Comparison of the healthcare systems in Canada and the United States

321: 1231:

and 16.3% Hispanic Americans (2010 Census), whereas Canada has 2.5% African Canadians and 0.97% Hispanic Canadians (2006 Census). African Americans have higher mortality rates than any other racial or ethnic group for eight of the top ten causes of death. The cancer incidence rate among African Americans is 10% higher than among European Americans. U.S. Latinos have higher rates of death from diabetes, liver disease, and infectious diseases than do non-Latinos. Adult African Americans and Latinos have approximately twice the risk as European Americans of developing diabetes. The infant mortality rates for African Americans is twice that of whites. Unfortunately, directly comparing infant mortality rates between countries is difficult, as countries have different definitions of what qualifies as an infant death.

1194:, an open-access peer-reviewed Canadian medical journal. They concluded, "Available studies suggest that health outcomes may be superior in patients cared for in Canada versus the United States, but differences are not consistent." Guyatt identified 38 studies addressing conditions including cancer, coronary artery disease, chronic medical illnesses and surgical procedures. Of 10 studies with the strongest statistical validity, 5 favoured Canada, 2 favoured the United States, and 3 were equivalent or mixed. Of 28 weaker studies, 9 favoured Canada, 3 favoured the United States, and 16 were equivalent or mixed. Overall, results for mortality favoured Canada with a 5% advantage, but the results were weak and varied. The only consistent pattern was that Canadian patients fared better in kidney failure. 306: 1285:

socio-economic class in the U.S. than in Ontario. Furthermore, they found that the American survival advantage in the four highest quintiles was statistically significant. They strongly suspected that the difference due to prostate cancer was a result of greater detection of asymptomatic cases in the U.S. Their data indicates that neglecting the prostate cancer data reduces the American advantage in the four highest quintiles and gives Canada a statistically significant advantage in the lowest quintile. Similarly, they believe differences in screening mammography may explain part of the American advantage in breast cancer. Exclusion of breast and prostate cancer data results in very similar survival rates for both countries.

888:

patients using the medical system. In these appointments, however, diagnoses or prescriptions were rarely given, where the patients instead were almost always referred to specialists to receive treatment for their medical issues. According to the Fraser Institute, patients in Canada waited an average of 19.8 weeks to receive treatment, regardless of whether they were able to see a specialist or not. In the U.S., the average wait time for a first-time appointment is 24 days (≈3 times faster than in Canada); wait times for Emergency Room (ER) services averaged 24 minutes (more than 4x faster than in Canada); wait times for specialists averaged between 3–6.4 weeks (over 6x faster than in Canada). In response to these findings, the

1289:

concerns of Dr. Kramer and Professor Mackillop, Hsing later wrote that reported prostate cancer incidence depends on screening. Among whites in the U.S., the death rate for prostate cancer remained constant, even though the incidence increased, so the additional reported prostate cancers did not represent an increase in real prostate cancers, said Hsing. Similarly, the death rates from prostate cancer in the U.S. increased during the 1980s and peaked in early 1990. This is at least partially due to "attribution bias" on death certificates, where doctors are more likely to ascribe a death to prostate cancer than to other diseases that affected the patient, because of greater awareness of prostate cancer or other reasons.

1359: 1128:

further $ 2 billion to reduce wait times. These investments led to an increase in the number of scanners across Canada as well as the number of exams being performed. The number of CT scanners increased from 198 to 465 and MRI scanners increased from 19 to 266 (more than tenfold) between 1990 and 2009. Similarly, the number of CT exams increased by 58% and MRI exams increased by 100% between 2003 and 2009. In comparison to other OECD countries, including the US, Canada's rates of MRI and CT exams falls somewhere in the middle. Nevertheless, the Canadian Association of Radiologists claims that as many as 30% of diagnostic imaging scans are inappropriate and contribute no useful information.

938:"exaggerated the performance of the Canadian health system — there is no doubt that too many patients still stay in our emergency departments waiting for admission to scarce hospital beds." However, "Canadians spend about 55% of what Americans spend on health care and have longer life expectancy and lower infant mortality rates. Many Americans have access to quality healthcare. All Canadians have access to similar care at a considerably lower cost." There is "no question" that the lower cost has come at the cost of "restriction of supply with sub-optimal access to services," said Bell. A new approach is targeting waiting times, which are reported on public websites. 78: 892:(PNHP), an advocacy organization comprising more than 20,000 American medical professionals, identified statistical problems with the Fraser Institute's reporting. Namely, the report relies on a survey of Canadian physicians with a response rate of only 15.8%. Distributing these responses amongst the 12 specialties and ten provinces results in single-digit tallies for 63 per cent of the categories, and often only one physician falling into a given category. Conversely, a study conducted by the Canadian Institute for Health Information indicated that Canada has been successful in delivering care within medically recommended wait times. 770:

About a third of the uninsured are in households earning more than $ 50,000 annually. A 2003 report by the Congressional Budget Office found that many people lack health insurance only temporarily, such as after leaving one employer and before a new job. The number of chronically uninsured (uninsured all year) was estimated at between 21 and 31 million in 1998. Another study, by the Kaiser Commission on Medicaid and the Uninsured, estimated that 59 percent of uninsured adults have been uninsured for at least two years. One indicator of the consequences of Americans' inconsistent health care coverage is a study in

872:, a 2010 Commonwealth survey found that 39% of Canadians waited 2 hours or more in the emergency room, versus 31% in the U.S.; 43% waited 4 weeks or more to see a specialist, versus 10% in the U.S. The same survey states that 37% of Canadians say it is difficult to access care after hours (evenings, weekends or holidays) without going to the emergency department compared to over 34% of Americans. Furthermore, 47% of Canadians and 50% of Americans who visited emergency departments over the past two years feel that they could have been treated at their normal place of care if they were able to get an appointment. 758:. The EMTALA law forces emergency healthcare providers to stabilize an emergency health crisis and cannot withhold treatment for lack of evidence of insurance coverage or other evidence of the ability to pay. EMTALA does not absolve the person receiving emergency care of the obligation to meet the cost of emergency healthcare not paid for at the time and it is still within the right of the hospital to pursue any debtor for the cost of emergency care provided. In Canada, emergency room treatment for legal Canadian residents is not charged to the patient at time of service but is met by the government. 626:. While some label Canada's system as "socialized medicine", health economists do not use that term. Unlike systems with public delivery, such as the UK, the Canadian system provides public coverage for a combination of public and private delivery. Princeton University health economist Uwe E. Reinhardt says that single-payer systems are not "socialized medicine" but "social insurance" systems, since providers (such as doctors) are largely in the private sector. Similarly, Canadian hospitals are controlled by private boards or regional health authorities, rather than being part of government. 290: 7042: 1163: 845:. Under the Affordable Care Act, most health plans must also cover certain preventive services without a copayment, co-insurance, or deductible. In addition, the U.S. Mental Health Parity and Addiction Equity Act (MHPAEA) of 2008 mandates "parity" between mental health and/or substance use disorder (MH/SUD) benefits and medical/surgical benefits covered by a health plan. Under that law, if a health care plan offers mental health and/or substance use disorder benefits, it must offer the benefits on par with the other medical/surgical benefits it covers. 336: 1060:

Pakistan and South Africa immigrate to practice in Canada. Many Canadian physicians and new medical graduates also go to the U.S. for post-graduate training in medical residencies. As it is a much larger market, new and cutting-edge sub-specialties are more widely available in the U.S. as opposed to Canada. However, statistics published in 2005 by the Canadian Institute for Health Information (CIHI), show that, for the first time since 1969 (the period for which data are available), more physicians returned to Canada than moved abroad.

798:

native-born Canadians; in addition, immigrants in the U.S. were less likely to have a regular medical doctor and an annual consultation with a health care provider compared with native-born Americans. In general, immigrants in Canada had better access to care than those in the U.S., but most of the differences were explained by differences in socioeconomic status (income, education) and insurance coverage across the two countries. However, immigrants in the U.S. were more likely to have timely Pap tests than immigrants in Canada.

248: 27: 1755:. 2 bar charts: For both: From bottom menus: Countries menu > choose OECD. Check box for "latest data available". Perspectives menu > Check box to "compare variables". Then check the boxes for government/compulsory, voluntary, and total. Click top tab for chart (bar chart). For GDP chart choose "% of GDP" from bottom menu. For per capita chart choose "US dollars/per capita". Click fullscreen button above chart. Click "print screen" key. Click top tab for table, to see data. 987:

single-payer insurance system operated with overheads of 1.3%, comparing favourably with private insurance overheads (13.2%), U.S. private insurance overheads (11.7%) and U.S. Medicare and Medicaid program overheads (3.6% and 6.8% respectively). The report concluded by observing that gap between U.S. and Canadian spending on administration had grown to $ 752 per capita and that a large sum might be saved in the United States if the U.S. implemented a Canadian-style system.

919:

to do a biopsy for possible breast cancer on a 50-year-old woman; 50% of Canadian administrators versus none of their American counterparts said that it would take over six months for a 65-year-old to undergo a routine hip replacement surgery. However, U.S. administrators were the most negative about their country's system. Hospital executives in all five countries expressed concerns about staffing shortages and emergency department waiting times and quality.

1141:

plaintiffs were $ 265,103, while payouts to Canadian plaintiffs were somewhat higher, averaging $ 309,417. However, malpractice suits are far more common in the U.S., with 350% more suits filed each year per person. While malpractice costs are significantly higher in the U.S., they constitute a small proportion of total medical spending. The total cost of defending and settling malpractice lawsuits in the U.S. in 2004 was over $ 28 billion. Critics say that

865:; wait times in each country are affected by various factors. In the United States, access is primarily determined by whether a person has access to funding to pay for treatment and by the availability of services in the area and by the willingness of the provider to deliver service at the price set by the insurer. In Canada, the wait time is set according to the availability of services in the area and by the relative need of the person needing treatment. 1342:

white majority. Hispanics have lower cancer incidence and mortality, lower infant mortality, and lower rates of neural tube defects. Singh and Yu found that infant mortality among Hispanic sub-groups varied with the racial composition of that group. The mostly white Cuban population had a neonatal mortality rate (NMR) nearly identical to that found in non-Hispanic whites and a postnatal mortality rate (PMR) that was somewhat lower. The largely

1277:

Incidence rates for certain types, such as colorectal and stomach cancer, were actually higher in Canada than in the U.S. In 2004, researchers published a study comparing health outcomes in the Anglo countries. Their analysis indicates that Canada has greater survival rates for both colorectal cancer and childhood leukemia, while the United States has greater survival rates for Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma as well as breast and cervical cancer.

1443: 562: 691:, though most services are delivered by private providers, including physicians (although they may derive their revenue primarily from government billings). Although some doctors work on a purely fee-for-service basis (usually family physicians), some family physicians and most specialists are paid through a combination of fee-for-service and fixed contracts with hospitals or health service management organizations. 652:. In fiscal year 2007, the MHS had a total budget of $ 39.4 billion and served approximately 9.1 million beneficiaries, including active-duty personnel and their families, and retirees and their families. The MHS includes 133,000 personnel, 86,000 military and 47,000 civilian, working at more than 1,000 locations worldwide, including 70 inpatient facilities and 1,085 medical, dental, and veterans' clinics. 1094:

Review Board also has the authority to set a fair and reasonable price on patented products, either comparing it to similar drugs already on the market, or by taking the average price in seven developed nations. Prices are also lowered through more limited patent protection in Canada. In the U.S., a drug patent may be extended five years to make up for time lost in development. Some

1081:

per person each year in Canada and 10.6 in the United States. The main difference is that patented drug prices in Canada average between 35% and 45% lower than in the United States, though generic prices are higher. The price differential for brand-name drugs between the two countries has led Americans to purchase upward of $ 1 billion US in drugs per year from Canadian pharmacies.

739:

The U.S. data is evidenced in a 2007 Consumer Reports study on the U.S. health care system which showed that the underinsured account for 4% of the U.S. population and live with skeletal health insurance that barely covers their medical needs and leaves them unprepared to pay for major medical expenses. The Canadian data comes from the 2003 Canadian Community Health Survey,

487:

on healthcare in that year; Canada spent 10.0%. In 2006, 70% of healthcare spending in Canada was financed by government, versus 46% in the United States. Total government spending per capita in the U.S. on healthcare was 23% higher than Canadian government spending. U.S. government expenditure on healthcare was just under 83% of total Canadian spending (public and private).

1202:

industrialized nations with universal coverage. For example, a ranking by the World Health Organization of health care system performance among 191 member nations, published in 2000, ranked Canada 30th and the U.S. 37th, and the overall health of Canada 35th to the American 72nd. The WHO did not merely consider health care outcomes, but also placed heavy emphasis on the

1338:

persisted even after controlling for household income and was greatest in the highest income quintile. A Canadian study also found differences in neonatal mortality between different racial and ethnic groups. Although Canadians of African descent had a greater mortality rate than whites in that study, the rate was somewhat less than double the white rate.

1211:, and kidney and liver transplants. The U.S. performed better on 6 indicators, including survival rates for breast and cervical cancer, and avoidance of childhood diseases such as pertussis and measles. The 21 indicators were distilled from a starting list of 1000. The authors state that, "It is an opportunistic list, rather than a comprehensive list." 903:, specialists agreed to spend one afternoon every week or two at a Medicaid clinic, which meant that Medicaid patients had to make appointments not at the doctor's office, but at the clinic, where appointments had to be booked months in advance. A 2009 study found that on average the wait in the United States to see a medical specialist is 20.5 days. 1591:

report in the New England Journal of Medicine. Governments attempt to control health care costs by being the sole purchasers and thus they do not allow private patients to bid up prices. Those with non-emergency illnesses such as cancer cannot pay out of pocket for time-sensitive surgeries and must wait their turn on waiting lists. According to the

1073:

one, no national program exists. About two thirds of Canadians have private prescription drug coverage, mostly through their employers. In both countries, there is a significant population not fully covered by these programs. A 2005 study found that 20% of Canada's and 40% of America's sicker adults did not fill a prescription because of cost.

1560:

unaffordable, which the state itself says is "a commonly repeated myth". In 2009, in a minor amendment, the plan did eliminate dental, hospice and skilled nursing care for certain categories of noncitizens covering 30,000 people (victims of human trafficking and domestic violence, applicants for asylum and refugees) who do pay taxes.

1219:. A joint US-Canadian study found slightly higher smoking rates among Canadians. Another study found that Americans have higher rates not only of obesity, but also of other health risk factors and chronic conditions, including physical inactivity, diabetes, hypertension, arthritis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. 1154:

recent study comparing administrative costs in the two countries found that these costs in the U.S. are roughly double what they are in Canada. Another ancillary cost is marketing, both by insurance companies and health care providers. These costs are higher in the U.S., contributing to higher overall costs in that nation.

794:

forgo needed medicines (1.7% vs 2.6%). The study noted that access problems "were particularly dire for the US uninsured." Those who lack insurance in the U.S. were much less satisfied, less likely to have seen a doctor, and more likely to have been unable to receive desired care than both Canadians and insured Americans.

915:

the need to visit an ER (54% compared to 61%). Statistics from the Fraser Institute in 2008 indicate that the average wait time between the time when a general practitioner refers a patient for care and the receipt of treatment was almost four and a half months in 2008, roughly double what it had been 15 years before.

1601:, waiting list delays "increase the patient's risk of mortality or the risk that his or her injuries will become irreparable." The ruling found that a Quebec provincial ban on private health insurance was unlawful, because it was contrary to Quebec's own legislative act, the 1975 Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms. 495:

30th and the US 37th among 191 member nations. This study rated the US "responsiveness", or quality of service for individuals receiving treatment, as 1st, compared with 7th for Canada. However, the average life expectancy for Canadians was 80.34 years compared with 78.6 years for residents of the US.

3709:

Lindsay McCreith, 66, of Newmarket and Shona Holmes, 43, of Waterdown filed a joint statement of claim yesterday against the province of Ontario. Both say their health suffered because they are denied the right to access care outside of Ontario's "government-run monopolistic" health-care system. They

1305:

The U.S. and Canada differ substantially in their demographics, and these differences may contribute to differences in health outcomes between the two nations. Although both countries have white majorities, Canada has a proportionately larger immigrant minority population. Furthermore, the relative

1264:

points to the fact that cancer incidence rose sharply over the past few decades as screening became more common. He attributes the rise to increased detection of benign early stage cancers that pose little risk of metastasizing. Furthermore, though patients who were treated for these benign cancers

1226:

stated that the differences in the systems of Canada and the United States could not alone explain differences in healthcare outcomes, the study didn't consider that over 44,000 Americans die every year due to not having a single payer system for healthcare in the United States and it didn't consider

1206:

between rich and poor, funding for the health care needs of the poor, and the extent to which a country was reaching the potential health care outcomes they believed were possible for that nation. In an international comparison of 21 more specific quality indicators conducted by the Commonwealth Fund

1059:

Canada has fewer doctors per capita than the United States. In the U.S, there were 2.4 doctors per 1,000 people in 2005; in Canada, there were 2.2. Some doctors leave Canada to pursue career goals or higher pay in the U.S., though significant numbers of physicians from countries such as China, India,

994:

Some who advocate against greater government involvement in healthcare have asserted that the difference in costs between the two nations is partially explained by the differences in their demographics. Illegal immigrants, more prevalent in the U.S. than in Canada, also add a burden to the system, as

769:

related to employment, 27.8% have government-provided health-insurance; nearly 9% purchase health insurance directly (there is some overlap in these figures), and 15.3% (45.7 million) were uninsured in 2007. An estimated 25 percent of the uninsured are eligible for government programs but unenrolled.

738:

In both Canada and the United States, access can be a problem. In Canada, 5% of Canadian residents have not been able to find a regular doctor, with a further 9% having never looked for one. In such cases, however, they continue to have coverage for options such as walk-in clinics or emergency rooms.

734:

There is a significant difference in coverage for medical care in Canada and the United States. In Canada, all citizens and permanent residents are covered by the health care system, while in the United States, studies suggest that 7% of U.S. citizens do not have adequate health insurance, if any at

668:

Despite the greater role of private business in the US, federal and state agencies are increasingly involved, paying about 45% of the $ 2.2 trillion the nation spent on medical care in 2004. The U.S. government spends more on healthcare than on Social Security and national defense combined, according

486:

before Canada changed its system in the 1960s and 1970s. The United States spends much more money on healthcare than Canada, on both a per-capita basis and as a percentage of GDP. In 2006, per-capita spending for health care in Canada was US$ 3,678; in the U.S., US$ 6,714. The U.S. spent 15.3% of GDP

1590:

The Canada Health Act of 1984 "does not directly bar private delivery or private insurance for publicly insured services," but provides financial disincentives for doing so. "Although there are laws prohibiting or curtailing private health care in some provinces, they can be changed," according to a

1519:

under the Conservative government that had experimented most with increasing the role of the private sector in healthcare. Measures included the introduction of private clinics allowed to bill patients for some of the cost of a procedure, as well as 'boutique' clinics offering tailored personal care

1341:

The racially heterogeneous Hispanic population in the U.S. has also been the subject of several studies. Although members of this group are significantly more likely to live in poverty than are non-Hispanic whites, they often have disease rates that are comparable to or better than the non-Hispanic

1337:

in the U.S. have received intense scrutiny. African Americans in the U.S. have significantly greater rates of cancer incidence and mortality. Drs. Singh and Yu found that neonatal and postnatal mortality rates for African Americans are more than double the non-Hispanic white rate. This difference

1325:

A study comparing aboriginal mortality rates in Canada, the U.S. and New Zealand found that aboriginals in all three countries had greater mortality rates and shorter life expectancies than the white majorities. That study also found that aboriginals in Canada had both shorter life expectancies and

1153:

There are a number of ancillary costs that are higher in the U.S. Administrative costs are significantly higher in the U.S.; government mandates on record keeping and the diversity of insurers, plans and administrative layers involved in every transaction result in greater administrative effort. One

1127:

According to the Health Council of Canada's 2010 report "Decisions, Decisions: Family doctors as gatekeepers to prescription drugs and diagnostic imaging in Canada", the Canadian federal government invested $ 3 billion over 5 years (2000–2005) in relation to diagnostic imaging and agreed to invest a

1123:

were alleged in Saskatchewan. However, according to more recent official statistics (2007), all emergency patients receive MRIs within 24 hours, those classified as urgent receive them in under 3 weeks and the maximum elective wait time is 19 weeks in Regina and 26 weeks in Saskatoon, the province's

990:

However, U.S. government spending covers less than half of all healthcare costs. Private spending is also far greater in the U.S. than in Canada. In Canada, an average of $ 917 was spent annually by individuals or private insurance companies for health care, including dental, eye care, and drugs. In

918:

A 2003 survey of hospital administrators conducted in Canada, the U.S., and three other countries found dissatisfaction with both the U.S. and Canadian systems. For example, 21% of Canadian hospital administrators, but less than 1% of American administrators, said that it would take over three weeks

914:

found that 42% of Canadians waited 2 hours or more in the emergency room, vs. 29% in the U.S.; 57% waited 4 weeks or more to see a specialist, vs. 23% in the U.S., but Canadians had more chances of getting medical attention at nights, or on weekends and holidays than their American neighbors without

793:

A peer-reviewed comparison study of healthcare access in the two countries published in 2006 concluded that U.S. residents are one third less likely to have a regular medical doctor (80% vs 85%), one fourth more likely to have unmet healthcare needs (13% vs 11%), and are more than twice as likely to

703:

have significant additional coverage; some provinces expand forms of drug coverage to all seniors, low-income families, those on social assistance, or those with certain medical conditions. Some provinces cover all drug prescriptions over a certain portion of a family's income. Drug prices are also

1293:

incidence and mortality rates of cancer cannot be combined to calculate survival from cancer. Nevertheless, researchers have used the ratio of mortality to incidence rates as one measure of the effectiveness of healthcare. Data for both studies was collected from registries that are members of the

1288:

Hsing et al. found that prostate cancer mortality incidence rate ratios were lower among U.S. whites than among any of the nationalities included in their study, including Canadians. U.S. African Americans in the study had lower rates than any group except for Canadians and U.S. whites. Echoing the

1230:

The United States and Canada have different racial makeups, different obesity rates and different alcoholism rates, which would likely cause the US to have a shorter average life expectancy and higher infant mortality even with equal healthcare provided. The US population is 12.2% African Americans

1201:

in 2006 was about two and a half years longer in Canada, with Canadians living to an average of 79.9 years and Americans 77.5 years. Infant and child mortality rates are also higher in the U.S. Some comparisons suggest that the American system underperforms Canada's system as well as those of other

1178:

among 191 member nations published in 2000, Canada ranked 30th and the U.S. 37th, while the overall health of Canadians was ranked 35th and Americans 72nd. However, the WHO's methodologies, which attempted to measure how efficiently health systems translate expenditure into health, generated broad

1118:

per million also ranked behind the U.S., which had 29.5 per million. The study did not attempt to assess whether the difference in the number of MRI and CT scanners had any effect on the medical outcomes or were a result of overcapacity but did observe that MRI scanners are used more intensively in

906:

In a 2009 survey of physician appointment wait times in the United States, the average wait time for an appointment with an orthopedic surgeon in the country as a whole was 17 days. In Dallas, Texas the wait was 45 days (the longest wait being 365 days). Nationwide across the U.S. the average wait

498:

The WHO's study methods were criticized by some analyses. While life-expectancy and infant mortality are commonly used in comparing nationwide health care, they are in fact affected by many factors other than the quality of a nation's health care system, including individual behavior and population

1644:

Some economists who have studied proposals for universal healthcare worry that the consumer driven healthcare movement will reduce the social redistributive effects of insurance that pools high-risk and low-risk people together. This concern was one of the driving factors behind a provision of the

1418:

not out of fear of losing their health insurance, but based on prospective employers not wanting to add the cost of treating that illness to their own health insurance pool, for fear of future insurance rate increases. Thus, being diagnosed with an illness can cause someone to be forced to stay in

1268:

Cancer survival time increases with later years of diagnosis, because cancer treatment improves, so cancer survival statistics can only be compared for cohorts in the same diagnosis year. For example, as doctors in British Columbia adopted new treatments, survival time for patients with metastatic

1080:

One of the most important differences between the two countries is the much higher cost of drugs in the United States. In the U.S., $ 728 per capita is spent each year on drugs, while in Canada it is $ 509. At the same time, consumption is higher in Canada, with about 12 prescriptions being filled

1072:

has extended partial coverage for pharmaceuticals to Medicare beneficiaries. In Canada all drugs given in hospitals fall under Medicare, but other prescriptions do not. The provinces all have some programs to help the poor and seniors have access to drugs, but while there have been calls to create

1022:

Healthcare costs in both countries are rising faster than inflation. As both countries consider changes to their systems, there is debate over whether resources should be added to the public or private sector. Although Canadians and Americans have each looked to the other for ways to improve their

986:

Administrative costs are also higher in the United States than in Canada. A 1999 report found that after exclusions, administration accounted for 31.0% of healthcare expenditures in the United States, as compared with 16.7% in Canada. In looking at the insurance element, in Canada, the provincial

804:

has expressed concerns that the U.S. government has restricted the freedom of Medicare patients to spend their own money on healthcare, and has contrasted these developments with the situation in Canada, where in 2005 the Supreme Court of Canada ruled that the province of Quebec could not prohibit

494:

One commonly cited comparison, the 2000 World Health Organization's ratings of "overall health service performance", which used a "composite measure of achievement in the level of health, the distribution of health, the level of responsiveness and fairness of financial contribution", ranked Canada

1076:

Furthermore, the 2010 Commonwealth Fund International Health Policy Survey indicates that 4% of Canadians indicated that they did not visit a doctor because of cost compared with 22% of Americans. Additionally, 21% of Americans have said that they did not fill a prescription for medicine or have

490:

Studies have come to different conclusions about the result of this disparity in spending. A 2007 review of all studies comparing health outcomes in Canada and the US in a Canadian peer-reviewed medical journal found that "health outcomes may be superior in patients cared for in Canada versus the

1093:

from negotiating drug prices. In addition, price negotiations by Canadian health insurers are based on evaluations of the clinical effectiveness of prescription drugs, allowing the relative prices of therapeutically similar drugs to be considered in context. The Canadian Patented Medicine Prices

887:

public policy think tank, found that wait times in Canada for a variety of medical procedures reached "an all-time high". Appointment duration (meeting with physicians) averaged under two minutes. These very fast appointments are a result of physicians attempting to accommodate for the number of

797:

Another cross-country study compared access to care based on immigrant status in Canada and the U.S. Findings showed that in both countries, immigrants had worse access to care than non-immigrants. Specifically, immigrants living in Canada were less likely to have timely Pap tests compared with

969:

her $ 95,000 in medical expenses. Holmes had characterized her condition as an emergency, said she was losing her sight and portrayed her condition as a life-threatening brain cancer. In July 2009 Holmes agreed to appear in television ads broadcast in the United States warning Americans of the

724:

Frontline practitioners whether they're GPs or specialists by and large are not salaried. They're small hardware stores. Same thing with labs and radiology clinics ... The situation we are seeing now are more services around not being funded publicly but people having to pay for them, or their

659:

For everyone else, health insurance must be paid for privately. Some 59% of U.S. residents have access to health care insurance through employers, although this figure is decreasing, and coverages as well as workers' expected contributions vary widely. Those whose employers do not offer health

1292:

Because health status is "considerably affected" by socioeconomic and demographic characteristics, such as level of education and income, "the value of comparisons in isolating the impact of the healthcare system on outcomes is limited," according to health care analysts. Experts say that the

1276:

found that cancer mortality rates are almost identical in the two countries. Another international comparison by the National Cancer Institute of Canada indicated that incidence rates for most, but not all, cancers were higher in the U.S. than in Canada during the period studied (1993–1997).

1140:

lawsuits is a proportion of health spending in both the U.S. (1.7% in 2002) and Canada (0.27% in 2001 or $ 237 million). In Canada the total cost of settlements, legal fees, and insurance comes to $ 4 per person each year, but in the United States it is over $ 16. Average payouts to American

1018:

system. However, since this legislation is not fundamental healthcare reform, it is unclear what its effect will be and as the new legislation is implemented in stages, with the last provision in effect in 2018, it will be some years before any empirical evaluation of the full effects on the

1284:

A few comparative studies have found that cancer survival rates vary more widely among different populations in the U.S. than they do in Canada. Mackillop and colleagues compared cancer survival rates in Ontario and the U.S. They found that cancer survival was more strongly correlated with

1559:

that vastly reduced the number of uninsured making it the state with the lowest percentage of non-insured residents in the union. It requires everyone to buy insurance and subsidizes insurance costs for lower income people on a sliding scale. Some have claimed that the state's program is

982:

Healthcare is one of the most expensive items of both nations' budgets. In the United States, the various levels of government spend more per capita than levels of government do in Canada. In 2004, Canada government-spending was $ 2,120 (in US dollars) per person, while the United States

535:

requires that all insured persons be fully insured, without co-payments or user fees, for all medically necessary hospital and physician care. About 91% of hospital expenditures and 99% of total physician services are financed by the public sector. In the United States, with its mixed

7163: 837:(depending on the province) applies to the services of psychotherapists. Some provincial or territorial programs and some private insurance plans may cover the services of psychologists and psychotherapists, but there is no federal mandate for such services in Canada. In the U.S., the 1389:

Since 1998, Canada's successive multibillion-dollar budget surpluses have allowed a significant injection of new funding to the healthcare system, with the stated goal of reducing waiting times for treatment. However, this may be hampered by the return to deficit spending as of the

991:

the U.S., this sum is $ 3,372. In 2006, healthcare consumed 15.3% of U.S. annual GDP. In Canada, 10% of GDP was spent on healthcare. This difference is a relatively recent development. In 1971 the nations were much closer, with Canada spending 7.1% of GDP while the U.S. spent 7.6%.

899:, the low-income government programs, can wait up to a maximum of 12 weeks to see specialists (12 weeks less than the average wait time in Canada). Because Medicaid payments are low, some have claimed that some doctors do not want to see Medicaid patients in Canada. For example, in 4723:"Nearly half the value of sales (47%) in generic products sold through cross-border Internet pharmacies was accounted for by drugs that were not yet genericized in the United States. Most of these drugs were likely still under active patent protection in the United States. 4912: 3307: 1207:

International Working Group on Quality Indicators, the results were more divided. One of the indicators was a tie, and in 3 others, data was unavailable from one country or the other. Canada performed better on 11 indicators; such as survival rates for colorectal cancer,

660:

insurance, as well as those who are self-employed or unemployed, must purchase it on their own. Nearly 27 million of the 45 million uninsured U.S. residents worked at least part-time in 2007, and more than a third were in households that earned $ 50,000 or more per year.

1874: 7173: 7143: 7006: 6449: 3090:

In multivariate analyses, US respondents (compared with Canadians) were less likely to have a regular doctor, more likely to have unmet health needs, and more likely to forgo needed medicines ... United States residents are less able to access care than are

1234:

Another issue with comparing the two systems is the baseline health of the patients for which the systems must treat. Canada's obesity rate of 14.3% is about half of that of the United States 30.6%. On average, obesity reduces life expectancy by 6–7 years.

698:

is covered for children up to age 14 in some provinces. Outpatient prescription drugs are not required to be covered, but some provinces have drug cost programs that cover most drug costs for certain populations. In every province, seniors receiving the

7168: 1931: 1789: 7083: 7148: 1084:

There are several reasons for the disparity. The Canadian system takes advantage of centralized buying by the provincial governments that have more market heft and buy in bulk, lowering prices. By contrast, the U.S. has explicit laws that prohibit

1280:

A study based on data from 1978 through 1986 found very similar survival rates in both the United States and in Canada. However, a study based on data from 1993 through 1997 found lower cancer survival rates among Canadians than among Americans.

1259:

cancer incidence is the same. Statistics from different sources may not be compatible if they were collected in different ways. The proper interpretation of cancer statistics has been an important issue for many years. Dr. Barry Kramer of the

1640:

shifts some of the financial responsibility for health care from insurance providers to the consumer. This shift towards a market-based system with greater individual responsibility increased the differences between the US and Canadian systems.

6926: 6996: 708:

is covered in some provinces and is sometimes covered only for children under a certain age. Visits to non-physician specialists may require an additional fee. Also, some procedures are only covered under certain circumstances. For example,

7098: 7016: 6861: 7138: 1413:

and it remains legal in the United States for prospective employers to investigate a job candidate's health and past health claims as part of a hiring decision. Someone who has recently been diagnosed with cancer, for example, may face

7088: 7021: 1511:

considered increasing the role of the private sector in the Canadian system. Public backlash caused these plans to be abandoned, and the Conservative government that followed re-affirmed its commitment to universal public medicine.

5083:"Kessler, Daniel and Mark McClellan. "Do Doctors Practice Defense Medicine?," Quarterly Journal of Economics, 1996, v111(2, May), 353–390. Towards a More Effective Monetary Policy, Kuroda, Twao, ed.,: Macmillan, 1997, pp. 137–164" 7191: 4916: 3311: 1250:

Numerous studies have attempted to compare the rates of cancer incidence and mortality in Canada and the U.S., with varying results. Doctors who study cancer epidemiology warn that the diagnosis of cancer is subjective, and the

1214:

Some of the difference in outcomes may also be related to lifestyle choices. The OECD found that Americans have slightly higher rates of smoking and alcohol consumption than do Canadians as well as significantly higher rates of

7153: 6456: 3552: 7208: 7196: 7186: 7133: 7103: 618:. In Canada, the federal government is committed to providing funding support to its provincial governments for healthcare expenditures as long as the province in question abides by accessibility guarantees as set out in the 1871: 7158: 7128: 7001: 6936: 6871: 1464: 579: 5638:"Long-term mortality of patients with acute myocardial infarction in the United States and Canada: comparison of patients enrolled in Global Utilization of Streptokinase and t-PA for Occluded Coronary Arteries (GUSTO)-I" 655:

One study estimates that about 25 percent of the uninsured in the U.S. are eligible for these programs but remain unenrolled; however, extending coverage to all who are eligible remains a fiscal and political challenge.

7123: 7118: 7113: 6911: 7093: 7108: 7031: 6976: 6946: 6866: 3387: 789:

provide free or low-cost non-emergency care to poor, uninsured patients. The National Association of Free Clinics claims that its member clinics provide $ 3 billion in services to some 3.5 million patients annually.

7063: 7011: 6986: 6961: 6921: 6906: 6876: 1186:

life expectancy and infant mortality are both poor measures of the efficacy of a health care system because they are influenced by many factors that are unrelated to the quality and accessibility of medical care".

7078: 7073: 7026: 6966: 6941: 6931: 6886: 970:

dangers of adopting a Canadian-style health care system. The ads she appeared in triggered debates on both sides of the border. After her ad appeared critics pointed out discrepancies in her story, including that

6981: 6971: 6951: 6896: 6891: 6881: 4357:

Consequently, comparing average doctor pay in the U.S. (where more than 70% of doctors are specialists) to that in nations such as Canada and France (where less than half of doctors are specialists) is not very

1928: 6232:

Claydon, J.E., Mitton,, C., Sankaran, K., Lee, S. K., Canadian Neonatal Network, Ethnic Differences in Risk Factors for Neonatal Morality and Morbidity in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, J. Perin., 2007, 27,

7068: 6956: 6901: 1786: 6991: 6916: 1055:

328,000. Out of the gross amount, doctors pay for taxes, rent, staff salaries and equipment. In Canada, less than half of doctors are specialists whereas more than 70% of doctors are specialists in the U.S.

6269:

Feuchtbaum LB, Currier RJ, Riggle S, Roberson M, Lorey FW, Cunningham GC (1999). "Neural tube defect prevalence in California (1990–1994): eliciting patterns by type of defect and maternal race/ethnicity".

1101:

The pharmaceutical industry is important in both countries, though both are net importers of drugs. Both countries spend about the same amount of their GDP on pharmaceutical research, about 0.1% annually

1386:, must be met by either increasing taxes or reducing other government programs. In the United States, under the current system, more of the burden will be taken up by the private sector and individuals. 1326:

greater infant mortality rates than aboriginals in the United States and New Zealand. The health outcome differences between aboriginals and whites in Canada was also larger than in the United States.

514:

The Canadian healthcare system is composed of at least 10 mostly autonomous provincial healthcare systems that report to their provincial governments, and a federal system which covers the military and

841:

includes prevention, early intervention, and treatment of mental and/or substance use disorders as an "essential health benefit" (EHB) that must be covered by health plans that are offered through the

805:

its citizens from purchasing covered services through private health insurance. The institute has urged the Congress to restore the right of American seniors to spend their own money on medical care.

6581: 6704: 1401:, in which people become tied to their jobs for fear of losing their health insurance. This reduces the flexibility of the labor market. Federal legislation passed since the mid-1980s, particularly 309: 720:

According to Dr. Albert Schumacher, former president of the Canadian Medical Association, an estimated 75 percent of Canadian healthcare services are delivered privately, but funded publicly.

1702: 491:

United States, but differences are not consistent." Some of the noted differences were a higher life expectancy in Canada, as well as a lower infant mortality rate than the United States.

4274:

Single-payer is popular among the political left in the United States. Leftists have emitted tons of propaganda in favor of a single-payer system, much of which has fossilized into myth.

5807: 1119:

Canada than either the U.S. or Great Britain. This disparity in the availability of technology, some believe, results in longer wait times. In 1984 wait times of up to 22 months for an

6808: 6553: 4804: 2825:

Health Care Lie: '47 Million Uninsured Americans'. Michael Moore, politicians and the media use inflated numbers of those without health insurance to promote universal coverage.

1190:

In 2007, Gordon H. Guyatt et al. conducted a meta-analysis, or systematic review, of all studies that compared health outcomes for similar conditions in Canada and the U.S., in

907:

time to see a family doctor was 20 days. The average wait time to see a family practitioner in Los Angeles, California was 59 days and in Boston, Massachusetts it was 63 days.

4161: 1618: 1007: 3976: 3379: 4403: 3789: 1632:

for individuals to save for future qualified medical and retiree health expenses. Money placed in such accounts is tax-free. To qualify for HSAs, individuals must carry a

3143: 1872:"Tyler Kinch: Constructing Canada: The 2007-2010 United States health care reform debate and the construction of knowledge about Canada’s single payer health care system" 6063: 5037: 445: 6612: 5328: 5419:

Hummer, RA; Ellison CG; Rogers RG; Moulton BE; Romero RR (December 2004). "Religious involvement and adult mortality in the United States: review and perspective".

3885: 3282: 3191: 1707: 1167: 348: 324: 298: 6504: 5239: 4344: 3785: 2445: 5885: 4607: 1294: 6530: 4117: 3532:

Commonwealth Fund, Mirror, Mirror on the Wall: An International update on the comparative performance of American health care, Karen Davis et al., May 15, 2007.

1402: 684:

and contained provisions to stimulate their popularity. HMOs had been declining before the law; by 2002 there were 500 such plans enrolling 76 million people.

276: 5380: 5264: 3584:

Blendon RJ, Schoen C, DesRoches CM, Osborn R, Zapert K, Raleigh E (2004). "Confronting competing demands to improve quality: a five-country hospital survey".

6573: 3949: 2423: 6696: 5064: 4484:

Schoen C, Osborn R, Huynh PT, et al. (2005). "Taking the pulse of health care systems: experiences of patients with health problems in six countries".

3340: 1809: 4381: 1676: 4313: 3418: 2969: 2683: 5206: 4831:"Saskatchewan's 22-month wait for an MRI is "almost criminal" says radiologists' association – Ehman 170 (5): 776 – Canadian Medical Association Journal" 3727: 1406: 3915: 1653:, which limited the types of purchases which could be made with HSA funds. For example, as of January 1, 2011, these funds can no longer be used to buy 4876: 4288: 3457: 3217: 2597: 2571: 2545: 4230: 3567: 3440: 3165: 1942:

basis ($ 2724 and $ 2121 on a non-adjusted basis); total U.S. spending was US$ 6096 vs. US$ 3137 (PPP) ($ 6096 and $ 3038 on a non-adjusted basis).

751: 5163:. Click the sources tab under the chart for info on the countries, healthcare expenditures, and data sources. See the later version of the chart 4776: 4757: 1896: 511:

In 2004, government funding of healthcare in Canada was equivalent to $ 1,893 per person. In the US, government spending per person was $ 2,728.

2733: 2709: 3846: 4178: 2827: 1027:, there exists a substantial amount of conflicting information regarding the relative merits of the two systems. In the U.S., Canada's mostly 171: 4208: 4685: 423: 412: 6789: 6669: 6551: 3480: 3034:"Access to Care, Health Status, and Health Disparities in the United States and Canada: Results of a Cross-National Population-Based Survey" 527:

Canada and the US had similar healthcare systems in the early 1960s, but now have a different mix of funding mechanisms. Canada's universal

999: — as a principal source of care. In Colorado, for example, an estimated 80% of undocumented immigrants do not have health insurance. 638: 6163: 5356: 5004: 4439: 7230: 5611: 4801: 4661: 4635: 4044:""Costs of Health Care Administration in the United States and Canada" (2003) Steffie Woolhandler, Terry Campbell, David U. Himmelstein, 3508: 2151: 1855: 677: 676:

Beyond its direct spending, the US government is also highly involved in healthcare through regulation and legislation. For example, the

5815: 2952: 1182:

Researchers caution against inferring healthcare quality from some health statistics. June O'Neill and Dave O'Neill point out that "...

1110:

The United States spends more on technology than Canada. In a 2004 study on medical imaging in Canada, it was found that Canada had 4.6

6481: 5954: 5747:"The impact of new chemotherapeutic and hormone agents on survival in a population-based cohort of women with metastatic breast cancer" 5405: 4969:

Anderson GF, Hussey PS, Frogner BK, Waters HR (2004). "Health spending in the United States and the rest of the industrialized world".

4898: 3854: 3365: 1768: 1764: 1712: 1646: 269: 2852: 5899: 4156: 3824: 3689:"Patients suing province over wait times: Man, woman who couldn't get quick treatment travelled to U.S. to get brain tumours removed" 3003: 2755: 1068:

Both Canada and the United States have limited programs to provide prescription drugs to the needy. In the U.S., the introduction of

6361: 3980: 3731: 7245: 6851: 6836: 6750: 3102:

Lebrun LA & Dubay LC. (2010). Access to primary and preventive care among foreign-born adults in Canada and the United States.

1556: 889: 853:

One complaint about both the U.S. and Canadian systems is waiting times, whether for a specialist, major elective surgery, such as

774:

that concluded that half of personal bankruptcies involved medical bills. Although other sources dispute this, it is possible that

645:, which provides care directly to retired or disabled veterans, their families, and survivors through medical centers and clinics. 320: 5720: 4407: 3455:

Locked Out: Note to Medicaid Patients: The Doctor Won't See You; As Program Cuts Fees, MDs Drop Out; Hurdle For Expansion of Care.

2196: 2119: 2102: 1175: 5884:

Chen VW, Howe HL, Wu XC, Hotes JL, Correa CN (eds). Cancer in North America, 1993–1997. Volume Two: Mortality. Springfield, IL:

4257: 3139: 4082: 3696: 3666: 3074: 2653: 2486: 2233: 6060: 5181: 4942: 4423:... in the past two years, the number of physicians returning from abroad has exceeded the number of physicians moving abroad. 2874: 2389: 641:(SCHIP), which cover eligible senior citizens, the poor, disabled persons, and children. The federal government also runs the 6729: 5030: 4738: 4538: 4518: 4467: 3618: 3122: 2519: 1597: 995:

many of them do not carry health insurance and rely on emergency rooms — which are legally required to treat them under

262: 6307: 5941:

Hsing AW, Tsao L, Devesa SS (January 2000). "International trends and patterns of prostate cancer incidence and mortality".

5090: 2012: 614:

The governments of both nations are closely involved in healthcare. The central structural difference between the two is in

6604: 5332: 5152: 3877: 3762: 1334: 382: 6386: 2346: 1047:, average income for physicians in the United States in 1996 was nearly twice that for physicians in Canada. In 2012, the 1956: 1297:, an organization dedicated to developing and promoting uniform data standards for cancer registration in North America. 122: 6496: 4435: 4054: 3688: 3275: 3195: 1409:, has been aimed at reducing job lock. However, providers of group health insurance in many states are permitted to use 1010:

than any other nation in the world, but is the only wealthy industrialized country in the world that lacks some form of

6223:

Collins, C.A., Williams, D.R., Segregation and Mortality: The Deadly Effects of Racism? Sociological Forum, 14, 3, 1999

5228: 4336: 3793: 2453: 1366:

In 2002, automotive companies claimed that the universal system in Canada saved labour costs. In 2004, healthcare cost

4604: 2177: 1269:

breast cancer increased from 438 days for those diagnosed in 1991–1992, to 667 days for those diagnosed in 1999–2001.

305: 6526: 6325:

GM: Repair health care. CEO urges U.S. to help ease skyrocketing tab: Automaker lobbies up to 16 states to cut costs.

4816: 4114: 4098: 1490: 601: 3907: 3817:"'Too Old' for Hip Surgery: As we inch towards nationalized health care, important lessons from north of the border" 3249: 2074: 1472: 7250: 6340: 5373: 5268: 3941: 3878:"Lawsuit challenges ban on private care: Patient Treated In U.S.; Wait list almost cost Ontario woman her eyesight" 2415: 1697: 1692: 1545: 1537: 681: 2280: 1242:(heart attack) because of the more conservative Canadian approach to revascularizing (opening) coronary arteries. 1031:

health system is seen by different sides of the ideological spectrum as either a model to be followed or avoided.

536:

public-private system, 16% or 45 million American residents are uninsured at any one time. The U.S. is one of two

503:

carefully summarizes some recent data and noted the "difficult research issues" facing international comparisons.

5293:

Hussey PS, Anderson GF, Osborn R, et al. (2004). "How does the quality of care compare in five countries?".

3333: 2676:"Why Drugs Cost Less Up North: Important Differences in American, Canadian Systems Produce Big Price Disparities" 1826:

Nair C, Karim R, Nyers C (1992). "Health care and health status. A Canada—United States statistical comparison".

1806: 1314:

peoples constitute a much larger proportion of the Canadian population. Canada also has a proportionally larger

1003: 830: 779: 4370: 2623: 7235: 4305: 3410: 3107: 2977: 2675: 1787:"Health Care Delivery in Canada and the United States: Are There Relevant Differences in Health Care Outcomes?" 1622: 1468: 713:

is not covered, and a fee is usually charged when a parent requests the procedure; however, if an infection or

642: 583: 500: 6811:

Two interviews comparing Canada with US health care (and one comparing Canada with certain European countries)

5203: 4703: 2910:

Himmelstein DU, Warren E, Thorne D, Woolhandler S (2005). "Illness and injury as contributors to bankruptcy".

2336:"Characteristics of the Uninsured: Who is Eligible for Public Coverage and Who Needs Help Affording Coverage?" 2310: 1358: 7240: 5061: 3786:"New lawsuit threatens Ontario private care ban: "Ontario Chaoulli" case seeks to catalyze healthcare reform" 2006:"Health system attainment and performance in all Member States, ranked by eight measures, estimates for 1997" 1261: 207: 138: 61: 4913:"Decisions, Decisions: Family Doctors as Gatekeepers to Prescription Drugs and Diagnostic Imaging in Canada" 2802: 7265: 6829: 5515:

Rawlings JS, Weir MR (March 1992). "Race- and rank-specific infant mortality in a US military population".

5204:"Why Did the World Health Organization Rate Canada's Health System as 30th? Some Thoughts on League Tables" 4872: 4285: 3642: 3454: 1508: 1391: 842: 700: 4140: 7255: 4207:(Press release). Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services Office of Public Affairs. February 26, 2008. 3621: 3224: 2593: 2567: 2541: 1633: 1310:

and peoples of African descent constitute a much larger proportion of the U.S. population. Non-Hispanic

1239: 762: 116: 94: 6803: 6527:"Proposed cuts in Massachusetts budget threatens health coverage for thousands under new insurance plan" 6025:

Herzlinger RE, Parsa-Parsi R (September 2004). "Consumer-driven health care: lessons from Switzerland".

4234: 4205:"Growth In National Health Expenditures Projected To Remain Steady Through 2017; Health Spending Growth" 3564: 3169: 6814: 4780: 4777:"Press release: CIHI Report shows increase in MRI and CT scanners, up more than 75% in the last decade" 4754: 3542: 2705: 1681: 1610: 1120: 1111: 747: 688: 4093:, edited by Jacob G. Hornberger and Richard M. Ebeling. Future of Freedom Foundation (February 1994). 2730: 1536:, but the effort collapsed under political pressure against it despite tremendous public support. The 289: 7260: 6247: 6087: 5900:"Associations between community income and cancer survival in Ontario, Canada, and the United States" 2776: 1145:

consumes up to 9% of American healthcare expenses., but CBO studies suggest that it is much smaller.

4204: 4182: 2824: 4632:"Compendium of Guidelines, Policies and Procedures. Schedule 2 – Therapeutic Class Comparison Test" 1533: 1453: 1374:

also claimed that the resulting escalating healthcare premiums reduced workers' bargaining powers.

1086: 869: 630: 6116:"Infant mortality in the United States: trends, differentials, and projections, 1950 through 2010" 4682: 4657: 4631: 4406:. Canadian Institute for Health Information. October 12, 2006. p. 40, fig. 10. Archived from 3477: 6822: 6783: 6673: 6324: 5062:

Testimony of Mark McClellan, MD, PhD, Administrator, Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services

3547: 1939: 1457: 1311: 1115: 924: 900: 572: 528: 516: 352: 328: 294: 5927: 4658:"Compendium of Guidelines, Policies and Procedures. Schedule 3 – International Price Comparison" 1346:, Mexican, Central, and South American Hispanic populations had somewhat lower NMR and PMR. The 6189:

Trovato F (January 2001). "Aboriginal mortality in Canada, the United States and New Zealand".

6167: 5353: 5008: 3192:"Frequently Asked Questions: What is the difference between a psychologist and a psychiatrist?" 1614: 1592: 1504: 971: 950: 880: 649: 313: 111: 5562: 3501: 3120:"The Freedom to Spend Your Own Money on Medical Care: A Common Casualty of Universal Coverage" 2155: 1852: 6408:

Blendon, Robert J.; Altman, Drew E.; Benson, John M.; Brodie, Mollyann (September 23, 2004).

5071:, before the Joint Economic Committee Hearing on Malpractice Liability Reform, April 28, 2005 4181:(Press release). Canadian Institute for Health Information. November 13, 2007. Archived from 3252:. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (U.S. government). Archived from 1717: 1687: 1654: 1347: 974:, the condition she was treated for, was not a form of cancer, and was not life-threatening. 704:

regulated, so brand-name prescription drugs are often significantly cheaper than in the U.S.

670: 479: 197: 5581: 5561:

Peeters A, Barendregt JJ, Willekens F, Mackenbach JP, Al Mamun A, Bonneux L (January 2003).

2970:"Medical Debt Huge Bankruptcy Culprit — Study: It's Behind Six-In-Ten Personal Filings" 1322:

population. Also, the proportion of each population that is immigrant is higher in Canada.

519:. This causes a significant degree of variation in funding and coverage within the country. 2844: 2799:"Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services: Emergency Medical Treatment & Labor Act" 2258: 2178:"The National Coalition on Health Care, Facts About Healthcare – Health Insurance Coverage" 1796:

Toronto: Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, June 1999. (Publication no. 99-04-TR.)

1658: 1011: 834: 743: 202: 145: 77: 69: 6002: 5985: 5464:

American Public Health Association (APHA), Eliminating Health Disparities: Toolkit (2004).

2999: 2773:"U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services" 2752: 1957:"A systematic review of studies comparing health outcomes in Canada and the United States" 8: 7050: 6358: 5728: 5549: 5528: 4755:"CIHI report shows increase in MRI and CT scanners, up more than 75% in the last decade." 3723: 1579: 1371: 1162: 1024: 838: 6760: 6061:

Giuliani's healthcare figure outdated; He says system in US superior to that in Britain.

5717: 5492: 5475: 297:, with the US and Canada compared amongst other first world nations. For later data see 40:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

6697:"As Canada's Slow-Motion Public Health System Falters, Private Medical Care Is Surging" 6140: 6115: 5966: 5862: 5837: 5776: 5654: 5637: 5603: 5444: 5432: 3061: 2931: 2066: 1973: 1208: 1203: 1142: 946: 755: 212: 192: 155: 5563:"Obesity in adulthood and its consequences for life expectancy: A life-table analysis" 4857: 4830: 4581: 4556: 3942:"Americans Lives vs. Insurance Company Profits: The Real Battle in Health Care Reform" 3031: 2207: 2126: 2099: 1744: 1265:

were at little risk, they often have trouble finding health insurance after the fact.

928:, Robert Bell, the President and CEO of University Health Network, Toronto, said that 6651: 6475: 6431: 6287: 6206: 6145: 6042: 6007: 5958: 5919: 5867: 5768: 5700: 5695: 5678: 5659: 5595: 5532: 5497: 5436: 5399: 5310: 5160: 5135: 4986: 4892: 4812: 4586: 4497: 4261: 4094: 4025: 3601: 3434: 3359: 3066: 2923: 2645: 1978: 1835: 1548:

healthcare proved to be an important issue to some voters, though not a primary one.

1541: 1410: 1223: 1048: 1043:, nurses, and other medical professionals. According to health data collected by the 911: 858: 714: 623: 619: 532: 483: 234: 229: 222: 150: 106: 100: 5970: 5780: 5164: 4147:, Institute of Medicine at the National Academies, 2004-01-14. Retrieved 2007-10-22. 4079: 3816: 3663: 3033: 2935: 2478: 2241: 2070: 1227:

the millions more that live without proper medical care due to a lack of insurance.

1114:

scanners per million population while the U.S. had 19.5 per million. Canada's 10.3

335: 6746: 6643: 6421: 6279: 6198: 6135: 6127: 6034: 5997: 5950: 5911: 5857: 5849: 5758: 5690: 5649: 5607: 5585: 5577: 5524: 5487: 5448: 5428: 5302: 5177: 5125: 4978: 4938: 4852: 4842: 4576: 4568: 4489: 4015: 3593: 3056: 3048: 2915: 2885: 2378: 2058: 1968: 1748: 1571:, with the goal of achieving health care coverage of 98% of its residents by 2014. 1383: 1015: 876: 766: 615: 6727:

A Seismic Shift: How Canada's Supreme Court Sparked a Patients' Rights Revolution.

6726: 4735: 4535: 4515: 4464: 3119: 2508: 1903: 1544:

become a central issue, although the system did not fundamentally change. In the

622:, which explicitly prohibits billing end users for procedures that are covered by 6797: 6793: 6733: 6557: 6365: 6311: 6304: 6067: 5724: 5360: 5210: 5082: 5068: 4808: 4761: 4742: 4689: 4611: 4542: 4522: 4471: 4292: 4165: 4144: 4121: 4086: 4043: 3754: 3670: 3625: 3571: 3484: 3461: 3126: 2956: 2831: 2759: 2737: 2106: 2005: 1935: 1878: 1859: 1813: 1793: 1330: 1198: 1069: 1052: 854: 826: 217: 165: 750:

programs help to provide for the elderly, disabled, the poor, and children. The

6755: 6378: 5915: 2335: 1629: 1625: 1367: 884: 801: 6202: 1986: 540:

countries not to have some form of universal health coverage, the other being

7224: 6569: 6038: 4982: 3597: 3052: 1670: 1552: 1273: 1255:

incidence of a cancer will rise if screening is more aggressive, even if the

966: 929: 862: 694:

Canada's universal health plans do not cover certain services. Non-cosmetic

475: 252: 87: 6283: 5306: 5112:

Woolhandler, Steffie; Campbell, Terry; Himmelstein, David U. (August 2003).

3108:

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1475-6773.2010.01163.x/abstract

339:

Development of life expectancy in the United States and Canada, 1831 to 2021

6655: 6435: 6291: 6210: 6046: 6011: 5962: 5923: 5853: 5772: 5704: 5663: 5599: 5440: 5314: 5139: 5005:"USA Spends More Per Capita on Health Care Than Other Nations, Study Finds" 4990: 4590: 4501: 4493: 4029: 3605: 3070: 2927: 2379:"Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2007" 2181: 2062: 1982: 1575: 1529: 1350:

who have a mix of white and African ancestry had higher NMR and PMR rates.

1095: 1014:. In March 2010, the US Congress passed regulatory reform of the American ' 942: 822: 814: 775: 710: 6149: 6131: 5955:

10.1002/(SICI)1097-0215(20000101)85:1<60::AID-IJC11>3.0.CO;2-B

5871: 5838:"Survival rates for four forms of cancer in the United States and Ontario" 5536: 5501: 3253: 2919: 1839: 6426: 6409: 5130: 5113: 4847: 4020: 4003: 1564: 1315: 1137: 954: 786: 6844: 6804:

Canadian healthcare, even with queues, bests US, Bloomberg, Sep 18, 2009

6670:"Chaoulli v. Quebec (Attorney General), (2005). S.C.R. 791, 2005 SCC 35" 6647: 6344: 4572: 3032:

Karen E. Lasser; David U. Himmelstein; Steffie Woolhandler (July 2006).

2043: 1752: 1306:

size of different ethnic and racial groups vary widely in each country.

1238:

A 2004 study found that Canada had a slightly higher mortality rate for

5763: 5746: 5178:"The World Health Organization's ranking of the world's health systems" 2272: 1637: 1319: 1040: 818: 586: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 6605:"Trump wants Obamacare repeal 'quickly,' but Republicans aren't ready" 5590: 4605:

Prescription Drug Prices in Canada: What Are the Lessons for the U.S.?

7055: 6359:

Canadian Health Care in a Global Context: Diagnoses and Prescriptions

5156: 5114:"Costs of Health Care Administration in the United States and Canada" 4004:"Costs of health care administration in the United States and Canada" 3937: 2619: 1703:

Health spending as percent of gross domestic product (GDP) by country

1362:

This graph depicts gross U.S. health care spending from 1960 to 2008.

1307: 1176:

World Health Organization's rankings of healthcare system performance

1028: 705: 695: 5560: 1442: 1077:

skipped doses due to cost. That is compared with 10% of Canadians.

977: 561: 472:

comparison of the healthcare systems in Canada and the United States

7041: 5418: 3911: 3850: 3565:

Guest columnist: The truth about Canada's ailing health-care system

3166:"Frequently Asked Questions: Who pays for psychological treatment?" 2949: 2302: 2234:"Letters: For Children's Sake, This 'Schip' Needs to Be Relaunched" 1568: 1415: 1398: 1090: 896: 634: 5153:

Link between health spending and life expectancy: US is an outlier

4295:

Strategic Policy and Research Intergovernmental Affairs, May 2001.

2909: 2798: 1853:"Canadian health care quality comparable to other rich countries". 629:

In the US, direct government funding of health care is limited to

5897: 4404:"Supply, Distribution and Migration of Canadian Physicians, 2005" 2100:"U.S. Health Care Spending: Comparison with Other OECD Countries" 1516: 1343: 1216: 962: 958: 316:). 11.2% for Canada in 2022. 16.6% for the United States in 2022. 6497:"In Massachusetts, Obama won't promote state's health-care plan" 5898:

Boyd C, Zhang-Salomons JY, Groome PA, Mackillop WJ (July 1999).

5745:

Chia SK, Speers CH, D'yachkova Y, et al. (September 2007).

2044:"Health Status, Health Care and Inequality: Canada vs. the U.S." 1329:

Though few studies have been published concerning the health of

6268: 5986:"Trends and patterns of prostate cancer: what do they suggest?" 5080: 4704:"Price Controls, Patents, and Cross-Border Internet Pharmacies" 4309: 4137: 3847:"Auditor says Ontario should post wait times for every surgeon" 1166:

Life expectancy vs healthcare spending of rich OECD countries.

996: 545: 541: 5636:

Kaul P, Armstrong PW, Chang WC, et al. (September 2004).

5111: 4554: 4001: 3638: 6574:"Trump Can Kill Obamacare With Or Without Help From Congress" 6305:

U.S. Auto Industry Supports Universal Healthcare...in Canada.

5835: 934: 725:

insurance companies. We have sort of a passive privatization.

548:

established a universal healthcare program by November 2008.

6634:

Steinbrook R (April 2006). "Private health care in Canada".

5031:"U.S. Tort Costs and Cross-Border Perspectives: 2005 Update" 3664:"Canadian and U.S. Health Services – Let's Compare the Two," 3583: 2204:

Presentation, OECD Breakfast Series in Partnership with NABE

6243: 4968: 4736:

Pharmaceutical Pricing and Reimbursement Policies in Canada

4616: 4536:

Pharmaceutical Pricing and Reimbursement Policies in Canada

4516:

Pharmaceutical Pricing and Reimbursement Policies in Canada

4465:

Pharmaceutical Pricing and Reimbursement Policies in Canada

3808: 3553:"Canadian patients face long waits for low-tech healthcare" 1785:

Szick S, Angus DE, Nichol G, Harrison MB, Page J, Moher D.

1740: 1609:

In the United States, Congress has enacted laws to promote

1044: 1039:

Some of the extra money spent in the United States goes to

537: 3129:, CATO Institute Policy Analysis no. 601, October 15, 2007 2772: 1938:. U.S. government spending was US$ 2724 vs. US$ 2214 on a 331:. $ 6,319 for Canada in 2022. $ 12,555 for the US in 2022. 6407: 6084:"North American Association of Central Cancer Registries" 4138:

Insuring America's Health: Principles and Recommendations

4002:

Woolhandler S, Campbell T, Himmelstein DU (August 2003).

2973: 2845:"How Many People Lack Health Insurance and For How Long?" 1673:(1904–1986), considered the "Father of Canadian Medicare" 1397:

One historical problem with the U.S. system was known as

1382:

In Canada, increasing demands for healthcare, due to the

6083: 5744: 5354:

The Joint Canada/United States Survey of Health (JCUSH).

2950:"An Economic Analysis of the Consumer Bankruptcy Crisis" 1708:

List of countries by total health expenditure per capita

299:

List of countries by total health expenditure per capita

5886:

North American Association of Central Cancer Registries

4459: 4457: 4179:"Health care spending to reach $ 160 billion this year" 3724:"Report showed questions need asking about health care" 3411:"Critique of the Fraser Institute report on wait times" 3194:. The Ontario Psychological Association. Archived from 3168:. The Ontario Psychological Association. Archived from 1335:

health disparities between whites and African Americans

1295:

North American Association of Central Cancer Registries

742:

In the U.S., the federal government does not guarantee

6672:. Scc.lexum.umontreal.ca. June 9, 2005. Archived from 5236:

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

5081:

Daniel P. Kessler; Mark McClellan (February 2, 1996).

4378:

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

4109: 4107: 2450:

Opportunity 08: A Project of the Brookings Institution

2041: 817:, who are medical doctors with additional training in 6736:

Cato Institute. Policy Analysis no. 568. May 8, 2006.

6027:

JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association

6024: 5329:"Adult obesity in Canada: Measured height and weight" 3223:. Ontario Society of Psychotherapists. Archived from 3140:"Myth: Medicare covers all necessary health services" 6845:

Comparison of the healthcare systems in the Americas

5836:

Keller, D M; E A Peterson; G Silberman (July 1997).

5292: 5267:. Commonwealthfund.org. May 15, 2007. Archived from 4454: 3900: 2646:"Manitoba Pharmacare Program Information: 2007–2008" 1677:

Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010

4555:Morgan, Steven; Hurley, Jeremiah (March 16, 2004). 4104: 3977:"World Health Organization: Core Health Indicators" 2509:"OECD Health Data 2007 – Frequently Requested Data" 2330: 2328: 1765:

Maternal Mortality Rates in the United States, 2021

6109: 6107: 6105: 5718:Doctors Balk at Cancer Ad, Citing Lack of Evidence 5635: 5476:"Latino outlook: good health, uncertain prognosis" 5213:, Longwoods Review 2 (1). Retrieved on 2008-01-09. 4905: 4371:"OECD Health Data 2007: Frequently Requested Data" 4115:"Hospital, Medicaid numbers tell immigration tale" 3574:, By Robert J. Cihak, Seattle Times, July 13, 2004 3408: 3300: 3142:. Canadian Foundation for Healthcare Improvement. 1628:on December 8, 2003. HSAs are designed to provide 829:unless the practitioner is also a medical doctor. 5795:Centre for Chronic Disease Prevention and Control 4939:"Limiting Tort Liability for Medical Malpractice" 4483: 4286:Health Care Systems: An International Comparison. 3746: 3680: 3380:"Patient wait times in America: 9 things to know" 1370:$ 5.8 billion, and increased to $ 7 billion. The 978:Price of health care and administration overheads 531:system covers about 70% of expenditures, and the 7222: 5679:"Interpreting trends in cancer patient survival" 5288: 5286: 4964: 4962: 4960: 3710:want to be able to buy private health insurance. 3027: 3025: 3023: 3021: 3000:"National Association of Free Clinics: About Us" 2325: 1950: 1948: 1897:"OECD Health Data 2008: How Does Canada Compare" 1807:"How good is Canadian Healthcare?: 2005 Report." 1736: 1734: 1732: 1300: 752:Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act 6410:"Health Care in the 2004 Presidential Election" 6102: 5940: 5793:"Progress Report on Cancer Control in Canada." 5460: 5458: 5331:. Statcan.ca. November 16, 2008. Archived from 4436:"Premiers propose drug plan paid for by Ottawa" 4231:"The Canadian and American Health Care Systems" 3715: 3308:"How Do Canadians Rate the Health Care System?" 2882:Kaiser Commission on Medicaid and the Uninsured 2343:Kaiser Commission on Medicaid and the Uninsured 1098:are thus available on Canadian shelves sooner. 3930: 3777: 3752: 3409:Skinner, Rovere, Barua, Bacchus, Mark, Brett. 2594:"CoverMe Government Health Insurance Coverage" 2568:"CoverMe Government Health Insurance Coverage" 2542:"CoverMe Government Health Insurance Coverage" 2373: 2371: 2369: 2367: 2232:Reinhardt, U.E.; et al. (July 11, 2007). 1825: 6830: 6494: 6314:House of Representatives – December 15, 2005. 5808:"International variation in cancer incidence" 5629: 5283: 4957: 4233:. Dsp-psd.communication.gc.ca. Archived from 3875: 3814: 3502:"AMN Physician Surveys | AMN Healthcare" 3018: 2152:"The Canada Health Act: Overview and Options" 1945: 1891: 1889: 1887: 1729: 1604: 813:The Canada Health Act covers the services of 808: 270: 7164:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 6633: 6603:Walsh, Deirdre; Lee, MJ (January 10, 2017). 6368:. Toronto: C.D. Howe Institute, 2002. pg. 17 5676: 5514: 5455: 5363:CDC – National Center for Health Statistics. 4557:"Internet pharmacy: prices on the up-and-up" 3686: 3439:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2834:Business and Media Institute, July 18, 2007. 2197:"Reforming Health Systems in OECD Countries" 2037: 2035: 2033: 1051:average salary for doctors in Canada was CDN 5983: 3908:"Anti-medicare ad an exaggeration: experts" 3783: 3478:Wait times to see doctor are getting longer 2446:"Meeting the Dilemma of Health Care Access" 2364: 2042:O'Neill, June E.; O'Neill, Dave M. (2008). 2000: 1998: 1996: 1954: 1471:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1427: 678:Health Maintenance Organization Act of 1973 6837: 6823: 4915:. Health Council of Canada. Archived from 4683:Re: E-DRUG: Patent rights on Ciprofloxacin 3310:. Health Council of Canada. Archived from 1884: 1769:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 1713:Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act 1647:Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act 1503:In Canada, the right-wing and now defunct 327:. Public and private spending. US dollars 277: 263: 6425: 6188: 6139: 6001: 5861: 5762: 5694: 5653: 5589: 5491: 5473: 5129: 4856: 4846: 4621:July 2003. Retrieved on February 3, 2008. 4580: 4019: 3936: 3060: 2231: 2109:, September 17, 2007. Order Code RL34175 2030: 1972: 1816:Fraser Institute July 2005, Vancouver BC. 1491:Learn how and when to remove this message 1131: 639:State Children's Health Insurance Program 602:Learn how and when to remove this message 506: 6745: 6688: 6602: 5517:American Journal of Diseases of Children 5223: 5221: 5219: 2849:Congressional Budget Office Report, 2003 1993: 1534:significant restructuring of health care 1357: 1161: 1034: 890:Physicians for a National Health Program 754:or EMTALA also ensures public access to 717:arises, the procedure would be covered. 334: 319: 304: 288: 6562: 6507:from the original on September 12, 2016 6389:from the original on September 27, 2013 6113: 5617:from the original on September 10, 2016 5582:10.7326/0003-4819-138-1-200301070-00008 5245:from the original on September 27, 2007 4701: 4334: 4258:"The Myths of Single Payer Health Care" 3839: 3721: 3006:from the original on September 28, 2007 2746: 2489:from the original on September 27, 2007 2413: 2194: 2051:Forum for Health Economics & Policy 1781: 1779: 1777: 680:provided grants and loans to subsidize 7223: 6596: 6568: 6480:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 6379:"What Happened to Health Care Reform?" 6244:"U.S. Cancer Statistics Working Group" 5404:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 5093:from the original on December 16, 2014 5007:. Medicalnewstoday.com. Archived from 4897:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 4306:"Canadian doctor total at record high" 4168:Ezra Klien, Washington Post 2010-03-28 3971: 3969: 3967: 3541:Sally Pipes, President and CEO of the 3364:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 3346:from the original on September 4, 2019 3288:from the original on November 22, 2015 2522:from the original on November 14, 2008 2120:"Comparison with Other OECD Countries" 2018:from the original on November 12, 2020 1578:had declared his intent to repeal the 1157: 729: 6818: 6695:Kraus, Clifford (February 26, 2006). 6694: 6615:from the original on January 12, 2017 6584:from the original on January 20, 2017 6250:from the original on December 2, 2008 6090:from the original on October 28, 2021 6003:10.1093/oxfordjournals.epirev.a000792 5216: 5146: 4945:from the original on January 20, 2012 4828: 4734:Valérie Paris and Elizabeth Docteur. 4664:from the original on October 13, 2007 4638:from the original on October 13, 2007 4597: 4534:Valérie Paris and Elizabeth Docteur. 4514:Valérie Paris and Elizabeth Docteur. 4463:Valérie Paris and Elizabeth Docteur. 4442:from the original on October 13, 2007 4384:from the original on October 11, 2007 4347:from the original on January 27, 2018 4316:from the original on January 30, 2015 3888:from the original on January 29, 2013 3645:from the original on October 26, 2017 3421:from the original on January 22, 2021 3146:from the original on February 1, 2015 2914:. Suppl Web Exclusives: W5–63–W5–73. 2483:National Center for Health Statistics 2479:"Health Care Expenditures in the USA" 2426:from the original on January 20, 2010 2395:from the original on January 26, 2021 2352:from the original on January 17, 2013 2313:from the original on October 16, 2019 2283:from the original on October 30, 2021 1799: 1684:(including international comparisons) 1422: 1148: 857:, or specialized treatments, such as 6707:from the original on January 8, 2016 5677:Dickman PW, Adami HO (August 2006). 5529:10.1001/archpedi.1992.02160150053020 5184:from the original on January 5, 2010 4835:Canadian Medical Association Journal 4561:Canadian Medical Association Journal 3753:Lynn M. Shanks (September 8, 2007). 3390:from the original on August 11, 2019 2712:from the original on August 24, 2017 2620:"Health – Prescription Drug Program" 2195:Docteur, Elizabeth (June 23, 2003). 1864: 1774: 1520:for a fixed preliminary annual fee. 1469:adding citations to reliable sources 1436: 1353: 687:The Canadian system has been 69–75% 584:adding citations to reliable sources 555: 293:Health spending per capita, in $ US 20: 6809:The Agenda:TVO Canadian TV program. 6636:The New England Journal of Medicine 5812:National Cancer Institute of Canada 5493:10.1146/annurev.pu.15.050194.000351 5386:from the original on April 27, 2021 4488:. Suppl Web Exclusives: W5–509–25. 4131: 4060:from the original on March 23, 2021 4046:The New England Journal of Medicine 4008:The New England Journal of Medicine 3964: 3918:from the original on August 3, 2009 3876:Tom Blackwell (September 6, 2007). 3765:from the original on August 2, 2009 3734:from the original on August 2, 2009 2656:from the original on August 8, 2017 2626:from the original on April 16, 2009 2414:Appleby, Julie (October 16, 2006). 1819: 551: 13: 6495:Ceci Connolly (October 23, 2009). 5655:10.1161/01.CIR.0000142671.06167.91 5433:10.1097/01.SMJ.0000146547.03382.94 4879:from the original on April 2, 2012 4260:. Free Market Cure. Archived from 4211:from the original on April 6, 2012 4091:The Dangers of Socialized Medicine 3952:from the original on July 25, 2009 3857:from the original on July 28, 2009 3827:from the original on July 27, 2009 3815:Nadeem Esmail (February 9, 2009). 3784:Sam Solomon (September 30, 2007). 3687:Tanya Talaga (September 6, 2007). 3080:from the original on June 21, 2007 2805:from the original on April 1, 2010 2779:from the original on July 20, 2015 2303:"About the Military Health System" 2270: 2206:. OECD. p. 20. Archived from 2080:from the original on July 22, 2019 1745:Health resources - Health spending 1617:(HSAs), which were created by the 821:but does not cover treatment by a 648:The U.S. government also runs the 14: 7277: 6777: 6533:from the original on June 1, 2009 6341:"UAW 2003 Bargaining for America" 6120:American Journal of Public Health 5043:from the original on June 1, 2012 4745:OECD Health Working Papers pg. 57 4545:OECD Health Working Papers pg. 52 4525:OECD Health Working Papers pg. 49 4337:"Are U.S. Doctors Paid Too Much?" 4255: 3514:from the original on May 20, 2009 3276:"Parity Implementation Coalition" 3041:American Journal of Public Health 2855:from the original on July 5, 2006 2686:from the original on June 7, 2007 2600:from the original on July 8, 2011 2574:from the original on July 8, 2011 2548:from the original on July 8, 2011 1955:Guyatt G.H.; et al. (2007). 983:government-spending was $ 2,724. 7040: 7007:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 6739: 6719: 6662: 6627: 6545: 6519: 6488: 6442: 6401: 6371: 6351: 6333: 6317: 6298: 6262: 6236: 6226: 6217: 6182: 6156: 6076: 6053: 6018: 5977: 5934: 5891: 5878: 5829: 5800: 5787: 5738: 5711: 5696:10.1111/j.1365-2796.2006.01677.x 5670: 5554: 5543: 5508: 5467: 5412: 5366: 5347: 5321: 5257: 5196: 5170: 5105: 5074: 5055: 5023: 4997: 4931: 4865: 4822: 4795: 4779:. Secure.cihi.ca. Archived from 4769: 4765:Medical Imaging in Canada, 2004. 4748: 4728: 4695: 4676: 4650: 4624: 4080:"A Free Market for Health Care." 2753:Canadian Community Health Survey 2098:Congressional Research Service, 1698:Health care in the United States 1693:Healthcare in the European Union 1523: 1441: 1124:two largest metropolitan areas. 1019:comparison could be determined. 682:Health Maintenance Organizations 560: 482:. The two countries had similar 325:Total healthcare cost per person 246: 76: 25: 7246:Healthcare in the United States 6414:New England Journal of Medicine 5943:International Journal of Cancer 5118:New England Journal of Medicine 4802:Medical Imaging in Canada, 2004 4548: 4528: 4508: 4477: 4428: 4396: 4363: 4335:Conover, Chris (May 28, 2013). 4328: 4298: 4279: 4249: 4223: 4197: 4171: 4158:Health-care overhaul begins now 4150: 4072: 4036: 3995: 3869: 3657: 3631: 3612: 3577: 3558: 3535: 3526: 3494: 3470: 3447: 3402: 3372: 3326: 3268: 3242: 3210: 3184: 3158: 3132: 3112: 3096: 2992: 2962: 2942: 2903: 2867: 2837: 2817: 2791: 2765: 2731:Public vs. private health care. 2724: 2698: 2668: 2638: 2612: 2586: 2560: 2534: 2501: 2471: 2438: 2416:"Universal care appeals to USA" 2407: 2295: 2264: 2252: 2225: 2188: 2170: 2144: 2112: 2092: 1585: 1197:In terms of population health, 875:A 2018 survey conducted by the 780:bankruptcy in the United States 571:needs additional citations for 7231:Canada–United States relations 6529:. masslive.com. May 15, 2009. 5480:Annual Review of Public Health 4829:Ehman, A. J. (March 2, 2004). 4101:. Retrieved September 8, 2006. 2976:. June 5, 2009. Archived from 1921: 1846: 1758: 1567:passed into law a plan called 1377: 1168:US average of $ 10,447 in 2018 765:, 59.3% of U.S. citizens have 643:Veterans Health Administration 501:Congressional Research Service 1: 6114:Singh GK, Yu SM (July 1995). 4713:. Fraser Institute. p. 6 3722:R Bobak (November 30, 2007). 3384:www.beckershospitalreview.com 1723: 1301:Racial and ethnic differences 1262:National Institutes of Health 1105: 848: 499:makeup. A 2007 report by the 474:is often made by government, 6246:. Cdc.gov. August 20, 2010. 6191:Journal of Biosocial Science 5984:Hsing AW, Devesa SS (2001). 5904:Journal of Clinical Oncology 5683:Journal of Internal Medicine 3788:. Vol. 4, no. 16. 3106:, Sept 1, 2010, 1–27 (Epub). 2959:, 99 NWU L. Rev. 1463 (2005) 1509:Conservative Party of Canada 1392:2009 Canadian federal budget 843:Health Insurance Marketplace 701:Guaranteed Income Supplement 16:Healthcare system comparison 7: 6800:comparing US and CA systems 5229:"OECD in Figures 2006–2007" 4760:September 25, 2009, at the 3790:National Review of Medicine 3460:September 22, 2018, at the 2830:September 11, 2007, at the 1927:World Health Organization, 1664: 1634:high-deductible health plan 1240:acute myocardial infarction 763:United States Census Bureau 448:per 1000 live births. 2020 10: 7282: 6556:September 6, 2009, at the 6164:"CIA – The World Factbook" 6066:February 17, 2015, at the 5916:10.1200/JCO.1999.17.7.2244 4702:Skinner, Brett J. (2006). 4474:OECD Health Working Papers 4120:September 1, 2006, at the 4113:Brand, R. and R. Ramirez. 3755:"Bring on two-tier health" 3543:Pacific Research Institute 2758:December 31, 2006, at the 2706:"Manitoba Health Benefits" 1858:December 25, 2005, at the 1611:consumer-driven healthcare 1605:Consumer-driven healthcare 965:government for failing to 809:Coverage for mental health 778:is the principal cause of 748:publicly funded healthcare 663: 522: 349:Healthcare cost per person 310:Health spending by country 7182: 7149:Saint Pierre and Miquelon 7049: 7038: 6850: 6787:A 1 hour 1990 documentary 6310:February 6, 2007, at the 6203:10.1017/S0021932001000670 6166:. Cia.gov. Archived from 5723:October 29, 2017, at the 5474:Vega WA, Amaro H (1994). 5265:"Commonwealth Fund Study" 4692:From: essentialdrugs.org. 4610:October 11, 2006, at the 3624:December 1, 2020, at the 2955:October 30, 2021, at the 2875:"The Uninsured: A Primer" 2105:January 26, 2011, at the 1877:October 23, 2016, at the 1432: 1312:North American aboriginal 1245: 1004:its public–private system 895:In the U.S., patients on 746:to all its citizens, but 34:This article needs to be 7169:Turks and Caicos Islands 6039:10.1001/jama.292.10.1213 5421:Southern Medical Journal 5209:August 21, 2007, at the 5067:August 29, 2007, at the 4983:10.1377/hlthaff.24.4.903 4711:Critical Issues Bulletin 4164:January 8, 2016, at the 4143:August 18, 2007, at the 4085:August 30, 2006, at the 3677:, July 9, 2007; Page A13 3598:10.1377/hlthaff.23.3.119 3104:Health Services Research 3053:10.2105/AJPH.2004.059402 2736:August 23, 2006, at the 1792:August 31, 2006, at the 1582:, but was unsuccessful. 1428:Politics of each country 1063: 1002:Through all entities in 870:Health Council of Canada 7251:Health in North America 6751:"The Moral Hazard Myth" 6284:10.1089/109065799316572 5307:10.1377/hlthaff.23.3.89 4438:. CBC. August 3, 2004. 3821:The Wall Street Journal 3675:The Wall Street Journal 3628:From: health.gov.on.ca. 3555:, June 4, 2009, page 24 3548:The Washington Examiner 3465:The Wall Street Journal 2247:The Wall Street Journal 1940:purchasing power parity 1934:April 22, 2009, at the 1615:health savings accounts 1528:In the U.S., President 1507:and its successor, the 925:The Wall Street Journal 901:Benton Harbor, Michigan 529:single-payer healthcare 413:Maternal mortality rate 174:Diagnostic Services Act 7084:British Virgin Islands 6792:July 16, 2011, at the 6732:July 11, 2007, at the 6364:June 26, 2006, at the 5854:10.2105/AJPH.87.7.1164 4741:July 13, 2007, at the 4541:July 13, 2007, at the 4521:July 13, 2007, at the 4494:10.1377/hlthaff.w5.509 4470:July 13, 2007, at the 3669:July 10, 2017, at the 3570:March 9, 2007, at the 3483:June 27, 2012, at the 3125:April 9, 2008, at the 3118:Kent Masterson Brown, 2485:. Medical News Today. 2307:Military Health System 2063:10.2202/1558-9544.1094 1929:Core Health Indicators 1812:June 13, 2006, at the 1655:over-the-counter drugs 1649:, informally known as 1595:in its 2005 ruling in 1593:Canadian Supreme Court 1363: 1179:debate and criticism. 1171: 1132:Malpractice litigation 1008:spends more per capita 831:Goods and Services Tax 727: 650:Military Health System 507:Government involvement 480:public policy analysts 446:Under-5 mortality rate 340: 332: 317: 314:Gross domestic product 302: 172:Hospital Insurance and 161:Comparison with the US 7236:Economics comparisons 6997:Saint Kitts and Nevis 6578:All Things Considered 6347:on November 30, 2006. 6132:10.2105/AJPH.85.7.957 5990:Epidemiologic Reviews 5359:July 8, 2020, at the 4807:May 16, 2007, at the 4783:on September 25, 2009 4660:. Pmprb-cepmb.gc.ca. 4634:. Pmprb-cepmb.gc.ca. 4291:May 28, 2013, at the 3639:"Cancer Care Ontario" 2920:10.1377/hlthaff.w5.63 2891:on September 27, 2007 2459:on September 27, 2007 2213:on September 29, 2007 1718:Universal health care 1688:Health care in Canada 1361: 1165: 1035:Medical professionals 722: 671:Brookings Institution 338: 323: 308: 292: 7241:Healthcare in Canada 6572:(November 9, 2016). 6462:on December 27, 2010 6427:10.1056/NEJMsa042360 6330:, February 10, 2005. 5131:10.1056/NEJMsa022033 5011:on November 30, 2005 4848:10.1503/cmaj.1040237 4688:May 3, 2007, at the 4078:Sheldon L. Richman. 4021:10.1056/NEJMsa022033 3641:. Cancercare.on.ca. 2650:Province of Manitoba 2345:. January 30, 2007. 2271:Office, VA History. 2259:Healthcare in Canada 1805:Esmail N, Walker M. 1659:medical prescription 1465:improve this section 1012:universal healthcare 835:Harmonized Sales Tax 744:universal healthcare 580:improve this article 123:Controlled Drugs and 117:Non-Insured Benefits 70:Healthcare in Canada 7266:Medical comparisons 7174:U.S. Virgin Islands 7017:Trinidad and Tobago 6862:Antigua and Barbuda 6785:Borderline Medicine 6749:(August 29, 2005). 6676:on February 2, 2011 6648:10.1056/NEJMp068064 6501:The Washington Post 5729:Christie Aschwanden 5550:File:Bmi30chart.png 5335:on October 12, 2008 5155:. May 26, 2017. By 5089:. Ideas.repec.org. 5087:NBER Working Papers 4573:10.1503/cmaj.104001 4374:(Excel spreadsheet) 4126:Rocky Mountain News 3853:. October 8, 2008. 3619:Ontario Wait Times. 3256:on January 31, 2015 3230:on February 1, 2015 3198:on January 30, 2015 3172:on January 30, 2015 2743:, December 1, 2006. 2273:"VA History Office" 2238:Wall Street Journal 2184:on August 22, 2007. 2158:on January 29, 2009 2132:on January 26, 2011 1753:10.1787/8643de7e-en 1682:Health care systems 1636:(HDHP). The higher 1580:Affordable Care Act 1419:their current job. 1158:Healthcare outcomes 1025:health care systems 972:Rathke's cleft cyst 951:Rathke's cleft cyst 868:As reported by the 839:Affordable Care Act 730:Coverage and access 415:per 100,000 births 139:History of medicine 7256:Health care reform 6927:Dominican Republic 6701:The New York Times 6170:on January 6, 2019 5930:on August 4, 2012. 5842:Am J Public Health 5764:10.1002/cncr.22867 5733:The New York Times 4919:on August 27, 2011 4185:on August 28, 2009 4128:, August 28, 2006. 3314:on August 27, 2011 3250:"Health Financing" 2386:U.S. Census Bureau 1598:Chaoulli v. Quebec 1546:2004 U.S. election 1542:prescription drugs 1538:2000 U.S. election 1515:In Canada, it was 1423:Politics of health 1364: 1209:childhood leukemia 1204:health disparities 1172: 1149:Ancillary expenses 1143:defensive medicine 1136:The extra cost of 947:Waterdown, Ontario 756:emergency services 484:healthcare systems 341: 333: 318: 312:. Percent of GDP ( 303: 156:Father of medicare 95:Minister of Health 7218: 7217: 6747:Gladwell, Malcolm 6420:(13): 1314–1322. 6383:www.princeton.edu 6073:November 3, 2007. 5161:Our World in Data 3983:on April 23, 2009 3940:(July 21, 2009). 3914:. July 31, 2009. 3796:on August 2, 2009 3728:Niagara this week 2244:on July 10, 2017. 1501: 1500: 1493: 1411:experience rating 1354:Impact on economy 1272:An assessment by 1224:systematic review 1222:While a Canadian 912:Commonwealth Fund 761:According to the 715:medical necessity 620:Canada Health Act 612: 611: 604: 533:Canada Health Act 468: 467: 438: 437: 405: 404: 375: 374: 287: 286: 253:Canada portal 101:Canada Health Act 55: 54: 7273: 7261:Health economics 7139:Saint Barthélemy 7099:Falkland Islands 7044: 6839: 6832: 6825: 6816: 6815: 6772: 6771: 6769: 6768: 6763:on June 30, 2007 6759:. Archived from 6743: 6737: 6723: 6717: 6716: 6714: 6712: 6692: 6686: 6685: 6683: 6681: 6666: 6660: 6659: 6631: 6625: 6624: 6622: 6620: 6600: 6594: 6593: 6591: 6589: 6566: 6560: 6549: 6543: 6542: 6540: 6538: 6523: 6517: 6516: 6514: 6512: 6492: 6486: 6485: 6479: 6471: 6469: 6467: 6461: 6455:. Archived from 6454: 6446: 6440: 6439: 6429: 6405: 6399: 6398: 6396: 6394: 6375: 6369: 6357:Blomqvist, Åke. 6355: 6349: 6348: 6343:. Archived from 6337: 6331: 6328:The Detroit News 6321: 6315: 6302: 6296: 6295: 6266: 6260: 6259: 6257: 6255: 6240: 6234: 6230: 6224: 6221: 6215: 6214: 6186: 6180: 6179: 6177: 6175: 6160: 6154: 6153: 6143: 6111: 6100: 6099: 6097: 6095: 6080: 6074: 6071:The Boston Globe 6057: 6051: 6050: 6022: 6016: 6015: 6005: 5981: 5975: 5974: 5938: 5932: 5931: 5926:. Archived from 5895: 5889: 5882: 5876: 5875: 5865: 5848:(7): 1164–1167. 5833: 5827: 5826: 5824: 5823: 5818:on April 3, 2007 5814:. Archived from 5804: 5798: 5791: 5785: 5784: 5766: 5742: 5736: 5715: 5709: 5708: 5698: 5674: 5668: 5667: 5657: 5633: 5627: 5626: 5624: 5622: 5616: 5593: 5570:Ann. Intern. Med 5567: 5558: 5552: 5547: 5541: 5540: 5512: 5506: 5505: 5495: 5471: 5465: 5462: 5453: 5452: 5416: 5410: 5409: 5403: 5395: 5393: 5391: 5385: 5378: 5370: 5364: 5351: 5345: 5344: 5342: 5340: 5325: 5319: 5318: 5290: 5281: 5280: 5278: 5276: 5271:on June 21, 2007 5261: 5255: 5254: 5252: 5250: 5244: 5233: 5225: 5214: 5200: 5194: 5193: 5191: 5189: 5174: 5168: 5150: 5144: 5143: 5133: 5109: 5103: 5102: 5100: 5098: 5078: 5072: 5059: 5053: 5052: 5050: 5048: 5042: 5035: 5027: 5021: 5020: 5018: 5016: 5001: 4995: 4994: 4966: 4955: 4954: 4952: 4950: 4935: 4929: 4928: 4926: 4924: 4909: 4903: 4902: 4896: 4888: 4886: 4884: 4869: 4863: 4862: 4860: 4850: 4841:(5): 776–a–776. 4826: 4820: 4799: 4793: 4792: 4790: 4788: 4773: 4767: 4752: 4746: 4732: 4726: 4725: 4720: 4718: 4708: 4699: 4693: 4680: 4674: 4673: 4671: 4669: 4654: 4648: 4647: 4645: 4643: 4628: 4622: 4601: 4595: 4594: 4584: 4552: 4546: 4532: 4526: 4512: 4506: 4505: 4481: 4475: 4461: 4452: 4451: 4449: 4447: 4432: 4426: 4425: 4420: 4418: 4413:on July 13, 2007 4412: 4400: 4394: 4393: 4391: 4389: 4375: 4367: 4361: 4360: 4354: 4352: 4332: 4326: 4325: 4323: 4321: 4302: 4296: 4283: 4277: 4276: 4271: 4269: 4264:on June 29, 2007 4256:David, Hogberg. 4253: 4247: 4246: 4244: 4242: 4227: 4221: 4220: 4218: 4216: 4201: 4195: 4194: 4192: 4190: 4175: 4169: 4154: 4148: 4135: 4129: 4111: 4102: 4076: 4070: 4069: 4067: 4065: 4059: 4052: 4040: 4034: 4033: 4023: 3999: 3993: 3992: 3990: 3988: 3979:. Archived from 3973: 3962: 3961: 3959: 3957: 3934: 3928: 3927: 3925: 3923: 3904: 3898: 3897: 3895: 3893: 3873: 3867: 3866: 3864: 3862: 3843: 3837: 3836: 3834: 3832: 3812: 3806: 3805: 3803: 3801: 3792:. Archived from 3781: 3775: 3774: 3772: 3770: 3750: 3744: 3743: 3741: 3739: 3719: 3713: 3712: 3706: 3704: 3699:on March 1, 2009 3695:. Archived from 3684: 3678: 3661: 3655: 3654: 3652: 3650: 3635: 3629: 3616: 3610: 3609: 3581: 3575: 3562: 3556: 3539: 3533: 3530: 3524: 3523: 3521: 3519: 3513: 3506: 3498: 3492: 3476:Erin Thompson. " 3474: 3468: 3467:, July 19, 2007. 3451: 3445: 3444: 3438: 3430: 3428: 3426: 3406: 3400: 3399: 3397: 3395: 3386:. June 9, 2017. 3376: 3370: 3369: 3363: 3355: 3353: 3351: 3345: 3338: 3330: 3324: 3323: 3321: 3319: 3304: 3298: 3297: 3295: 3293: 3287: 3280: 3272: 3266: 3265: 3263: 3261: 3246: 3240: 3239: 3237: 3235: 3229: 3222: 3214: 3208: 3207: 3205: 3203: 3188: 3182: 3181: 3179: 3177: 3162: 3156: 3155: 3153: 3151: 3136: 3130: 3116: 3110: 3100: 3094: 3093: 3087: 3085: 3079: 3064: 3047:(7): 1300–1307. 3038: 3029: 3016: 3015: 3013: 3011: 2996: 2990: 2989: 2987: 2985: 2966: 2960: 2946: 2940: 2939: 2907: 2901: 2900: 2898: 2896: 2890: 2884:. Archived from 2879: 2871: 2865: 2864: 2862: 2860: 2841: 2835: 2821: 2815: 2814: 2812: 2810: 2795: 2789: 2788: 2786: 2784: 2769: 2763: 2750: 2744: 2728: 2722: 2721: 2719: 2717: 2702: 2696: 2695: 2693: 2691: 2672: 2666: 2665: 2663: 2661: 2642: 2636: 2635: 2633: 2631: 2616: 2610: 2609: 2607: 2605: 2590: 2584: 2583: 2581: 2579: 2564: 2558: 2557: 2555: 2553: 2538: 2532: 2531: 2529: 2527: 2513: 2505: 2499: 2498: 2496: 2494: 2475: 2469: 2468: 2466: 2464: 2458: 2452:. Archived from 2442: 2436: 2435: 2433: 2431: 2411: 2405: 2404: 2402: 2400: 2394: 2383: 2375: 2362: 2361: 2359: 2357: 2351: 2340: 2332: 2323: 2322: 2320: 2318: 2299: 2293: 2292: 2290: 2288: 2268: 2262: 2256: 2250: 2249:, July 11, 2007. 2245: 2240:. Archived from 2229: 2223: 2222: 2220: 2218: 2212: 2201: 2192: 2186: 2185: 2180:. Archived from 2174: 2168: 2167: 2165: 2163: 2154:. Archived from 2148: 2142: 2141: 2139: 2137: 2131: 2125:. Archived from 2124: 2116: 2110: 2096: 2090: 2089: 2087: 2085: 2079: 2048: 2039: 2028: 2027: 2025: 2023: 2017: 2010: 2002: 1991: 1990: 1989:on July 5, 2007. 1985:. Archived from 1976: 1952: 1943: 1925: 1919: 1918: 1916: 1914: 1909:on June 28, 2013 1908: 1902:. Archived from 1901: 1893: 1882: 1868: 1862: 1850: 1844: 1843: 1823: 1817: 1803: 1797: 1783: 1772: 1762: 1756: 1738: 1496: 1489: 1485: 1482: 1476: 1445: 1437: 1384:aging population 1185: 1016:health insurance 949:woman who had a 877:Fraser Institute 767:health insurance 616:health insurance 607: 600: 596: 593: 587: 564: 556: 552:Health insurance 440: 439: 407: 406: 377: 376: 371:$ 12,555 (2022) 343: 342: 279: 272: 265: 251: 250: 249: 166:Indian hospitals 80: 57: 56: 50: 47: 41: 29: 28: 21: 7281: 7280: 7276: 7275: 7274: 7272: 7271: 7270: 7221: 7220: 7219: 7214: 7192:Central America 7178: 7053: 7045: 7036: 6853: 6846: 6843: 6798:Walter Cronkite 6794:Wayback Machine 6780: 6775: 6766: 6764: 6744: 6740: 6734:Wayback Machine 6724: 6720: 6710: 6708: 6693: 6689: 6679: 6677: 6668: 6667: 6663: 6632: 6628: 6618: 6616: 6601: 6597: 6587: 6585: 6567: 6563: 6558:Wayback Machine 6550: 6546: 6536: 6534: 6525: 6524: 6520: 6510: 6508: 6493: 6489: 6473: 6472: 6465: 6463: 6459: 6452: 6450:"Archived copy" 6448: 6447: 6443: 6406: 6402: 6392: 6390: 6377: 6376: 6372: 6366:Wayback Machine 6356: 6352: 6339: 6338: 6334: 6322: 6318: 6312:Wayback Machine 6303: 6299: 6272:Genetic Testing 6267: 6263: 6253: 6251: 6242: 6241: 6237: 6231: 6227: 6222: 6218: 6187: 6183: 6173: 6171: 6162: 6161: 6157: 6112: 6103: 6093: 6091: 6082: 6081: 6077: 6068:Wayback Machine 6058: 6054: 6033:(10): 1213–20. 6023: 6019: 5982: 5978: 5939: 5935: 5896: 5892: 5883: 5879: 5834: 5830: 5821: 5819: 5806: 5805: 5801: 5792: 5788: 5743: 5739: 5735:, July 10, 2007 5725:Wayback Machine 5716: 5712: 5675: 5671: 5648:(13): 1754–60. 5634: 5630: 5620: 5618: 5614: 5565: 5559: 5555: 5548: 5544: 5513: 5509: 5472: 5468: 5463: 5456: 5427:(12): 1223–30. 5417: 5413: 5397: 5396: 5389: 5387: 5383: 5376: 5374:"Archived copy" 5372: 5371: 5367: 5361:Wayback Machine 5352: 5348: 5338: 5336: 5327: 5326: 5322: 5291: 5284: 5274: 5272: 5263: 5262: 5258: 5248: 5246: 5242: 5231: 5227: 5226: 5217: 5211:Wayback Machine 5201: 5197: 5187: 5185: 5180:. Photius.com. 5176: 5175: 5171: 5151: 5147: 5110: 5106: 5096: 5094: 5079: 5075: 5069:Wayback Machine 5060: 5056: 5046: 5044: 5040: 5033: 5029: 5028: 5024: 5014: 5012: 5003: 5002: 4998: 4967: 4958: 4948: 4946: 4937: 4936: 4932: 4922: 4920: 4911: 4910: 4906: 4890: 4889: 4882: 4880: 4873:"Archived copy" 4871: 4870: 4866: 4827: 4823: 4809:Wayback Machine 4800: 4796: 4786: 4784: 4775: 4774: 4770: 4762:Wayback Machine 4753: 4749: 4743:Wayback Machine 4733: 4729: 4716: 4714: 4706: 4700: 4696: 4690:Wayback Machine 4681: 4677: 4667: 4665: 4656: 4655: 4651: 4641: 4639: 4630: 4629: 4625: 4612:Wayback Machine 4603:Gross, David. " 4602: 4598: 4553: 4549: 4543:Wayback Machine 4533: 4529: 4523:Wayback Machine 4513: 4509: 4482: 4478: 4472:Wayback Machine 4462: 4455: 4445: 4443: 4434: 4433: 4429: 4416: 4414: 4410: 4402: 4401: 4397: 4387: 4385: 4373: 4369: 4368: 4364: 4350: 4348: 4333: 4329: 4319: 4317: 4304: 4303: 4299: 4293:Wayback Machine 4284: 4280: 4267: 4265: 4254: 4250: 4240: 4238: 4237:on July 6, 2011 4229: 4228: 4224: 4214: 4212: 4203: 4202: 4198: 4188: 4186: 4177: 4176: 4172: 4166:Wayback Machine 4155: 4151: 4145:Wayback Machine 4136: 4132: 4122:Wayback Machine 4112: 4105: 4087:Wayback Machine 4077: 4073: 4063: 4061: 4057: 4050: 4042: 4041: 4037: 4000: 3996: 3986: 3984: 3975: 3974: 3965: 3955: 3953: 3946:Huffington Post 3935: 3931: 3921: 3919: 3906: 3905: 3901: 3891: 3889: 3874: 3870: 3860: 3858: 3845: 3844: 3840: 3830: 3828: 3813: 3809: 3799: 3797: 3782: 3778: 3768: 3766: 3751: 3747: 3737: 3735: 3720: 3716: 3702: 3700: 3685: 3681: 3671:Wayback Machine 3662: 3658: 3648: 3646: 3637: 3636: 3632: 3626:Wayback Machine 3617: 3613: 3582: 3578: 3572:Wayback Machine 3563: 3559: 3540: 3536: 3531: 3527: 3517: 3515: 3511: 3504: 3500: 3499: 3495: 3485:Wayback Machine 3475: 3471: 3462:Wayback Machine 3452: 3448: 3432: 3431: 3424: 3422: 3407: 3403: 3393: 3391: 3378: 3377: 3373: 3357: 3356: 3349: 3347: 3343: 3336: 3334:"Archived copy" 3332: 3331: 3327: 3317: 3315: 3306: 3305: 3301: 3291: 3289: 3285: 3278: 3274: 3273: 3269: 3259: 3257: 3248: 3247: 3243: 3233: 3231: 3227: 3220: 3216: 3215: 3211: 3201: 3199: 3190: 3189: 3185: 3175: 3173: 3164: 3163: 3159: 3149: 3147: 3138: 3137: 3133: 3127:Wayback Machine 3117: 3113: 3101: 3097: 3083: 3081: 3077: 3036: 3030: 3019: 3009: 3007: 2998: 2997: 2993: 2983: 2981: 2980:on June 8, 2009 2968: 2967: 2963: 2957:Wayback Machine 2947: 2943: 2908: 2904: 2894: 2892: 2888: 2877: 2873: 2872: 2868: 2858: 2856: 2843: 2842: 2838: 2832:Wayback Machine 2822: 2818: 2808: 2806: 2801:. Cms.hhs.gov. 2797: 2796: 2792: 2782: 2780: 2771: 2770: 2766: 2760:Wayback Machine 2751: 2747: 2738:Wayback Machine 2729: 2725: 2715: 2713: 2704: 2703: 2699: 2689: 2687: 2674: 2673: 2669: 2659: 2657: 2644: 2643: 2639: 2629: 2627: 2618: 2617: 2613: 2603: 2601: 2596:. Coverme.com. 2592: 2591: 2587: 2577: 2575: 2570:. Coverme.com. 2566: 2565: 2561: 2551: 2549: 2544:. Coverme.com. 2540: 2539: 2535: 2525: 2523: 2511: 2507: 2506: 2502: 2492: 2490: 2477: 2476: 2472: 2462: 2460: 2456: 2444: 2443: 2439: 2429: 2427: 2412: 2408: 2398: 2396: 2392: 2381: 2377: 2376: 2365: 2355: 2353: 2349: 2338: 2334: 2333: 2326: 2316: 2314: 2301: 2300: 2296: 2286: 2284: 2269: 2265: 2257: 2253: 2230: 2226: 2216: 2214: 2210: 2199: 2193: 2189: 2176: 2175: 2171: 2161: 2159: 2150: 2149: 2145: 2135: 2133: 2129: 2122: 2118: 2117: 2113: 2107:Wayback Machine 2097: 2093: 2083: 2081: 2077: 2046: 2040: 2031: 2021: 2019: 2015: 2008: 2004: 2003: 1994: 1953: 1946: 1936:Wayback Machine 1926: 1922: 1912: 1910: 1906: 1899: 1895: 1894: 1885: 1879:Wayback Machine 1869: 1865: 1860:Wayback Machine 1851: 1847: 1824: 1820: 1814:Wayback Machine 1804: 1800: 1794:Wayback Machine 1784: 1775: 1763: 1759: 1739: 1730: 1726: 1667: 1607: 1588: 1526: 1497: 1486: 1480: 1477: 1462: 1446: 1435: 1430: 1425: 1380: 1356: 1331:Black Canadians 1303: 1248: 1199:life expectancy 1183: 1160: 1151: 1134: 1108: 1070:Medicare Part D 1066: 1037: 980: 953:removed at the 922:In a letter to 910:Studies by the 855:hip replacement 851: 827:psychotherapist 811: 732: 689:publicly funded 666: 608: 597: 591: 588: 577: 565: 554: 525: 509: 383:Life expectancy 363:$ 6,319 (2022) 283: 247: 245: 240: 239: 188: 180: 179: 173: 141: 131: 130: 124: 112:Health Transfer 90: 51: 45: 42: 39: 30: 26: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7279: 7269: 7268: 7263: 7258: 7253: 7248: 7243: 7238: 7233: 7216: 7215: 7213: 7212: 7205: 7203: 7201: 7199: 7194: 7189: 7183: 7180: 7179: 7177: 7176: 7171: 7166: 7161: 7156: 7154:Sint Eustatius 7151: 7146: 7141: 7136: 7131: 7126: 7121: 7116: 7111: 7106: 7101: 7096: 7091: 7089:Cayman Islands 7086: 7081: 7076: 7071: 7066: 7060: 7058: 7047: 7046: 7039: 7037: 7035: 7034: 7029: 7024: 7019: 7014: 7009: 7004: 6999: 6994: 6989: 6984: 6979: 6974: 6969: 6964: 6959: 6954: 6949: 6944: 6939: 6934: 6929: 6924: 6919: 6914: 6909: 6904: 6899: 6894: 6889: 6884: 6879: 6874: 6869: 6864: 6858: 6856: 6848: 6847: 6842: 6841: 6834: 6827: 6819: 6813: 6812: 6806: 6801: 6779: 6778:External links 6776: 6774: 6773: 6756:The New Yorker 6738: 6718: 6687: 6661: 6642:(16): 1661–4. 6626: 6595: 6570:Kodjak, Alison 6561: 6544: 6518: 6487: 6441: 6400: 6370: 6350: 6332: 6316: 6297: 6261: 6235: 6225: 6216: 6181: 6155: 6101: 6086:. Naaccr.org. 6075: 6052: 6017: 5976: 5933: 5910:(7): 2244–55. 5890: 5877: 5828: 5799: 5786: 5737: 5710: 5669: 5628: 5553: 5542: 5507: 5466: 5454: 5411: 5365: 5346: 5320: 5295:Health Affairs 5282: 5256: 5215: 5202:Deber, Raisa, 5195: 5169: 5145: 5104: 5073: 5054: 5022: 4996: 4971:Health Affairs 4956: 4930: 4904: 4864: 4821: 4794: 4768: 4747: 4727: 4694: 4675: 4649: 4623: 4596: 4567:(6): 945–946. 4547: 4527: 4507: 4486:Health Affairs 4476: 4453: 4427: 4395: 4362: 4327: 4297: 4278: 4248: 4222: 4196: 4170: 4149: 4130: 4103: 4071: 4035: 3994: 3963: 3929: 3899: 3868: 3838: 3807: 3776: 3745: 3714: 3679: 3656: 3630: 3611: 3586:Health Affairs 3576: 3557: 3534: 3525: 3493: 3469: 3446: 3401: 3371: 3325: 3299: 3267: 3241: 3209: 3183: 3157: 3131: 3111: 3095: 3017: 2991: 2961: 2948:Todd Zywicki, 2941: 2912:Health Affairs 2902: 2866: 2836: 2823:Seymour, J.A. 2816: 2790: 2764: 2745: 2723: 2697: 2667: 2637: 2611: 2585: 2559: 2533: 2500: 2470: 2437: 2406: 2363: 2324: 2294: 2263: 2251: 2224: 2187: 2169: 2143: 2111: 2091: 2029: 1992: 1944: 1920: 1883: 1863: 1845: 1828:Health Reports 1818: 1798: 1773: 1757: 1727: 1725: 1722: 1721: 1720: 1715: 1710: 1705: 1700: 1695: 1690: 1685: 1679: 1674: 1666: 1663: 1630:tax incentives 1626:George W. Bush 1606: 1603: 1587: 1584: 1563:In July 2009, 1525: 1522: 1499: 1498: 1449: 1447: 1440: 1434: 1431: 1429: 1426: 1424: 1421: 1379: 1376: 1368:General Motors 1355: 1352: 1302: 1299: 1247: 1244: 1159: 1156: 1150: 1147: 1133: 1130: 1107: 1104: 1065: 1062: 1036: 1033: 979: 976: 850: 847: 810: 807: 802:Cato Institute 772:Health Affairs 731: 728: 665: 662: 610: 609: 568: 566: 559: 553: 550: 524: 521: 508: 505: 466: 465: 462: 458: 457: 454: 450: 449: 443: 436: 435: 432: 428: 427: 421: 417: 416: 410: 403: 402: 399: 395: 394: 391: 387: 386: 380: 373: 372: 369: 365: 364: 361: 357: 356: 346: 285: 284: 282: 281: 274: 267: 259: 256: 255: 242: 241: 238: 237: 232: 227: 226: 225: 215: 210: 205: 200: 195: 189: 186: 185: 182: 181: 178: 177: 168: 163: 158: 153: 148: 142: 137: 136: 133: 132: 129: 128: 125:Substances Act 119: 114: 109: 104: 97: 91: 86: 85: 82: 81: 73: 72: 66: 65: 53: 52: 33: 31: 24: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7278: 7267: 7264: 7262: 7259: 7257: 7254: 7252: 7249: 7247: 7244: 7242: 7239: 7237: 7234: 7232: 7229: 7228: 7226: 7211: 7210: 7209:South America 7206: 7204: 7202: 7200: 7198: 7195: 7193: 7190: 7188: 7187:North America 7185: 7184: 7181: 7175: 7172: 7170: 7167: 7165: 7162: 7160: 7157: 7155: 7152: 7150: 7147: 7145: 7142: 7140: 7137: 7135: 7132: 7130: 7127: 7125: 7122: 7120: 7117: 7115: 7112: 7110: 7107: 7105: 7104:French Guiana 7102: 7100: 7097: 7095: 7092: 7090: 7087: 7085: 7082: 7080: 7077: 7075: 7072: 7070: 7067: 7065: 7062: 7061: 7059: 7057: 7052: 7048: 7043: 7033: 7030: 7028: 7025: 7023: 7022:United States 7020: 7018: 7015: 7013: 7010: 7008: 7005: 7003: 7000: 6998: 6995: 6993: 6990: 6988: 6985: 6983: 6980: 6978: 6975: 6973: 6970: 6968: 6965: 6963: 6960: 6958: 6955: 6953: 6950: 6948: 6945: 6943: 6940: 6938: 6935: 6933: 6930: 6928: 6925: 6923: 6920: 6918: 6915: 6913: 6910: 6908: 6905: 6903: 6900: 6898: 6895: 6893: 6890: 6888: 6885: 6883: 6880: 6878: 6875: 6873: 6870: 6868: 6865: 6863: 6860: 6859: 6857: 6855: 6849: 6840: 6835: 6833: 6828: 6826: 6821: 6820: 6817: 6810: 6807: 6805: 6802: 6799: 6795: 6791: 6788: 6786: 6782: 6781: 6762: 6758: 6757: 6752: 6748: 6742: 6735: 6731: 6728: 6725:Chaoulli, J. 6722: 6706: 6702: 6698: 6691: 6675: 6671: 6665: 6657: 6653: 6649: 6645: 6641: 6637: 6630: 6614: 6610: 6606: 6599: 6583: 6579: 6575: 6571: 6565: 6559: 6555: 6552: 6548: 6532: 6528: 6522: 6506: 6502: 6498: 6491: 6483: 6477: 6458: 6451: 6445: 6437: 6433: 6428: 6423: 6419: 6415: 6411: 6404: 6393:September 18, 6388: 6384: 6380: 6374: 6367: 6363: 6360: 6354: 6346: 6342: 6336: 6329: 6326: 6320: 6313: 6309: 6306: 6301: 6293: 6289: 6285: 6281: 6278:(3): 265–72. 6277: 6273: 6265: 6249: 6245: 6239: 6229: 6220: 6212: 6208: 6204: 6200: 6196: 6192: 6185: 6169: 6165: 6159: 6151: 6147: 6142: 6137: 6133: 6129: 6126:(7): 957–64. 6125: 6121: 6117: 6110: 6108: 6106: 6089: 6085: 6079: 6072: 6069: 6065: 6062: 6059:Mooney, B.C. 6056: 6048: 6044: 6040: 6036: 6032: 6028: 6021: 6013: 6009: 6004: 5999: 5995: 5991: 5987: 5980: 5972: 5968: 5964: 5960: 5956: 5952: 5948: 5944: 5937: 5929: 5925: 5921: 5917: 5913: 5909: 5905: 5901: 5894: 5887: 5881: 5873: 5869: 5864: 5859: 5855: 5851: 5847: 5843: 5839: 5832: 5817: 5813: 5809: 5803: 5797:, 2004 pg. 11 5796: 5790: 5782: 5778: 5774: 5770: 5765: 5760: 5756: 5752: 5748: 5741: 5734: 5730: 5726: 5722: 5719: 5714: 5706: 5702: 5697: 5692: 5689:(2): 103–17. 5688: 5684: 5680: 5673: 5665: 5661: 5656: 5651: 5647: 5643: 5639: 5632: 5613: 5609: 5605: 5601: 5597: 5592: 5587: 5583: 5579: 5575: 5571: 5564: 5557: 5551: 5546: 5538: 5534: 5530: 5526: 5522: 5518: 5511: 5503: 5499: 5494: 5489: 5485: 5481: 5477: 5470: 5461: 5459: 5450: 5446: 5442: 5438: 5434: 5430: 5426: 5422: 5415: 5407: 5401: 5382: 5375: 5369: 5362: 5358: 5355: 5350: 5334: 5330: 5324: 5316: 5312: 5308: 5304: 5300: 5296: 5289: 5287: 5270: 5266: 5260: 5241: 5237: 5230: 5224: 5222: 5220: 5212: 5208: 5205: 5199: 5183: 5179: 5173: 5166: 5162: 5158: 5154: 5149: 5141: 5137: 5132: 5127: 5124:(8): 768–75. 5123: 5119: 5115: 5108: 5092: 5088: 5084: 5077: 5070: 5066: 5063: 5058: 5039: 5032: 5026: 5010: 5006: 5000: 4992: 4988: 4984: 4980: 4977:(4): 903–14. 4976: 4972: 4965: 4963: 4961: 4944: 4940: 4934: 4918: 4914: 4908: 4900: 4894: 4878: 4874: 4868: 4859: 4854: 4849: 4844: 4840: 4836: 4832: 4825: 4818: 4817:1-55392-515-7 4814: 4810: 4806: 4803: 4798: 4782: 4778: 4772: 4766: 4763: 4759: 4756: 4751: 4744: 4740: 4737: 4731: 4724: 4712: 4705: 4698: 4691: 4687: 4684: 4679: 4663: 4659: 4653: 4637: 4633: 4627: 4620: 4618: 4613: 4609: 4606: 4600: 4592: 4588: 4583: 4578: 4574: 4570: 4566: 4562: 4558: 4551: 4544: 4540: 4537: 4531: 4524: 4520: 4517: 4511: 4503: 4499: 4495: 4491: 4487: 4480: 4473: 4469: 4466: 4460: 4458: 4441: 4437: 4431: 4424: 4409: 4405: 4399: 4383: 4379: 4372: 4366: 4359: 4358:illuminating. 4346: 4342: 4338: 4331: 4320:September 28, 4315: 4311: 4307: 4301: 4294: 4290: 4287: 4282: 4275: 4263: 4259: 4252: 4236: 4232: 4226: 4210: 4206: 4200: 4184: 4180: 4174: 4167: 4163: 4160: 4159: 4153: 4146: 4142: 4139: 4134: 4127: 4123: 4119: 4116: 4110: 4108: 4100: 4099:0-9640447-0-6 4096: 4092: 4088: 4084: 4081: 4075: 4056: 4049: 4047: 4039: 4031: 4027: 4022: 4017: 4014:(8): 768–75. 4013: 4009: 4005: 3998: 3982: 3978: 3972: 3970: 3968: 3951: 3947: 3943: 3939: 3933: 3917: 3913: 3909: 3903: 3887: 3883: 3882:National Post 3879: 3872: 3856: 3852: 3848: 3842: 3826: 3822: 3818: 3811: 3795: 3791: 3787: 3780: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3749: 3733: 3729: 3725: 3718: 3711: 3698: 3694: 3690: 3683: 3676: 3672: 3668: 3665: 3660: 3644: 3640: 3634: 3627: 3623: 3620: 3615: 3607: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3592:(3): 119–35. 3591: 3587: 3580: 3573: 3569: 3566: 3561: 3554: 3550: 3549: 3545:, writing in 3544: 3538: 3529: 3510: 3503: 3497: 3491:June 3, 2009. 3490: 3486: 3482: 3479: 3473: 3466: 3463: 3459: 3456: 3453:Fuhrmans, V. 3450: 3442: 3436: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3405: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3375: 3367: 3361: 3342: 3335: 3329: 3313: 3309: 3303: 3284: 3277: 3271: 3255: 3251: 3245: 3226: 3219: 3213: 3197: 3193: 3187: 3171: 3167: 3161: 3145: 3141: 3135: 3128: 3124: 3121: 3115: 3109: 3105: 3099: 3092: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3063: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3035: 3028: 3026: 3024: 3022: 3005: 3001: 2995: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2965: 2958: 2954: 2951: 2945: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2906: 2887: 2883: 2876: 2870: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2840: 2833: 2829: 2826: 2820: 2804: 2800: 2794: 2778: 2774: 2768: 2761: 2757: 2754: 2749: 2742: 2739: 2735: 2732: 2727: 2711: 2708:. Gov.mb.ca. 2707: 2701: 2685: 2682:. June 2003. 2681: 2680:AARP Bulletin 2677: 2671: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2641: 2625: 2621: 2615: 2599: 2595: 2589: 2573: 2569: 2563: 2547: 2543: 2537: 2521: 2517: 2510: 2504: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2474: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2441: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2410: 2391: 2387: 2380: 2374: 2372: 2370: 2368: 2348: 2344: 2337: 2331: 2329: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2298: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2267: 2260: 2255: 2248: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2228: 2209: 2205: 2198: 2191: 2183: 2179: 2173: 2157: 2153: 2147: 2128: 2121: 2115: 2108: 2104: 2101: 2095: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2045: 2038: 2036: 2034: 2014: 2007: 2001: 1999: 1997: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1975: 1970: 1967:(1): e27-36. 1966: 1962: 1961:Open Medicine 1958: 1951: 1949: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1930: 1924: 1905: 1898: 1892: 1890: 1888: 1880: 1876: 1873: 1867: 1861: 1857: 1854: 1849: 1841: 1837: 1834:(2): 175–83. 1833: 1829: 1822: 1815: 1811: 1808: 1802: 1795: 1791: 1788: 1782: 1780: 1778: 1770: 1766: 1761: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1737: 1735: 1733: 1728: 1719: 1716: 1714: 1711: 1709: 1706: 1704: 1701: 1699: 1696: 1694: 1691: 1689: 1686: 1683: 1680: 1678: 1675: 1672: 1671:Tommy Douglas 1669: 1668: 1662: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1642: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1624: 1620: 1619:Medicare bill 1616: 1612: 1602: 1600: 1599: 1594: 1583: 1581: 1577: 1574:US President 1572: 1570: 1566: 1561: 1558: 1554: 1553:Massachusetts 1549: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1524:United States 1521: 1518: 1513: 1510: 1506: 1495: 1492: 1484: 1481:December 2010 1474: 1470: 1466: 1460: 1459: 1455: 1450:This section 1448: 1444: 1439: 1438: 1420: 1417: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1395: 1393: 1387: 1385: 1375: 1373: 1369: 1360: 1351: 1349: 1348:Puerto Ricans 1345: 1339: 1336: 1332: 1327: 1323: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1298: 1296: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1275: 1274:Health Canada 1270: 1266: 1263: 1258: 1254: 1243: 1241: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1225: 1220: 1218: 1212: 1210: 1205: 1200: 1195: 1193: 1192:Open Medicine 1188: 1180: 1177: 1169: 1164: 1155: 1146: 1144: 1139: 1129: 1125: 1122: 1117: 1113: 1103: 1099: 1097: 1096:generic drugs 1092: 1088: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1071: 1061: 1057: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1032: 1030: 1029:monopsonistic 1026: 1020: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1000: 998: 992: 988: 984: 975: 973: 968: 964: 960: 956: 952: 948: 944: 939: 937: 936: 931: 930:Michael Moore 927: 926: 920: 916: 913: 908: 904: 902: 898: 893: 891: 886: 882: 878: 873: 871: 866: 864: 863:breast cancer 860: 856: 846: 844: 840: 836: 832: 828: 824: 820: 816: 815:psychiatrists 806: 803: 799: 795: 791: 788: 783: 781: 777: 773: 768: 764: 759: 757: 753: 749: 745: 740: 736: 726: 721: 718: 716: 712: 707: 702: 697: 692: 690: 685: 683: 679: 674: 672: 661: 657: 653: 651: 646: 644: 640: 636: 632: 627: 625: 621: 617: 606: 603: 595: 592:February 2016 585: 581: 575: 574: 569:This section 567: 563: 558: 557: 549: 547: 543: 539: 534: 530: 520: 518: 517:First Nations 512: 504: 502: 496: 492: 488: 485: 481: 477: 476:public health 473: 463: 460: 459: 455: 452: 451: 447: 444: 442: 441: 433: 430: 429: 425: 422: 419: 418: 414: 411: 409: 408: 400: 397: 396: 392: 389: 388: 384: 381: 379: 378: 370: 367: 366: 362: 359: 358: 354: 351:. US dollars 350: 347: 345: 344: 337: 330: 326: 322: 315: 311: 307: 300: 296: 291: 280: 275: 273: 268: 266: 261: 260: 258: 257: 254: 244: 243: 236: 233: 231: 228: 224: 221: 220: 219: 216: 214: 211: 209: 206: 204: 201: 199: 196: 194: 191: 190: 184: 183: 176: 175: 169: 167: 164: 162: 159: 157: 154: 152: 149: 147: 144: 143: 140: 135: 134: 127: 126: 120: 118: 115: 113: 110: 108: 105: 103: 102: 98: 96: 93: 92: 89: 88:Health Canada 84: 83: 79: 75: 74: 71: 68: 67: 63: 59: 58: 49: 37: 32: 23: 22: 19: 7207: 7159:Sint Maarten 7144:Saint Martin 7051:Dependencies 6784: 6765:. Retrieved 6761:the original 6754: 6741: 6721: 6709:. Retrieved 6700: 6690: 6680:February 11, 6678:. Retrieved 6674:the original 6664: 6639: 6635: 6629: 6617:. Retrieved 6608: 6598: 6586:. Retrieved 6577: 6564: 6547: 6537:February 11, 6535:. Retrieved 6521: 6509:. Retrieved 6500: 6490: 6464:. Retrieved 6457:the original 6444: 6417: 6413: 6403: 6391:. Retrieved 6382: 6373: 6353: 6345:the original 6335: 6327: 6323:Garsten, E. 6319: 6300: 6275: 6271: 6264: 6254:February 11, 6252:. Retrieved 6238: 6228: 6219: 6197:(1): 67–86. 6194: 6190: 6184: 6174:February 11, 6172:. Retrieved 6168:the original 6158: 6123: 6119: 6094:February 11, 6092:. Retrieved 6078: 6070: 6055: 6030: 6026: 6020: 5993: 5989: 5979: 5946: 5942: 5936: 5928:the original 5907: 5903: 5893: 5888:, April 2000 5880: 5845: 5841: 5831: 5820:. Retrieved 5816:the original 5811: 5802: 5794: 5789: 5757:(5): 973–9. 5754: 5750: 5740: 5732: 5713: 5686: 5682: 5672: 5645: 5641: 5631: 5619:. Retrieved 5576:(1): 24–32. 5573: 5569: 5556: 5545: 5523:(3): 313–6. 5520: 5516: 5510: 5483: 5479: 5469: 5424: 5420: 5414: 5390:November 15, 5388:. Retrieved 5368: 5349: 5339:February 11, 5337:. Retrieved 5333:the original 5323: 5301:(3): 89–99. 5298: 5294: 5275:February 11, 5273:. Retrieved 5269:the original 5259: 5247:. Retrieved 5235: 5198: 5188:February 11, 5186:. Retrieved 5172: 5148: 5121: 5117: 5107: 5097:February 11, 5095:. Retrieved 5086: 5076: 5057: 5047:December 27, 5045:. Retrieved 5025: 5015:February 11, 5013:. Retrieved 5009:the original 4999: 4974: 4970: 4949:December 27, 4947:. Retrieved 4933: 4921:. Retrieved 4917:the original 4907: 4881:. Retrieved 4867: 4838: 4834: 4824: 4797: 4787:February 11, 4785:. Retrieved 4781:the original 4771: 4764: 4750: 4730: 4722: 4715:. Retrieved 4710: 4697: 4678: 4668:February 11, 4666:. Retrieved 4652: 4642:February 11, 4640:. Retrieved 4626: 4615: 4599: 4564: 4560: 4550: 4530: 4510: 4485: 4479: 4446:February 11, 4444:. Retrieved 4430: 4422: 4415:. Retrieved 4408:the original 4398: 4386:. Retrieved 4377: 4365: 4356: 4349:. Retrieved 4340: 4330: 4318:. Retrieved 4300: 4281: 4273: 4266:. Retrieved 4262:the original 4251: 4241:February 11, 4239:. Retrieved 4235:the original 4225: 4213:. Retrieved 4199: 4187:. Retrieved 4183:the original 4173: 4157: 4152: 4133: 4125: 4090: 4074: 4064:February 11, 4062:. Retrieved 4045: 4038: 4011: 4007: 3997: 3985:. Retrieved 3981:the original 3954:. Retrieved 3945: 3932: 3920:. Retrieved 3902: 3890:. Retrieved 3881: 3871: 3859:. Retrieved 3841: 3829:. Retrieved 3820: 3810: 3798:. Retrieved 3794:the original 3779: 3767:. Retrieved 3759:Toronto Star 3758: 3748: 3736:. Retrieved 3717: 3708: 3701:. Retrieved 3697:the original 3693:Toronto Star 3692: 3682: 3674: 3659: 3649:February 11, 3647:. Retrieved 3633: 3614: 3589: 3585: 3579: 3560: 3546: 3537: 3528: 3516:. Retrieved 3496: 3488: 3472: 3464: 3449: 3425:December 29, 3423:. Retrieved 3414: 3404: 3392:. Retrieved 3383: 3374: 3348:. Retrieved 3328: 3316:. Retrieved 3312:the original 3302: 3290:. Retrieved 3270: 3258:. Retrieved 3254:the original 3244: 3232:. Retrieved 3225:the original 3218:"HST Update" 3212: 3200:. Retrieved 3196:the original 3186: 3174:. Retrieved 3170:the original 3160: 3148:. Retrieved 3134: 3114: 3103: 3098: 3089: 3082:. Retrieved 3044: 3040: 3008:. Retrieved 2994: 2982:. Retrieved 2978:the original 2964: 2944: 2911: 2905: 2893:. Retrieved 2886:the original 2881: 2869: 2857:. Retrieved 2848: 2839: 2819: 2809:February 11, 2807:. Retrieved 2793: 2781:. Retrieved 2767: 2748: 2740: 2726: 2716:February 11, 2714:. Retrieved 2700: 2688:. Retrieved 2679: 2670: 2658:. Retrieved 2649: 2640: 2630:February 11, 2628:. Retrieved 2614: 2604:February 11, 2602:. Retrieved 2588: 2578:February 11, 2576:. Retrieved 2562: 2552:February 11, 2550:. Retrieved 2536: 2524:. Retrieved 2515: 2503: 2491:. Retrieved 2482: 2473: 2461:. Retrieved 2454:the original 2449: 2440: 2428:. Retrieved 2419: 2409: 2397:. Retrieved 2385: 2354:. Retrieved 2342: 2315:. Retrieved 2306: 2297: 2285:. Retrieved 2276: 2266: 2254: 2246: 2242:the original 2237: 2227: 2215:. Retrieved 2208:the original 2203: 2190: 2182:the original 2172: 2160:. Retrieved 2156:the original 2146: 2136:February 11, 2134:. Retrieved 2127:the original 2114: 2094: 2082:. Retrieved 2054: 2050: 2022:February 11, 2020:. Retrieved 1987:the original 1964: 1960: 1923: 1913:February 11, 1911:. Retrieved 1904:the original 1866: 1848: 1831: 1827: 1821: 1801: 1760: 1650: 1643: 1608: 1596: 1589: 1586:Private care 1576:Donald Trump 1573: 1562: 1550: 1532:attempted a 1530:Bill Clinton 1527: 1514: 1505:Reform Party 1502: 1487: 1478: 1463:Please help 1451: 1396: 1388: 1381: 1365: 1340: 1328: 1324: 1304: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1271: 1267: 1256: 1252: 1249: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1221: 1213: 1196: 1191: 1189: 1181: 1173: 1152: 1135: 1126: 1109: 1100: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1067: 1058: 1038: 1021: 1001: 993: 989: 985: 981: 943:Shona Holmes 940: 933: 923: 921: 917: 909: 905: 894: 881:conservative 874: 867: 852: 823:psychologist 812: 800: 796: 792: 785:A number of 784: 776:medical debt 771: 760: 741: 737: 733: 723: 719: 711:circumcision 693: 686: 675: 667: 658: 654: 647: 628: 613: 598: 589: 578:Please help 573:verification 570: 526: 513: 510: 497: 493: 489: 471: 469: 295:PPP-adjusted 170: 160: 121: 99: 43: 35: 18: 7129:Puerto Rico 7056:territories 7002:Saint Lucia 6937:El Salvador 6619:January 12, 6588:January 12, 5996:(1): 3–13. 5949:(1): 60–7. 5642:Circulation 4883:January 19, 4351:January 31, 3292:January 31, 3260:January 31, 3234:January 30, 3202:January 30, 3176:January 30, 3150:January 30, 2317:October 22, 2287:October 30, 2162:January 24, 1881:April 2012. 1565:Connecticut 1378:Flexibility 1316:South Asian 1138:malpractice 1116:CT scanners 1023:respective 961:, sued the 955:Mayo Clinic 885:libertarian 696:dental care 401:76.3 years 393:82.6 years 198:Drug policy 7225:Categories 7124:Montserrat 7119:Martinique 7114:Guadeloupe 6912:Costa Rica 6767:2007-06-28 6511:August 26, 6466:January 7, 5822:2007-07-02 5591:1765/10043 3884:. Canada. 3518:January 5, 3489:USA Today. 3394:August 19, 3350:August 19, 3091:Canadians. 2762:, 04-06-15 2660:August 27, 2622:. Gnb.ca. 2526:August 27, 2399:August 26, 2277:www.va.gov 1724:References 1657:without a 1638:deductible 1621:signed by 1555:adopted a 1320:East Asian 1106:Technology 1041:physicians 849:Wait times 819:psychiatry 637:, and the 434:33 (2021) 203:Euthanasia 146:Physicians 7197:Caribbean 7109:Greenland 7032:Venezuela 6977:Nicaragua 6947:Guatemala 6867:Argentina 6852:Sovereign 5486:: 39–67. 5157:Max Roser 4923:August 9, 4215:March 27, 4189:March 27, 3938:Ian Welsh 3922:August 7, 3892:August 2, 3673:Letters, 3318:August 9, 2420:USA Today 1870:Kinch T. 1651:Obamacare 1623:President 1551:In 2006, 1452:does not 1308:Hispanics 1006:, the US 967:reimburse 941:In 2007, 859:radiation 706:Optometry 46:June 2023 7064:Anguilla 7012:Suriname 6987:Paraguay 6962:Honduras 6922:Dominica 6907:Colombia 6877:Barbados 6790:Archived 6730:Archived 6711:July 16, 6705:Archived 6656:16625005 6613:Archived 6582:Archived 6554:Archived 6531:Archived 6505:Archived 6476:cite web 6436:15385658 6387:Archived 6362:Archived 6308:Archived 6292:10495925 6248:Archived 6233:448–452. 6211:11316396 6088:Archived 6064:Archived 6047:15353534 6012:11588851 5971:21911559 5963:10585584 5924:10561282 5781:31136256 5773:17647245 5721:Archived 5705:16882274 5664:15381645 5621:June 30, 5612:Archived 5600:12513041 5441:15646761 5400:cite web 5381:Archived 5357:Archived 5315:15160806 5249:June 21, 5240:Archived 5207:Archived 5182:Archived 5140:12930930 5091:Archived 5065:Archived 5038:Archived 5036:. 2005. 4991:16136632 4943:Archived 4941:. 2005. 4893:cite web 4877:Archived 4805:Archived 4758:Archived 4739:Archived 4717:July 12, 4686:Archived 4662:Archived 4636:Archived 4608:Archived 4591:15023915 4539:Archived 4519:Archived 4502:16269444 4468:Archived 4440:Archived 4417:July 11, 4388:July 19, 4382:Archived 4345:Archived 4314:Archived 4289:Archived 4209:Archived 4162:Archived 4141:Archived 4118:Archived 4083:Archived 4055:Archived 4030:12930930 3987:June 20, 3956:July 21, 3950:Archived 3916:Archived 3912:CBC News 3886:Archived 3861:July 27, 3855:Archived 3851:CBC News 3831:July 27, 3825:Archived 3800:July 27, 3769:July 27, 3763:Archived 3738:July 27, 3732:Archived 3703:July 27, 3667:Archived 3643:Archived 3622:Archived 3606:15160810 3568:Archived 3509:Archived 3481:Archived 3458:Archived 3435:cite web 3419:Archived 3388:Archived 3360:cite web 3341:Archived 3283:Archived 3144:Archived 3123:Archived 3075:Archived 3071:16735628 3010:June 20, 3004:Archived 2984:June 22, 2953:Archived 2936:73034397 2928:15689369 2895:July 19, 2859:June 20, 2853:Archived 2828:Archived 2803:Archived 2783:June 20, 2777:Archived 2756:Archived 2734:Archived 2710:Archived 2684:Archived 2654:Archived 2624:Archived 2598:Archived 2572:Archived 2546:Archived 2520:Archived 2493:July 18, 2487:Archived 2463:June 21, 2424:Archived 2390:Archived 2356:July 19, 2347:Archived 2311:Archived 2281:Archived 2217:July 11, 2103:Archived 2084:June 30, 2075:Archived 2071:73172486 2013:Archived 1983:20101287 1932:Archived 1875:Archived 1856:Archived 1810:Archived 1790:Archived 1665:See also 1569:SustiNet 1416:job lock 1399:job lock 1253:reported 1091:Medicaid 1087:Medicare 932:'s film 897:Medicaid 635:Medicaid 631:Medicare 624:Medicare 213:HIV/AIDS 208:Refugees 193:Abortion 107:Medicare 62:a series 60:Part of 7094:Curaçao 7079:Bonaire 7074:Bermuda 7027:Uruguay 6967:Jamaica 6942:Grenada 6932:Ecuador 6887:Bolivia 6872:Bahamas 6580:. NPR. 6150:7604920 6141:1615523 5872:9240107 5863:1380891 5608:8120329 5537:1543178 5502:8054092 5449:6053725 4268:July 2, 3084:July 2, 3062:1483879 2690:July 2, 2512:(Excel) 2430:May 22, 1974:2801918 1840:1421020 1767:. From 1517:Alberta 1473:removed 1458:sources 1344:Mestizo 1217:obesity 1174:In the 963:Ontario 959:Arizona 787:clinics 669:to the 664:Funding 523:History 453:Canada 426:(2020) 420:Canada 390:Canada 385:. 2021 360:Canada 235:Obesity 230:Smoking 223:Suicide 151:Nursing 36:updated 6982:Panama 6972:Mexico 6952:Guyana 6897:Canada 6892:Brazil 6882:Belize 6854:states 6654: 6434: 6290: 6209: 6148: 6138: 6045: 6010: 5969: 5961: 5922: 5870: 5860: 5779: 5771: 5751:Cancer 5703: 5662: 5606: 5598: 5535: 5500: 5447: 5439: 5313: 5138: 4989: 4858:343841 4855: 4815: 4589: 4582:359422 4579: 4500: 4341:Forbes 4310:CBC.ca 4097: 4028: 3604: 3069: 3059: 2934: 2926: 2069: 1981: 1971: 1838: 1743:Data. 1433:Canada 1246:Cancer 1184: 997:EMTALA 546:Mexico 542:Turkey 218:Murder 187:Topics 7069:Aruba 6957:Haiti 6902:Chile 6796:with 6460:(PDF) 6453:(PDF) 5967:S2CID 5777:S2CID 5615:(PDF) 5604:S2CID 5566:(PDF) 5445:S2CID 5384:(PDF) 5377:(PDF) 5243:(PDF) 5232:(PDF) 5041:(PDF) 5034:(PDF) 4707:(PDF) 4411:(PDF) 4089:From 4058:(PDF) 4051:(PDF) 3512:(PDF) 3505:(PDF) 3344:(PDF) 3337:(PDF) 3286:(PDF) 3279:(PDF) 3228:(PDF) 3221:(PDF) 3078:(PDF) 3037:(PDF) 2932:S2CID 2889:(PDF) 2878:(PDF) 2457:(PDF) 2393:(PDF) 2382:(PDF) 2350:(PDF) 2339:(PDF) 2211:(PDF) 2200:(PDF) 2130:(PDF) 2123:(PDF) 2078:(PDF) 2067:S2CID 2057:(1). 2047:(PDF) 2016:(PDF) 2009:(PDF) 1907:(PDF) 1900:(PDF) 1613:with 1407:HIPAA 1403:COBRA 1064:Drugs 1049:gross 935:Sicko 735:all. 7134:Saba 7054:and 6992:Peru 6917:Cuba 6713:2007 6682:2011 6652:PMID 6621:2017 6590:2017 6539:2011 6513:2017 6482:link 6468:2010 6432:PMID 6395:2013 6288:PMID 6256:2011 6207:PMID 6176:2011 6146:PMID 6096:2011 6043:PMID 6008:PMID 5959:PMID 5920:PMID 5868:PMID 5769:PMID 5701:PMID 5660:PMID 5623:2019 5596:PMID 5533:PMID 5498:PMID 5437:PMID 5406:link 5392:2011 5341:2011 5311:PMID 5277:2011 5251:2007 5190:2011 5165:here 5136:PMID 5099:2011 5049:2011 5017:2011 4987:PMID 4951:2011 4925:2011 4899:link 4885:2009 4813:ISBN 4789:2011 4719:2007 4670:2011 4644:2011 4617:AARP 4587:PMID 4498:PMID 4448:2011 4419:2007 4390:2007 4353:2015 4322:2013 4270:2007 4243:2011 4217:2007 4191:2008 4095:ISBN 4066:2011 4026:PMID 3989:2007 3958:2009 3924:2009 3894:2009 3863:2009 3833:2009 3802:2009 3771:2009 3740:2009 3705:2009 3651:2011 3602:PMID 3520:2010 3441:link 3427:2020 3415:PNHP 3396:2019 3366:link 3352:2019 3320:2011 3294:2015 3262:2015 3236:2015 3204:2015 3178:2015 3152:2015 3086:2007 3067:PMID 3012:2007 2986:2009 2924:PMID 2897:2007 2861:2007 2811:2011 2785:2007 2718:2011 2692:2007 2662:2007 2632:2011 2606:2011 2580:2011 2554:2011 2528:2007 2516:OECD 2495:2007 2465:2007 2432:2007 2401:2008 2358:2007 2319:2019 2289:2021 2219:2007 2164:2009 2138:2011 2086:2019 2024:2011 1979:PMID 1915:2011 1836:PMID 1741:OECD 1557:plan 1540:saw 1456:any 1454:cite 1405:and 1318:and 1257:real 1045:OECD 945:, a 879:, a 861:for 538:OECD 478:and 464:6.3 461:USA 456:5.0 431:USA 398:USA 368:USA 6644:doi 6640:354 6609:CNN 6422:doi 6418:351 6280:doi 6199:doi 6136:PMC 6128:doi 6035:doi 6031:292 5998:doi 5951:doi 5912:doi 5858:PMC 5850:doi 5759:doi 5755:110 5727:By 5691:doi 5687:260 5650:doi 5646:110 5586:hdl 5578:doi 5574:138 5525:doi 5521:146 5488:doi 5429:doi 5303:doi 5159:at 5126:doi 5122:349 4979:doi 4853:PMC 4843:doi 4839:170 4577:PMC 4569:doi 4565:170 4490:doi 4016:doi 4012:349 3594:doi 3487:." 3057:PMC 3049:doi 2974:CBS 2916:doi 2741:CBC 2059:doi 1969:PMC 1749:doi 1467:by 1372:UAW 1121:MRI 1112:MRI 1089:or 957:in 833:or 825:or 582:by 353:PPP 329:PPP 7227:: 6753:. 6703:. 6699:. 6650:. 6638:. 6611:. 6607:. 6576:. 6503:. 6499:. 6478:}} 6474:{{ 6430:. 6416:. 6412:. 6385:. 6381:. 6286:. 6274:. 6205:. 6195:33 6193:. 6144:. 6134:. 6124:85 6122:. 6118:. 6104:^ 6041:. 6029:. 6006:. 5994:23 5992:. 5988:. 5965:. 5957:. 5947:85 5945:. 5918:. 5908:17 5906:. 5902:. 5866:. 5856:. 5846:87 5844:. 5840:. 5810:. 5775:. 5767:. 5753:. 5749:. 5731:, 5699:. 5685:. 5681:. 5658:. 5644:. 5640:. 5610:. 5602:. 5594:. 5584:. 5572:. 5568:. 5531:. 5519:. 5496:. 5484:15 5482:. 5478:. 5457:^ 5443:. 5435:. 5425:97 5423:. 5402:}} 5398:{{ 5379:. 5309:. 5299:23 5297:. 5285:^ 5238:. 5234:. 5218:^ 5134:. 5120:. 5116:. 5085:. 4985:. 4975:24 4973:. 4959:^ 4895:}} 4891:{{ 4875:. 4851:. 4837:. 4833:. 4811:. 4721:. 4709:. 4614:" 4585:. 4575:. 4563:. 4559:. 4496:. 4456:^ 4421:. 4380:. 4376:. 4355:. 4343:. 4339:. 4312:. 4308:. 4272:. 4124:, 4106:^ 4053:. 4024:. 4010:. 4006:. 3966:^ 3948:. 3944:. 3910:. 3880:. 3849:. 3823:. 3819:. 3761:. 3757:. 3730:. 3726:. 3707:. 3691:. 3600:. 3590:23 3588:. 3551:, 3507:. 3437:}} 3433:{{ 3417:. 3413:. 3382:. 3362:}} 3358:{{ 3339:. 3281:. 3088:. 3073:. 3065:. 3055:. 3045:96 3043:. 3039:. 3020:^ 3002:. 2972:. 2930:. 2922:. 2880:. 2851:. 2847:. 2775:. 2678:. 2652:. 2648:. 2518:. 2514:. 2481:. 2448:. 2422:. 2418:. 2388:. 2384:. 2366:^ 2341:. 2327:^ 2309:. 2305:. 2279:. 2275:. 2236:. 2202:. 2073:. 2065:. 2055:10 2053:. 2049:. 2032:^ 2011:. 1995:^ 1977:. 1963:. 1959:. 1947:^ 1886:^ 1830:. 1776:^ 1747:. 1731:^ 1661:. 1394:. 1333:, 1053:$ 782:. 673:. 633:, 544:. 470:A 424:11 355:. 64:on 6838:e 6831:t 6824:v 6770:. 6715:. 6684:. 6658:. 6646:: 6623:. 6592:. 6541:. 6515:. 6484:) 6470:. 6438:. 6424:: 6397:. 6294:. 6282:: 6276:3 6258:. 6213:. 6201:: 6178:. 6152:. 6130:: 6098:. 6049:. 6037:: 6014:. 6000:: 5973:. 5953:: 5914:: 5874:. 5852:: 5825:. 5783:. 5761:: 5707:. 5693:: 5666:. 5652:: 5625:. 5588:: 5580:: 5539:. 5527:: 5504:. 5490:: 5451:. 5431:: 5408:) 5394:. 5343:. 5317:. 5305:: 5279:. 5253:. 5192:. 5167:. 5142:. 5128:: 5101:. 5051:. 5019:. 4993:. 4981:: 4953:. 4927:. 4901:) 4887:. 4861:. 4845:: 4819:. 4791:. 4672:. 4646:. 4619:. 4593:. 4571:: 4504:. 4492:: 4450:. 4392:. 4324:. 4245:. 4219:. 4193:. 4068:. 4048:" 4032:. 4018:: 3991:. 3960:. 3926:. 3896:. 3865:. 3835:. 3804:. 3773:. 3742:. 3653:. 3608:. 3596:: 3522:. 3443:) 3429:. 3398:. 3368:) 3354:. 3322:. 3296:. 3264:. 3238:. 3206:. 3180:. 3154:. 3051:: 3014:. 2988:. 2938:. 2918:: 2899:. 2863:. 2813:. 2787:. 2720:. 2694:. 2664:. 2634:. 2608:. 2582:. 2556:. 2530:. 2497:. 2467:. 2434:. 2403:. 2360:. 2321:. 2291:. 2261:. 2221:. 2166:. 2140:. 2088:. 2061:: 2026:. 1965:1 1917:. 1842:. 1832:4 1771:. 1751:: 1494:) 1488:( 1483:) 1479:( 1475:. 1461:. 1170:. 883:- 605:) 599:( 594:) 590:( 576:. 301:. 278:e 271:t 264:v 48:) 44:( 38:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Knowledge

Comparison of the healthcare systems in Canada and the United States

Index