50:
300:
587:
3594:
786:
489:
3618:
3630:
919:
406:
3606:
2664:
1962:
655:
318:"Many persons who, from long habit and fondly cherished theories, have become strongly attached to the institution of African slavery, fancy that in Brazil they will find an opportunity for the permanent use of that system of labor — Brazil and the Spanish possessions being the only two slaveholding communities remaining in the civilized world," the
392:
Many
Southerners who accepted the Emperor's offer lost their farms and homes during the war, were unwilling to live under occupation by Federal troops during Reconstruction, or simply did not expect an improvement in the Southern economic situation in the foreseeable future. Furthermore, Brazil would
249:
religion, they could not be buried in a
Catholic cemetery, so they created their own cemetery, the first non-Catholic, non-indigenous cemetery in Brazil. The Confederado community has also established a Museum of Immigration at Santa Bárbara d'Oeste to present the history of Brazilian immigration and
1843:
Movimento de passageiros norte-americanos no porto do Rio de
Janeiro, 1865–1890 : uma contribuição para a história da imigração norte-americana no Brasil ("American passengers passing through the port of Rio de Janeiro, 1865–1890 : a contribution to the history of the American migration to
764:
The
American immigrants introduced into their new home many new foods, such as pecans, Georgia peanuts and watermelon; new tools such as the iron plow and kerosene lamps; innovations such as modern dentistry, modern agriculture, and the first blood transfusion; and the first non-Catholic churches
602:
who moved to Brazil before the
American Civil War, made a fortune as a tobacco and rubber farmer. Stone's plantations, which had more than five thousand hectares, were called Colonia Stone, and were located near the city of Itacoatiara, in Amazonas. Many of his descendants still have the surname
381:
formed a colonization society and sent Major Robert
Meriwether and Dr. H. A. Shaw, among others, to Brazil to investigate the possibility of establishing a colony. On the way back, they published a report mentioning that two lords had already bought land and settled here. Slaves were cheap, they
678:
and identify themselves as
Brazilians. As the region around the municipalities of Santa Bárbara d'Oeste and Americana became a hub for sugarcane production and society became more mobile, the confederates moved to larger cities in search of jobs in urban areas. Currently, only a few families of
472:
to farmers in the region, interested in cotton cultivation and new agricultural techniques. The plow he brought from the United States caused so much sensation and curiosity that, within a short time, they had a practical agricultural school, with many students who paid him for the privilege of
210:
farming. The regime in Brazil had a number of features that attracted the
Confederados, among these political decentralization, and a relatively high commitment to free trade. The continuing legality of slavery (until 1888) was another factor, though few Confederados actually acquired slaves in
679:
descendants still live on land owned by their ancestors. The descendants of the confederates are more spread throughout Brazil. They maintain their organization's headquarters at the Campo
Cemetery, in Santa Bárbara d'Oeste, where there is also a chapel and a memorial.
359:
315:, a new labor regime, and the loss of political power that came with African-American suffrage. Accustomed to raising cotton with the labor of enslaved people, some looked elsewhere in the Western Hemisphere for a place where their old life could be continued.
682:
Descendants make a connection to their history through the
American Descendant Fellowship, a descendant organization dedicated to preserving immigrant culture. The descendants of the confederates also hold an annual festival in Santa Bárbara d'Oeste called
673:
The first generation of Confederates remained an island community. As is typical, in the third generation, most families had already married native Brazilians or immigrants from other origins. Confederate descendants increasingly began to speak the
441:, but at the time, the railroad went only 10 miles beyond São Paulo while Campinas is 35 miles further, so the Norrises bought an ox-cart and headed for Campinas. They took 15 days to reach the city, and there they stayed for a while looking for
730:
population removed it a few years later from the city's official symbol, as the descendants of the Confederates now comprise about a tenth of the city's population). During his visit to Brazil, Carter also visited the city of
1526:
1317:
627:, received a wave of expatriate families from the American Civil War that took place in the South of the United States. The first to land was the Riker family. In the 1970s, David Afton Riker published a book called
1314:
Pérez Gómez, Ricardo. "Emigración e identidad en el siglo XIX: el caso de los inmigrantes confederados en Brasil" [Migration and Identity in 19th Century: the case of the Confederate Immigrants in Brazil].
366:
Even before the end of the war in 1865, there was already talk of immigrating to Brazil, but very little was known about this country. After the war ended, there was such a revival of the issue that several
477:. The Colonel wrote to his family that he had made US$ 5,000 from that alone. In mid-1867, the rest of his family arrived, accompanied by many relatives. Many Confederados besides Norris became known for
1396:
Brasher, Jordan P. (2020). "Creating 'Confederate pioneers': a spatial narrative analysis of race, settler colonialism, and heritage tourism at the Museu da Imigração, Santa Bárbara d'Oeste, São Paulo".
1692:
1354:
578:. Even today the descendants of American families are buried there. It is in this place that descendants gather periodically for religious ceremonies and parties around the 19th-century chapel.
735:
and the grave of a great-uncle of his wife, Rosalynn Carter, at Cemitério do Campo. At the time, Carter noted that Confederate descendants sounded and looked exactly like American southerners.
1707:
2003:
1720:
1573:
Orrizio, Riccardo. Lost White Tribes: The End of Privilege and the Last Colonials in Sri Lanka, Jamaica, Brazil, Haiti, Namibia, and Guadeloupe. Simon and Schuster, 2001, pages 110–111.
433:
and speculated on land. They were offered land for free in what is now the neighborhood of Brás, but he did not accept it because it was marshy. They were also offered the land where
1518:
1399:
508:
were significant. They established an intense trade, notably from 1875 onwards, with the arrival of the railroad and the installation of the Santa Barbara Station by the
516:, the village that was formed in the vicinity of the Station became known as "Vila dos Americanos", or "Vila Americana", and gave rise to the current city of Americana.
2652:
1183:
3013:
1996:
1548:
3690:
1650:
1453:
1989:
1899:
2097:
1891:
389:
in 1867. The book was a guide for would-be colonizers and stated in the introduction, "All the requisites of a desirable home have been found in Brazil."
1819:
1493:
291:
Although the amount of Confederado descendants living in Brazil today is difficult to estimate, in 2016 they were believed to number in the thousands.
742:
and memorial located within it) in Santa Bárbara d'Oeste is a memorial, as most of the region's original Confederate immigrants were buried there. As
3700:
2243:
1807:
1591:
902:
were some 20,000 Southerners, from 12 southern states (e.g. Arkansas, Alabama and Mississippi) who preferred the Brazilian wilderness to life under
385:
A confederate from South Carolina, James McFadden Gaston, traveled extensively in central Brazil and upon return to the US published a book titled
1257:
1245:
Hunting a home in Brazil.: The agricultural resources and other characteristics of the country. Also, the manners and customs of the inhabitants
1056:
765:(Baptist, Presbyterian, and Methodist). Some foods of the American South also crossed over and became part of general Brazilian culture such as
2645:
1882:
754:. The community of descendants also contributed to the Museum of Immigration, also located in Santa Bárbara d'Oeste, to present the history of
1120:
1076:
501:
695:
and dances are served and performed. The descendants maintain affection for the Confederate flag, although they identify themselves as fully
311:
planters were unwilling to live by the new rules imposed by the Union's victory and the constitutional changes that followed: an end to
2603:
2083:
3650:
2970:
2134:
519:
The installation of the Carioba factory by the North American engineer Clement Willmot and Brazilian associates, located one mile from the
2593:
2482:
3655:
2630:
2418:
1617:
631:, which chronicles the saga of this migration and life in the new homeland. The Confederates and their descendants became notable in the
2111:
2978:
2198:
2141:
455:
1292:
3705:
2638:
2119:
2069:
1861:
Soldado descansa! : uma epopéia norte-americana sob os céus do Brasil ("Soldier, rest! An American epic under Brazilian skies")
1161:
3194:
3003:
2993:
2983:
3136:
1352:
Marcus, Alan P. (2021). "Using "Autogeography," sense of place and place-based approaches in the pedagogy of geographic thought".
3660:
3372:
3041:
509:
3163:
3061:
2988:
1212:
3398:
3051:
2998:
2321:
2076:
1812:
Lost White Tribes: The End of Privilege and the Last Colonials in Sri Lanka, Jamaica, Brazil, Haiti, Namibia & Guadeloupe
692:
257:, an organization dedicated to preserving the unique mixed culture. Os Confederados also have an annual festival, called the
1193:
3046:
2027:
3215:
1950:
emigration, including correspondence, memoirs, genealogies, and newspaper clippings, especially related to Colonel Norris.
3675:
3056:
2413:
2279:
2012:
638:
It is not known how many Confederado immigrants came to Brazil, but unprecedented research in the records of the port of
3158:
2162:
2148:
2090:
2034:
3146:
1552:
1450:"Jason W. Stone b. 19 Feb 1830 Dana, Worcester, Massachusetts d. 1913 Itacoatiara, Amazonas, Brazil: Whipple Database"
3184:
2207:
2155:
2062:
2055:
2048:
1908:
1760:
1752:
1103:
774:
374:
were formed. Representatives were sent to Brazil to check the land, climate, and facilities offered by the emperor.
49:
3685:
3670:
2311:
3665:
1641:
350:. The Emperor encouraged the immigration of cotton planters from the former Confederacy to enable that expansion.
2862:
2397:
1519:"G1 > Edição São Paulo – NOTÍCIAS – Descendentes de confederados celebram em SP o fim da Guerra Civil dos EUA"
299:
543:. The teaching methods developed by American teachers proved to be so efficient that they were later adopted by
3559:
3291:
3131:
2840:
2487:
2438:
2191:
1787:
445:, until they cast their sights on the plain that stretched from Campinas to Vila Nova da Constituição, current
1833:
3268:
2857:
1966:
1779:
308:
266:
170:
3189:
2697:
2668:
2301:
1824:
714:
in Brazil did not acquire the same political symbolism as it has in the United States. After then-Governor
700:
566:. Due to the prohibition of burying people of other faiths in the cemeteries of cities administered by the
460:
and established themselves on the banks of Ribeirão Quilombo, at the time belonging to the municipality of
2660:
2104:
1583:
2583:
2350:
2215:
17:
2916:
2571:
1693:"They lost the Civil War and fled to Brazil. Their descendants refuse to take down the Confederate flag"
732:
575:
461:
242:
231:
83:
3695:
3584:
2377:
2238:
2228:
1449:
197:
3449:
665:
in 1972, stands with fifth-generation Confederado children at the base of the Confederate monument in
334:
saw an opportunity in the economic disruption in the southern United States and hoped to build up its
3680:
3598:
2619:
2502:
2184:
1243:
414:
99:
3511:
3168:
3036:
2291:
1981:
3413:
3241:
3199:
2960:
2535:
2450:
2233:
962:
829:
119:
2899:
2561:
719:
687:", which is dedicated to funding the Campo Cemetery. During the festival, Confederate flags and
666:
528:
465:
227:
75:
3539:
3263:
2551:
2465:
2443:
2264:
1775:
1613:
770:
684:
654:
478:
258:
185:
3403:
3554:
3549:
3454:
3408:
3251:
3071:
2382:
2296:
2223:
1736:
758:
608:
942:
809:
434:
3429:
3382:
3346:
3066:
3021:
2950:
2945:
2937:
2702:
2598:
2588:
2530:
2433:
2367:
2357:
591:
586:
331:
166:
107:
1288:
777:
and provided education to their female children, which was unusual in Brazil at the time.
223:
8:
3490:
3459:
3434:
3331:
3273:
3246:
3231:
3141:
3026:
2923:
2894:
2556:
2507:
2428:
2392:
2362:
2345:
2316:
1801:
1697:
1408:
1363:
1153:
1040:
675:
620:
599:
559:
544:
161:
2460:
1745:
Os norteamericanos (confederados) do Brasil : identidades no contexto transnacional
531:. The education of children was one of the priorities for American families, who set up
245:, where most of the original Confederados from the region were buried. Because of their
3566:
3486:
3480:
3464:
3444:
3377:
3126:
3031:
2928:
2475:
2470:
2423:
2387:
2372:
2306:
2286:
2269:
2259:
2015:
1876:
1428:
1383:
1322:
907:
727:
323:
254:
253:
The descendants still foster a connection with their history through the Fraternity of
219:
203:
189:
3501:
3351:
3341:
3256:
3153:
2955:
2455:
2274:
1976:
1972:
1939:
1920:
1864:
1847:
1783:
1756:
1485:
1432:
1420:
1387:
1375:
1330:
1128:
1099:
555:
285:
181:
177:
143:
139:
1680:
972:
952:
839:
819:
3571:
3506:
3496:
3439:
3356:
3336:
3306:
3100:
3085:
2755:
2720:
2492:
1912:
1748:
1412:
1367:
1220:
1188:
711:
262:
215:
193:
95:
1416:
1371:
785:
699:. Many Confederate descendants traveled to the United States at the invitation of
574:
became known as the Campo Cemetery, currently a tourist attraction in the city of
3622:
3544:
3236:
2809:
2794:
1249:
1036:
747:
567:
312:
1096:
The Cambridge History of the American Civil War: Volume II: Affairs of the State
707:, participate in reenactments, or visit the places where their ancestors lived.
3634:
2741:
1662:
899:
639:
422:
378:
281:
277:
3644:
3610:
1924:
1868:
1851:
1478:
Riker, David Afton; Edmonds, James E; Riker, David Bowman (August 22, 1983).
1424:
1379:
1334:
1326:
1132:
903:
643:
540:
524:
520:
500:
were founded by immigrants from the United States, commemorated today at the
1892:"The Phonology of the Lost Cause: The English of the Confederados in Brazil"
1489:
1916:
1253:
992:
859:
750:
from burying their dead in local cemeteries and had to establish their own
723:
715:
658:
563:
426:
430:
214:
It is estimated that up to 20,000 American Confederates immigrated to the
1479:
743:
704:
469:
437:
is today, and they refused it for the same reason. They decided to go to
319:
200:
2762:
570:, American immigrants began to bury their dead near the farmhouse. This
2815:
2691:
1012:
879:
696:
446:
394:
368:
347:
273:
246:
173:
127:
2707:
488:
468:. Upon his arrival, Colonel Norris began to give practical courses in
393:
not ban slavery until 1888. The Confederates were the first organized
261:, which is used to fund the Campo Cemetery. The festival is marked by
2911:
2576:
2326:
766:
513:
371:
2781:
2176:
2011:
1549:"Secretaria Municipal de Cultura e Turismo de Santa Bárbara d'Oeste"
1481:
O último confederado na Amazônia (Book, 1983) [WorldCat.org]
554:
who moved between various properties and the various centers of the
3617:
2735:
2514:
2497:
1289:"Folha de S.Paulo – SP abriga sulista que o vento levou – 16/03/98"
918:
751:
632:
571:
438:
3629:
1681:"Os Confederados: 'Family and history' in the Plantation Americas"
527:
played a very important role in the foundation and development of
405:
2821:
2771:
2728:
1943:
1642:"Retired Yale History Professor, Rollin G. Osterweis, Dies At 74"
688:
536:
418:
339:
269:
2713:
982:
849:
624:
303:
Chapel at Santa Bárbara d'Oeste built by Confederate expatriates
2672:
1961:
1798:
The Elusive Eden: Frank McMullan's Confederate Colony in Brazil
1307:
739:
662:
604:
551:
532:
505:
482:
474:
343:
335:
207:
789:
Confederate immigrant couple Joseph Whitaker and Isabel Norris
703:, an organization of American descendants, to visit civil war
409:
House of the first Confederate expat family in Villa Americana
2748:
1184:"Confederados forge new cultural identity – Washington Times"
1002:
869:
794:
American immigration to Brazil by State up to January (1867)
452:
The Norrises bought land from the Domingos da Costa Machado
280:
with a Brazilian flair, and dances and music popular in the
755:
497:
442:
358:
241:
The center of Confederado culture is the Campo Cemetery in
1946:
maintains a special collection of material related to the
1863:. Lists some 400 families. First edition 1967. São Paulo.
642:, by Betty Antunes de Oliveira, shows that around 20,000
425:. In 1866, William and his son Robert Norris climbed the
550:
Religious services were celebrated on the properties by
192:, and their Brazilian descendants. They were enticed to
1283:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1121:"A Slice of the Confederacy in the Interior of Brazil"
1077:"A Slice of the Confederacy in the Interior of Brazil"
400:
3582:
1098:. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 327.
1272:
1890:Montgomery, Michael B.; Melo, Cecil Atade (1990).
1640:
718:'s visit to the region in 1972, the government of
222:. Initially, most settled in the current state of
1477:
1318:Trashumante: Revista Americana de Historia Social
1207:
1205:
1203:
649:
230:, which was once part of the neighboring city of
3642:
1733:The Confederados: Old South Immigrants in Brazil
722:even incorporated the Confederate flag into its
603:"Stone". They are found mainly in the cities of
453:
1584:"Brasil: migrações internacionais e identidade"
1513:
1511:
1473:
1471:
1889:
1200:
2646:
2192:
1997:
1731:Cyrus B. Dawsey and James M. Dawsey editors,
3691:History of the Confederate States of America
1508:
1468:
1248:. Philadelphia: King & Baird, printers.
1057:Immigration Museum of the State of São Paulo
2653:
2639:
2199:
2185:
2004:
1990:
1881:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
913:
413:On December 27, 1865, Colonel and Senator
218:from the Southern United States after the
48:
3701:Social history of the American Civil War
1840:
1355:Journal of Geography in Higher Education
917:
784:
653:
585:
512:. Due to the constant presence of these
502:Santa Bárbara d'Oeste Immigration Museum
487:
404:
357:
353:
298:
238:would later be found throughout Brazil.
27:Brazilian people of Confederate ancestry
2515:Trinidad and Tobago (African Americans)
1804:, 1987, about the failed Iguape Colony.
1718:
1706:DeJuana, Carlos A. (November 2, 2003).
1705:
1395:
1313:
927:Number of American descendants by state
510:Companhia Paulista de Estradas de Ferro
14:
3643:
2461:Dominican Republic (African Americans)
1769:
1708:"The South Rises Again, But in Brazil"
1638:
1351:
1341:
1260:from the original on November 17, 2022
1241:
1176:
1118:
1074:
646:entered Brazil between 1865 and 1885.
338:production for export to the looms of
250:highlight its benefits to the nation.
65:Thousands of descendants across Brazil
2634:
2327:Children of American service members
2206:
2180:
1985:
1858:
1817:
1742:
1690:
1653:from the original on November 1, 2019
1496:from the original on January 12, 2023
1456:from the original on January 12, 2023
1295:from the original on January 12, 2023
1164:from the original on January 24, 2022
1031:
473:learning and still cultivating their
206:, who had hoped to gain expertise in
160:
1933:
1719:Buckley, Stephen (August 22, 1999).
1093:
70:Regions with significant populations
54:Os Confederados at Festa Confederada
3651:Aftermath of the American Civil War
1841:Oliveira, Betty Antunes de (1981).
1620:from the original on August 9, 2017
738:Today, the Campo Cemetery (and the
401:Americana and Santa Bárbara d'Oeste
24:
3656:American diaspora in South America
1772:The Lost Colony of the Confederacy
1679:Ray, Montana (November 16, 2020).
1672:
1594:from the original on July 21, 2021
1529:from the original on June 13, 2022
1213:"Confederates in Brazil – Article"
1146:
773:. The immigrants also established
635:and political life of the region.
629:The Last Confederate in the Amazon
25:
3717:
1954:
1909:John Benjamins Publishing Company
1859:Jones, Judith Mac Knight (1998).
1753:Universidade Estadual de Campinas
1691:McCoy, Terrence (July 11, 2020).
1639:Harris, John B. (March 2, 1982).
1160:. September 14, 1865. p. 2.
1094:Dean, Aaron Sheehan, ed. (2019).
598:Jason Williams Stone, a man from
362:Confederate expatriates in Brazil
226:, where they founded the city of
3706:White supremacy in South America
3628:
3616:
3604:
3592:
2662:
1960:
1743:Gussi, Alcides Fernando (1997).
504:. Cultivation and processing of
1632:
1606:
1576:
1567:
1541:
1442:
1242:Gaston, James McFadden (1867).
523:, also dates from this period.
377:In November 1865, the state of
346:, which had long relied on the
3661:American expatriates in Brazil
1846:. Rio de Janeiro: The author.
1780:Texas A&M University Press
1235:
1112:
1087:
1068:
1047:, a novel about Confederados.
746:, they were prohibited by the
650:Descendants of Os Confederados
562:was founded in the village of
13:
1:
2013:International response to the
1818:Tigay, Alan M. (April 1998).
1810:(Avril Bardoni, translator),
1417:10.1080/1743873x.2020.1768262
1372:10.1080/03098265.2021.1991290
1119:Romero, Simon (May 8, 2016).
1075:Romero, Simon (May 8, 2016).
1062:
780:
196:by offers of cheap land from
1721:"A Taste of Dixie in Brazil"
1484:. publisher not identified.
1321:(in Spanish) (20): 194–214.
701:Sons of Confederate Veterans
545:Brazilian official education
535:on the properties and hired
7:
1770:Harter, Eugene C. (2000) .
1400:Journal of Heritage Tourism
1050:
581:
397:group to settle in Brazil.
234:. The descendants of other
10:
3722:
3676:Cultural history of Brazil
1832:(2): 84–95. Archived from
1504:– via Open WorldCat.
594:moved to Santarém in 1867.
294:
3532:
3473:
3422:
3391:
3365:
3324:
3315:
3299:
3290:
3224:
3208:
3177:
3119:
3110:
3093:
3084:
3012:
2969:
2936:
2888:
2881:
2849:
2832:
2802:
2793:
2683:
2679:
2620:African-American diaspora
2612:
2544:
2523:
2406:
2338:
2252:
2214:
2129:
2022:
415:William Hutchinson Norris
327:wrote in September 1865.
158:Portuguese pronunciation:
138:
133:
118:
113:
100:Southern American English
94:
89:
74:
69:
64:
59:
47:
40:
2895:American (United States)
1774:. First published 1985.
1614:"Total U.S. Immigration"
387:Hunting a Home in Brazil
41:
3686:Ethnic groups in Brazil
3671:Confederate expatriates
2444:United Empire Loyalists
2280:Black Hebrew Israelites
1973:Confederados collection
914:U.S. ancestry in Brazil
614:
492:Villa Americana in 1906
265:, traditional dress of
3540:Demographics of Brazil
2669:Ancestry and ethnicity
1917:10.1075/eww.11.2.03mon
1796:William Clark Griggs,
1776:College Station, Texas
1154:"Emigration to Brazil"
923:
790:
771:southern fried chicken
726:(although most of the
693:Southern American food
670:
595:
493:
479:agricultural education
454:
421:landed in the port of
410:
363:
304:
186:Southern United States
184:slaves), who fled the
162:[kõfedeˈɾadus]
2917:Santa Bárbara d'Oeste
2572:Santa Bárbara d'Oeste
1836:on February 16, 2011.
1755:, Centro de Memória.
1737:University of Alabama
1196:on February 16, 2011.
921:
788:
759:immigration to Brazil
733:Santa Bárbara d'Oeste
657:
589:
576:Santa Bárbara d'Oeste
491:
462:Santa Bárbara d'Oeste
408:
361:
354:Immigration to Brazil
302:
243:Santa Bárbara d'Oeste
232:Santa Bárbara d'Oeste
134:Related ethnic groups
84:Santa Bárbara d'Oeste
3666:Americana, São Paulo
2434:New England Planters
2329:(multiple countries)
2322:United Arab Emirates
1969:at Wikimedia Commons
1647:The Hartford Courant
1409:Taylor & Francis
1364:Taylor & Francis
558:. In 1895 the first
464:, today the city of
332:Emperor Dom Pedro II
307:After the war, many
255:American Descendants
2429:Black Nova Scotians
1820:"The Deepest South"
1802:University of Texas
1725:The Washington Post
1712:The Washington Post
1698:The Washington Post
1394: •
1350: •
1041:Rollin G. Osterweis
900:Confederate emigres
769:, vinegar pie, and
676:Portuguese language
600:Dana, Massachusetts
560:Presbyterian Church
481:and improvement of
37:
3599:American Civil War
2698:Indigenous peoples
2016:American Civil War
1900:English World-Wide
1158:The Daily Picayune
1125:The New York Times
1081:The New York Times
1039:history professor
1032:In popular culture
924:
922:David Bowman Riker
791:
728:Italian-descendent
671:
623:, in the state of
596:
494:
435:São Caetano do Sul
411:
364:
305:
220:American Civil War
180:(along with their
35:
3696:Slavery in Brazil
3580:
3579:
3528:
3527:
3524:
3523:
3520:
3519:
3286:
3285:
3282:
3281:
3080:
3079:
2871:
2870:
2628:
2627:
2351:African Americans
2330:
2208:American diaspora
2174:
2173:
1977:Auburn University
1965:Media related to
1940:Auburn University
1934:Archival material
1825:American Heritage
1588:www.comciencia.br
1029:
1028:
896:
895:
685:Festa Confederada
592:Archibald Dobbins
556:American diaspora
286:Antebellum period
263:Confederate flags
259:Festa Confederada
178:white Southerners
149:
148:
144:Black Southerners
140:White Southerners
16:(Redirected from
3713:
3681:Empire of Brazil
3633:
3632:
3621:
3620:
3609:
3608:
3607:
3597:
3596:
3595:
3588:
3322:
3321:
3297:
3296:
3117:
3116:
3091:
3090:
2886:
2885:
2800:
2799:
2681:
2680:
2667:
2666:
2665:
2655:
2648:
2641:
2632:
2631:
2328:
2201:
2194:
2187:
2178:
2177:
2165:
2158:
2151:
2144:
2142:Native Americans
2137:
2135:Foreign soldiers
2122:
2115:
2107:
2100:
2093:
2086:
2079:
2072:
2065:
2058:
2051:
2044:
2037:
2030:
2006:
1999:
1992:
1983:
1982:
1964:
1928:
1896:
1886:
1880:
1872:
1855:
1837:
1793:
1766:
1749:Campinas, Brazil
1728:
1715:
1702:
1667:
1666:
1660:
1658:
1644:
1636:
1630:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1610:
1604:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1580:
1574:
1571:
1565:
1564:
1562:
1560:
1555:on June 18, 2012
1551:. Archived from
1545:
1539:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1515:
1506:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1475:
1466:
1465:
1463:
1461:
1446:
1440:
1436:
1391:
1345:
1339:
1338:
1311:
1305:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1285:
1270:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1239:
1233:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1219:. Archived from
1209:
1198:
1197:
1192:. Archived from
1189:Internet Archive
1180:
1174:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1150:
1144:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1116:
1110:
1109:
1091:
1085:
1084:
1072:
931:
930:
798:
797:
712:Confederate flag
691:are worn, while
661:, on a visit to
459:
216:Empire of Brazil
164:
159:
60:Total population
52:
38:
34:
21:
3721:
3720:
3716:
3715:
3714:
3712:
3711:
3710:
3641:
3640:
3639:
3627:
3615:
3605:
3603:
3593:
3591:
3583:
3581:
3576:
3516:
3469:
3418:
3387:
3361:
3317:
3311:
3278:
3220:
3204:
3173:
3112:
3106:
3076:
3008:
2971:Central America
2965:
2932:
2877:
2867:
2851:
2850:Central Africa
2845:
2834:
2828:
2789:
2675:
2663:
2661:
2659:
2629:
2624:
2608:
2540:
2519:
2402:
2334:
2248:
2210:
2205:
2175:
2170:
2163:Seminole Nation
2161:
2154:
2149:Cherokee Nation
2147:
2140:
2133:
2125:
2118:
2110:
2103:
2096:
2089:
2082:
2075:
2068:
2061:
2054:
2047:
2040:
2033:
2026:
2018:
2010:
1957:
1936:
1931:
1894:
1874:
1873:
1808:Riccardo Orizio
1790:
1763:
1675:
1673:Further reading
1670:
1656:
1654:
1637:
1633:
1623:
1621:
1612:
1611:
1607:
1597:
1595:
1582:
1581:
1577:
1572:
1568:
1558:
1556:
1547:
1546:
1542:
1532:
1530:
1517:
1516:
1509:
1499:
1497:
1476:
1469:
1459:
1457:
1448:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1346:
1342:
1312:
1308:
1298:
1296:
1287:
1286:
1273:
1263:
1261:
1240:
1236:
1226:
1224:
1223:on July 8, 2007
1211:
1210:
1201:
1182:
1181:
1177:
1167:
1165:
1152:
1151:
1147:
1137:
1135:
1117:
1113:
1106:
1092:
1088:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1053:
1037:Yale University
1034:
916:
906:rule after the
783:
748:Catholic Church
652:
617:
611:, in Amazonas.
584:
568:Catholic Church
403:
356:
313:chattel slavery
297:
157:
55:
43:
42:Os Confederados
33:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3719:
3709:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3638:
3637:
3625:
3613:
3601:
3578:
3577:
3575:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3563:
3562:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3536:
3534:
3533:Related topics
3530:
3529:
3526:
3525:
3522:
3521:
3518:
3517:
3515:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3483:
3477:
3475:
3471:
3470:
3468:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3426:
3424:
3420:
3419:
3417:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3395:
3393:
3389:
3388:
3386:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3369:
3367:
3363:
3362:
3360:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3328:
3326:
3319:
3313:
3312:
3310:
3309:
3303:
3301:
3294:
3288:
3287:
3284:
3283:
3280:
3279:
3277:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3260:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3234:
3228:
3226:
3222:
3221:
3219:
3218:
3212:
3210:
3206:
3205:
3203:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3181:
3179:
3175:
3174:
3172:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3150:
3149:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3123:
3121:
3114:
3108:
3107:
3105:
3104:
3097:
3095:
3088:
3082:
3081:
3078:
3077:
3075:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3018:
3016:
3010:
3009:
3007:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2975:
2973:
2967:
2966:
2964:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2942:
2940:
2934:
2933:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2920:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2902:
2892:
2890:
2883:
2879:
2878:
2876:
2875:
2872:
2869:
2868:
2866:
2865:
2860:
2854:
2852:
2847:
2846:
2844:
2843:
2837:
2835:
2830:
2829:
2827:
2826:
2825:
2824:
2812:
2806:
2804:
2797:
2791:
2790:
2788:
2787:
2786:
2785:
2778:
2777:
2776:
2769:
2768:
2767:
2753:
2746:
2745:
2744:
2742:Amazonian Jews
2739:
2718:
2700:
2695:
2687:
2685:
2677:
2676:
2658:
2657:
2650:
2643:
2635:
2626:
2625:
2623:
2622:
2616:
2614:
2610:
2609:
2607:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2580:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2554:
2548:
2546:
2542:
2541:
2539:
2538:
2533:
2527:
2525:
2521:
2520:
2518:
2517:
2512:
2511:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2485:
2480:
2479:
2478:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2447:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2421:
2416:
2410:
2408:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2400:
2398:United Kingdom
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2354:
2353:
2342:
2340:
2336:
2335:
2333:
2332:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2283:
2282:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2256:
2254:
2250:
2249:
2247:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2220:
2218:
2212:
2211:
2204:
2203:
2196:
2189:
2181:
2172:
2171:
2169:
2168:
2167:
2166:
2159:
2156:Choctaw Nation
2152:
2138:
2130:
2127:
2126:
2124:
2123:
2120:United Kingdom
2116:
2108:
2101:
2094:
2087:
2080:
2073:
2066:
2059:
2052:
2045:
2038:
2031:
2023:
2020:
2019:
2009:
2008:
2001:
1994:
1986:
1980:
1979:
1970:
1956:
1955:External links
1953:
1952:
1951:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1929:
1887:
1856:
1838:
1815:
1805:
1794:
1788:
1767:
1761:
1740:
1735:, Tuscaloosa:
1729:
1716:
1703:
1688:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1668:
1663:Newspapers.com
1631:
1605:
1575:
1566:
1540:
1507:
1467:
1441:
1438:
1437:
1392:
1347:
1340:
1306:
1271:
1234:
1199:
1175:
1145:
1111:
1104:
1086:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1060:
1059:
1052:
1049:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1023:
1019:
1018:
1015:
1009:
1008:
1005:
999:
998:
995:
989:
988:
985:
979:
978:
975:
969:
968:
965:
963:Rio de Janeiro
959:
958:
955:
953:Espírito Santo
949:
948:
945:
939:
938:
935:
929:
928:
915:
912:
894:
893:
890:
886:
885:
882:
876:
875:
872:
866:
865:
862:
856:
855:
852:
846:
845:
842:
836:
835:
832:
830:Rio de Janeiro
826:
825:
822:
820:Espírito Santo
816:
815:
812:
806:
805:
802:
796:
795:
782:
779:
775:public schools
651:
648:
640:Rio de Janeiro
616:
613:
583:
580:
485:productivity.
423:Rio de Janeiro
402:
399:
379:South Carolina
355:
352:
330:The Brazilian
324:Daily Picayune
296:
293:
282:American South
278:American South
276:, food of the
190:Reconstruction
147:
146:
136:
135:
131:
130:
116:
115:
111:
110:
92:
91:
87:
86:
72:
71:
67:
66:
62:
61:
57:
56:
53:
45:
44:
31:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3718:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3648:
3646:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3612:
3602:
3600:
3590:
3589:
3586:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3561:
3558:
3557:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3537:
3535:
3531:
3513:
3512:Luxembourgian
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3478:
3476:
3472:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3427:
3425:
3421:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3396:
3394:
3390:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3370:
3368:
3364:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3329:
3327:
3323:
3320:
3314:
3308:
3305:
3304:
3302:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3289:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3239:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3229:
3227:
3223:
3217:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3207:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3182:
3180:
3176:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3148:
3145:
3144:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3124:
3122:
3118:
3115:
3109:
3102:
3099:
3098:
3096:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3083:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3019:
3017:
3015:
3014:South America
3011:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2976:
2974:
2972:
2968:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2943:
2941:
2939:
2935:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2907:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2897:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2889:North America
2887:
2884:
2880:
2874:
2873:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2855:
2853:
2848:
2842:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2831:
2823:
2820:
2819:
2818:
2817:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2792:
2784:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2765:
2761:
2760:
2759:
2758:
2754:
2752:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2737:
2733:
2732:
2731:
2730:
2726:
2725:
2724:
2723:
2719:
2717:
2716:
2712:
2711:
2710:
2709:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2693:
2689:
2688:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2656:
2651:
2649:
2644:
2642:
2637:
2636:
2633:
2621:
2618:
2617:
2615:
2611:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2559:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2549:
2547:
2545:South America
2543:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2528:
2526:
2522:
2516:
2513:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2490:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2477:
2474:
2473:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2426:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2411:
2409:
2407:North America
2405:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2352:
2349:
2348:
2347:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2337:
2331:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2281:
2278:
2277:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2257:
2255:
2251:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2221:
2219:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2202:
2197:
2195:
2190:
2188:
2183:
2182:
2179:
2164:
2160:
2157:
2153:
2150:
2146:
2145:
2143:
2139:
2136:
2132:
2131:
2128:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2106:
2102:
2099:
2095:
2092:
2088:
2085:
2081:
2078:
2074:
2071:
2067:
2064:
2060:
2057:
2053:
2050:
2046:
2043:
2039:
2036:
2032:
2029:
2025:
2024:
2021:
2017:
2014:
2007:
2002:
2000:
1995:
1993:
1988:
1987:
1984:
1978:
1974:
1971:
1968:
1963:
1959:
1958:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1938:
1937:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1901:
1893:
1888:
1884:
1878:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1813:
1809:
1806:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1768:
1764:
1762:9788585562083
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1741:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1704:
1700:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1677:
1664:
1652:
1649:. p. 8.
1648:
1643:
1635:
1619:
1615:
1609:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1579:
1570:
1554:
1550:
1544:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1514:
1512:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1482:
1474:
1472:
1455:
1451:
1445:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1401:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1356:
1349:
1348:
1344:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1319:
1310:
1294:
1290:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1246:
1238:
1222:
1218:
1217:mason.gmu.edu
1214:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1195:
1191:
1190:
1185:
1179:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1149:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1115:
1107:
1105:9781107154537
1101:
1097:
1090:
1082:
1078:
1071:
1067:
1058:
1055:
1054:
1048:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1010:
1006:
1004:
1001:
1000:
996:
994:
991:
990:
986:
984:
981:
980:
976:
974:
971:
970:
966:
964:
961:
960:
956:
954:
951:
950:
946:
944:
941:
940:
936:
933:
932:
926:
925:
920:
911:
909:
905:
901:
891:
888:
887:
883:
881:
878:
877:
873:
871:
868:
867:
863:
861:
858:
857:
853:
851:
848:
847:
843:
841:
838:
837:
833:
831:
828:
827:
823:
821:
818:
817:
813:
811:
808:
807:
803:
800:
799:
793:
792:
787:
778:
776:
772:
768:
762:
760:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
736:
734:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
708:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
680:
677:
668:
664:
660:
656:
647:
645:
644:U.S. citizens
641:
636:
634:
630:
626:
622:
612:
610:
606:
601:
593:
588:
579:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
548:
546:
542:
541:United States
538:
534:
530:
526:
525:Manufacturing
522:
521:train station
517:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
490:
486:
484:
480:
476:
471:
467:
463:
458:
457:
450:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
429:, stopped in
428:
424:
420:
416:
407:
398:
396:
390:
388:
383:
380:
375:
373:
370:
360:
351:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
328:
326:
325:
321:
316:
314:
310:
301:
292:
289:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
268:
264:
260:
256:
251:
248:
244:
239:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
212:
209:
205:
202:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
172:
168:
163:
155:
154:
145:
141:
137:
132:
129:
125:
121:
120:Protestantism
117:
112:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
88:
85:
81:
77:
73:
68:
63:
58:
51:
46:
39:
30:
19:
3545:Colonization
3414:Scandinavian
3300:By ethnicity
3190:East Indians
3147:in São Paulo
3103:(East Asian)
3094:By ethnicity
2906:Confederados
2905:
2904:
2833:West Africa
2814:
2803:By ethnicity
2780:
2772:
2763:
2756:
2749:
2734:
2727:
2721:
2714:
2706:
2690:
2567:Confederados
2566:
2508:New Virginia
2312:Saudi Arabia
2244:South Africa
2239:Sierra Leone
2041:
1967:Confederados
1947:
1904:
1898:
1860:
1842:
1834:the original
1829:
1823:
1811:
1797:
1771:
1744:
1732:
1724:
1711:
1696:
1684:
1661:– via
1655:. Retrieved
1646:
1634:
1622:. Retrieved
1608:
1596:. Retrieved
1587:
1578:
1569:
1557:. Retrieved
1553:the original
1543:
1531:. Retrieved
1523:g1.globo.com
1522:
1498:. Retrieved
1480:
1458:. Retrieved
1444:
1404:
1398:
1359:
1353:
1343:
1316:
1309:
1297:. Retrieved
1264:November 17,
1262:. Retrieved
1244:
1237:
1225:. Retrieved
1221:the original
1216:
1194:the original
1187:
1178:
1166:. Retrieved
1157:
1148:
1136:. Retrieved
1124:
1114:
1095:
1089:
1080:
1070:
1044:
1035:
993:Minas Gerais
937:Descendants
897:
860:Minas Gerais
763:
737:
724:coat of arms
716:Jimmy Carter
709:
705:battlefields
681:
672:
659:Jimmy Carter
637:
628:
619:The city of
618:
597:
549:
518:
495:
451:
427:Serra do Mar
412:
391:
386:
384:
376:
365:
329:
322:
317:
306:
290:
252:
240:
236:Confederados
235:
213:
153:Confederados
152:
151:
150:
123:
103:
79:
36:Confederados
32:Ethnic group
29:
3560:from Europe
3555:Immigration
3550:Slave trade
3316:By country
3252:Palestinian
3185:Bangladeshi
3111:By country
2979:Costa Rican
2816:quilombolas
2536:New Zealand
2476:Free Blacks
2439:Six Nations
2414:The Bahamas
2378:Netherlands
2302:Philippines
2292:North Korea
1948:Confederado
1911:: 195–216.
1624:December 4,
1559:December 4,
1460:December 4,
1299:December 4,
1227:January 15,
1168:January 24,
804:Immigrants
744:Protestants
609:Itacoatiara
470:agriculture
320:New Orleans
309:Confederate
284:during the
274:hoop skirts
267:Confederate
174:expatriates
171:Confederate
18:Confederado
3645:Categories
3567:Emigration
3455:Portuguese
3450:Macedonian
3409:Lithuanian
3373:Belarusian
3169:Vietnamese
3137:Indonesian
3072:Venezuelan
3062:Surinamese
3052:Paraguayan
3042:Ecuadorian
3004:Salvadoran
2999:Panamanian
2994:Nicaraguan
2984:Guatemalan
2703:Mixed-race
2692:Brazilians
2451:Costa Rica
2224:The Gambia
2105:San Marino
1800:, Austin:
1789:1585441023
1598:August 22,
1533:August 22,
1500:August 22,
1063:References
1013:Pernambuco
880:Pernambuco
781:Statistics
514:immigrants
447:Piracicaba
395:Protestant
382:reported.
369:emigration
348:Deep South
247:Protestant
128:Irreligion
108:Portuguese
3485:British (
3430:Bulgarian
3383:Ukrainian
3347:Hungarian
3318:or region
3195:Pakistani
3159:Malaysian
3113:or region
3067:Uruguayan
3037:Colombian
3022:Argentine
2946:Barbadian
2938:Caribbean
2912:New Texas
2900:Americana
2863:Congolese
2736:mamelucos
2604:Venezuela
2577:New Texas
2562:Americana
2552:Argentina
2531:Australia
2466:Guatemala
2265:Hong Kong
2114:(as Siam)
2028:Australia
1925:0172-8865
1877:cite book
1869:833839870
1852:866649279
1685:The Point
1433:219472349
1425:1743-873X
1411:: 20–42.
1388:239558636
1380:0309-8265
1335:2322-9381
1327:2322-9675
1133:0362-4331
943:São Paulo
908:Civil War
810:São Paulo
767:chess pie
720:Americana
697:Brazilian
667:Americana
539:from the
529:Americana
496:Numerous
466:Americana
431:São Paulo
372:companies
228:Americana
224:São Paulo
169:name for
167:Brazilian
165:) is the
90:Languages
76:Americana
3623:language
3491:Scottish
3460:Romanian
3435:Croatian
3423:Southern
3399:Estonian
3392:Northern
3332:Austrian
3247:Lebanese
3232:Armenian
3178:Southern
3142:Japanese
3132:Filipino
3057:Peruvian
3047:Guyanese
3027:Bolivian
2989:Honduran
2961:Jamaican
2924:Canadian
2882:Americas
2841:Nigerian
2764:caiçaras
2729:caboclos
2708:mestiços
2613:See also
2594:Paraguay
2493:Kickapoo
2483:Honduras
2383:Portugal
2297:Pakistan
2112:Thailand
1844:Brazil")
1651:Archived
1618:Archived
1592:Archived
1527:Archived
1494:Archived
1490:12972743
1454:Archived
1366:: 1–14.
1293:Archived
1258:Archived
1254:6647933M
1162:Archived
1051:See also
1045:Santarem
1025:260,000
947:100,490
752:cemetery
689:uniforms
633:business
621:Santarém
590:Colonel
582:Amazonas
572:cemetery
537:teachers
456:sesmaria
439:Campinas
270:uniforms
211:Brazil.
204:Pedro II
114:Religion
3635:Society
3585:Portals
3487:English
3481:Belgian
3474:Western
3465:Spanish
3445:Italian
3404:Latvian
3378:Russian
3366:Eastern
3325:Central
3274:Turkish
3264:Iranian
3225:Western
3209:Central
3127:Chinese
3120:Eastern
3032:Chilean
2956:Haitian
2929:Mexican
2858:Angolan
2822:Kalunga
2782:sararás
2773:mulatos
2757:juçaras
2750:cafuzos
2715:ainokos
2599:Uruguay
2589:Ecuador
2524:Oceania
2503:Mormons
2498:Mascogo
2368:Ireland
2358:Germany
2234:Liberia
2091:Prussia
2084:Morocco
2070:Ireland
2035:Bahamas
1944:Alabama
1739:, 1998.
1657:May 14,
1138:June 1,
1017:10,000
1007:10,686
997:12,610
987:24,800
977:25,000
967:25,220
957:50,258
564:Estação
552:pastors
533:schools
475:gardens
419:Alabama
340:England
295:History
198:Emperor
188:during
102:)
96:English
3611:Brazil
3572:Racism
3502:French
3352:Polish
3342:German
3292:Europe
3269:Jewish
3257:Syrian
3216:Afghan
3200:Romani
3154:Korean
3101:Yellow
2795:Africa
2722:pardos
2684:Brazil
2673:Brazil
2557:Brazil
2488:Mexico
2424:Canada
2419:Belize
2393:Sweden
2363:Greece
2346:France
2339:Europe
2317:Taiwan
2275:Israel
2216:Africa
2098:Russia
2077:Mexico
2063:Hawaii
2056:France
2049:Canada
2042:Brazil
1923:
1867:
1850:
1786:
1759:
1488:
1431:
1423:
1386:
1378:
1333:
1325:
1252:
1131:
1102:
1043:wrote
1022:Total
973:Paraná
934:State
892:2,070
889:Total
840:Paraná
801:State
740:chapel
663:Brazil
605:Manaus
506:cotton
483:cotton
344:France
336:cotton
208:cotton
194:Brazil
176:, all
124:·
122:
104:·
80:·
78:
3507:Irish
3497:Dutch
3440:Greek
3357:Swiss
3337:Czech
3307:White
3242:Iraqi
2951:Cuban
2810:Black
2584:Chile
2471:Haiti
2388:Spain
2373:Italy
2307:Qatar
2287:Japan
2270:India
2260:China
2229:Ghana
1907:(2).
1895:(PDF)
1429:S2CID
1407:(1).
1384:S2CID
1323:eISSN
1003:Bahia
904:Union
870:Bahia
498:farms
182:Black
126:
106:
82:
3489:and
3237:Arab
3164:Thai
3086:Asia
2456:Cuba
2253:Asia
1921:ISSN
1883:link
1865:OCLC
1848:OCLC
1784:ISBN
1757:ISBN
1659:2018
1626:2021
1600:2022
1561:2021
1535:2022
1502:2022
1486:OCLC
1462:2021
1421:ISSN
1376:ISSN
1331:ISSN
1301:2021
1266:2022
1229:2022
1170:2022
1140:2024
1129:ISSN
1100:ISBN
983:Pará
898:The
864:100
854:200
850:Pará
844:200
834:200
824:400
814:800
756:U.S.
710:The
625:Pará
615:Pará
607:and
443:land
342:and
272:and
142:and
2705:or
2671:in
1975:at
1942:in
1913:doi
1413:doi
1368:doi
884:85
874:85
417:of
201:Dom
3647::
1919:.
1905:11
1903:.
1897:.
1879:}}
1875:{{
1830:49
1828:.
1822:.
1782:.
1778::
1751::
1747:.
1723:.
1710:.
1695:.
1683:.
1645:.
1616:.
1590:.
1586:.
1525:.
1521:.
1510:^
1492:.
1470:^
1452:.
1427:.
1419:.
1405:16
1403:.
1382:.
1374:.
1362:.
1360:47
1358:.
1329:.
1291:.
1274:^
1256:.
1250:OL
1215:.
1202:^
1186:.
1156:.
1127:.
1123:.
1079:.
910:.
761:.
547:.
449:.
288:.
3587::
3493:)
2654:e
2647:t
2640:v
2200:e
2193:t
2186:v
2005:e
1998:t
1991:v
1927:.
1915::
1885:)
1871:.
1854:.
1814:.
1792:.
1765:.
1727:.
1714:.
1701:.
1687:.
1665:.
1628:.
1602:.
1563:.
1537:.
1464:.
1435:.
1415::
1390:.
1370::
1337:.
1303:.
1268:.
1231:.
1172:.
1142:.
1108:.
1083:.
683:"
669:.
156:(
98:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
