12902: 12892: 12890: 12877: 12876: 12872: 12853: 12852: 12848: 12838: 12836: 12827: 12826: 12822: 12812: 12810: 12806: 12799: 12795: 12794: 12790: 12780: 12778: 12769: 12768: 12764: 12754: 12752: 12743: 12742: 12738: 12728: 12726: 12711: 12707: 12697: 12695: 12691: 12687:. p. XXV. 12684: 12672: 12668: 12658: 12656: 12645: 12641: 12625: 12621: 12615:Wayback Machine 12604: 12603: 12599: 12589: 12587: 12583: 12576: 12564: 12560: 12550: 12548: 12533: 12529: 12519: 12517: 12504: 12503: 12499: 12489: 12487: 12474: 12473: 12469: 12459: 12457: 12444: 12443: 12439: 12429: 12427: 12414: 12413: 12409: 12402: 12388: 12384: 12368: 12364: 12352: 12348: 12338: 12336: 12325: 12324: 12320: 12310: 12308: 12304: 12297: 12293: 12292: 12288: 12278: 12276: 12272: 12261: 12257: 12256: 12252: 12242: 12240: 12227: 12226: 12222: 12212: 12210: 12201: 12200: 12196: 12186: 12184: 12180: 12173: 12169: 12168: 12164: 12154: 12152: 12145: 12126: 12119: 12103: 12102: 12094: 12090: 12080: 12078: 12071: 12052: 12048: 12038: 12036: 12027: 12026: 12022: 12009:Wayback Machine 12000: 11996: 11990:Wayback Machine 11980: 11976: 11966: 11964: 11957: 11943: 11942: 11933: 11923: 11921: 11908: 11907: 11903: 11893: 11891: 11872: 11871: 11867: 11857: 11855: 11850:. 23 May 2003. 11842: 11841: 11837: 11827: 11825: 11812: 11811: 11807: 11797: 11795: 11787: 11783: 11782: 11778: 11768: 11766: 11757: 11756: 11752: 11742: 11740: 11727: 11726: 11722: 11712: 11710: 11701: 11700: 11696: 11686: 11684: 11671: 11670: 11666: 11656: 11654: 11639: 11635: 11625: 11623: 11618:. Stripes.com. 11612: 11608: 11598: 11596: 11592: 11585: 11580: 11579: 11575: 11567: 11563: 11548: 11547: 11543: 11533: 11531: 11518: 11517: 11513: 11503: 11501: 11488: 11487: 11483: 11474: 11472: 11457: 11456: 11452: 11442: 11440: 11431: 11430: 11426: 11413: 11412: 11408: 11398: 11396: 11381: 11377: 11365:Wayback Machine 11356: 11352: 11342: 11340: 11331: 11330: 11326: 11316: 11314: 11305: 11304: 11300: 11283: 11282: 11278: 11268: 11266: 11257: 11256: 11252: 11242: 11240: 11219: 11218: 11211: 11201: 11199: 11195: 11184: 11178: 11174: 11168:Financial Times 11164:Wayback Machine 11154: 11150: 11144:Wayback Machine 11127: 11123: 11113: 11111: 11100: 11096: 11086: 11084: 11075: 11074: 11070: 11060: 11058: 11049: 11048: 11044: 11034: 11032: 11023: 11022: 11018: 11008: 11006: 10993: 10992: 10988: 10978: 10976: 10963: 10962: 10958: 10948: 10946: 10933: 10932: 10928: 10922:Wayback Machine 10913: 10906: 10896: 10894: 10885: 10884: 10880: 10870: 10868: 10853: 10849: 10839: 10837: 10828: 10827: 10823: 10809: 10807: 10802:. 2 July 2007. 10798: 10797: 10793: 10783: 10781: 10772: 10767: 10763: 10757:Wayback Machine 10748: 10744: 10738:Wayback Machine 10729: 10725: 10715: 10713: 10709: 10698: 10692: 10688: 10678: 10676: 10667: 10666: 10662: 10652: 10650: 10635: 10631: 10621: 10619: 10606: 10605: 10601: 10593: 10586: 10582: 10581: 10577: 10567: 10565: 10561: 10554: 10550: 10549: 10545: 10539:Wayback Machine 10529: 10525: 10512: 10511: 10507: 10497: 10495: 10482: 10481: 10477: 10464: 10463: 10459: 10449: 10447: 10434: 10433: 10429: 10422: 10408:Drumbl, Mark A. 10405: 10401: 10391: 10389: 10376: 10375: 10371: 10361: 10359: 10346: 10345: 10341: 10331: 10329: 10316: 10315: 10311: 10301: 10299: 10286: 10285: 10281: 10270: 10266: 10260:Wayback Machine 10251: 10247: 10237: 10235: 10220: 10216: 10210:Wayback Machine 10200: 10196: 10192:2 October 1991. 10190:Wayback Machine 10180: 10176: 10169: 10155: 10151: 10144: 10122: 10118: 10108: 10106: 10099: 10085: 10084: 10080: 10070: 10068: 10059: 10058: 10054: 10044: 10042: 10029: 10028: 10024: 10014: 10012: 9999: 9998: 9994: 9984: 9982: 9967: 9966: 9962: 9952: 9950: 9935: 9934: 9930: 9920: 9918: 9913:. Stripes.com. 9907: 9903: 9893: 9891: 9876: 9872: 9862: 9860: 9856: 9815: 9809: 9800: 9790: 9788: 9775: 9774: 9770: 9760: 9758: 9747:"Member States" 9745: 9744: 9740: 9730: 9728: 9715: 9714: 9710: 9700: 9698: 9691:ConstitutionNet 9685: 9684: 9680: 9673: 9669: 9659: 9657: 9644: 9643: 9639: 9629: 9627: 9612: 9608: 9571:Current Biology 9563: 9559: 9549: 9547: 9534: 9533: 9529: 9519: 9517: 9502: 9501: 9497: 9487: 9485: 9476: 9475: 9471: 9461: 9459: 9452:Volcanolive.com 9446: 9445: 9441: 9431: 9429: 9416: 9415: 9411: 9401: 9399: 9383: 9382: 9378: 9368: 9366: 9357: 9356: 9352: 9342: 9340: 9331: 9330: 9326: 9316: 9314: 9305: 9304: 9300: 9290: 9288: 9267: 9266: 9262: 9252: 9250: 9235: 9234: 9230: 9220: 9218: 9205: 9204: 9200: 9190: 9188: 9173: 9169: 9159: 9157: 9144: 9143: 9139: 9129: 9127: 9102: 9098: 9088: 9086: 9061: 9057: 9047: 9045: 9040:. 10 May 2021. 9032: 9031: 9027: 9017: 9015: 9002: 9001: 8997: 8987: 8985: 8960: 8956: 8946: 8944: 8919: 8915: 8903:Wayback Machine 8894: 8890: 8880: 8878: 8869: 8868: 8864: 8854: 8852: 8839: 8838: 8834: 8828:Wayback Machine 8819: 8815: 8809:Wayback Machine 8800: 8796: 8790:Wayback Machine 8780: 8776: 8766: 8764: 8755: 8754: 8750: 8740: 8738: 8725: 8724: 8720: 8710: 8708: 8693: 8689: 8679: 8677: 8666: 8662: 8652: 8650: 8642:TheGuardian.com 8633: 8629: 8619: 8617: 8604: 8603: 8599: 8593:Wayback Machine 8583: 8579: 8574:Wayback Machine 8563:Wayback Machine 8553: 8549: 8539: 8537: 8530:modernghana.com 8524: 8523: 8519: 8509: 8507: 8494: 8493: 8489: 8479: 8477: 8464: 8463: 8459: 8449: 8447: 8438: 8437: 8433: 8427:The Independent 8423:Wayback Machine 8414: 8410: 8404:Wayback Machine 8395: 8391: 8381: 8379: 8364: 8360: 8354:Wayback Machine 8344: 8340: 8331:Wayback Machine 8321: 8317: 8307: 8305: 8292: 8291: 8287: 8277: 8275: 8260: 8256: 8246: 8244: 8231: 8230: 8226: 8216: 8214: 8201: 8200: 8196: 8186: 8184: 8175: 8174: 8170: 8160: 8158: 8153:. 4 June 2012. 8145: 8144: 8140: 8130: 8128: 8115: 8114: 8110: 8100: 8098: 8085: 8084: 8080: 8070: 8068: 8055: 8054: 8050: 8040: 8038: 8027: 8023: 8013: 8011: 8002: 8001: 7997: 7987: 7985: 7978: 7954: 7947: 7937: 7935: 7926: 7925: 7921: 7911: 7909: 7896: 7895: 7891: 7881: 7879: 7864: 7860: 7850: 7848: 7835: 7834: 7830: 7820: 7818: 7811:edition.cnn.com 7805: 7804: 7800: 7787: 7783: 7773: 7771: 7764:edition.cnn.com 7758: 7757: 7753: 7743: 7741: 7737: 7726: 7722: 7721: 7717: 7708: 7704: 7696: 7692: 7682: 7680: 7671: 7670: 7666: 7658: 7654: 7646: 7642: 7634: 7630: 7620: 7618: 7603: 7599: 7589: 7587: 7572: 7568: 7561: 7544: 7540: 7530: 7528: 7521: 7505: 7501: 7491: 7489: 7482:The Independent 7476: 7475: 7471: 7461: 7459: 7446: 7445: 7441: 7431: 7429: 7421: 7420: 7416: 7409: 7388: 7384: 7374: 7372: 7363: 7362: 7358: 7348: 7346: 7333: 7332: 7328: 7324:, 25 July 1960. 7318:Wayback Machine 7308: 7304: 7299: 7295: 7285: 7283: 7268: 7264: 7254: 7252: 7245: 7229: 7225: 7218: 7196: 7192: 7183: 7179: 7169: 7167: 7154: 7153: 7149: 7139: 7137: 7122: 7118: 7097: 7093: 7076:Wayback Machine 7066: 7059: 7055:September 2004. 7053:Wayback Machine 7040: 7033: 7027:Wayback Machine 7018: 7014: 6975: 6971: 6961: 6959: 6958:on 2 March 2015 6950: 6949: 6945: 6930: 6928: 6921: 6884: 6882: 6875: 6847: 6845: 6792: 6790: 6763: 6761: 6754: 6742:. Vol. 1. 6736: 6727: 6725: 6718: 6697: 6693: 6683: 6681: 6672: 6671: 6664: 6652: 6650: 6635: 6626: 6624: 6609: 6600: 6598: 6583: 6581: 6577: 6567: 6565: 6548: 6544: 6534: 6532: 6525: 6509: 6505: 6495: 6493: 6486: 6467: 6463: 6459:, 1822, p. 112. 6438: 6434: 6425: 6421: 6412: 6408: 6402:The River Congo 6399: 6395: 6385: 6383: 6376: 6360: 6351: 6346: 6342: 6332: 6330: 6323: 6307: 6303: 6296: 6280: 6276: 6269: 6253: 6249: 6239: 6237: 6222: 6218: 6208: 6206: 6195: 6191: 6182: 6180: 6173: 6149: 6148: 6144: 6138:Wayback Machine 6128: 6121: 6111: 6109: 6092: 6088: 6078: 6076: 6067: 6066: 6059: 6049: 6047: 6043: 6032: 6028: 6027: 6023: 6013: 6011: 5996: 5992: 5982: 5980: 5965: 5961: 5951: 5949: 5945: 5938: 5932: 5928: 5921: 5907: 5903: 5893: 5891: 5878: 5877: 5873: 5863: 5861: 5852: 5851: 5847: 5837: 5835: 5834:. 10 April 2024 5822: 5821: 5810: 5800: 5798: 5789: 5788: 5784: 5774: 5772: 5757: 5740: 5730: 5728: 5723:. 2 June 2022. 5715: 5714: 5710: 5705: 5700: 5699: 5694: 5690: 5685: 5681: 5670: 5666: 5656:Kikongo ya leta 5653: 5649: 5644: 5616: 5611: 5609: 5606: 5575:Yannick Bolasie 5567:Emmanuel Mudiay 5555:Bismack Biyombo 5551:Dikembe Mutombo 5524: 5514: 5509: 5503: 5463: 5450: 5431: 5425: 5407:, Exra Musica, 5252:Congolese rumba 5187:partnered dance 5183: 5173:Congolese rumba 5169: 5163: 5139: 5114: 5108: 5100:life expectancy 5063:Maternal health 5003: 4997: 4991: 4935: 4929: 4754: 4748: 4672: 4666: 4611: 4606: 4436: 4430: 4426: 4399: 4393: 4389: 4357: 4356: 4353: 4351: 4348: 4340: 4239: 4219: 4214: 4204: 4198: 4175: 4169: 4163: 4051: 4045: 4039: 3979:informal sector 3899: 3893: 3857:Congolese franc 3841: 3835: 3829: 3737: 3719: 3701: 3663:Adam Hochschild 3650: 3644: 3632: 3626: 3593:in the eastern 3547: 3541: 3489:magnetic alloys 3483:, used to make 3445: 3439: 3367:Lomami Province 3224: 3218: 3210:Main articles: 3208: 3134: 3128: 3093:Gorilla gorilla 3089:western gorilla 3081:eastern gorilla 3075:), the bonobo ( 3073:Pan troglodytes 2964:The endangered 2958: 2952: 2940:Main articles: 2938: 2859:Lake Tanganyika 2789:Lake Tanganyika 2616: 2608:Main articles: 2586: 2575: 2569: 2566: 2555: 2543: 2532: 2471:reached the DRC 2403: 2264:authorized the 2200: 2188:Main articles: 2186: 2126:, becoming the 2086: 2080:First Congo War 2078:Main articles: 2076: 2020:Prince Bernhard 1955: 1949: 1829:Laurent Mbariko 1825:Antoine Gizenga 1797:Patrice Lumumba 1773:Patrice Lumumba 1743: 1735:Main articles: 1733: 1682:Charles Tombeur 1640:Théophile Wahis 1600: 1594: 1586:Casement Report 1464: 1454: 1446:Main articles: 1444: 1435:Bantu expansion 1404:Semliki harpoon 1388: 1380:Main articles: 1378: 1370:hunter-gatherer 1362:Bantu expansion 1358: 1352: 1261:as part of his 1203:comes from the 1162: 1152: 1044:First Congo War 1024:Patrice Lumumba 1010:Congo achieved 957:Bantu expansion 930:Lake Tanganyika 792: 788: 774:Congolese franc 757: 756: 755: 744: 732: 731: 730: 719: 702: 687: 675: 658: 643: 627: 615: 596: 579: 565: 544: 531: 529:First Congo War 521:27 October 1971 518: 505: 495: 482: 465: 452: 439: 413: 398: 369: 354: 329: 324: 314: 280: 272: 253:Kikongo ya leta 244: 222: 220: 216: 213: 208: 205: 203: 201: 200: 199: 193: 185: 184: 181: 174: 159: 148: 144: 125: 112: 111: 110: 105: 97: 96: 91: 78: 70: 64: 60: 58: 55: 48: 41: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 17278: 17268: 17267: 17262: 17257: 17252: 17247: 17242: 17237: 17232: 17227: 17222: 17217: 17168: 17167: 17162: 17161: 17159: 17158: 17147: 17144: 17143: 17141: 17140: 17135: 17129: 17127: 17123: 17122: 17120: 17119: 17114: 17109: 17104: 17099: 17094: 17089: 17084: 17078: 17076: 17072: 17071: 17069: 17068: 17063: 17058: 17052: 17050: 17046: 17045: 17042: 17041: 17039: 17038: 17032: 17030: 17026: 17025: 17023: 17022: 17017: 17012: 17007: 17002: 16997: 16992: 16987: 16982: 16977: 16972: 16967: 16962: 16957: 16952: 16947: 16942: 16937: 16932: 16930:Czech Republic 16927: 16922: 16917: 16912: 16906: 16904: 16900: 16899: 16897: 16896: 16891: 16886: 16881: 16876: 16870: 16868: 16864: 16863: 16861: 16860: 16855: 16850: 16844: 16842: 16838: 16837: 16835: 16834: 16829: 16824: 16819: 16814: 16809: 16804: 16799: 16794: 16789: 16784: 16779: 16774: 16769: 16764: 16759: 16754: 16749: 16744: 16739: 16734: 16729: 16724: 16719: 16714: 16709: 16704: 16699: 16694: 16689: 16684: 16679: 16674: 16669: 16664: 16659: 16654: 16649: 16644: 16639: 16634: 16629: 16624: 16619: 16614: 16609: 16604: 16599: 16594: 16589: 16584: 16579: 16573: 16571: 16564: 16558: 16557: 16550: 16549: 16542: 16535: 16527: 16518: 16517: 16515: 16514: 16503: 16500: 16499: 16497: 16496: 16491: 16486: 16481: 16475: 16473: 16469: 16468: 16466: 16465: 16460: 16454: 16452: 16448: 16447: 16445: 16444: 16439: 16434: 16429: 16424: 16419: 16408: 16406: 16400: 16399: 16396: 16395: 16393: 16392: 16387: 16382: 16377: 16371: 16369: 16363: 16362: 16360: 16359: 16354: 16349: 16339: 16334: 16329: 16324: 16319: 16313: 16307: 16301: 16300: 16297: 16296: 16294: 16293: 16287: 16285: 16281: 16280: 16278: 16277: 16272: 16267: 16262: 16257: 16252: 16247: 16242: 16236: 16234: 16228: 16227: 16225: 16224: 16219: 16214: 16208: 16206: 16202: 16201: 16199: 16198: 16193: 16190: 16185: 16180: 16175: 16170: 16165: 16160: 16155: 16149: 16147: 16141: 16140: 16138: 16137: 16131: 16129: 16123: 16122: 16120: 16119: 16114: 16109: 16103: 16101: 16095: 16094: 16092: 16091: 16086: 16081: 16076: 16070: 16068: 16062: 16061: 16059: 16058: 16052: 16050: 16044: 16043: 16041: 16040: 16035: 16030: 16024: 16018: 16012: 16011: 16009: 16008: 16003: 15998: 15996:Extreme points 15993: 15987: 15985: 15979: 15978: 15976: 15975: 15974: 15973: 15968: 15956: 15951: 15946: 15941: 15936: 15934:Monrovia Group 15931: 15926: 15921: 15919:Pan-Africanism 15915: 15913: 15907: 15906: 15899: 15898: 15891: 15884: 15876: 15867: 15866: 15864: 15863: 15855: 15847: 15839: 15830: 15828: 15824: 15823: 15820: 15819: 15817: 15816: 15811: 15806: 15800: 15798: 15794: 15793: 15791: 15790: 15785: 15783:Levy Mwanawasa 15779: 15777: 15770: 15766: 15765: 15763: 15762: 15757: 15752: 15747: 15742: 15737: 15732: 15727: 15722: 15717: 15712: 15707: 15702: 15697: 15692: 15686: 15684: 15680: 15679: 15671: 15670: 15663: 15656: 15648: 15639: 15638: 15636: 15635: 15623: 15610: 15607: 15606: 15603: 15602: 15600: 15599: 15593: 15591: 15587: 15586: 15584: 15583: 15578: 15573: 15568: 15566:Canary Islands 15562: 15560: 15556: 15555: 15553: 15552: 15550:Savage Islands 15547: 15541: 15539: 15535: 15534: 15532: 15531: 15526: 15520: 15518: 15514: 15513: 15511: 15510: 15505: 15499: 15497: 15490: 15482: 15481: 15478: 15477: 15472: 15470: 15469:United Kingdom 15466: 15465: 15463: 15462: 15456: 15454: 15447: 15440: 15437: 15436: 15434: 15433: 15428: 15417: 15415: 15408: 15405: 15404: 15397: 15395: 15393: 15392: 15387: 15382: 15377: 15372: 15367: 15362: 15357: 15352: 15347: 15342: 15337: 15332: 15327: 15322: 15317: 15312: 15307: 15302: 15297: 15292: 15287: 15282: 15277: 15272: 15267: 15262: 15257: 15252: 15247: 15242: 15237: 15232: 15227: 15222: 15217: 15212: 15207: 15202: 15197: 15191: 15186: 15181: 15176: 15171: 15166: 15161: 15156: 15151: 15146: 15141: 15136: 15131: 15126: 15120: 15118: 15112: 15111: 15100: 15099: 15092: 15085: 15077: 15071: 15068: 15067: 15055: 15054: 15052: 15051: 15046: 15039: 15038: 15031: 15023: 15022: 15019: 15018: 15015: 15014: 15012: 15011: 15006: 15001: 14996: 14991: 14986: 14981: 14975: 14973: 14967: 14966: 14964: 14963: 14958: 14953: 14948: 14943: 14938: 14933: 14928: 14923: 14918: 14913: 14908: 14906:Child marriage 14902: 14896: 14890: 14889: 14886: 14885: 14883: 14882: 14877: 14872: 14867: 14862: 14857: 14852: 14847: 14842: 14836: 14830: 14824: 14823: 14820: 14819: 14817: 14816: 14815: 14814: 14807:Prime Minister 14804: 14803: 14802: 14792: 14787: 14786: 14785: 14780: 14770: 14769: 14768: 14766:Chief of Staff 14758: 14753: 14752: 14751: 14741: 14736: 14735: 14734: 14724: 14719: 14714: 14709: 14703: 14697: 14691: 14690: 14687: 14686: 14684: 14683: 14678: 14673: 14668: 14663: 14658: 14653: 14648: 14643: 14637: 14631: 14625: 14624: 14622: 14621: 14620: 14619: 14614: 14604: 14603: 14602: 14592: 14587: 14582: 14577: 14572: 14567: 14562: 14561: 14560: 14550: 14549: 14548: 14538: 14533: 14528: 14522: 14520: 14514: 14513: 14511: articles 14505: 14504: 14497: 14490: 14482: 14476: 14475: 14462: 14457: 14442: 14432: 14406: 14397: 14381: 14372: 14347: 14340: 14339: 14338: 14336: 14335:External links 14333: 14331: 14330: 14323: 14313: 14306: 14299: 14292: 14277: 14270: 14263: 14248: 14237: 14230: 14223: 14216: 14213:978-9987160488 14202:978-1448665709 14167: 14156: 14155:. Verso, 2004. 14149:Melvern, Linda 14146: 14135: 14128: 14121: 14109: 14090: 14083: 14080: 14071: 14055: 14048: 14041: 14035: 14019: 14012: 13999:Callaghy, T., 13997: 13989: 13987: 13984: 13983: 13982: 13964: 13941: 13940: 13908: 13874: 13855: 13828: 13807:"Le Congolais" 13797: 13766: 13747: 13727: 13708: 13688: 13657: 13626: 13607: 13587: 13568: 13548: 13521: 13491: 13475: 13468: 13448: 13417: 13386: 13356: 13322: 13292: 13250: 13221: 13204:Dac-presse.com 13190: 13163: 13132: 13114: 13108:978-0595282944 13107: 13089: 13069: 13038: 13005: 12975: 12956: 12930: 12900: 12870: 12867:on 3 May 2019. 12846: 12835:on 5 June 2015 12820: 12788: 12762: 12736: 12705: 12666: 12639: 12619: 12597: 12558: 12527: 12497: 12467: 12437: 12407: 12400: 12382: 12362: 12346: 12318: 12286: 12266:Dhsprogram.com 12250: 12220: 12194: 12162: 12151:on 2 July 2015 12143: 12117: 12088: 12077:on 2 July 2015 12069: 12046: 12020: 11994: 11974: 11955: 11931: 11901: 11865: 11835: 11805: 11776: 11750: 11720: 11694: 11664: 11633: 11606: 11573: 11561: 11541: 11524:Mining Journal 11511: 11481: 11450: 11424: 11406: 11375: 11350: 11324: 11298: 11276: 11250: 11209: 11172: 11148: 11121: 11094: 11068: 11042: 11016: 10986: 10956: 10926: 10904: 10878: 10847: 10821: 10791: 10761: 10742: 10723: 10703:peacewomen.org 10686: 10660: 10629: 10599: 10575: 10543: 10523: 10505: 10475: 10457: 10427: 10421:978-0199592654 10420: 10399: 10369: 10339: 10309: 10279: 10264: 10245: 10214: 10194: 10174: 10167: 10149: 10142: 10116: 10097: 10078: 10052: 10022: 9992: 9960: 9928: 9901: 9870: 9798: 9768: 9738: 9708: 9678: 9667: 9637: 9606: 9557: 9546:on 18 May 2016 9527: 9495: 9469: 9439: 9409: 9376: 9350: 9324: 9298: 9260: 9228: 9198: 9167: 9137: 9096: 9055: 9025: 8995: 8954: 8913: 8888: 8862: 8832: 8813: 8794: 8774: 8748: 8718: 8687: 8660: 8627: 8597: 8577: 8547: 8517: 8487: 8470:NobelPrize.org 8457: 8431: 8429:, 12 May 2011. 8408: 8389: 8358: 8338: 8315: 8285: 8254: 8224: 8194: 8168: 8138: 8108: 8078: 8048: 8021: 7995: 7976: 7945: 7919: 7889: 7858: 7828: 7798: 7781: 7751: 7715: 7702: 7690: 7664: 7652: 7640: 7628: 7597: 7580:britannica.com 7566: 7559: 7538: 7519: 7499: 7469: 7452:Democracy Now! 7439: 7414: 7407: 7382: 7356: 7326: 7302: 7293: 7262: 7243: 7223: 7216: 7190: 7177: 7160:britannica.com 7147: 7116: 7091: 7057: 7031: 7012: 6969: 6943: 6941: 6940: 6919: 6894: 6873: 6867:. p. 78. 6854: 6809:Applied Energy 6799: 6770: 6752: 6716: 6691: 6662: 6660: 6659: 6633: 6575: 6542: 6523: 6503: 6484: 6461: 6439:James Barbot, 6432: 6419: 6406: 6404:(1977), p. 19. 6393: 6374: 6349: 6340: 6321: 6301: 6294: 6274: 6267: 6247: 6216: 6189: 6171: 6142: 6119: 6086: 6057: 6021: 5990: 5959: 5926: 5919: 5901: 5871: 5845: 5808: 5782: 5738: 5707: 5706: 5704: 5701: 5698: 5697: 5688: 5679: 5664: 5660:Kongo language 5646: 5645: 5643: 5640: 5639: 5638: 5633: 5628: 5622: 5621: 5605: 5602: 5513: 5510: 5505:Main article: 5502: 5499: 5487:LeCongolais.CD 5427:Main article: 5424: 5421: 5393:Awilo Longomba 5342:Abeti Masikini 5302:ekonda saccadé 5272:Vicky Longomba 5268:Le Grand Kallé 5165:Main article: 5162: 5159: 5138: 5135: 5110:Main article: 5107: 5104: 5047:Ebola outbreak 4993:Main article: 4990: 4987: 4931:Main article: 4928: 4925: 4834:and Kinshasa. 4826:in the world. 4750:Main article: 4747: 4744: 4731:Force Publique 4668:Main article: 4665: 4662: 4647:asylum-seekers 4610: 4607: 4603: 4602: 4599: 4594: 4589: 4585: 4584: 4581: 4576: 4571: 4567: 4566: 4563: 4558: 4553: 4549: 4548: 4545: 4540: 4535: 4531: 4530: 4527: 4522: 4517: 4513: 4512: 4509: 4504: 4499: 4495: 4494: 4491: 4486: 4481: 4477: 4476: 4473: 4468: 4463: 4459: 4458: 4455: 4453:Kasai-Oriental 4450: 4445: 4441: 4440: 4419: 4416: 4411: 4406: 4403: 4381: 4380: 4378: 4375: 4370: 4365: 4362: 4359: 4358: 4352: 4349: 4346: 4341: 4339: 4338:Largest cities 4336: 4327: 4326: 4321: 4316: 4311: 4306: 4301: 4296: 4291: 4286: 4281: 4276: 4238: 4235: 4218: 4215: 4200:Main article: 4197: 4194: 4165:Main article: 4162: 4159: 4130: 4129: 4115: 4109: 4041:Main article: 4038: 4037:Transportation 4035: 3977:occurs in the 3923:Kasaï Province 3895:Main article: 3892: 3889: 3831:Main article: 3828: 3825: 3774:LGBT community 3745:Child soldiers 3715:Main article: 3709:child soldiers 3700: 3697: 3678:Enough Project 3646:Main article: 3643: 3640: 3628:Main article: 3625: 3622: 3607:United Nations 3599:Ituri conflict 3543:Main article: 3540: 3537: 3459:in August 2014 3441:Main article: 3438: 3435: 3432: 3431: 3425: 3418: 3417: 3411: 3404: 3403: 3397: 3390: 3389: 3383: 3376: 3375: 3369: 3362: 3361: 3355: 3353:Kasaï-Oriental 3348: 3347: 3341: 3334: 3333: 3327: 3325:Kasaï Province 3320: 3319: 3313: 3306: 3305: 3299: 3297:Kwilu Province 3292: 3291: 3285: 3278: 3277: 3271: 3264: 3263: 3261:Ituri Province 3257: 3251: 3207: 3204: 3130:Main article: 3127: 3124: 3022:forest buffalo 2937: 2934: 2781:Albertine Rift 2588: 2587: 2546: 2544: 2537: 2531: 2528: 2516:attempted coup 2494:Uhuru Kenyatta 2486:Luca Attanasio 2452:new government 2402: 2399: 2347:major protests 2290:Ituri conflict 2247:Bosco Ntaganda 2237:, a member of 2235:Laurent Nkunda 2194:Ituri conflict 2185: 2182: 2075: 2072: 2005:le mal Zairois 1951:Main article: 1948: 1945: 1914:Cyrille Adoula 1856:Force Publique 1805:Prime Minister 1777:Prime Minister 1749:The leader of 1732: 1729: 1709:Force Publique 1689:Force Publique 1674:Force Publique 1662:Force Publique 1651:Force Publique 1631:Force Publique 1616:United Kingdom 1596:Main article: 1593: 1590: 1582:Roger Casement 1578:British consul 1559:Force Publique 1462:Congo Arab war 1443: 1440: 1422:Central Africa 1377: 1374: 1354:Main article: 1351: 1348: 1320:Congo-Kinshasa 1205:Kongo language 1151: 1148: 1116:United Nations 1005:Belgian colony 995:and committed 882:Central Africa 878:Congo-Kinshasa 860: 859: 854: 848: 847: 842: 836: 835: 830: 824: 823: 820: 814: 813: 810: 806: 805: 786: 782: 781: 771: 767: 766: 747: 737: 736: 722: 712: 711: 703: 700: 697: 696: 688: 685: 682: 681: 678: 668: 667: 659: 656: 653: 652: 644: 641: 638: 637: 634: 620: 619: 616: 614:• Density 613: 610: 609: 597: 594: 591: 590: 584: 583: 580: 577: 574: 573: 566: 563: 560: 559: 553: 552: 549: 548: 545: 539: 536: 535: 532: 526: 523: 522: 519: 513: 510: 509: 506: 503: 500: 499: 496: 490: 487: 486: 483: 473: 470: 469: 466: 460: 457: 456: 453: 447: 444: 443: 440: 434: 431: 430: 427: 426: 420: 419: 414: 408: 405: 404: 399: 393: 390: 389: 384: 380: 379: 376: 375: 373:Judith Suminwa 370: 367:Prime Minister 364: 361: 360: 355: 349: 346: 345: 342: 341: 335: 331: 330: 322: 316: 315: 313: 312: 302: 296: 290: 283: 281: 278: 274: 273: 271: 270: 265: 260: 255: 249: 247: 241: 240: 235: 231: 230: 223:-4.317; 15.317 194: 191: 187: 186: 175: 165: 164: 161: 160: 146: 128: 127: 114: 113: 106: 99: 98: 92: 85: 84: 83: 80: 79: 59: 53: 26: 18:Congo-Kinshasa 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 17277: 17266: 17263: 17261: 17258: 17256: 17253: 17251: 17248: 17246: 17243: 17241: 17238: 17236: 17233: 17231: 17228: 17226: 17223: 17221: 17218: 17216: 17213: 17212: 17210: 17203: 17200: 17157: 17149: 17148: 17145: 17139: 17136: 17134: 17131: 17130: 17128: 17124: 17118: 17115: 17113: 17110: 17108: 17105: 17103: 17100: 17098: 17095: 17093: 17090: 17088: 17085: 17083: 17080: 17079: 17077: 17073: 17067: 17064: 17062: 17059: 17057: 17054: 17053: 17051: 17047: 17037: 17034: 17033: 17031: 17027: 17021: 17018: 17016: 17013: 17011: 17008: 17006: 17003: 17001: 16998: 16996: 16993: 16991: 16988: 16986: 16983: 16981: 16978: 16976: 16973: 16971: 16968: 16966: 16963: 16961: 16958: 16956: 16953: 16951: 16948: 16946: 16943: 16941: 16938: 16936: 16933: 16931: 16928: 16926: 16923: 16921: 16918: 16916: 16913: 16911: 16908: 16907: 16905: 16901: 16895: 16892: 16890: 16887: 16885: 16882: 16880: 16877: 16875: 16872: 16871: 16869: 16865: 16859: 16856: 16854: 16853:New Brunswick 16851: 16849: 16846: 16845: 16843: 16839: 16833: 16830: 16828: 16825: 16823: 16820: 16818: 16815: 16813: 16810: 16808: 16805: 16803: 16800: 16798: 16795: 16793: 16790: 16788: 16785: 16783: 16780: 16778: 16775: 16773: 16770: 16768: 16765: 16763: 16760: 16758: 16755: 16753: 16750: 16748: 16745: 16743: 16740: 16738: 16735: 16733: 16730: 16728: 16725: 16723: 16720: 16718: 16715: 16713: 16710: 16708: 16705: 16703: 16702:Guinea-Bissau 16700: 16698: 16695: 16693: 16690: 16688: 16685: 16683: 16680: 16678: 16675: 16673: 16670: 16668: 16665: 16663: 16660: 16658: 16655: 16653: 16650: 16648: 16645: 16643: 16640: 16638: 16635: 16633: 16630: 16628: 16625: 16623: 16620: 16618: 16615: 16613: 16610: 16608: 16605: 16603: 16600: 16598: 16595: 16593: 16590: 16588: 16585: 16583: 16580: 16578: 16575: 16574: 16572: 16568: 16565: 16563: 16559: 16555: 16548: 16543: 16541: 16536: 16534: 16529: 16528: 16525: 16513: 16505: 16504: 16501: 16495: 16492: 16490: 16487: 16485: 16482: 16480: 16477: 16476: 16474: 16470: 16464: 16461: 16459: 16456: 16455: 16453: 16449: 16443: 16440: 16438: 16435: 16433: 16430: 16428: 16425: 16423: 16420: 16417: 16416:Gold standard 16413: 16410: 16409: 16407: 16405: 16401: 16391: 16388: 16386: 16383: 16381: 16378: 16376: 16373: 16372: 16370: 16368: 16364: 16358: 16355: 16353: 16350: 16347: 16343: 16340: 16338: 16335: 16333: 16330: 16328: 16325: 16323: 16320: 16318: 16315: 16314: 16311: 16308: 16306: 16302: 16292: 16289: 16288: 16286: 16282: 16276: 16273: 16271: 16268: 16266: 16263: 16261: 16258: 16256: 16253: 16251: 16248: 16246: 16243: 16241: 16238: 16237: 16235: 16233: 16229: 16223: 16220: 16218: 16215: 16213: 16210: 16209: 16207: 16203: 16197: 16194: 16191: 16189: 16186: 16184: 16181: 16179: 16176: 16174: 16171: 16169: 16166: 16164: 16161: 16159: 16156: 16154: 16151: 16150: 16148: 16146: 16142: 16136: 16133: 16132: 16130: 16128: 16124: 16118: 16115: 16113: 16110: 16108: 16105: 16104: 16102: 16100: 16096: 16090: 16089:2025 election 16087: 16085: 16082: 16080: 16077: 16075: 16072: 16071: 16069: 16067: 16063: 16057: 16054: 16053: 16051: 16049: 16045: 16039: 16036: 16034: 16031: 16029: 16026: 16025: 16022: 16019: 16017: 16013: 16007: 16004: 16002: 16001:Member states 15999: 15997: 15994: 15992: 15989: 15988: 15986: 15984: 15980: 15972: 15969: 15967: 15964: 15963: 15962: 15961: 15957: 15955: 15952: 15950: 15947: 15945: 15942: 15940: 15937: 15935: 15932: 15930: 15927: 15925: 15922: 15920: 15917: 15916: 15914: 15912: 15908: 15904: 15903:African Union 15897: 15892: 15890: 15885: 15883: 15878: 15877: 15874: 15862: 15856: 15854: 15848: 15846: 15840: 15838: 15832: 15831: 15829: 15825: 15815: 15814:Tomaz Salomão 15812: 15810: 15809:Prega Ramsamy 15807: 15805: 15804:Kaire Mbuende 15802: 15801: 15799: 15795: 15789: 15786: 15784: 15781: 15780: 15778: 15774: 15771: 15767: 15761: 15758: 15756: 15753: 15751: 15748: 15746: 15743: 15741: 15738: 15736: 15733: 15731: 15728: 15726: 15723: 15721: 15718: 15716: 15713: 15711: 15708: 15706: 15703: 15701: 15698: 15696: 15693: 15691: 15688: 15687: 15685: 15683:Member states 15681: 15676: 15669: 15664: 15662: 15657: 15655: 15650: 15649: 15646: 15634: 15633: 15632:Africa portal 15628: 15624: 15622: 15621: 15612: 15611: 15608: 15598: 15595: 15594: 15592: 15588: 15582: 15579: 15577: 15574: 15572: 15569: 15567: 15564: 15563: 15561: 15557: 15551: 15548: 15546: 15543: 15542: 15540: 15536: 15530: 15527: 15525: 15522: 15521: 15519: 15515: 15509: 15506: 15504: 15501: 15500: 15498: 15494: 15491: 15487:fully part of 15483: 15475: 15471: 15467: 15461: 15458: 15457: 15455: 15451: 15448: 15445: 15438: 15432: 15429: 15426: 15422: 15419: 15418: 15416: 15413: 15406: 15401: 15391: 15388: 15386: 15383: 15381: 15378: 15376: 15373: 15371: 15368: 15366: 15363: 15361: 15358: 15356: 15353: 15351: 15348: 15346: 15343: 15341: 15338: 15336: 15333: 15331: 15328: 15326: 15323: 15321: 15318: 15316: 15313: 15311: 15308: 15306: 15303: 15301: 15298: 15296: 15293: 15291: 15288: 15286: 15283: 15281: 15278: 15276: 15273: 15271: 15268: 15266: 15263: 15261: 15258: 15256: 15253: 15251: 15248: 15246: 15243: 15241: 15240:Guinea-Bissau 15238: 15236: 15233: 15231: 15228: 15226: 15223: 15221: 15218: 15216: 15213: 15211: 15208: 15206: 15203: 15201: 15198: 15195: 15192: 15190: 15187: 15185: 15182: 15180: 15177: 15175: 15172: 15170: 15167: 15165: 15162: 15160: 15157: 15155: 15152: 15150: 15147: 15145: 15142: 15140: 15137: 15135: 15132: 15130: 15127: 15125: 15122: 15121: 15119: 15117: 15113: 15109: 15105: 15098: 15093: 15091: 15086: 15084: 15079: 15078: 15075: 15069: 15062: 15050: 15047: 15045: 15042: 15041: 15036: 15032: 15029: 15025: 15024: 15020: 15010: 15007: 15005: 15002: 15000: 14997: 14995: 14992: 14990: 14987: 14985: 14982: 14980: 14977: 14976: 14974: 14972: 14968: 14962: 14959: 14957: 14956:Social issues 14954: 14952: 14949: 14947: 14944: 14942: 14939: 14937: 14934: 14932: 14929: 14927: 14924: 14922: 14919: 14917: 14914: 14912: 14909: 14907: 14904: 14903: 14900: 14897: 14895: 14891: 14881: 14878: 14876: 14873: 14871: 14868: 14866: 14863: 14861: 14858: 14856: 14853: 14851: 14848: 14846: 14843: 14841: 14838: 14837: 14834: 14831: 14829: 14825: 14813: 14810: 14809: 14808: 14805: 14801: 14798: 14797: 14796: 14793: 14791: 14788: 14784: 14781: 14779: 14776: 14775: 14774: 14771: 14767: 14764: 14763: 14762: 14759: 14757: 14754: 14750: 14747: 14746: 14745: 14742: 14740: 14737: 14733: 14730: 14729: 14728: 14725: 14723: 14720: 14718: 14715: 14713: 14710: 14708: 14705: 14704: 14701: 14698: 14696: 14692: 14682: 14679: 14677: 14674: 14672: 14669: 14667: 14664: 14662: 14659: 14657: 14654: 14652: 14651:Deforestation 14649: 14647: 14644: 14642: 14639: 14638: 14635: 14632: 14630: 14626: 14618: 14615: 14613: 14610: 14609: 14608: 14607:Kivu conflict 14605: 14601: 14598: 14597: 14596: 14593: 14591: 14588: 14586: 14583: 14581: 14578: 14576: 14573: 14571: 14568: 14566: 14563: 14559: 14556: 14555: 14554: 14551: 14547: 14544: 14543: 14542: 14539: 14537: 14534: 14532: 14529: 14527: 14526:Early history 14524: 14523: 14521: 14519: 14515: 14510: 14503: 14498: 14496: 14491: 14489: 14484: 14483: 14480: 14472: 14468: 14463: 14461: 14458: 14456: 14455:OpenStreetMap 14452: 14443: 14441: 14433: 14431: 14427: 14422: 14418: 14417: 14412: 14407: 14405: 14401: 14398: 14395: 14391: 14390: 14385: 14382: 14380: 14376: 14373: 14371: 14368: 14367: 14362: 14361: 14360: 14354: 14350: 14328: 14324: 14321: 14317: 14316:Van Reybrouck 14314: 14311: 14307: 14304: 14300: 14297: 14293: 14290: 14286: 14282: 14278: 14275: 14271: 14268: 14264: 14261: 14257: 14253: 14249: 14246: 14242: 14238: 14235: 14231: 14228: 14227:Congo Journey 14224: 14221: 14217: 14214: 14210: 14207: 14203: 14199: 14196: 14192: 14188: 14184: 14180: 14176: 14172: 14168: 14165: 14161: 14157: 14154: 14150: 14147: 14144: 14143:1-59691-345-2 14140: 14136: 14133: 14129: 14126: 14122: 14119: 14118: 14113: 14110: 14107: 14103: 14099: 14095: 14091: 14088: 14084: 14081: 14078: 14077: 14072: 14069: 14065: 14062: 14061: 14056: 14053: 14049: 14046: 14042: 14038: 14032: 14028: 14024: 14023:Devlin, Larry 14020: 14017: 14013: 14010: 14009:0-231-05720-2 14006: 14002: 13998: 13995: 13991: 13990: 13971: 13967: 13961: 13957: 13956: 13950: 13949: 13948: 13947: 13928: 13924: 13923: 13918: 13912: 13896: 13892: 13890: 13884: 13878: 13871: 13867: 13864: 13859: 13852: 13848: 13847: 13842: 13838: 13832: 13816: 13812: 13808: 13801: 13785: 13782:(in French). 13781: 13777: 13770: 13754: 13750: 13744: 13740: 13739: 13731: 13715: 13711: 13705: 13701: 13700: 13692: 13676: 13672: 13668: 13661: 13645: 13641: 13637: 13630: 13614: 13610: 13604: 13600: 13599: 13591: 13575: 13571: 13565: 13561: 13560: 13552: 13536: 13532: 13525: 13509: 13505: 13501: 13500:"Le Ndombolo" 13495: 13487: 13486: 13479: 13471: 13465: 13461: 13460: 13452: 13436: 13432: 13428: 13421: 13405: 13401: 13397: 13390: 13374: 13370: 13366: 13360: 13345: 13341: 13337: 13333: 13326: 13310: 13306: 13302: 13296: 13280: 13276: 13272: 13265: 13263: 13261: 13259: 13257: 13255: 13238: 13235:(in French). 13234: 13233: 13225: 13209: 13205: 13201: 13194: 13178: 13174: 13167: 13151: 13147: 13143: 13136: 13128: 13124: 13118: 13110: 13104: 13101:. iUniverse. 13100: 13093: 13085: 13084: 13079: 13073: 13057: 13053: 13049: 13042: 13026: 13022: 13018: 13012: 13010: 12993: 12989: 12985: 12979: 12972: 12968: 12965: 12960: 12944: 12940: 12934: 12918: 12914: 12910: 12904: 12888: 12884: 12880: 12874: 12866: 12862: 12861: 12856: 12850: 12834: 12830: 12824: 12805: 12798: 12792: 12776: 12772: 12766: 12750: 12746: 12740: 12724: 12720: 12716: 12709: 12690: 12683: 12682: 12677: 12670: 12654: 12650: 12643: 12637: 12635: 12634:public domain 12629: 12623: 12616: 12612: 12609: 12601: 12582: 12575: 12574: 12569: 12562: 12546: 12542: 12538: 12531: 12515: 12511: 12507: 12501: 12485: 12481: 12477: 12471: 12455: 12451: 12447: 12441: 12425: 12421: 12417: 12411: 12403: 12397: 12393: 12386: 12379: 12375: 12371: 12366: 12360: 12359:0-8419-0438-3 12356: 12350: 12334: 12333: 12328: 12322: 12303: 12296: 12290: 12271: 12267: 12260: 12254: 12238: 12234: 12230: 12224: 12208: 12204: 12198: 12179: 12172: 12166: 12150: 12146: 12140: 12136: 12135: 12130: 12124: 12122: 12113: 12107: 12099: 12092: 12076: 12072: 12066: 12062: 12061: 12056: 12050: 12034: 12030: 12024: 12018: 12014: 12010: 12006: 12003: 11998: 11991: 11987: 11984: 11978: 11962: 11958: 11952: 11948: 11947: 11940: 11938: 11936: 11919: 11915: 11911: 11905: 11889: 11885: 11881: 11880: 11875: 11869: 11853: 11849: 11845: 11839: 11823: 11819: 11815: 11809: 11793: 11786: 11780: 11764: 11760: 11754: 11738: 11734: 11730: 11724: 11708: 11704: 11698: 11682: 11678: 11674: 11668: 11652: 11648: 11644: 11637: 11621: 11617: 11610: 11591: 11583: 11577: 11570: 11565: 11557: 11556: 11551: 11545: 11529: 11525: 11521: 11515: 11499: 11495: 11491: 11485: 11470: 11466: 11465: 11464:Mining Weekly 11460: 11454: 11438: 11434: 11428: 11420: 11416: 11410: 11394: 11390: 11386: 11379: 11372: 11371: 11366: 11362: 11359: 11354: 11338: 11334: 11328: 11312: 11308: 11302: 11294: 11290: 11286: 11280: 11264: 11260: 11254: 11238: 11234: 11230: 11226: 11225:The Economist 11222: 11216: 11214: 11194: 11190: 11183: 11176: 11169: 11165: 11161: 11158: 11152: 11145: 11141: 11138: 11134: 11130: 11125: 11109: 11105: 11098: 11082: 11078: 11072: 11056: 11052: 11046: 11030: 11026: 11020: 11004: 11000: 10996: 10990: 10974: 10970: 10969:Africa Agenda 10966: 10960: 10944: 10940: 10936: 10930: 10923: 10919: 10916: 10911: 10909: 10892: 10888: 10882: 10866: 10862: 10858: 10851: 10835: 10831: 10825: 10818: 10805: 10801: 10795: 10779: 10775: 10771: 10765: 10758: 10754: 10751: 10746: 10739: 10735: 10732: 10727: 10708: 10704: 10697: 10690: 10674: 10670: 10664: 10648: 10644: 10640: 10633: 10617: 10613: 10609: 10603: 10592: 10585: 10579: 10560: 10553: 10547: 10540: 10536: 10533: 10527: 10519: 10515: 10509: 10493: 10489: 10485: 10479: 10471: 10467: 10461: 10445: 10441: 10437: 10431: 10423: 10417: 10413: 10409: 10403: 10387: 10383: 10379: 10373: 10357: 10353: 10349: 10343: 10327: 10323: 10319: 10313: 10297: 10293: 10289: 10283: 10276:. p. 57. 10275: 10268: 10261: 10257: 10254: 10249: 10233: 10229: 10225: 10218: 10211: 10207: 10204: 10198: 10191: 10187: 10184: 10178: 10170: 10164: 10160: 10153: 10145: 10139: 10135: 10130: 10129: 10120: 10104: 10100: 10094: 10090: 10089: 10082: 10066: 10062: 10056: 10040: 10036: 10032: 10026: 10010: 10006: 10002: 9996: 9980: 9976: 9975: 9970: 9964: 9948: 9944: 9943: 9938: 9932: 9916: 9912: 9905: 9889: 9885: 9881: 9874: 9855: 9851: 9847: 9842: 9837: 9833: 9829: 9825: 9821: 9814: 9807: 9805: 9803: 9786: 9782: 9778: 9772: 9756: 9752: 9748: 9742: 9726: 9722: 9718: 9712: 9696: 9692: 9688: 9682: 9676: 9671: 9655: 9651: 9647: 9641: 9625: 9621: 9617: 9610: 9602: 9598: 9593: 9588: 9584: 9580: 9576: 9572: 9568: 9567:"Chimpanzees" 9561: 9545: 9541: 9537: 9531: 9515: 9511: 9510: 9505: 9499: 9483: 9479: 9473: 9457: 9453: 9449: 9443: 9427: 9423: 9419: 9413: 9398: 9394: 9390: 9386: 9380: 9365:. 19 May 2024 9364: 9360: 9354: 9338: 9334: 9328: 9313:. 19 May 2024 9312: 9308: 9302: 9286: 9282: 9278: 9274: 9270: 9264: 9248: 9244: 9243: 9238: 9232: 9216: 9212: 9208: 9202: 9186: 9182: 9178: 9171: 9155: 9151: 9147: 9141: 9124: 9119: 9115: 9111: 9107: 9100: 9083: 9078: 9074: 9070: 9066: 9059: 9043: 9039: 9035: 9029: 9013: 9009: 9005: 8999: 8983: 8979: 8975: 8971: 8966: 8958: 8942: 8938: 8934: 8930: 8925: 8917: 8910: 8909: 8904: 8900: 8897: 8892: 8876: 8872: 8866: 8850: 8846: 8842: 8836: 8829: 8825: 8822: 8817: 8810: 8806: 8803: 8798: 8792:. Al Jazeera. 8791: 8787: 8784: 8778: 8762: 8758: 8752: 8736: 8732: 8728: 8722: 8706: 8702: 8698: 8691: 8675: 8671: 8664: 8648: 8644: 8643: 8638: 8631: 8615: 8611: 8607: 8601: 8594: 8590: 8587: 8581: 8575: 8571: 8568: 8564: 8560: 8557: 8554:Interview on 8551: 8535: 8531: 8527: 8521: 8505: 8501: 8497: 8491: 8475: 8471: 8467: 8461: 8445: 8441: 8435: 8428: 8424: 8420: 8417: 8412: 8405: 8401: 8398: 8393: 8377: 8373: 8369: 8362: 8355: 8351: 8348: 8342: 8336: 8332: 8328: 8325: 8319: 8303: 8299: 8295: 8289: 8273: 8269: 8265: 8258: 8242: 8238: 8234: 8228: 8212: 8208: 8204: 8198: 8182: 8178: 8172: 8156: 8152: 8148: 8142: 8126: 8122: 8118: 8112: 8096: 8092: 8088: 8082: 8066: 8062: 8058: 8052: 8036: 8032: 8025: 8009: 8005: 7999: 7983: 7979: 7973: 7969: 7965: 7961: 7960: 7952: 7950: 7933: 7929: 7923: 7907: 7903: 7899: 7893: 7877: 7873: 7869: 7862: 7846: 7842: 7838: 7832: 7816: 7812: 7808: 7802: 7795: 7791: 7785: 7769: 7765: 7761: 7755: 7736: 7732: 7731:Icla.up.ac.za 7725: 7719: 7712: 7706: 7700:, p. 74. 7699: 7694: 7678: 7675:. cycad.com. 7674: 7668: 7662:, p. 64. 7661: 7656: 7649: 7644: 7638:, p. 58. 7637: 7632: 7616: 7612: 7608: 7601: 7585: 7581: 7577: 7570: 7562: 7556: 7552: 7548: 7542: 7526: 7522: 7516: 7512: 7511: 7503: 7487: 7483: 7479: 7473: 7457: 7453: 7449: 7443: 7428: 7424: 7418: 7410: 7404: 7399: 7398: 7392: 7386: 7370: 7366: 7360: 7344: 7340: 7336: 7330: 7323: 7319: 7315: 7312: 7306: 7297: 7281: 7277: 7273: 7266: 7250: 7246: 7240: 7236: 7235: 7227: 7219: 7217:9781586482466 7213: 7209: 7204: 7203: 7194: 7187: 7181: 7165: 7161: 7157: 7151: 7135: 7131: 7130:History Today 7127: 7120: 7114: 7113:0-547-52573-7 7110: 7106: 7105: 7100: 7095: 7089: 7088:0-521-22803-4 7085: 7081: 7077: 7073: 7070: 7064: 7062: 7054: 7050: 7047: 7045: 7038: 7036: 7028: 7024: 7021: 7016: 7008: 7004: 7000: 6996: 6992: 6988: 6985:(3): 173–98. 6984: 6980: 6973: 6957: 6953: 6947: 6938: 6926: 6922: 6916: 6912: 6911: 6906: 6903: 6899: 6895: 6892: 6880: 6876: 6870: 6866: 6862: 6861: 6855: 6843: 6839: 6835: 6831: 6827: 6823: 6819: 6815: 6811: 6810: 6805: 6800: 6788: 6784: 6780: 6776: 6771: 6759: 6755: 6753:9780787649333 6749: 6745: 6741: 6740: 6735: 6734: 6723: 6719: 6717:9780230337831 6713: 6709: 6705: 6704: 6695: 6679: 6675: 6669: 6667: 6648: 6644: 6643: 6638: 6634: 6622: 6618: 6617: 6612: 6608: 6607: 6596: 6592: 6591: 6586: 6579: 6563: 6559: 6558: 6553: 6546: 6530: 6526: 6520: 6516: 6515: 6507: 6491: 6487: 6481: 6477: 6476: 6471: 6465: 6458: 6454: 6450: 6446: 6442: 6436: 6429: 6423: 6416: 6410: 6403: 6397: 6381: 6377: 6371: 6367: 6366: 6358: 6356: 6354: 6344: 6328: 6324: 6318: 6314: 6313: 6305: 6297: 6291: 6287: 6286: 6278: 6270: 6264: 6260: 6259: 6251: 6235: 6231: 6227: 6220: 6204: 6200: 6193: 6178: 6174: 6168: 6164: 6160: 6156: 6152: 6146: 6139: 6135: 6132: 6126: 6124: 6107: 6103: 6102: 6097: 6090: 6074: 6070: 6064: 6062: 6042: 6038: 6031: 6025: 6009: 6005: 6001: 5994: 5978: 5974: 5970: 5963: 5944: 5937: 5930: 5922: 5920:9780062200129 5916: 5912: 5905: 5889: 5885: 5881: 5875: 5859: 5855: 5849: 5833: 5829: 5825: 5819: 5817: 5815: 5813: 5796: 5792: 5786: 5770: 5766: 5762: 5755: 5753: 5751: 5749: 5747: 5745: 5743: 5726: 5722: 5718: 5712: 5708: 5692: 5683: 5677: 5673: 5668: 5661: 5657: 5651: 5647: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5623: 5619: 5608: 5601: 5599: 5595: 5591: 5586: 5584: 5580: 5576: 5572: 5571:Romelu Lukaku 5568: 5564: 5560: 5556: 5552: 5548: 5543: 5541: 5537: 5533: 5529: 5523: 5519: 5508: 5498: 5496: 5492: 5488: 5484: 5480: 5479: 5474: 5470: 5467: 5462: 5461:L'Observateur 5457: 5454: 5449: 5448:La Conscience 5444: 5439: 5438: 5430: 5420: 5418: 5414: 5410: 5406: 5405:Aurlus Mabélé 5402: 5401:Général Defao 5398: 5394: 5390: 5386: 5385:Koffi Olomide 5382: 5378: 5373: 5371: 5367: 5363: 5359: 5355: 5351: 5343: 5339: 5335: 5333: 5329: 5325: 5324: 5319: 5315: 5314:pelvic thrust 5311: 5307: 5303: 5299: 5296: 5292: 5287: 5285: 5281: 5277: 5273: 5269: 5265: 5264:Franco Luambo 5261: 5257: 5253: 5249: 5245: 5238: 5234: 5230: 5229:Franco Luambo 5226: 5222: 5220: 5216: 5212: 5208: 5204: 5200: 5196: 5193:, denoting a 5192: 5188: 5182: 5178: 5174: 5168: 5158: 5156: 5151: 5147: 5143: 5134: 5132: 5123: 5118: 5113: 5103: 5101: 5097: 5093: 5092:Air pollution 5089: 5087: 5083: 5078: 5076: 5072: 5068: 5064: 5060: 5058: 5053: 5050: 5048: 5044: 5040: 5036: 5032: 5028: 5024: 5020: 5016: 5007: 5002: 4996: 4986: 4982: 4980: 4975: 4971: 4966: 4964: 4960: 4956: 4952: 4948: 4945:In 2014, the 4939: 4934: 4924: 4922: 4918: 4914: 4910: 4906: 4902: 4898: 4894: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4878: 4873: 4871: 4866: 4858: 4854: 4850: 4848: 4844: 4840: 4835: 4833: 4832:Kongo Central 4827: 4825: 4821: 4817: 4812: 4810: 4806: 4801: 4799: 4795: 4791: 4787: 4780: 4776: 4772: 4766: 4762: 4758: 4753: 4743: 4739: 4737: 4736:lingua franca 4732: 4728: 4727:Congo Swahili 4724: 4720: 4716: 4712: 4707: 4704: 4701: 4698: 4694: 4693: 4692:lingua franca 4688: 4684: 4676: 4671: 4661: 4659: 4654: 4652: 4648: 4644: 4638: 4636: 4632: 4627: 4625: 4615: 4600: 4598: 4595: 4593: 4590: 4587: 4586: 4582: 4580: 4577: 4575: 4572: 4569: 4568: 4564: 4562: 4559: 4557: 4554: 4551: 4550: 4546: 4544: 4541: 4539: 4536: 4533: 4532: 4528: 4526: 4523: 4521: 4518: 4515: 4514: 4510: 4508: 4507:Kasaï-Central 4505: 4503: 4500: 4497: 4496: 4492: 4490: 4487: 4485: 4482: 4479: 4478: 4474: 4472: 4469: 4467: 4464: 4461: 4460: 4456: 4454: 4451: 4449: 4446: 4443: 4442: 4439: 4434: 4429: 4424: 4417: 4415: 4412: 4410: 4407: 4404: 4402: 4397: 4392: 4387: 4382: 4379: 4376: 4374: 4371: 4369: 4366: 4363: 4361: 4360: 4344: 4335: 4333: 4325: 4322: 4320: 4317: 4315: 4312: 4310: 4307: 4305: 4302: 4300: 4297: 4295: 4292: 4290: 4287: 4285: 4282: 4280: 4277: 4275: 4272: 4271: 4266: 4262: 4260: 4256: 4252: 4248: 4244: 4237:Ethnic groups 4234: 4232: 4223: 4213: 4209: 4203: 4193: 4191: 4186: 4184: 4180: 4174: 4168: 4158: 4156: 4151: 4149: 4145: 4144:Congo Airways 4140: 4138: 4135: 4127: 4123: 4119: 4116: 4113: 4110: 4107: 4103: 4100: 4099: 4098: 4096: 4090: 4088: 4084: 4075: 4071: 4064: 4060: 4055: 4050: 4044: 4034: 4032: 4031:deforestation 4028: 4024: 4020: 4015: 4012: 4006: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3993: 3989: 3985: 3980: 3976: 3968: 3963: 3956: 3951: 3947: 3944: 3940: 3935: 3931: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3916: 3912: 3903: 3898: 3888: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3872: 3870: 3864: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3845: 3840: 3834: 3824: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3809: 3808: 3802: 3796: 3794: 3790: 3787: 3783: 3779: 3775: 3771: 3766: 3764: 3763: 3758: 3754: 3750: 3746: 3742: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3718: 3710: 3705: 3696: 3693: 3690: 3689:Vital Kamerhe 3685: 3683: 3679: 3674: 3672: 3668: 3664: 3658: 3656: 3649: 3639: 3637: 3631: 3621: 3619: 3614: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3591:Kivu conflict 3588: 3584: 3580: 3574: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3551: 3546: 3536: 3534: 3530: 3529:Joseph Kabila 3526: 3522: 3518: 3514: 3509: 3505: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3482: 3478: 3473: 3470: 3467:require that 3466: 3458: 3454: 3453:Joseph Kabila 3449: 3444: 3430: 3426: 3424: 3420: 3419: 3416: 3412: 3410: 3406: 3405: 3402: 3398: 3396: 3392: 3391: 3388: 3384: 3382: 3378: 3377: 3374: 3370: 3368: 3364: 3363: 3360: 3356: 3354: 3350: 3349: 3346: 3342: 3340: 3339:Kasaï-Central 3336: 3335: 3332: 3328: 3326: 3322: 3321: 3318: 3314: 3312: 3308: 3307: 3304: 3300: 3298: 3294: 3293: 3290: 3286: 3284: 3280: 3279: 3276: 3272: 3270: 3269:Kongo Central 3266: 3265: 3262: 3258: 3256: 3252: 3247: 3242: 3239: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3223: 3217: 3213: 3203: 3201: 3197: 3192: 3190: 3184: 3180: 3177: 3173: 3168: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3151: 3142: 3141:Joseph Kabila 3138: 3133: 3123: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3108:deforestation 3104: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3061: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2987: 2983: 2980:Found in the 2978: 2971: 2967: 2962: 2957: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2933: 2931: 2926: 2921: 2917: 2914: 2909: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2862: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2806: 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2177: 2173: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2154:Joseph Kabila 2150: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2131: 2129: 2125: 2120: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2095: 2090: 2085: 2081: 2071: 2068: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2052:Ronald Reagan 2049: 2048:Richard Nixon 2044: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2021: 2016: 2012: 2010: 2006: 2001: 1997: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1978:head of state 1975: 1971: 1963: 1959: 1954: 1944: 1941: 1937: 1932: 1930: 1926: 1921: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1886: 1884: 1883:Joseph Mobutu 1879: 1877: 1872: 1869: 1865: 1864:Moïse Tshombe 1861: 1857: 1852: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1832: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1747: 1742: 1738: 1728: 1726: 1722: 1719:, Bortaï and 1718: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1697:Ruanda-Urundi 1694: 1690: 1685: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1654: 1652: 1648: 1643: 1641: 1633: 1632: 1627: 1623: 1621: 1617: 1609: 1604: 1599: 1598:Belgian 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London. 10392:7 December 10382:Africanews 10332:7 December 10302:6 November 10109:14 October 10045:7 December 10015:7 December 9985:7 December 9721:Constitute 9701:2 February 9520:23 October 9432:29 October 9242:Africanews 9211:Africanews 9181:Africanews 8711:11 January 8480:30 October 8217:5 November 7988:4 November 7912:25 January 7882:25 January 7851:25 January 7821:25 January 7774:25 January 7683:4 February 7082:. p. 748; 6931:14 October 6885:14 October 6816:: 113844. 6744:Gale Group 6535:14 October 6496:14 October 6183:16 January 5703:References 5328:Papa Wemba 5137:Literature 4999:See also: 4909:Lubumbashi 4897:witchcraft 4877:monotheism 4765:Lubumbashi 4597:North Kivu 4565:1,024,000 4547:1,190,000 4543:South Kivu 4529:1,188,000 4511:1,593,000 4493:1,640,000 4475:2,695,000 4466:Lubumbashi 4457:2,765,000 4448:Mbuji-Mayi 4428:Lubumbashi 4401:Mbuji-Mayi 4274:Luba-Kasaï 4217:Population 4126:Lubumbashi 4059:Lubumbashi 3990:, ores of 3943:World Bank 3837:See also: 3782:DHS survey 3642:Corruption 3595:North Kivu 3569:, and the 3485:jet engine 3451:President 3423:North Kivu 3409:South Kivu 3345:Sud-Ubangi 3097:endangered 3052:, and the 3002:chimpanzee 2872:, copper, 2831:North Kivu 2793:Lake Mweru 2708:grasslands 2422:face masks 2409:President 2371:North Kivu 2286:Lubumbashi 2212:North Kivu 2033:Lubumbashi 1994:corruption 1799:, won the 1456:See also: 1276:Portuguese 1274:is from a 1092:Mbuji-Mayi 1088:Lubumbashi 944:, and the 812:dd/mm/yyyy 729: 42.1 588:Population 387:Parliament 334:Government 320:Demonym(s) 172:Show globe 17240:Republics 16970:Louisiana 16965:Lithuania 16910:Argentina 16903:Observers 16752:Mauritius 15983:Geography 15725:Mauritius 15442:Dependent 15290:Mauritius 14941:Languages 14926:Education 14880:Transport 14850:Companies 14795:President 14722:Elections 14671:Volcanoes 14661:Mountains 14629:Geography 14377:from the 14318:, David, 14094:Stuttgart 13889:AllAfrica 13640:AfroConex 13400:The FADER 13344:0261-3077 13285:25 August 12998:14 August 11967:17 August 11243:3 January 11233:0013-0613 10612:Ohchr.org 10071:14 August 10035:Bloomberg 10005:Bloomberg 9850:2214-6296 9826:: 36–40. 9397:0261-3077 9291:2 January 9281:0261-3077 9118:0362-4331 9077:0362-4331 9008:ReliefWeb 8978:0362-4331 8937:0362-4331 8855:26 August 8450:15 August 7590:2 October 7286:26 August 7007:128432105 6999:0263-0338 6838:203130461 6333:26 August 5370:Caribbean 5323:le sapeur 5244:Cuban son 5219:accordion 5217:, and an 5211:bass drum 5195:Kongolese 4927:Education 4921:exorcisms 4849:Muslims. 4664:Languages 4609:Migration 4484:Kisangani 4438:Kisangani 4179:Inga dams 4137:waterways 4134:navigable 3967:Basankusu 3567:Air Force 3501:catalysts 3275:Haut-Uele 3228:provinces 3176:President 3157:bicameral 3069:great ape 2925:Lake Kivu 2894:germanium 2886:manganese 2851:Lake Kivu 2827:Lake Kivu 2773:watershed 2646:, and by 2570:June 2017 2530:Geography 2345:In 2015, 2029:Kisangani 1813:president 1759:President 1699:. During 1608:Christian 1539:with the 1499:Tippu Tip 1324:Big Congo 1270:The word 1150:Etymology 818:Drives on 785:Time zone 676:(nominal) 437:Colonised 424:Formation 352:President 326:Congolese 277:Religion 17191:3°S 24°E 17156:Category 17112:TV5Monde 17036:Thailand 17005:Slovenia 17000:Slovakia 16667:Dominica 16662:Djibouti 16622:Cameroon 16617:Cambodia 16602:Bulgaria 16512:Category 16390:Passport 16305:Politics 16048:Assembly 15860:(COMESA) 15827:See also 15760:Zimbabwe 15750:Tanzania 15705:Eswatini 15695:Botswana 15620:Category 15538:Portugal 15390:Zimbabwe 15365:Tanzania 15215:Ethiopia 15210:Eswatini 15189:Djibouti 15154:Cameroon 15139:Botswana 15044:Category 14994:Football 14951:Religion 14761:Military 14695:Politics 14676:Wildlife 14411:template 14379:BBC News 14254:, 2007. 14204:, 2009; 14064:Archived 14025:(2007). 13970:Archived 13933:7 August 13927:Archived 13895:Archived 13866:Archived 13815:Archived 13784:Archived 13753:Archived 13714:Archived 13675:Archived 13644:Archived 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5389:Werrason 5381:Americas 5377:Ndombolo 5237:Zaire 74 5231:and his 5215:triangle 5181:Ndombolo 5082:COVID-19 5035:HIV/AIDS 4961:and the 4947:literacy 4885:vitalism 4809:dioceses 4746:Religion 4719:Tshiluba 4643:refugees 4601:707,000 4583:768,000 4556:Tshikapa 4525:Équateur 4520:Mbandaka 4414:Kinshasa 4409:Kinshasa 4391:Kinshasa 4373:Province 4255:Ubangian 4190:Équateur 3992:tantalum 3915:diamonds 3539:Military 3493:carbides 3359:Équateur 3303:Bas-Uele 3255:Kinshasa 3202:(SADC). 3112:poaching 3065:primates 3004:and the 2878:diamonds 2839:volcanic 2833:province 2801:Mbandaka 2704:savannas 2700:plateaus 2648:Tanzania 2296:and the 2105:genocide 2064:Cold War 2037:Mbandaka 1862:(led by 1845:DR Congo 1787:in 1961. 1571:smallpox 1550:Brussels 1470:View of 1430:Iron Age 1420:reached 1340:the DROC 1332:DR Congo 1328:Congo DR 1191:and its 928:(across 926:Tanzania 898:Kinshasa 888:and the 870:DR Congo 793:+1 to +2 770:Currency 337:Unitary 268:Tshiluba 197:Kinshasa 65:du Congo 17126:Related 17075:Culture 17020:Uruguay 17015:Ukraine 16990:Ontario 16950:Ireland 16945:Hungary 16940:Georgia 16925:Croatia 16915:Austria 16832:Vietnam 16827:Vanuatu 16822:Tunisia 16802:Senegal 16782:Romania 16767:Morocco 16757:Moldova 16722:Lebanon 16647:Comoros 16612:Burundi 16592:Belgium 16587:Armenia 16582:Andorra 16577:Albania 16570:Members 16562:Members 16451:Culture 16404:Economy 16367:Symbols 16006:Regions 15991:Borders 15911:History 15769:Leaders 15735:Namibia 15710:Lesotho 15597:Socotra 15576:Melilla 15545:Madeira 15508:Réunion 15503:Mayotte 15375:Tunisia 15345:Somalia 15330:Senegal 15315:Nigeria 15305:Namibia 15295:Morocco 15260:Liberia 15255:Lesotho 15205:Eritrea 15174:Comoros 15149:Burundi 15124:Algeria 15028:Outline 14984:Cuisine 14971:Culture 14894:Society 14875:Tourism 14828:Economy 14518:History 14413:below ( 14349:Scholia 14312:, 2007. 14305:, 2001. 14276:, 2008. 14269:, 2009. 14236:, 1998. 14229:, 1996. 14222:, 2002. 14215:, 2015. 14047:, 2005. 13996:, 2004. 13946:Sources 13841:Archive 13083:YouTube 12988:UN News 12279:23 June 12243:23 June 12233:Cia.gov 11924:19 July 11798:17 July 11769:17 July 11743:30 July 11269:30 June 11114:22 July 11087:22 July 11061:22 July 10568:28 June 10238:1 March 9953:16 July 9828:Bibcode 9660:30 July 9650:Reuters 9630:30 July 9579:Bibcode 9488:30 June 9311:AP News 9221:4 April 8731:Reuters 8620:23 June 8610:Hrw.org 7938:30 July 7744:23 June 7621:1 March 7531:26 June 6907:(ed.). 6848:22 July 6818:Bibcode 6793:22 July 6764:22 July 6728:22 July 6201:. AFP. 6004:Reuters 5864:16 July 5838:14 July 5828:IMF.org 5501:Cuisine 5495:Lingala 5483:Le Soft 5354:Liberia 5344:in 1978 5318:Otetela 5291:soukous 5248:Maringa 5233:OK Jazz 5203:Cabinda 5191:Maringa 5177:Soukous 5131:Western 5106:Culture 5075:stunted 5039:Malaria 4957:), the 4881:animism 4807:and 41 4723:Swahili 4715:Lingala 4685:is the 4502:Kananga 4332:Pygmies 4309:Ngbandi 4289:Lubakat 4251:Nilotic 4247:Sudanic 4122:Kolwezi 4085:), the 3827:Economy 3816:Harvard 3611:MONUSCO 3601:in the 3579:Mai-Mai 3395:Maniema 3381:Sankuru 3373:Tshuapa 3331:Mongala 3234:and 33 3099:by the 3079:), the 3046:Salonga 3038:Garumba 3026:leopard 2998:endemic 2916:erupted 2906:bauxite 2898:uranium 2874:cadmium 2758:Lulonga 2754:Aruwimi 2680:Equator 2644:Burundi 2514:led an 2274:Mai-Mai 2270:Katanga 2158:MONUSCO 1823:led by 1795:led by 1779:of the 1610:couple. 1541:Bangala 1428:and of 1408:Katanda 1396:Nyangwe 1360:Before 1350:History 1217:Bakongo 1209:Kikongo 1102:by the 1016:Belgium 922:Burundi 761: ( 666:$ 1,552 540:• 527:• 514:• 491:• 480:Belgium 474:• 461:• 448:• 435:• 409:• 394:• 365:• 350:• 263:Swahili 258:Lingala 209:15°19′E 190:Capital 132:Anthem: 17196:-3; 24 16995:Poland 16975:Mexico 16960:Latvia 16955:Kosovo 16889:Serbia 16884:Cyprus 16874:Gambia 16858:Quebec 16787:Rwanda 16762:Monaco 16697:Guinea 16692:Greece 16682:France 16627:Canada 16472:Theory 16380:Emblem 16375:Anthem 16270:AMISOM 16255:UNAMID 16107:Bureau 16016:Organs 15844:(SACU) 15755:Zambia 15720:Malawi 15690:Angola 15677:(SADC) 15496:France 15453:France 15385:Zambia 15380:Uganda 15320:Rwanda 15275:Malawi 15235:Guinea 15129:Angola 15108:Africa 15049:Portal 14979:Cinema 14931:Health 14865:Mining 14855:Energy 14778:Senate 14666:Rivers 14641:Cities 14430:Curlie 14416:Curlie 14351:has a 14322:, 2014 14287: 14258: 14211: 14200: 14189: 14177: 14162: 14141: 14104: 14033: 14007: 13962: 13849:] 13745: 13706: 13605: 13566: 13466: 13342: 13105: 12698:16 May 12590:16 May 12506:"Home" 12398: 12357: 12311:28 May 12155:16 May 12141: 12081:16 May 12067: 11953: 11788:(XSLX) 11231: 11202:11 May 11129:Coltan 10622:20 May 10488:Gov.uk 10418: 10292:enough 10165: 10140: 10095: 9848: 9599: 9550:19 May 9402:20 May 9395: 9369:19 May 9343:19 May 9317:19 May 9279: 9116: 9075: 9048:7 July 8976: 8935: 8881:18 May 8653:8 June 8510:5 July 7974: 7557: 7517: 7492:21 May 7405: 7255:21 May 7241: 7214: 7111: 7086: 7005: 6997: 6917: 6871: 6836: 6750: 6714: 6642:UNICEF 6521: 6482: 6372: 6319: 6292: 6265: 6240:8 June 6209:6 June 6169: 6112:29 May 6079:18 May 5917: 5672:French 5577:, and 5565:, and 5512:Sports 5368:, the 5358:Europe 5282:, and 5250:into " 5179:, and 5071:UNICEF 4989:Health 4979:UNESCO 4903:. 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