134:
In 2001, computers had reached a critical mass in
American newsrooms in terms of general computer use, online research, non-specialist content searching, and daily frequency of online use, showing that CAR has become ubiquitous in the United States.
143:
The techniques expanded from polling and surveying to a new opportunity for journalists: using the computer to analyze huge volumes of government records. The first example of this type may have been
Clarence Jones of
126:
Since the 1950s, computer-assisted developed to the point that databases became central to the journalist's work by the 1980s. In his book, Precision
Journalism, the first edition of which was written in 1969,
131:
argues that a journalist must make use of databases and surveys, both computer-assisted. In the 2002 edition, he goes even further and states that "a journalist has to be a database manager".
275:, paper presented to the Newspaper Division, Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication, Southeast Colloquium, March 17–18, 2000, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.
208:) and the Danish International Center for Analytical Reporting (DICAR), have been created solely to promote the use of CAR in newsgathering. Many other organizations, such as the
286:
204:
In the last 15 years, journalism organizations such as the
National Institute for Computer-Assisted Reporting (NICAR, a program of
150:, who in 1969 worked with a computer to find patterns in the criminal justice system. Other notable early practitioners included
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213:
209:
205:
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170:, who in 1986 matched databases to expose school bus drivers with bad driving histories and criminal records; and
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Collectively this has become known as computer-assisted reporting, or CAR. It is closely tied to "precision" or
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to show that people who had attended college were equally likely to have rioted as were high school dropouts.
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287:"New Paths to Buried Treasure; Computers are revolutionizing investigative journalism"
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One researcher argues the "age of computer-assisted reporting" began in 1952, when
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Diffusion of online information technologies in newspaper newsrooms
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43:
35:
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20:
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to share ideas about CAR, including NICAR-L, CARR-L and JAGIS-L.
224:, offer CAR training or workshops. Journalists have also created
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63:
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642:
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81:, which refer specifically to the use of techniques of the
24:
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computer to analyze returns from the U.S. presidential
105:. One of the earliest examples came in 1967, after
23:to gather and analyze the data necessary to write
42:work. Reporters routinely collect information in
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266:The development of computer-assisted reporting
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199:
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88:
315:, p.1, Rowman & Littlefield , 2002.
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196:in middle-income black neighborhoods.
85:and other disciplines by journalists.
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260:
258:
214:Canadian Association of Journalists
210:Society of Professional Journalists
206:Investigative Reporters and Editors
13:
255:
14:
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177:The Atlanta Journal-Constitution
190:mortgage lending discrimination
70:background for articles on the
62:mapping, conduct interviews by
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318:
303:
278:
46:, analyze public records with
1:
426:Pundit / commentator
60:geographic information system
285:Bowen, Ezra (July 7, 1986).
218:University of King's College
184:for his 1988 investigation,
7:
931:List of journalism articles
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17:Computer-assisted reporting
10:
970:
200:Professional organizations
928:
880:
807:
612:
514:
436:
376:
30:The spread of computers,
332:, volume 2, pp. 221-239.
248:
386:Journalists (reporters)
89:History and development
500:Editorial independence
324:Bruce Garrison, 2001.
299:on September 30, 2007.
243:Data-driven journalism
167:The Providence Journal
54:, study political and
856:Pink-slime journalism
841:Horse race journalism
19:describes the use of
831:Freedom of the press
312:Precision Journalism
238:Automated journalism
139:Tools and techniques
52:statistical programs
893:Newspaper of record
188:, which dealt with
180:, who received the
79:analytic journalism
271:2011-09-28 at the
186:The Color of Money
157:The New York Times
121:mainframe computer
116:Detroit Free Press
97:television used a
941:
940:
919:Alternative media
871:Yellow journalism
505:Journalism school
109:in Detroit, when
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866:Propaganda model
861:Public relations
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295:. Archived from
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147:The Miami Herald
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763:Photojournalism
632:Interventionism
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83:social sciences
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11:
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693:Digital/Online
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464:code of ethics
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309:Philip Meyer,
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264:Melisma Cox ,
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182:Pulitzer Prize
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914:News agencies
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850:False balance
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821:Fourth Estate
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768:Press release
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162:Elliot Jaspin
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904:TV and radio
836:Infotainment
826:Fifth Estate
723:Interpretive
673:Comics-based
421:Photographer
329:
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297:the original
290:
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220:in Halifax,
203:
185:
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165:
155:
145:
142:
133:
129:Philip Meyer
125:
114:
111:Philip Meyer
92:
76:
58:change with
48:spreadsheets
38:changed how
29:
16:
15:
783:Underground
698:Explanatory
623:Adversarial
588:Video games
543:Environment
485:Attribution
480:News values
475:Objectivity
406:Copy editor
222:Nova Scotia
172:Bill Dedman
56:demographic
954:Journalism
889:Newspapers
881:News media
846:Media bias
748:Non-profit
733:Multimedia
653:Churnalism
578:Technology
490:Defamation
437:Profession
370:Journalism
330:Journalism
899:Magazines
816:Fake news
738:Narrative
718:Immersion
678:Community
648:Broadcast
391:Columnist
194:redlining
44:databases
40:reporters
27:stories.
21:computers
948:Category
933:–
909:Internet
798:Watchdog
688:Database
643:Blogging
638:Analytic
628:Advocacy
563:Politics
553:Medicine
528:Business
269:Archived
232:See also
216:and the
103:election
99:UNIVAC I
68:research
36:Internet
34:and the
32:software
935:Outline
778:Tabloid
753:Opinion
658:Citizen
598:Weather
583:Traffic
568:Science
548:Fashion
470:Culture
454:Five Ws
396:Blogger
119:used a
113:of the
793:Visual
773:Sensor
614:Genres
573:Sports
460:Ethics
401:Editor
212:, the
66:, and
64:e-mail
788:Video
758:Peace
708:Gonzo
663:Civic
603:World
558:Music
515:Areas
377:Roles
249:Notes
107:riots
683:Data
533:Data
523:Arts
445:News
292:Time
192:and
50:and
25:news
593:War
174:of
164:of
154:of
95:CBS
72:Web
950::
328:,
289:.
257:^
74:.
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362:e
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348:v
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