491:, the aim of those who employ Holocaust inversion is to "shock, silence, threaten, insulate, and legitimize. ... No one tells Holocaust survivors – or a nation of Holocaust survivors and their children – that they are Nazis without expecting to shock." Even when it is frequently used, the use of Holocaust inversion is still shocking, which facilitates its repeated use. He asserts that the tying together of Nazi motifs with Jewish conspiracy stereotypes has a chilling effect on Jewish supporters of Israel. He also says that by implying guilt, this discourse is threatening because it implies a required punishment. As this discourse is performed in the context of political criticism of Israel, it insulates those who use it from the resistance that most forms of
30:
420:. Later, Golan retracted and said that he did not intend to compare Israel to Nazi Germany, releasing a statement in which he said "It is an absurd and baseless comparison and I had no intention whatsoever to draw any sort of parallel or to criticize the national leadership. The IDF is a moral army that respects the rules of engagement and protects human dignity." He later again compared right wing Israeli politicians to Nazis, drawing criticism from the right in Israel.
434:
559:, has declared that "bsolutely no comparison can be made between the complex Israeli-Palestinian conflict and the atrocities committed by the Nazis against the Jews" given that "hile one can criticize Israel's treatment of the Palestinians, in contrast to the Holocaust, there is not now, nor has there been, a significant Israeli ideology, movement, policy or plan to exterminate the Palestinian population." The statement also labeled comparisons inherently antisemitic.
2371:
2335:
2347:
540:, and other organizations, has offered several examples in which criticism of Israel may be antisemitic, including "drawing comparison of contemporary Israeli policy to that of the Nazis." This definition is controversial because of concerns that it could be seen as defining legitimate criticisms of Israel as antisemitic and has been used to censor pro-Palestinian activism. Alternative definitions such as the
510:, the belief that the Nazis were no worse than Israel is has "brought welcome relief to many who had long borne a burden of guilt for the role which they, their families, their nations, or their churches had played in Hitler's crimes against the Jews, whether by participation or complicity, acquiescence or indifference." In Austria, while overt antisemitism has been limited following the Holocaust, the
2359:
1702:
484:. She defines "soft-core denial" as "not denying the facts, but either inverting it so the victims become the perpetrators". She said in a 2009 interview that soft-core denial makes "a false comparison, and that dilutes what the Holocaust was. It’s a much more slippery kind of manifestation" than hard-core denial, she stated.
305:
absorbed via
Christianity from Judaism. Berkovitz argued Toynbee's loathing of Nazism as a caricature of the West betrays a tacit self-contempt, which carries over into his attitude to Zionism. Toynbee responded that there was some truth in both these observations, and while reaffirming his belief in
288:
I think that, in the
Zionist movement, Western Jews have assimilated gentile Western Civilization in the most unfortunate possible form. They have assimilated the West's nationalism and colonization. The seizure of the houses, lands, and property of the 900,000 Palestinian Arabs who are now refugees
238:
ideologies. The components of this
Romantic nationalism, according to Klemperer, are "the dethronement of reason, the animalization of man, the glorification of the idea of power, of the predator, of the blond beast ... and, most importantly, a strong biologization of the concept of a people, the
811:
labeled the incident as antisemitic. In response, Abbas said that his answer was not intended to deny the singularity of the
Holocaust, which he stated that he condemned in the strongest terms, but that he had intended to discuss the "crimes and massacres committed against the Palestinian people
251:
The problem is that Hitler and Herzl feed to a very large extent on the same heritage. I have already identified the German root of Nazism, it is that partial, bigoted and perverted form of
Romanticism. If I add Romanticism made kitschy, then I have defined exactly the intellectual and stylistic
667:" of being very powerful in the United States and said, "There were many people that pretended that the oppression of the Jews was not going on. From 1933 until 1946. So this is not a new scenario. Except that this time it’s the Palestinian People being murdered." American
503:, this erodes societal safeguards allowing "people to feel once again the desire and, above all, the right to burn all the synagogues they want, to attack boys wearing yarmulkes, to harass large number of rabbis... in order for anti-Semitism to be reborn on a large scale."
411:
If there is something that frightens me about the memory of the
Holocaust, it is seeing the abhorrent processes that took place in Europe, and Germany in particular, some 70, 80 or 90 years ago, and finding manifestations of these processes here among us in 2016.
685:, "Mr. Waters, the Nazis were a genocidal regime that murdered 6 million Jews. That you would have the audacity to compare Jews to monsters who murdered them shows you have no decency, you have no heart, you have no soul." In a 2017 hour-long video live chat on
566:
argue that such comparisons not only lack historical and moral equivalence but also risk inciting anti-Jewish sentiment. Klaff also see equating Israel with Nazis as a form of incitement and racial aggravation against Jews. According to genocide researcher
465:
The subject of comparisons between Israel and Nazi
Germany and whether or not such comparisons are antisemitic has received much commentary by academics worldwide who have studied history and politics, including those who have deemed it to be a form of
575:. This phenomenon, according to Levin, has spread globally, particularly in the Arab and Muslim world and also become prevalent in Western Europe and America, often appearing in what he considers anti-Israel demonstrations and media portrayals.
372:, such comparisons are "a natural if unintended consequence of the immersion of Israeli Jews in Holocaust imagery", and the term "Holocaust inversion" for Nazi comparisons is used by those who see the Holocaust as a template for Jewish life.
1215:
aggression against innocent people. Are we human or what are we?... I feel indignation for Israel's assault on the
Palestinian people and the Lebanese people. They dropped bombs on shelters. ... It's a Holocaust that is occurring there." -
275:
believed that sinking back into the barbarity of Nazism was something that threatened not only Israel but the
Western world generally. He described the contemporary Israeli "a Janus-figure, part American farmer technicians, part Nazi
592:; Hamas as human animals – and of the wider population as less than human and undeserving of rights, soldiers observing or perpetrating atrocities tend to ascribe them not to their own military, or to themselves, but to the enemy".
587:
spoke with
Israelis who had been fighting in Gaza and compared their attitudes to those he had found in his research on German soldiers during World War II: "Having internalised certain views of the enemy – the Bolsheviks as
280:". Comparing what Israel did to the Arabs, he considered that it was, morally but not statistically, worse than what Nazis did to Jews. This formed part of his critique of Zionism. In the final volume of his
1423:
When an Israeli Ambassador Debated a British Historian on Israel’s Legitimacy—and Won. The Montreal face-off between Yaacov Herzog and Arnold Toynbee offers ways of discussing the Jewish state that still feel
648:
out there" had distorted what he meant. As a result of the scrutiny over the January 2013 controversy, the Liberal Democrats' leadership threatened Ward with formal disciplinary action over his arguments.
301:. Talmon argued that Toynbee's conclusion reflected his contempt for Western civilization's subjugation of so many peoples, about which Toynbee felt guilty and which he traced back to the idea of a
264:
compared a Jewish political party to Nazism, writing that, "Among the most disturbing political phenomena of our times is the emergence in the newly created state of Israel of the 'Freedom Party' (
2312:
1373:
1242:
480:, has referred to comparisons between Nazi Germany and Israel as "soft-core" Holocaust denial, as contrasted with "hard-core" denial as practiced by David Irving, who sued Lipstadt in a
499:
society. Finally, he states that inversion not only legitimizes anti-Israel activities but also legitimizes anti-Jewish activities that would otherwise be hard to conduct. According to
929:
2090:
1211:
reported that, on August 10, while giving a speech in eastern Venezuela, Chávez said Venezuelans are "making a call to world leaders, for the love of God, let's halt this crazy
477:
289:
is on a moral level with the worst crimes and injustices committed, during the last four or five centuries, by gentile Western European conquerors and colonists overseas.'
109:
has drawn an analogy between the indoctrinated dehumanization of the adversary in the Germany army under Nazism and the attitudes displayed by young Israeli troops in the
517:
According to Lustick, many Israelis are "already repelled by actions against Palestinians they cannot help but associate with Nazi persecution of Jews." British scholar
1329:
1585:
746:
204:, is also very in evidence in the Zionist philosophy... the training of youth is very similar under both organizations that have designed this one and the Nazi one.
2411:
2039:
790:
2068:"Statement by the President of Palestine regarding what was stated in the response in joint press conference with German Chancellor Olaf Scholz in Berlin"
2011:
1813:
62:, the legitimacy of and intent behind these accusations are a matter of debate, particularly with regard to their potential nature as a manifestation of
2406:
44:
873:
2139:
2416:
1788:
1183:
745:
and has jailed tens of thousands of his own citizens." The spat between the two leaders took place following the Israeli government's adoption of
913:
1234:
1152:
329:
warned that the tendency in Israel to see all potential threats as existential and all opponents as Nazis would lead to Nazi-like behavior by
1478:
Elkad-Lehman, Ilana (2020). "'Judeo-Nazis? Don't talk like this in my house' voicing traumas in a graphic novel – an intertextual analysis".
1962:
533:
2292:
1640:
268:), a political party closely akin in its organization, methods, political philosophy, and social appeal to the Nazi and Fascist parties."
1355:
738:
1774:
1758:'We are the new Jews!' and 'The Jewish Lobby'–antisemitism and the construction of a national identity by the Austrian Freedom Party".
1659:
1330:
https://books.google.com/books?id=9Ko0DwAAQBAJ&hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=analogy+Zionism+Nazism&pg=PT225&printsec=frontcover
1217:
306:
the cogency of the analogy, admitted that, on reflection, his condemnation of Zionism's guilt in this regard was disproportionate.
785:. When asked if he intended to apologize for the attack, Abbas responded by listing allegations of atrocities committed by Israel.
446:
2171:(2018). "National Narratives of Suffering and Victimhood: Methods and Ethics of Telling the Past as Personal Political History".
1881:
2040:"In Berlin, Abbas says Israel committed 'holocausts' against the Palestinians; Scholz grimaces silently, later condemns remarks"
2256:
Steir-Livny, Liat (2019). "'Kristallnacht in Tel Aviv': Nazi Associations in the Contemporary Israeli Socio-Political Debate".
525:
have not been motivated by a broader anti-Jewish subjectivity but by targeted criticism of Israeli policy in military actions.
399:, some settlers donned yellow stars to compare themselves to Holocaust victims, protesting the government's measures. In 2016,
357:
that he did not care if Israel was called a Judeo-Nazi state, it was "better a living Judeo-Nazi than a dead saint." In 2018,
1729:
1374:"(Bloomsbury Revelations) Victor Klemperer-Language of the Third Reich_ LTI_ Lingua Tertii Imperii-Bloomsbury Academic (2013)"
2446:
2265:
2246:
2225:
2204:
2180:
1987:
1739:
1712:
1343:
1310:
601:
541:
734:
94:
argues that such comparisons not only lack historical and moral equivalence, but also risk inciting anti-Jewish sentiment.
1855:
1105:
1063:
888:
758:
2115:
529:
82:
suggests that these comparisons are often rhetorical tools without specific antisemitic intent. On the other hand, the
2281:
1912:
2401:
2396:
1133:
702:
445: with: more points of view, requires coverage from views that the comparison is not antisemitic. You can help by
392:
114:
1391:'In the Shadow of the Holocaust:How the politics of memory in Europe obscures what we see in Israel and Gaza today.'
395:, Holocaust metaphors began to be used by the Israeli right-wing to describe their left-wing opponents. During the
1390:
2391:
793:, grimaced at the use of the word "Holocausts" but said nothing. Scholz condemned the remarks later. He asserted:
645:
613:
396:
146:
1272:
970:
841:
717:
and the understanding that these ancient lands are just for the Jews." He also called Israel "the world's most
713:" lives on in Israel, commenting specifically that he believes "no difference between Hitler's obsession with
252:
common ground between the two Führers. Herzl’s model, who is referred to lovingly on a number of occasions, is
349:
and wrote him a letter arguing that, based on Bartov's research, the IDF could be similarly brutalized as the
2431:
903:
878:
361:
cited Leibowitz, arguing that he was right in his prediction that the occupation was producing Judeo-Nazis.
2091:"Days after synagogue attack, Tunisian president criticizes Israel and says his country saved Jews in WWII"
778:
742:
239:
belief in a "sacred mission" of a certain tribe or nation." Klemperer asserts that in the writings of both
514:
is associated with using comparisons between Nazi Germany and Israel to delegitimize political opponents.
134:
2436:
350:
218:
23:
1856:"As a former IDF soldier and historian of genocide, I was deeply disturbed by my recent visit to Israel"
1299:
Divided Against Zion: Anti-Zionist Opposition to the Creation of a Jewish State in Palestine, 1945-1948,
325:(IDF), with individuals committing atrocities for state security interests. In 1988, Holocaust survivor
2325:
1422:
481:
369:
253:
1937:
1106:
As a former IDF soldier and historian of genocide, I was deeply disturbed by my recent visit to Israel
616:, created controversy after signing the ceremonial Book of Remembrance in the Houses of Parliament on
117:, have often invoked these comparisons, with the most prominent and influential example being that of
29:
2426:
518:
470:
called "Holocaust inversion" due to the potential implication it minimizes the scope of Nazi crimes.
403:, the Israeli general and deputy chief of staff of the IDF, sparked a controversy during a speech at
181:
79:
1658:
Ben-David, Ricky; Schneider, Tal; Magid, Jacob; Bachner, Michael; Sharon, Jeremy (October 3, 2019).
2296:
798:
537:
511:
467:
87:
2421:
318:
698:
130:
2116:"Deadly Tunisian synagogue attack was premeditated and targeted temple, interior minister says"
1818:
773:. Abbas had responded to a reporter's question about the upcoming 50th anniversary of the 1972
617:
609:
548:
83:
2215:
2236:
1297:
556:
322:
563:
500:
129:. In the 21st century, politicians who have done so at least once include Turkish president
91:
2441:
1997:
918:
857:
235:
832:
protected Jews during the Holocaust, today elderly women and children are being bombed in
101:, comparing the two countries is "a natural if unintended consequence of the immersion of
8:
2044:
1208:
944:
840:, president of the Conference of European Rabbis, said such remarks incited hate against
837:
314:
310:
118:
2306:
2258:
New Perspectives on Kristallnacht: After 80 Years, the Nazi Pogrom in Global Comparison
1889:
1566:
1495:
730:
629:
417:
293:
Toynbee sustained this viewpoint in the face of several critical responses, notably by
281:
189:
1448:
Feldhay, Rivka (2013). "The Fragile Boundary between the Political and the Academic".
1184:"Israel livid as Brazil's Lula says Israel like 'Hitler,' committing genocide in Gaza"
2261:
2242:
2221:
2200:
2176:
1735:
1708:
1558:
1499:
1426:
1339:
1306:
1129:
1004:
488:
298:
272:
67:
1814:"Allegation: Israel's Actions Against the Palestinians Can be Compared to the Nazis"
996:
2301:
1550:
1487:
1457:
898:
856:
stirred up controversy due to his statement comparing the actions of Israel in the
572:
473:
209:
110:
1789:"The problems with an increasingly dominant definition of anti-Semitism (opinion)"
1491:
177:, who "best highlighted the Gentile use of the Zionist-Nazi analogy", wrote that:
2375:
2016:
893:
774:
672:
552:
2302:"Herzog calls on Israel's politicians to leave Nazi references out of campaigns"
184:
as it is manifested in Palestine today preaches very much the same doctrines as
2363:
2351:
2067:
1586:"Chomsky to i24NEWS: 'Judeo-Nazi tendencies in Israel a product of occupation'"
1409:
1393:
883:
334:
34:
284:, Toynbee reconsidered his view that Zionism was like Nazism. He wrote that:
138:
2385:
2339:
2195:
1562:
1325:
1126:
The Uncertain Alliance: The U.S. and Israel from Kennedy to the Peace Process
1008:
935:
923:
853:
762:
625:
605:
589:
522:
507:
342:
326:
302:
261:
244:
216:
and chose not to move to Israel but stay in Germany after 1945, wrote in his
174:
142:
59:
19:
2140:"Days After Two Jews Shot Dead, Tunisian President Compares Israel to Nazis"
1461:
2286:
1842:
Blaming the Jews for Acting like Nazis: The Rhetoric of Holocaust Inversion
1386:
1108:
710:
681:
676:
664:
652:
633:
496:
384:
380:
358:
346:
294:
240:
185:
170:
113:. A wide variety of political figures and governments, especially those on
102:
63:
55:
2190:
2168:
1218:
Venezuela President Asks International Leaders To Halt Israeli Offensive.
1153:"Turkish president calls Israel fascist and racist over nation state law"
1101:
908:
786:
659:
has repeatedly compared Israel to Nazi Germany. In a 2013 interview with
636:
in the new state of Israel and continue to do so on a daily basis in the
584:
404:
387:
during the Second World War in official commentary. After the victory of
376:
365:
338:
194:
126:
122:
106:
98:
2370:
1660:"Incoming MK Yair Golan again compares right-wing to Nazis, drawing ire"
1406:
433:
2282:"Former Pink Floyd frontman sparks fury by comparing Israelis to Nazis"
1570:
1538:
833:
825:
765:, accused Israel of having committed "50 Holocausts" during a visit to
714:
656:
641:
568:
400:
200:
1235:"How have Latin American countries responded to the Israel-Hamas war?"
644:." He later responded to criticism of his statement by alleging that "
1992:
1335:
1302:
861:
829:
637:
213:
1554:
1026:
1024:
777:
committed by the internationally active Palestinian militant group
686:
1963:"Roger Waters compares Israel to Nazi Germany in Facebook Q&A"
930:
The Other Side: The Secret Relationship Between Nazism and Zionism
2317:
1677:
1641:"Israeli military chief backtracks from 1930s Germany comparison"
1212:
1157:
770:
722:
718:
354:
277:
227:
158:
71:
1021:
729:
state." The statements were condemned by Israeli prime minister
192:
has many features similar to Nazi philosophy... the politics of
2293:"Israel's 'nation-state law' parallels the Nazi Nuremberg Laws"
2217:
Anti-Zionism and Antisemitism: The Dynamics of Delegitimization
1775:
Anti-Zionism and Antisemitism: The Dynamics of Delegitimization
940:
766:
726:
706:
571:, Holocaust Inversion is becoming part of the iconography of a
492:
231:
166:
162:
121:, which took root in response to Israel's integration with the
75:
2012:"Palestinian President Abbas skirts apology for Munich attack"
1657:
813:
782:
668:
388:
265:
105:
in Holocaust imagery." Israeli-American Holocaust historian
313:
introduced the term "Judeo-Nazis". He argued that continued
2313:"The Rights and Wrongs of Comparing Israel to Nazi Germany"
2196:
Paradigm Lost: From Two-State Solution to One-State Reality
1988:"Erdogan calls Israel world's 'most fascist, racist' state"
1786:
807:
621:
423:
330:
1603:
747:
Basic Law: Israel as the Nation-State of the Jewish People
1622:
1620:
1618:
624:, who suffered unbelievable levels of persecution during
39:
1085:
1083:
70:
have drawn parallels or alleged a relationship between
1882:"Lib-Dem David Ward MP censured over Israel criticism"
1615:
1064:"Denying the deniers: Q & A with Deborah Lipstadt"
353:
was during World War II. One Israeli nationalist told
2323:
1518:
1506:
1412:, Spring, 2006, Vol. 11, No. 1 pp. 79-90 pp.81-82.
737:
as "a dark dictatorship" and stated that ErdoÄźan "is
1333:
The War on Error: Israel, Islam and the Middle East,
1178:
1176:
1080:
1273:"Holocaust Inversion and contemporary antisemitism"
971:"Holocaust Inversion and contemporary antisemitism"
416:These remarks were condemned by the prime minister
628:, could within a few years of liberation from the
562:Critics of such comparisons like Lesley Klaff and
37:, displaying a poster that reads "Isreal [
33:22 October 2023: Pro-Palestinian demonstrators in
1173:
874:Relations between Nazi Germany and the Arab world
816:at the hands of the Israeli forces" in his view.
2383:
1539:""Better a Living Judeo-Nazi Than a Dead Saint""
689:, Waters again compared Israel to Nazi Germany.
1473:
1471:
914:United Nations General Assembly Resolution 3379
781:, who were at that time affiliated with Abbas'
66:. Historically, figures like British historian
54:occur frequently in the political discourse of
1787:Neve Gordon and Mark LeVine (March 26, 2021).
1734:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 63–64.
1407:Debates with Toynbee: Herzog, Talmon, Friedman
1128:. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 50–51.
45:Israel–Hamas war protests in the United States
852:On 18 February 2024, the President of Brazil
478:U.S. Special Envoy for Combating Antisemitism
1721:
1477:
1468:
943:, a similar political euphemism used in the
620:, with him writing: "I am saddened that the
534:International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance
2412:Media coverage of the Arab–Israeli conflict
2255:
2238:Jewish Identity and Civil Rights in America
2113:
1731:Jewish Identity and Civil Rights in America
1704:Jewish Identity and Civil Rights in America
1609:
994:
521:argued that comparisons in relation to the
52:Comparisons between Israel and Nazi Germany
1707:. Cambridge University Press. p. 56.
97:According to American political scientist
2407:Media bias controversies involving Israel
2213:
1833:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1683:
1321:
1319:
1041:
1039:
1030:
2284:by Vanessa Thorpe and Edward Helmore at
2088:
1638:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1260:
424:Debate on potentially antisemitic nature
208:German-Jewish linguist and anti-fascist
28:
2417:Metaphors referring to war and violence
2189:
1938:"The Anti-Semitic Stench of Pink Floyd"
1935:
1626:
1447:
1147:
1145:
1119:
1117:
1089:
321:would lead to the moral degradation of
247:this Romantic nationalism is apparent:
2384:
2234:
2214:Rosenfeld, Alvin H. (9 January 2019).
2167:
1727:
1700:
1689:
1583:
1524:
1512:
1316:
1036:
578:
86:sees these comparisons as attempts at
2235:Marcus, Kenneth L. (30 August 2010).
1960:
1910:
1839:
1257:
1123:
1061:
962:
542:Jerusalem Declaration on Antisemitism
383:compared Israeli tactics to those of
2199:. University of Pennsylvania Press.
1142:
1114:
1057:
1055:
427:
2114:Ben Bouazza, Bouazza (2023-05-11).
1806:
1780:
1777:, chapter by Alan Johnson, page 177
995:Gerstenfeld, Manfred (2008-01-28).
889:Criticism of the Israeli government
759:President of the State of Palestine
13:
1584:Confino, Jotam (14 November 218).
1536:
530:Working Definition of Antisemitism
14:
2458:
2275:
1888:. 28 January 2013. Archived from
1270:
1052:
968:
600:In the United Kingdom, erstwhile
595:
393:1977 Israeli legislative election
364:According to political scientist
2369:
2357:
2345:
2333:
1913:"An Interview with Roger Waters"
1356:"Reactionary German Romanticism"
1245:from the original on 3 July 2024
697:In July 2018, Turkish president
432:
345:'s call to "break the bones" of
43:] are the new Nazis" amidst
2132:
2107:
2082:
2060:
2032:
2004:
1980:
1954:
1936:Boteach, Shmuley (2013-12-12).
1929:
1904:
1874:
1848:
1768:
1748:
1651:
1632:
1577:
1530:
1441:
1432:
1415:
1399:
1380:
1366:
1360:Anasintaxi Newspaper, issue 385
1348:
1290:
1227:
1202:
801:is unbearable and unacceptable.
799:relativization of the Holocaust
797:Especially for us Germans, any
555:organization involved with the
397:Israeli disengagement from Gaza
224:The Language of the Third Reich
2241:. Cambridge University Press.
1639:Beaumont, Peter (5 May 2016).
1313:p.147. See also pp.16-18,23ff.
1095:
988:
547:In an official statement, the
145:, and British parliamentarian
1:
2175:. Columbia University Press.
2089:Friedman, Gabe (2023-05-16).
1492:10.1080/13537121.2020.1697072
950:
904:Genocide recognition politics
879:Weaponization of antisemitism
2220:. Indiana University Press.
1543:Journal of Palestine Studies
824:In 2023, Tunisian President
752:
675:regarded this comparison as
632:be inflicting atrocities on
379:, the administration of the
7:
2260:. Purdue University Press.
2173:The Holocaust and the Nakba
1961:Spiro, Amy (16 July 2017).
1911:Barat, Frank (2013-12-06).
1728:Marcus, Kenneth L. (2010).
1701:Marcus, Kenneth L. (2010).
867:
709:, said that the "spirit of
583:In 2024, Israeli historian
532:, which was adopted by the
219:LTI - Lingua Tertii Imperii
24:The Holocaust and the Nakba
10:
2463:
819:
370:University of Pennsylvania
165:predate the foundation of
152:
111:Israeli war in Gaza (2024)
17:
2095:Jewish Telegraphic Agency
1068:Jewish Telegraphic Agency
1062:Klein, Amy (2009-04-19).
847:
692:
655:of the British rock band
2447:Germany–Israel relations
2402:Linguistic controversies
2397:Holocaust historiography
2304:by Greer Fay Cashman at
1754:Stoegner, Karin (2016).
538:U.S. Department of State
512:Freedom Party of Austria
468:Holocaust trivialization
309:The Israeli philosopher
236:neo-Romantic nationalist
125:in the aftermath of the
88:Holocaust trivialization
18:Not to be confused with
1760:Nations and Nationalism
1686:, p. 175–178, 186.
1462:10.3167/isr.2013.280102
1124:Druks, Herbert (2001).
1033:, p. 175-178, 186.
805:The German publication
703:Grand National Assembly
506:According to historian
319:Palestinian territories
173:officer and politician
137:, Venezuelan president
2392:Anti-Israeli sentiment
2070:. WAFA. 17 August 2022
1049:OUP 1964 vol.12 p.627.
803:
618:Holocaust Memorial Day
549:Anti-Defamation League
414:
375:In the context of the
291:
258:
243:and Zionism's founder
206:
188:... Zionist policy in
141:, Colombian President
133:, Brazilian president
84:Anti-Defamation League
58:. Given the legacy of
48:
2315:by Daniel Blatman at
2295:by Susan Abulhawa at
1450:Israel Studies Review
997:"Holocaust Inversion"
795:
791:Chancellor of Germany
557:U.S. Jewish community
482:celebrated legal case
409:
368:, a professor at the
323:Israeli Defense Force
286:
249:
198:... the Nazi idea of
179:
127:1967 Arab–Israeli War
90:. French philosopher
32:
2432:Political psychology
1998:Agence France-Presse
1840:Lewin, Eyal (2017).
1220:Dow Jones Newswire,
919:Zionist antisemitism
757:In August 2022, the
699:Recep Tayyip ErdoÄźan
602:Member of Parliament
544:have been proposed.
157:Comparisons between
131:Recep Tayyip ErdoÄźan
78:; British professor
2045:The Times of Israel
1664:The Times of Israel
1405:Hedva Ben-Israel,
1241:. 20 October 2023.
1209:Dow Jones Newswires
1188:The Times of Israel
1047:A Study of History,
1001:Wall Street Journal
945:Russo-Ukrainian War
838:Pinchas Goldschmidt
701:, while addressing
579:In the 21st century
315:military occupation
311:Yeshayahu Leibowitz
212:, who survived the
119:Soviet anti-Zionism
2437:Politics of Israel
2307:The Jerusalem Post
1967:The Jerusalem Post
1438:Toynbee ibid.p.627
1224:, August 10, 2006.
1190:. 18 February 2024
739:massacring Syrians
731:Benjamin Netanyahu
564:Bernard-Henri LĂ©vy
501:Bernard-Henri LĂ©vy
418:Benjamin Netanyahu
282:A Study of History
271:English historian
92:Bernard-Henri LĂ©vy
49:
2267:978-1-61249-616-0
2248:978-1-139-49119-8
2227:978-0-253-03872-2
2206:978-0-8122-5195-1
2182:978-0-231-54448-1
1741:978-1-139-49119-8
1714:978-1-139-49119-8
1537:Oz, Amos (1983).
1396:9 December 2023.
1344:978-1-351-29532-1
1311:978-1-315-03843-8
489:Kenneth L. Marcus
463:
462:
299:Eliezer Berkovits
273:Arnold J. Toynbee
182:Political Zionism
68:Arnold J. Toynbee
2454:
2427:New antisemitism
2374:
2373:
2362:
2361:
2360:
2350:
2349:
2348:
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2101:
2086:
2080:
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2064:
2058:
2057:
2055:
2053:
2048:. 16 August 2022
2036:
2030:
2029:
2027:
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2020:. 16 August 2022
2008:
2002:
2001:
1984:
1978:
1977:
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1958:
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1951:
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1948:
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1927:
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1917:CounterPunch.org
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1862:. 13 August 2024
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1793:Inside Higher Ed
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1610:Steir-Livny 2019
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899:Fascist (insult)
858:Israel–Hamas war
733:, who described
665:the Jewish lobby
646:a huge operation
610:Liberal Democrat
573:new antisemitism
474:Deborah Lipstadt
458:
455:
436:
428:
407:. Golan stated:
234:are essentially
210:Victor Klemperer
2462:
2461:
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2228:
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2191:Lustick, Ian S.
2183:
2159:
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2149:
2147:
2144:jewishlink.news
2138:
2137:
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2033:
2023:
2021:
2017:The Independent
2010:
2009:
2005:
2000:. 24 July 2018.
1986:
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1429:31 January 2014
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1045:A. J. Toynbee,
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993:
989:
979:
977:
969:Klaff, Lesley.
967:
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953:
894:Double genocide
870:
850:
822:
779:Black September
775:Munich massacre
755:
695:
673:Shmuley Boteach
598:
581:
553:social activist
459:
453:
450:
443:needs expansion
437:
426:
341:was enraged by
155:
27:
12:
11:
5:
2460:
2450:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2422:Nazi analogies
2419:
2414:
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2394:
2379:
2378:
2366:
2354:
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2277:
2276:External links
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1688:
1684:Rosenfeld 2019
1676:
1650:
1631:
1629:, p. 143.
1614:
1612:, p. 284.
1602:
1576:
1549:(3): 202–209.
1529:
1527:, p. 191.
1517:
1515:, p. 192.
1505:
1480:Israel Affairs
1467:
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1410:Israel Studies
1398:
1379:
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1172:
1161:. 24 July 2018
1141:
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1111:23 August 2024
1094:
1079:
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1031:Rosenfeld 2019
1020:
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884:Nazi analogies
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735:ErdoÄźan's rule
694:
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663:, he accused "
597:
596:United Kingdom
594:
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551:, an American
461:
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2146:. 18 May 2023
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1892:on 7 May 2017
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1765:(3): 484–504.
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1092:, p. 52.
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924:Carlos Latuff
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865:
863:
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854:Lula da Silva
845:
843:
842:Tunisian Jews
839:
835:
831:
828:said, "While
827:
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810:
809:
802:
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792:
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763:Mahmoud Abbas
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678:
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662:
661:Counter Punch
658:
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627:
626:the Holocaust
623:
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606:Bradford East
603:
593:
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590:Untermenschen
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531:
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523:2014 Gaza War
520:
519:David Feldman
515:
513:
509:
508:Bernard Lewis
504:
502:
498:
495:face in post-
494:
490:
487:According to
485:
483:
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475:
471:
469:
457:
448:
444:
441:This section
439:
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348:
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343:Yitzhak Rabin
340:
336:
333:. During the
332:
328:
327:Yehuda Elkana
324:
320:
316:
312:
307:
304:
303:Chosen people
300:
296:
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285:
283:
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269:
267:
266:Tnuat Haherut
263:
262:Hannah Arendt
257:
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245:Theodor Herzl
242:
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175:Edward Spears
172:
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143:Gustavo Petro
140:
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135:Lula da Silva
132:
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108:
104:
100:
95:
93:
89:
85:
81:
80:David Feldman
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
60:the Holocaust
57:
53:
46:
42:
41:
36:
31:
25:
21:
20:Gaza genocide
16:
2316:
2305:
2287:The Guardian
2285:
2257:
2237:
2216:
2194:
2172:
2169:Bartov, Omer
2162:Bibliography
2161:
2160:
2148:. Retrieved
2143:
2134:
2123:. Retrieved
2119:
2109:
2098:. Retrieved
2094:
2084:
2072:. Retrieved
2062:
2050:. Retrieved
2043:
2034:
2022:. Retrieved
2015:
2006:
1991:
1982:
1970:. Retrieved
1966:
1956:
1945:. Retrieved
1941:
1931:
1920:. Retrieved
1916:
1906:
1894:. Retrieved
1890:the original
1885:
1876:
1864:. Retrieved
1860:The Guardian
1859:
1850:
1841:
1835:
1823:. Retrieved
1817:
1808:
1796:. Retrieved
1792:
1782:
1770:
1762:
1759:
1750:
1730:
1723:
1703:
1679:
1669:November 24,
1667:. Retrieved
1663:
1653:
1645:The Guardian
1644:
1634:
1627:Lustick 2019
1605:
1593:. Retrieved
1589:
1579:
1546:
1542:
1532:
1520:
1508:
1486:(1): 59–79.
1483:
1479:
1453:
1449:
1443:
1434:
1417:
1401:
1387:Masha Gessen
1382:
1368:
1359:
1350:
1332:
1298:
1292:
1280:. Retrieved
1276:
1247:. Retrieved
1238:
1229:
1222:Morning Star
1221:
1204:
1192:. Retrieved
1187:
1163:. Retrieved
1156:
1125:
1109:The Guardian
1097:
1090:Lustick 2019
1071:. Retrieved
1067:
1046:
1012:. Retrieved
1000:
990:
978:. Retrieved
974:
964:
955:
954:
928:
851:
823:
806:
804:
796:
756:
696:
682:The Observer
680:
660:
653:Roger Waters
651:
634:Palestinians
599:
582:
561:
546:
527:
516:
505:
497:World War II
486:
472:
464:
451:
447:adding to it
442:
415:
410:
385:Nazi Germany
381:Soviet Union
374:
363:
359:Noam Chomsky
347:Palestinians
337:, historian
308:
295:Jacob Talmon
292:
287:
270:
259:
250:
241:Adolf Hitler
226:) that both
223:
217:
207:
199:
193:
180:
171:British Army
156:
103:Israeli Jews
96:
64:antisemitism
56:anti-Zionism
51:
50:
38:
15:
2442:Victimology
2052:7 September
2024:7 September
1525:Bartov 2018
1513:Bartov 2018
1249:9 September
1194:18 February
1102:Omer Bartov
909:Victimology
787:Olaf Scholz
783:Fatah Party
715:a pure race
677:antisemitic
671:and writer
630:death camps
612:politician
585:Omer Bartov
405:Yom HaShoah
377:Six-Day War
366:Ian Lustick
351:German Army
339:Omer Bartov
139:Hugo Chávez
123:First World
107:Omer Bartov
99:Ian Lustick
2386:Categories
2297:Al Jazeera
2150:2023-05-31
2125:2023-05-31
2100:2023-05-31
2074:4 November
1972:4 November
1947:2023-05-31
1922:2023-05-31
1456:(1): 1–7.
1394:New Yorker
1239:Al Jazeera
1073:2024-01-20
1014:2021-06-11
951:References
812:since the
657:Pink Floyd
614:David Ward
569:Eyal Levin
401:Yair Golan
254:Wilhelm II
201:Lebensraum
195:Herrenvolk
147:David Ward
1993:France 24
1866:13 August
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