31:
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say, Italian and
American laws, and of a different kind than between the Soviet, Muslim, Hindu, or Chinese laws. According to David, the Civil law legal systems included those countries where legal science was formulated according to Roman law, whereas Common law countries are those dominated by judge-made law. The characteristics that he believed uniquely differentiate the Western legal family from the other four are:
405:: Rather than smoothly integrating into domestic legal systems, a foreign rule disrupts established norms and societal arrangements. This disruption sparks an evolution where the external rule's meaning is redefined and where significant transformations within the internal context are triggered. Lasse Schuldt added that irritation is not spontaneous, but requires institutional drivers.
385:, in analyzing the laws of different countries regarding their treaty obligations. Comparative law would be applicable to private international law when developing an approach to interpretation in a conflicts analysis. Comparative law may contribute to legal theory by creating categories and concepts of general application. Comparative law may also provide insights into the question of
137:
343:. Studies of these specific areas may be viewed as micro- or macro-comparative legal analysis, i.e. detailed comparisons of two countries, or broad-ranging studies of several countries. Comparative civil law studies, for instance, show how the law of private relations is organised, interpreted and used in different systems or countries. The purposes of comparative law are:
976:
132:
Also, in
Chapter XI (entitled 'How to compare two different Systems of Laws') of Book XXIX, discussing the French and English systems for punishment of false witnesses, he advises that "to determine which of those systems is most agreeable to reason, we must take them each as a whole and compare them
106:
Although every Legal System is unique, Comparative Law through studies of their similarities and differences allows for classification of Legal
Systems, wherein Law Families is the basic level of the classification. The main differences between Law Families are found in the source(s) of Law, the role
502:
Especially with respect to the aggregating by David of the Civil and Common laws into a single family, David argued that the antithesis between the Common law and Civil law systems, is of a technical rather than of an ideological nature. Of a different kind is, for instance, the antithesis between,
127:
They should be in relation to the climate of each country, to the quality of its soil, to its situation and extent, to the principal occupation of the natives, whether husbandmen, huntsmen, or shepherds: they should have relation to the degree of liberty which the constitution will bear; to the
608:
propose a different, multidimensional methodology for categorizing laws, i.e. for ordering families of laws. They maintain that, to determine such families, five criteria should be taken into account, in particular: the historical background, the characteristic way of thought, the different
152:
As the civil laws depend on the political institutions, because they are made for the same society, whenever there is a design of adopting the civil law of another nation, it would be proper to examine beforehand whether they have both the same institutions and the same political
103:(New Methods of Studying and Teaching Jurisprudence). Chapter 7 (Presentation of Law as the Project for all Nations, Lands and Times) introduces the idea of classifying Legal Systems into several families. A few years later, Leibniz introduced an idea of Language families.
417:(and vice versa) is very large. The comparative study of the various legal systems may show how different legal regulations for the same problem function in practice. Conversely, sociology of law and law & economics may help comparative law answer questions, such as:
1205:(Hein Kötz mentions in the preface to the third edition on page V that the fall of "soviet communism" also made an end to the "soviet family of laws", which made it possible to save some 60 pages as compared to the 2nd edition).
81:. It includes the description and analysis of foreign legal systems, even where no explicit comparison is undertaken. The importance of comparative law has increased enormously in the present age of internationalism,
1376:
MacDougal, M.S. 'The
Comparative Study of Law for Policy Purposes: Value Clarification as an Instrument of Democratic World Order' (1952) 61 Yale Law Journal 915 (difficulties and requirements of good comparative
716:
124:
They should be in relation to the nature and principle of each government: whether they form it, as may be said of politic laws; or whether they support it, as in the case of civil institutions.
1270:
Billis, Emmanouil. 'On the methodology of comparative criminal law research: Paradigmatic approaches to the research method of functional comparison and the heuristic device of ideal types',
121:
he political and civil laws of each nation ... should be adapted in such a manner to the people for whom they are framed that it should be a great chance if those of one nation suit another.
300:
Comparative law is an academic discipline that involves the study of legal systems, including their constitutive elements and how they differ, and how their elements combine into a system.
526:
get studied, irrespective of external factors, such as geographical ones. They proposed the classification of legal system into seven groups, or so-called 'families', in particular the:
711:
111:
is generally regarded as an early founding figure of comparative law. His comparative approach is obvious in the following excerpt from
Chapter III of Book I of his masterpiece,
609:
institutions, the recognized sources of law, and the dominant ideology. Using the aforementioned criteria, they classify the legal systems of the world into six families:
748:
522:
Arminjon, Nolde, and Wolff believed that, for purposes of classifying the (then) contemporary legal systems of the world, it was required that those systems
49:) of different countries. More specifically, it involves the study of the different legal "systems" (or "families") in existence in the world, including the
920:
See, e.g., Kristoffel
Grechenig & Martin Gelter, The Transatlantic Divergence in Legal Thought: American Law and Economics vs. German Doctrinalism,
1400:
1254:
1180:
1114:
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in their entirety." Yet another place where
Montesquieu's comparative approach is evident is the following, from Chapter XIII of Book XXIX:
533:, under which they also included the countries that codified their law either in 19th or in the first half of the 20th century, using the
444:
proposed the classification of legal systems, according to the different ideology inspiring each one, into five groups or families:
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768:
171:, he set out his views on the development of legal institutions in primitive societies and engaged in a comparative discussion of
221:
279:
1390:
701:
251:
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Traité élémentaire de droit civil comparé : Introduction à l'étude des droits étrangers et à la méthode comparative
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proposed the classification of legal systems places national laws in the broader context of major legal tradition:
179:
legal traditions. This work placed comparative law in its historical context and was widely read and influential.
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Up to the second German edition of their introduction to comparative law, Zweigert and Kötz also used to mention
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1926:
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Possibly, to contribute to a unification of legal systems, of a smaller or larger scale (cf. for instance, the
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of year 1804 as a model; this includes countries and jurisdictions such as Italy, Portugal, Spain, Romania,
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977:"Driving Irritation: Thailand's Supreme Court and the English Roots of Corporate Criminal Liability"
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religion of the inhabitants, to their inclinations, riches, numbers, commerce, manners, and customs.
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371:
141:
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Lundmark, Thomas, Charting the divide between common and civil law, Oxford
University Press, 2012.
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The New Method of
Learning and Teaching Jurisprudence... Translation of the 1667 Frankfurt Edition
303:
Several disciplines have developed as separate branches of comparative law, including comparative
2675:
2462:
1951:
1936:
476:
389:, i.e. the transplanting of law and legal institutions from one system to another. The notion of
312:
113:
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168:
Ancient Law: Its
Connection with the Early History of Society, and Its Relation to Modern Ideas
82:
2834:
2427:
2105:
1916:
961:
937:
382:
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For example, comparative law can help international legal institutions, such as those of the
272:
30:
2555:
1901:
1559:
Eason Weinmann Center for International and Comparative Law at Tulane University Law School
938:"Legal Irritants: Good Faith in British Law or How Unifying Law Ends Up in New Divergences"
782:
183:
145:
785:, online wikis where jurists can complete questionnaires regarding their home legal system
774:(American Bar Association: 1908–1914, 1933), the first comparative law journal in the U.S.
421:
How do regulations in different legal systems really function in the respective societies?
8:
2710:
1850:
1767:
232:
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Comparative law in the US was brought by a legal scholar fleeing persecution in Germany,
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Scandinavian group, comprising the laws of Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Finland, and Iceland
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2184:
2038:
2023:
2001:
1745:
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1464:
Major Legal Systems in the World Today: An Introduction to the Comparative Study of Law
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1004:
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308:
304:
194:
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2013:
2008:
1961:
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1198:
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1136:
1094:
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1008:
996:
957:
881:
414:
390:
386:
2515:
2482:
1981:
1845:
1840:
1805:
1363:. Eds. Pierre Legrand & Roderick Munday. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
988:
949:
654:
410:
1301:. Eds. Mathias Reimann & Reinhard Zimmermann. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
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1986:
1911:
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international law. However, it helps inform all of these areas of normativity.
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397:, one of the world's renowned legal scholars specializing in comparative law.
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367:
336:
58:
1405:
Comparative Law in a Global Context: the Legal Traditions of Asia and Africa
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441:
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How do the similarities and differences between legal systems get explained?
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1996:
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Comparative Law and Regulation: Understanding the Global Regulatory Process
923:
Hastings International and Comparative Law Review 2008, vol. 31, p. 295-360
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Donahue, Charles (2008) 'Comparative Law before the "Code Napoléon"' in
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Comparative Commercial Contracts: Law, Culture and Economic Development
1304:
Glanert, Simone (2008) 'Speaking Language to Law: The Case of Europe',
689:
623:
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464:
50:
1603:
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Comparative Legal Traditions: Text, Materials and Cases on Western Law
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Max Planck Institute for Comparative Public Law and International Law
1568:
1338:
Legrand, Pierre (1996). 'European Legal Systems Are Not Converging',
1277:
1133:
EinfĂĽhrung in die Rechtsvergleichung auf dem Gebiete des Privatrechts
674:
613:
593:
541:
486:
458:
107:
of court precedents, the origin and development of the Legal System.
74:
62:
2808:
1285:
Law, Culture and Society: Legal Ideas in the Mirror of Social Theory
1280:, 'Methods and Aims of Comparative Contract Law' (1989) 11 OJLS 396.
210:
2769:
2754:
2457:
2342:
2139:
1683:
1490:
Glendon, Mary Ann, Paolo G. Carozza, & Colin B. Picker (2014).
1449:, 3rd edn. Trans. Tony Weir. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998.
921:
632:
354:
320:
172:
712:
International Association of Judicial Independence and World Peace
182:
The first university course on the subject was established at the
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2607:
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2535:
2347:
2265:
2081:
2043:
1991:
1421:, 2nd edn. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2019 (1st edn. 2008).
791:(1779–1861) – a German legal scholar who wrote on comparative law
557:
66:
1501:, 5th edn. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014 (1st edn 2000).
577:, England, the United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand
193:. Schlesinger eventually became professor of comparative law at
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2248:
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2189:
1860:
1380:
583:
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481:
70:
1608:
1335:. Trans. Andrew Hammel. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2019.
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2644:
2550:
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2194:
1693:
1483:
Glendon, Mary Ann, Paolo G. Carozza, & Colin B. Picker.
1328:, 'Comparative Law as an Academic Subject' (1966) 82 LQR 40.
93:
The origins of modern Comparative Law can be traced back to
2582:
2530:
2386:
1784:
1700:
1581:
347:
To attain a deeper knowledge of the legal systems in effect
316:
144:, British jurist and first professor of comparative law at
136:
1654:
1459:
1359:
Legrand, Pierre (2003). 'The Same and the Different', in
1345:
Legrand, Pierre (1997). 'Against a European Civil Code',
361:
186:
in 1869, with Maine taking up the position of professor.
165:, a British jurist and legal historian. In his 1861 work
42:
41:
is the study of differences and similarities between the
1534:
Contrasting Criminal Justice: Getting from Here to There
1520:
Comparative Contract Law: Cases, Materials and Exercises
749:
Journal of Comparative Legislation and International Law
401:
expanded the notion of legal transplantation to include
926:
comparing German style and U.S. style legal scholarship
1623:
1294:, 3rd edn (1st edn 1995). London: Routledge-Cavendish.
1383:
Schlesinger's Comparative Law: Cases, Text, Materials
1361:
Comparative Legal Studies: Traditions and Transitions
1354:
Comparative Legal Studies: Traditions and Transitions
1426:
An Introduction to Comparative Law Theory and Method
858:
197:
helping to spread the discipline throughout the US.
1614:
US Library of Congress Guide to Law Online: Nations
1197:. 3rd edition. 1996. Mohr Siebeck. TĂĽbingen. 1996.
877:
Sir Henry Maine: A Study in Victorian Jurisprudence
431:
100:
Nova Methodus Discendae Docendaeque Iurisprudentiae
1461:
1352:Legrand, Pierre and Roderick Munday, eds. (2003).
1272:Maastricht Journal of European and Comparative Law
1440:Legal Transplants: An Approach to Comparative Law
1417:Reimann, Mathias & Reinhard Zimmermann, eds.
1381:Mattei, Ugo; Teemu Ruskola; Antonio Gidi (2009).
2855:
638:Religious family (Jewish, Muslim, and Hindu law)
544:, various South American states such as Brazil,
457:(whose jurisprudence is based on post-classical
117:(1748; first translated by Thomas Nugent, 1750):
1582:International Association of Constitutional Law
1220:
1080:
1027:
1435:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014.
1146:
847:Epistolica de Historia Etymologica Dissertatio
727:
157:The modern founding figure of comparative and
1639:
1442:, 2nd edn. University of Georgia Press, 1993.
873:
517:
695:
409:Also, the usefulness of comparative law for
237:introducing citations to additional sources
1511:Bignami, Fracesca & David Zaring, eds.
1340:International and Comparative Law Quarterly
717:International Association of Procedural Law
98:
27:Study of relationship between legal systems
1646:
1632:
1529:, 2nd edn. West Academic Publishing, 2018.
1487:, 4th edn. West Academic Publishing, 2015.
1485:Comparative Legal Traditions in a Nutshell
1460:David, René; Brierley, John E. C. (1985).
1253:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1179:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1113:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1060:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
880:. Cambridge University Press. p. 34.
366:Comparative law is different from general
1135:by Tony Weir, 3rd edition; Oxford, 1998.
2791:History of the American legal profession
1574:International Academy of Comparative Law
1543:. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018.
1407:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1356:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1131:, translation from the German original:
227:Relevant discussion may be found on the
135:
29:
1609:Oxford University Comparative Law Forum
1322:. Oxford–Portland (Oregon): Hart, 2015.
974:
935:
14:
2856:
1619:US Library of Congress Global Law blog
1419:The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Law
1299:The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Law
362:Relationship with other legal subjects
350:To perfect the legal systems in effect
1627:
1536:. Aldershot: Ashgate/Dartmouth, 2000.
1320:A New Introduction to Comparative Law
1226:
1152:
1086:
1033:
702:American Association of Law Libraries
1494:, 4th edn. West Academic Publishing.
1195:EinfĂĽhrung in die Rechtsvergleichung
599:
204:
1410:Orucu, Esin and David Nelken, eds.
1366:Leibniz, Gottffried Wilhelm (2017)
1292:Comparative Law in a Changing World
832:English translation: Leibniz (2017)
735:American Journal of Comparative Law
707:American Society of Comparative Law
451:laws, a group subdivided into the:
97:in 1667 in his Latin-language book
24:
1564:European Union national law portal
1447:An Introduction to Comparative Law
1445:Zweigert, Konrad & Hein Kötz.
1129:An Introduction to Comparative Law
25:
2885:
1775:Restitution and unjust enrichment
1547:
843:Dissertatio de origine Germanorum
2822:
2821:
2807:
1587:International Constitutional Law
981:Asian Journal of Comparative Law
432:Classifications of legal systems
220:relies largely or entirely on a
209:
2786:History of the legal profession
1569:Global-Regulation search engine
1370:. Clark, NJ: Talbot Publishing.
1217:- Oxford University Press, 2000
1208:
1187:
1121:
1068:
1522:, 2nd edn. Edward Elgar, 2019.
1015:
968:
929:
914:
894:
867:
852:
835:
826:
795:List of national legal systems
756:The Journal of Comparative Law
13:
1:
1541:Comparative International Law
1539:Roberts, Anthea et al., eds.
1499:Legal Traditions of the World
1313:Comparative Law and Antiquity
1215:Legal Traditions of the World
975:Schuldt, Lasse (2023-09-25).
859:Baron De Montesquieu (1949).
810:
772:of the Comparative Law Bureau
722:International Law Association
370:(i.e. legal theory) and from
1315:. Budapest: Akademiai Kiado.
1193:Konrad Zweigert, Hein Kötz:
1159:. Budapest. pp. 63–64.
1127:Konrad Zweigert, Hein Kötz:
1077:– in French; Paris 1950–1952
1040:. Budapest. pp. 54–55.
820:
800:Rule according to higher law
778:Comparative criminal justice
661:Chthonic (or indigenous) law
339:and trade), and comparative
315:(in the sense of the law of
7:
1412:Comparative Law: A Handbook
762:
728:Comparative law periodicals
646:as another family of laws.
424:Are legal rules comparable?
10:
2890:
2453:International legal theory
1932:International slavery laws
1927:International human rights
1922:International criminal law
1283:Cotterrell, Roger (2006).
1264:
1230:COMPARATIVE LEGAL CULTURES
1156:COMPARATIVE LEGAL CULTURES
1090:COMPARATIVE LEGAL CULTURES
1037:COMPARATIVE LEGAL CULTURES
789:Friedrich Carl von Savigny
631:Family of the laws of the
518:Arminjon, Nolde, and Wolff
200:
88:
34:Legal Systems of the World
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2778:
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2506:Administration of justice
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2291:
2170:
2072:
1793:
1661:
1518:Graziano, Thomas Kadner.
936:Teubner, Gunther (1998).
696:Professional associations
95:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
2283:Basic structure doctrine
2133:Natural and legal rights
2014:Public international law
1233:. Budapest. p. 68.
1093:. Budapest. p. 59.
1024:- in French; Paris, 1950
815:
649:
436:
142:Henry James Sumner Maine
2463:Principle of typicality
1937:International trade law
1653:
1075:Traité de droit comparé
954:10.1111/1468-2230.00125
644:Soviet or socialist law
85:, and democratization.
1554:Alan Watson Foundation
1385:. London: Foundation.
1290:De Cruz, Peter (2007)
874:Raymond Cocks (2004).
337:business organisations
161:jurisprudence was Sir
155:
148:
130:
99:
83:economic globalization
35:
2458:Principle of legality
2217:Delegated legislation
1917:Intellectual property
1515:. Edward Elgar, 2018.
1428:. Oxford: Hart, 2014.
1414:. Oxford: Hart, 2007.
1311:Hamza, Gabor (1991).
1287:. Aldershot: Ashgate.
1227:Varga, Csaba (2012).
1153:Varga, Csaba (2012).
1087:Varga, Csaba (2012).
1034:Varga, Csaba (2012).
993:10.1017/asjcl.2023.29
942:The Modern Law Review
383:United Nations System
150:
139:
119:
33:
2869:Academic disciplines
2676:Barristers' chambers
2618:Legal representation
2556:Justice of the peace
1902:Financial regulation
783:Comparative law wiki
604:Konrad Zweigert and
233:improve this article
184:University of Oxford
114:De l'esprit des lois
2711:Election commission
2423:Expressive function
1952:Landlord–tenant law
1851:Consumer protection
1532:Nelken, David, ed.
1497:Glenn, H. Patrick.
1468:. London: Stevens.
863:. New York: Hafner.
465:Common law subgroup
2669:Legal institutions
2536:Lawsuit/Litigation
2526:Dispute resolution
2331:Catholic canon law
2039:State of emergency
2002:Will and testament
1726:Law of obligations
1679:Constitutional law
1669:Administrative law
1592:2021-05-18 at the
1525:Kozolchyk, Boris.
1424:Samuel, Geoffrey.
1274:6 (2017): 864–881.
742:German Law Journal
513:Christian religion
510:capitalist economy
455:Civil law subgroup
309:administrative law
305:constitutional law
195:Cornell Law School
191:Rudolf Schlesinger
149:
36:
2851:
2850:
2511:Constitutionalism
2433:Law and economics
2271:Act of parliament
2009:Product liability
1962:Legal archaeology
1887:Environmental law
1881:Entertainment law
1721:International law
1392:978-1-58778-591-7
1347:Modern Law Review
902:"Sir Henry Maine"
861:The Spirit of Law
635:(China and Japan)
624:Common law family
600:Zweigert and Kötz
507:liberal democracy
415:law and economics
391:legal transplants
387:legal transplants
335:(in the sense of
298:
297:
283:
248:"Comparative law"
16:(Redirected from
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2635:Question of fact
2516:Criminal justice
1846:Construction law
1841:Conflict of laws
1806:Agricultural law
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1431:Siems, Mathias.
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2593:Practice of law
2573:Judicial review
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2418:Comparative law
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1912:Immigration law
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1454:Legal systems
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1401:Menski Werner
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1334:
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1326:O Kahn-Freund
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1306:Legal Studies
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244:Find sources:
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222:single source
218:This section
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2546:Legal remedy
2501:Adjudication
2417:
2401:Legal theory
2239:Ratification
2234:Promulgation
2205:Proclamation
2185:Codification
2118:Human rights
2106:Divine right
2096:Constitution
2064:Women in law
1982:Military law
1977:Marriage law
1972:Maritime law
1871:Election law
1811:Aviation law
1801:Abortion law
1753:Property law
1689:Criminal law
1540:
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2019:Refugee law
1942:Jurimetrics
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1821:Banking law
1816:Amnesty law
1794:Disciplines
1731:Private law
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