5235:
4318:
3825:
3443:
4783:
2293:
4384:
5113:
3024:
4287:
3706:
3717:
3610:
2349:
4771:
4031:
3988:
4489:
3937:
4517:
4042:
3999:
1975:
2941:
1858:
4594:
4070:
4478:
4845:
4410:
4276:
4466:
4231:
4202:
3102:
1872:
3651:
3566:
4957:
4020:
3977:
3066:
4340:
1545:
5191:
4534:
4455:
3966:
2279:
4823:
2139:
5052:
5091:
3639:
4605:
3695:
3599:
3363:
4169:
4130:
3662:
3628:
3178:
3038:
5318:
5040:
4968:
4545:
1271:
4573:
4749:
4191:
4152:
3740:
4351:
4727:
4710:
4834:
3192:
2167:
2153:
2111:
2097:
2074:
2872:
1886:
1327:
4362:
2730:
4180:
4141:
3729:
5012:
3673:
3577:
4890:
4738:
4622:
4688:
4801:
1517:
4109:
4298:
3842:
4329:
3780:
3090:
2590:
2307:
5102:
4990:
1164:
3684:
3588:
4812:
1618:
1461:
4699:
5202:
5262:
5170:
4760:
1299:
3478:
1400:
3205:
2545:
2125:
1371:
3814:
3751:
5063:
5023:
2335:
2256:
1902:
3945:
2401:
1786:
2973:
5224:
5141:
2996:
5001:
2181:
1234:
2859:
2742:
1178:
4633:
3549:
2803:
1150:
4438:
4081:
3791:
3141:
2522:
1531:
3052:
5213:
4940:
4427:
5159:
3165:
1951:
1503:
4373:
1963:
1762:
53:
5074:
4929:
3870:
4254:
4243:
3853:
2681:
2636:
2321:
1750:
2042:
4901:
4873:
4500:
4399:
4098:
3920:
3881:
3538:
1593:
4653:
3250:
1822:
1475:
1446:
2815:
2373:
2196:
1810:
1798:
1257:
5304:
1666:
4918:
3909:
3129:
2573:
1915:
1714:
1630:
1489:
5273:
4664:
4265:
2791:
2778:
1654:
1606:
1220:
5130:
877:
2928:
2668:
2623:
2387:
2220:
2029:
1939:
1738:
1642:
3153:
2474:
1927:
1702:
4562:
4220:
1313:
3114:
2486:
2208:
1774:
1386:
1206:
1136:
4675:
1690:
3898:
3010:
2559:
1285:
1192:
680:
4059:
4979:
2717:
1678:
4862:
3762:
1726:
2461:
1834:
3326:(ECB). Together with 15 national banks it forms the European System of Central Banks. The Governing Board consists of the Executive Committee of the ECB and the governors of individual national banks, and determines the monetary policy, as well as short-term monetary objectives, key interest rates and the extent of monetary reserves.
1062:
from 1953 until 1967. Following the cessation of the common currency arrangement, Malaysia (the combination of
Federation of Malaya, North Borneo, Sarawak), Singapore and Brunei began issuing their own currencies. Contemporarily, a currency reunion of these countries might still be feasible based on
3321:
has 20 member states. The other members of the
European Union are required to adopt the euro as their currency (except for Denmark, which has been given the right to opt out), but there has not been a specific date set. The main independent institution responsible for stability of the euro is the
929:
Implementing a new currency in a country is always a controversial topic because it has both many advantages and disadvantages. New currency has different impacts on businesses and individuals, which creates more points of view on the usefulness of currency unions. As a consequence, governmental
964:
Implementing a new currency causes high financial costs. Businesses and also single persons have to adapt to the new currency in their country, which includes costs for the businesses to prepare their management, employees, and they also need to inform their clients and process plenty of new
1019:
is the exact opposite of convergence. Countries with different goals are very difficult to integrate in a single currency union. Their economic behaviour is completely different, which may lead to disagreements. Divergence is therefore not optimal for forming a currency union.
1057:
A currency union among the
British colonies and protectorates in Southeast Asia, namely the Federation of Malaya, North Borneo, Sarawak, Singapore and Brunei was established in 1952. The Malaya and British Borneo dollar, the common currency for circulation was issued by the
968:
Unlimited capital movement may cause moving most resources to the more productive regions at the expense of the less productive regions. The more productive regions tend to attract more capital in goods and services, which might avoid the less productive
3515:
As
Financial Times reports, Brazil and Argentina will announce in January 2023 that they are starting preparatory work on a common currency "Sur" (South). The initiative would later be extended to invite other Latin American nations.
997:(EMU) is a contemporary model for forming currency unions. Membership in the EMU requires that countries follow a strictly defined set of criteria (the member states are required to have a specific rate of inflation,
958:
The member states lose their sovereignty in monetary policy decisions. There is usually an institution (such as a central bank) that takes care of the monetary policymaking in the whole currency union.
1032:
came into existence in 1834, and by 1866, it included most of the German states. The fragmented states of the German
Confederation agreed on common policies to increase trade and political unity.
961:
The risk of asymmetric "shocks" may occur. The criteria set by the currency union are never perfect, so a group of countries might be substantially worse off while the others are booming.
1059:
5607:
To all intents and purposes a monetary union. They are the last two nations whose dollars have remained at par and mutually interchangeable since the days when the
3274:
1848:
5640:
Not official, but freely used as a tender in Nepal, due to primarily the economic flux with India and also the instability caused by that country's civil war.
5813:
5767:
3447:
2416:
Semi-formal. UK banknotes are legal tender in locations outside the UK. Local currencies are pegged to the GBP but not necessarily accepted in the UK:
5331:
1054:, comprising Sweden, Denmark, and Norway, existed between 1873 and 1905 and used a currency based on gold. The system was dissolved by Sweden in 1924.
5385:
3302:
993:). It is easier to form a currency union for countries with more convergence as these countries have the same or at least very similar goals. The
5902:
6071:
5543:
1047:. Coins of each country were legal tender and freely interchangeable across the area. The union's success made other states join informally.
6039:
2354:
2340:
5839:
948:
The probability of a monetary crisis is lower. The more countries there are in the currency union, the more they are resistant to crisis.
505:
5888:
1585:
863:
addresses the question of how to determine what geographical regions should share a currency in order to maximize economic efficiency.
1013:). Many other unions have adopted the view that convergence is necessary, so they now follow similar rules to aim the same direction.
3404:
4013:
3959:
1436:
1361:
1110:
613:
6275:
666:
478:
116:
4482:
3029:
939:
A currency union helps its members strengthen their competitiveness on a global scale and eliminate the exchange rate risk.
3372:
6111:
5148:
between 1 July 1990 and 3 October 1990, as part of a temporary, so-called "Monetary, Economic and Social Union" prior to
3266:
1863:
1115:
5651:
6064:
6005:
5760:
535:
453:
5992:
5699:
3800:
2172:
1569:
916:
518:
319:
111:
5181:
was held at exactly the same value as
Sterling for this period, although it was not accepted for payments in the UK.
6239:
5997:
5784:
4948:
1550:
1428:
500:
5571:"Economic Feasibility of Malaysia and Singapore-Brunei Monetary Reunion: A Scrutiny during Major Financial Crises"
1039:, comprising France, Belgium, Italy, Switzerland, and Greece, existed between 1865 and 1927, with coinage made of
5788:
4961:
2899:
2087:
2020:
930:
institutions often struggle when they try to implement a new currency, for example by entering a currency union.
894:
249:
17:
5462:
942:
Transactions among member states can be processed faster and their costs decrease since fees to banks are lower.
6106:
4471:
3107:
2838:
2298:
2116:
1432:
1119:
898:
5764:
6285:
6154:
6057:
5336:
4626:
3289:
and currency union (or combinations thereof) with the mainland and in regards to third countries through the
221:
5437:
6280:
6196:
5779:
5005:
3071:
2269:
618:
490:
485:
171:
6149:
4994:
4972:
4646:
4493:
4488:
3335:
3241:
3224:
3080:
2891:
2284:
2102:
1990:
1565:
1051:
798:
377:
299:
201:
6244:
6234:
6144:
5570:
5031:
4909:
4788:
4508:
4275:
4007:
3644:
3482:
3387:
3237:
2834:
540:
372:
314:
304:
236:
6211:
6096:
5067:
1891:
1247:
761:
659:
588:
545:
337:
211:
3305:(EMU). EMU was formed during the second half of the 20th century after historic agreements, such as
6270:
5547:
4050:
3528:
3183:
3043:
1423:
1276:
734:
555:
550:
309:
231:
794:
5692:
The
Economics of Palestine: Economic Policy and Institutional Reform for a Viable Palestine State
5356:
4776:
4753:
2144:
994:
887:
633:
86:
3262:, British pound and US dollar freely circulate. The US Dollar was, until 2016, official tender.
4838:
4585:
3953:
3408:
3367:
3362:
3306:
3197:
2907:
2433:
1999:
Formal for
Andorra and San Marino (which are in customs union with the EU's customs territory)
1125:
752:
608:
560:
410:
4849:
4317:
4306:
4195:
4156:
3744:
3432:
3323:
3209:
2378:
1907:
1522:
1332:
860:
583:
578:
465:
395:
226:
6034:
6229:
6221:
6206:
6201:
6080:
5792:
5149:
5106:
4577:
4572:
4418:
4311:
4236:
4207:
3553:
3548:
3467:
2963:
2770:
2535:
1995:
Formal for Monaco and
Akrotiri and Dhekelia (which form part of the EU's customs territory)
1036:
698:
652:
603:
281:
276:
8:
5903:"Brazil and Argentina to begin preparations for common currency, Financial Times reports"
5239:
5234:
5163:
5158:
5117:
4894:
4889:
4853:
4211:
4184:
4145:
4035:
4024:
3992:
3981:
3861:
3829:
3824:
3733:
3677:
3581:
3452:
3420:
3270:
1719:
1466:
945:
Prices are more transparent and so are easier to compare, which enables fair competition.
44:
5983:
5931:
5518:
1877:
5987:
5870:
5629:
5490:"Currency unions: key variables, definitions, measurement, and statistical improvement"
5323:
5082:
5016:
4742:
4549:
4521:
4516:
4372:
4302:
4291:
4286:
4160:
3710:
3705:
2765:
2686:
2641:
2613:
2512:
2441:
2363:
998:
852:
834:
743:
598:
440:
216:
126:
6265:
6029:
6011:
6001:
5862:
5800:
5695:
5659:
5411:
5056:
5051:
4718:
4641:
4361:
3970:
3310:
3278:
2158:
2064:
1405:
1304:
725:
623:
435:
181:
154:
64:
5874:
5854:
5027:
5022:
4792:
4764:
4703:
4698:
4459:
4339:
3095:
2595:
2312:
2130:
2007:
1376:
830:
820:
628:
593:
191:
81:
6044:
6180:
6101:
5967:
5771:
5652:"Palestinian officials think about replacing Israeli shekel with Palestine pound"
5288:
5195:
5190:
4692:
4687:
4525:
4446:
4121:
3936:
3487:
3290:
2946:
2658:
2437:
1002:
990:
986:
848:
495:
405:
342:
106:
91:
6049:
5739:
3258:
is theoretically in a currency union with four blocs as the South
African rand,
6126:
5616:
5608:
5281:
5266:
5261:
5174:
5169:
5121:
4881:
4117:
4113:
4108:
4046:
4041:
4003:
3998:
3889:
3846:
3841:
3722:
3716:
3632:
3614:
3609:
3557:
3392:
3001:
2429:
2417:
2261:
2242:
2186:
1592:
1006:
982:
786:
638:
530:
362:
196:
186:
136:
101:
35:
4827:
3317:, a single European currency, was adopted by 12 member states. Currently, the
6259:
6134:
6116:
6015:
5866:
5796:
5763:
and some other territories participate partially in the EU single market per
5721:
5663:
5206:
5201:
4414:
4409:
3949:
3944:
3818:
3804:
3755:
3286:
3282:
3281:
from their mainland state or have varying arrangements of formal or de facto
3259:
2978:
2903:
2895:
2864:
2747:
2707:
2247:
2012:
1391:
1183:
1010:
806:
802:
525:
430:
420:
357:
352:
266:
261:
161:
121:
5955:
Not currently on any political agenda, based mostly off conspiracy theories.
6175:
6170:
5489:
5309:
5145:
5140:
5134:
5129:
5045:
4983:
4598:
4593:
4553:
4280:
4173:
4134:
4089:
4074:
3928:
3833:
3770:
3666:
2986:
2918:
2808:
2550:
2451:
2425:
1980:
1155:
1028:
The first currency unions were established in the 19th century. The German
838:
716:
448:
367:
256:
176:
5684:
3470:
do not intend to adopt the currency at first but will do at a later date.
5252:
proposed Pan-American monetary union – abandoned in the form proposed by
5178:
4637:
4632:
4613:
4355:
4350:
3813:
3750:
3688:
3592:
3204:
3146:
3057:
2877:
2849:
2527:
2406:
1791:
1536:
1169:
707:
415:
131:
5242:, and Japanese-occupied Southeast Asia prior to and during World War II.
6088:
5858:
5595:
4442:
4437:
4085:
4080:
3790:
3618:
3170:
2421:
1968:
1956:
1767:
1508:
1029:
901: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
425:
271:
96:
52:
5838:
Asongu, Simplice; Nwachukwu, Jacinta; Tchamyou, Vanessa (2016-08-01).
5799:
of their respective mainland state, but are generally not part of its
5889:"A common currency at a later stage of Africa's economic integration"
5612:
5253:
5228:
5223:
5217:
5212:
4944:
4939:
4731:
4726:
4714:
4709:
4581:
4431:
4426:
3796:
2690:
2326:
2079:
2047:
1755:
1350:
1099:
770:
458:
400:
876:
5591:
5184:
5078:
5073:
4933:
4928:
4258:
4253:
4247:
4242:
4069:
3874:
3869:
3857:
3852:
3415:
3318:
3255:
2820:
2735:
2201:
1827:
1815:
1803:
1597:
1480:
1451:
1262:
790:
5972:
Monetary conservatism and fiscal coordination in a monetary union
4905:
4900:
4877:
4872:
4805:
4657:
4652:
4504:
4499:
4403:
4398:
4377:
4333:
4328:
4102:
4097:
3924:
3919:
3885:
3880:
3784:
3779:
3655:
3650:
3570:
3565:
3542:
3537:
3134:
2796:
2783:
2578:
1920:
1695:
1671:
1659:
1635:
1623:
1611:
1494:
1225:
679:
206:
5287:
proposed gold-backed, pan-African monetary union put forward by
985:
means that countries have a similar economic behaviour (similar
5685:"Alternative currency arrangements for a new Palestinian state"
5277:
5272:
4922:
4917:
4679:
4674:
4668:
4663:
4538:
4533:
4366:
4322:
4269:
4264:
3913:
3908:
3902:
3897:
3672:
3576:
3158:
2933:
2722:
2673:
2628:
2479:
2392:
2225:
2034:
1944:
1932:
1743:
1707:
1683:
1647:
1357:
1106:
1044:
166:
76:
71:
785:) is an intergovernmental agreement that involves two or more
5095:
5090:
4866:
4861:
4816:
4609:
4604:
4566:
4561:
4389:
4344:
4224:
4219:
4063:
4058:
3860:(briefly from January 1, 1993 to February 8, 1993) using the
3766:
3761:
3699:
3694:
3603:
3598:
3119:
2491:
2466:
2213:
1839:
1779:
1731:
1318:
1211:
1141:
1060:
Board of Commissioners of Currency, Malaya and British Borneo
6035:
Economist- Antipodean currencies (Australia and New Zealand)
5775:
5765:
part four of the Treaty Establishing the European Community
3463:
3314:
3015:
2564:
1580:
1290:
1239:
1197:
1040:
689:
5774:; Some EU Outermost regions and other territories use the
5544:"History of Money in Malaysia: Colonial Notes & Coins"
833:
by virtue of bilateral or multilateral agreement with the
5840:"A Literature Survey on Proposed African Monetary Unions"
141:
5598:
are members of OECS currency union, but not of the CSME.
5944:
France persuaded Belgium, Italy, Switzerland and Greece
5837:
837:, sometimes supplemented by issue of local currency in
5782:; some participate in both unions and some in neither.
5299:
683:
World map of current international currency unions:
27:
Agreement involving states sharing a single currency
5795:territories share the currency and mostly also the
3448:
Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf
3223:Formal for insular areas and sovereign status with
4524:and the North German states (1838–1857) using the
847:– establishment by multiple countries of a common
6079:
3303:Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union
6257:
3503:Brazil, Argentina and possibly other countries
866:
5778:of the currency union, others are part of the
5611:was the united currency of large areas of the
5386:"The Optimum Currency Area Theory and the EMU"
6065:
3301:The European currency union is a part of the
973:
660:
5546:. Bank Negara Malaysia. 2010. Archived from
2355:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
2341:Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
793:. These states may not necessarily have any
6040:Reasons for the collapse of the Rouble Zone
3296:
6072:
6058:
5409:
1586:International status and usage of the euro
1066:
812:There are three types of currency unions:
667:
653:
5970:and Di Bartolomeo, G. and Tirelli, P. , ‘
5925:
5923:
3405:Economic Community of West African States
2056:Formal; currencies mutually exchangeable
917:Learn how and when to remove this message
5649:
5487:
678:
6045:OECD Development Centre – the Rand Zone
5383:
14:
6258:
5981:
5929:
5920:
5682:
5568:
5516:
1063:the findings of economic convergence.
6053:
5284:during the late 1940s and early 1950s
5246:
5187:(between 1905 and 1945), between the
3380:2012 (not met), 2015 (not met), 2024
1093:
5656:The Washington Post and Times-Herald
5258:proposed monetary union between the
3277:, are sometimes treated as separate
3030:United States Minor Outlying Islands
899:adding citations to reliable sources
870:
6030:West Africa opts for currency union
5155:between what ultimately became the
3407:, planned to eventually merge with
3275:EU member state special territories
2947:Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus
1864:French Southern and Antarctic Lands
1116:Central Bank of West African States
801:, which would have, in addition, a
24:
5961:
5930:Bolton, Sally (10 December 2001).
5831:
5517:Bolton, Sally (10 December 2001).
5497:Bank for International Settlements
5488:Enoch, Charles; Krueger, Russell.
5412:"Currency unions, Monetary unions"
5384:Hafner, Kurt A.; Jager, Jennifer.
5030:) between 1885 and 1952 using the
1114:between 1945 and 1962 then by the
51:
25:
6297:
6023:
5993:Concise Encyclopedia of Economics
3801:Belgium-Luxembourg Economic Union
3273:territories, such as some of the
2173:Heard Island and McDonald Islands
320:International Chamber of Commerce
5998:Library of Economics and Liberty
5785:Territories of the United States
5740:"Zimbabwe abandons its currency"
5316:
5302:
5271:
5260:
5233:
5222:
5211:
5200:
5189:
5168:
5157:
5139:
5128:
5111:
5100:
5089:
5072:
5061:
5050:
5038:
5021:
5010:
4999:
4988:
4977:
4966:
4955:
4949:Malaya and British Borneo dollar
4938:
4927:
4916:
4899:
4888:
4871:
4860:
4843:
4832:
4821:
4810:
4799:
4781:
4769:
4758:
4747:
4736:
4725:
4708:
4697:
4686:
4673:
4662:
4651:
4631:
4620:
4603:
4592:
4571:
4560:
4543:
4532:
4515:
4498:
4487:
4476:
4464:
4453:
4436:
4425:
4408:
4397:
4382:
4371:
4360:
4349:
4338:
4327:
4316:
4296:
4285:
4274:
4263:
4252:
4241:
4229:
4218:
4200:
4189:
4178:
4167:
4150:
4139:
4128:
4107:
4096:
4079:
4068:
4057:
4040:
4029:
4018:
3997:
3986:
3975:
3964:
3943:
3935:
3918:
3907:
3896:
3879:
3868:
3851:
3840:
3823:
3812:
3789:
3778:
3760:
3749:
3738:
3727:
3715:
3704:
3693:
3682:
3671:
3660:
3649:
3637:
3626:
3608:
3597:
3586:
3575:
3564:
3547:
3536:
3476:
3441:
3361:
3248:
3203:
3190:
3176:
3163:
3151:
3139:
3127:
3112:
3100:
3088:
3064:
3050:
3036:
3022:
3008:
2994:
2971:
2939:
2926:
2870:
2857:
2813:
2801:
2789:
2776:
2740:
2728:
2715:
2679:
2666:
2634:
2621:
2588:
2571:
2557:
2543:
2520:
2484:
2472:
2459:
2399:
2385:
2371:
2347:
2333:
2319:
2305:
2291:
2277:
2254:
2218:
2206:
2194:
2179:
2165:
2151:
2137:
2123:
2109:
2095:
2072:
2040:
2027:
1973:
1961:
1949:
1937:
1925:
1913:
1900:
1884:
1870:
1856:
1832:
1820:
1808:
1796:
1784:
1772:
1760:
1748:
1736:
1724:
1712:
1700:
1688:
1676:
1664:
1652:
1640:
1628:
1616:
1604:
1591:
1551:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
1543:
1529:
1515:
1501:
1487:
1473:
1459:
1444:
1429:Eastern Caribbean Currency Union
1398:
1384:
1369:
1325:
1311:
1297:
1283:
1269:
1255:
1232:
1218:
1204:
1190:
1176:
1162:
1148:
1134:
952:
875:
5949:
5895:
5881:
5806:
5789:Australian External Territories
5753:
5732:
5714:
5676:
5650:Zacharia, Janine (2010-05-31).
5643:
5634:
5622:
5601:
5585:
5569:Quah, C. H.; Ho, Y. J. (2020).
4314:(1865–1927), initially between
2900:European Free Trade Association
2021:Monetary Authority of Singapore
1997:Informal for Kosovo, Montenegro
886:needs additional citations for
5996:(2nd ed.). Indianapolis:
5932:"A history of currency unions"
5722:"Compact- Title 02 Article 05"
5562:
5536:
5510:
5481:
5455:
5430:
5403:
5377:
5349:
3293:signed by the mainland state.
3108:Federated States of Micronesia
2299:British Indian Ocean Territory
2117:Australian Antarctic Territory
1433:Eastern Caribbean Central Bank
1120:Bank of Central African States
13:
1:
6155:Complete economic integration
6081:Forms of economic integration
5343:
5337:North American Currency Union
5177:, between 1928 and 1979. The
3435:matrix partially established
933:
6276:International macroeconomics
6197:Economic integration effects
5683:Cobham, David (2004-09-15).
5519:"History of currency unions"
5463:"Global Financial Integrity"
4649:(1870s until 1924), between
4569:and all the emirates of the
3522:
3072:United States Virgin Islands
2906:), and now also part of the
867:Advantages and disadvantages
396:Intellectual property rights
7:
6150:Economic and monetary union
5847:Journal of Economic Surveys
5295:
4647:Scandinavian Monetary Union
3805:Belgian/Luxembourgish franc
3336:List of proposed currencies
3244:also has a currency union.
3242:economic and monetary union
3227:, informal for other areas
3225:Compact of Free Association
3081:Compact of Free Association
2892:economic and monetary union
2285:British Antarctic Territory
2159:Coral Sea Islands Territory
2103:Ashmore and Cartier Islands
1071:
1052:Scandinavian Monetary Union
819:– unilateral adoption of a
799:economic and monetary union
378:Economic and monetary union
300:International Monetary Fund
237:Voluntary export restraints
10:
6302:
6145:Customs and monetary union
5032:French Indochinese piastre
4910:Trinidad and Tobago dollar
4789:Gilbert and Ellice Islands
4509:British West African pound
4008:British West Indies dollar
3526:
3498:Planned for 2028 or later
3483:African Economic Community
3388:West African Monetary Zone
3333:
3329:
3238:customs and monetary union
2835:customs and monetary union
2771:Multilateral Monetary Area
1989:Formal, common policy and
1362:Overseas Issuing Institute
1111:Overseas Issuing Institute
1023:
974:Convergence and divergence
855:for their common currency.
373:Customs and monetary union
315:World Customs Organization
305:International Trade Centre
6220:
6212:Theory of the second best
6189:
6163:
6125:
6097:Preferential trading area
6087:
5690:. In David Cobham (ed.).
5575:Applied Economics Journal
5332:List of pegged currencies
3354:
1892:Saint Pierre and Miquelon
1248:Central African CFA franc
845:Formal with common policy
762:Central African CFA franc
338:Preferential trading area
4051:Eastern Caribbean dollar
3529:Bretton Woods Conference
3297:Currency union in Europe
3184:Turks and Caicos Islands
3044:Northern Mariana Islands
2019:Managed together by the
1424:Eastern Caribbean dollar
1277:Central African Republic
735:Eastern Caribbean dollar
619:Balassa–Samuelson effect
614:Ricardian trade theories
501:Largest consumer markets
310:World Trade Organization
5120:(until 1926) using the
4550:former Soviet republics
2145:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
1067:List of currency unions
995:European Monetary Union
634:Lerner symmetry theorem
4947:(1953–1967) using the
4586:Qatari and Dubai riyal
4552:(1991–1993) using the
4358:, and later involving
3954:Austro-Hungarian krone
3832:(1837–1867) using the
3368:East African Community
3307:Treaty of Paris (1951)
3198:British Virgin Islands
2908:European Single Market
2898:, then members of the
2434:Falkland Islands pound
1849:EU special territories
1415:Formal, common policy
1342:Formal, common policy
1126:West African CFA franc
774:
753:West African CFA franc
609:Gravity model of trade
506:Leading trade partners
411:Government procurement
212:Exchange rate controls
56:
5982:Bergin, Paul (2008).
5694:. London: Routledge.
5410:Global Economy, The.
4307:East African shilling
3807:from 1921 to the Euro
3433:free trade agreements
3373:East African shilling
3324:European Central Bank
3313:(1992). In 2002, the
2379:Bailiwick of Guernsey
1908:Akrotiri and Dhekelia
1560:Formal, common policy
1523:Saint Kitts and Nevis
1333:Republic of the Congo
861:optimal currency area
682:
589:Heckscher–Ohlin model
584:Competitive advantage
579:Comparative advantage
466:Trade and development
227:Countervailing duties
55:
6286:Economic integration
6207:Harmonisation of law
6202:Friction of distance
6107:Economic partnership
5793:Realm of New Zealand
5150:German reunification
5107:Anglo-Egyptian Sudan
4854:South German guilder
4578:United Arab Emirates
4419:United States dollar
4392:and other countries.
4312:Latin Monetary Union
3941:Austria-Hungary and
3621:from 1959 until 1966
3468:United Arab Emirates
2964:United States dollar
2894:—1924 creation of a
2270:Overseas Territories
2088:external territories
1037:Latin Monetary Union
895:improve this article
699:United States dollar
604:Intra-industry trade
332:Economic integration
282:Economic integration
277:Economic nationalism
6281:Proposed currencies
5891:. 30 November 2001.
5240:Wang Jingwei regime
5164:Republic of Ireland
5118:Mandatory Palestine
5070:(later independent
4895:Trinidad and Tobago
4526:North German thaler
4212:East African florin
4036:Trinidad and Tobago
3993:Trinidad and Tobago
3862:Czechoslovak koruna
3830:Straits Settlements
3758:(later independent
3421:Asian Monetary Unit
2393:Bailiwick of Jersey
1467:Antigua and Barbuda
795:further integration
232:Anti-dumping duties
172:Non-tariff barriers
117:Import substitution
6112:Passport-free zone
5988:David R. Henderson
5859:10.1111/joes.12174
5770:2013-11-16 at the
5761:Overseas countries
5416:The Global Economy
5324:Numismatics portal
5291:prior to his death
5247:Never materialized
5083:South African rand
4303:Italian Somaliland
4292:British Somaliland
4161:East African rupee
3711:British Somaliland
3457:Arabian Peninsula
3409:West African franc
3265:Additionally, the
2766:South African rand
2614:Israeli new sheqel
2513:New Zealand dollar
2503:Nepal minor usage
2489:
2442:Saint Helena pound
2364:Crown Dependencies
999:government deficit
859:The theory of the
853:monetary authority
835:monetary authority
775:
744:South African rand
599:Economic geography
406:Competition policy
202:Technical barriers
182:Tariff-rate quotas
127:Trade facilitation
112:Export orientation
57:
6253:
6252:
5976:Economics Letters
5801:customs territory
5057:South West Africa
4719:Australian dollar
4642:New Zealand pound
4250:(later merged as
4014:Eastern Caribbean
3960:Eastern Caribbean
3520:
3519:
3311:Maastricht Treaty
3279:customs territory
3234:
3233:
2841:member countries
2065:Australian dollar
1406:Wallis and Futuna
1305:Equatorial Guinea
927:
926:
919:
789:sharing the same
726:Australian dollar
677:
676:
624:Linder hypothesis
436:Emissions trading
16:(Redirected from
6293:
6074:
6067:
6060:
6051:
6050:
6019:
5984:"Monetary Union"
5978:’, 94(1): 56–63.
5956:
5953:
5947:
5946:
5941:
5939:
5934:. guardian.co.uk
5927:
5918:
5917:
5915:
5914:
5899:
5893:
5892:
5885:
5879:
5878:
5844:
5835:
5829:
5828:
5826:
5824:
5814:"European Union"
5810:
5804:
5757:
5751:
5750:
5748:
5747:
5736:
5730:
5729:
5718:
5712:
5711:
5709:
5708:
5689:
5680:
5674:
5673:
5671:
5670:
5647:
5641:
5638:
5632:
5626:
5620:
5605:
5599:
5589:
5583:
5582:
5566:
5560:
5559:
5557:
5555:
5540:
5534:
5533:
5531:
5529:
5514:
5508:
5507:
5505:
5503:
5494:
5485:
5479:
5478:
5476:
5474:
5459:
5453:
5452:
5450:
5448:
5434:
5428:
5427:
5425:
5423:
5407:
5401:
5400:
5398:
5396:
5381:
5375:
5374:
5372:
5370:
5361:
5353:
5326:
5321:
5320:
5319:
5312:
5307:
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5305:
5276:
5275:
5265:
5264:
5238:
5237:
5227:
5226:
5216:
5215:
5205:
5204:
5194:
5193:
5173:
5172:
5162:
5161:
5144:
5143:
5133:
5132:
5116:
5115:
5114:
5105:
5104:
5103:
5094:
5093:
5077:
5076:
5066:
5065:
5064:
5055:
5054:
5044:
5042:
5041:
5026:
5025:
5015:
5014:
5013:
5004:
5003:
5002:
4993:
4992:
4991:
4982:
4981:
4980:
4971:
4970:
4969:
4960:
4959:
4958:
4943:
4942:
4932:
4931:
4921:
4920:
4904:
4903:
4893:
4892:
4876:
4875:
4865:
4864:
4848:
4847:
4846:
4837:
4836:
4835:
4826:
4825:
4824:
4815:
4814:
4813:
4804:
4803:
4802:
4793:Australian pound
4786:
4785:
4784:
4774:
4773:
4772:
4763:
4762:
4761:
4752:
4751:
4750:
4741:
4740:
4739:
4730:
4729:
4713:
4712:
4704:Papua New Guinea
4702:
4701:
4691:
4690:
4678:
4677:
4667:
4666:
4656:
4655:
4636:
4635:
4625:
4624:
4623:
4608:
4607:
4597:
4596:
4576:
4575:
4565:
4564:
4548:
4547:
4546:
4537:
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4520:
4519:
4503:
4502:
4492:
4491:
4481:
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4479:
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4458:
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4413:
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4332:
4331:
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4299:
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4279:
4278:
4268:
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4256:
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4245:
4235:
4233:
4232:
4223:
4222:
4206:
4204:
4203:
4194:
4193:
4192:
4183:
4182:
4181:
4172:
4171:
4170:
4155:
4154:
4153:
4144:
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4142:
4133:
4132:
4131:
4112:
4111:
4101:
4100:
4084:
4083:
4073:
4072:
4062:
4061:
4045:
4044:
4034:
4033:
4032:
4023:
4022:
4021:
4002:
4001:
3991:
3990:
3989:
3980:
3979:
3978:
3969:
3968:
3967:
3948:
3947:
3940:
3939:
3923:
3922:
3912:
3911:
3901:
3900:
3884:
3883:
3873:
3872:
3856:
3855:
3845:
3844:
3828:
3827:
3817:
3816:
3794:
3793:
3783:
3782:
3765:
3764:
3754:
3753:
3743:
3742:
3741:
3732:
3731:
3730:
3720:
3719:
3709:
3708:
3698:
3697:
3687:
3686:
3685:
3676:
3675:
3665:
3664:
3663:
3654:
3653:
3643:
3641:
3640:
3631:
3630:
3629:
3613:
3612:
3602:
3601:
3591:
3590:
3589:
3580:
3579:
3569:
3568:
3552:
3551:
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3540:
3481:
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3479:
3446:
3445:
3444:
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3365:
3340:
3339:
3254:
3252:
3251:
3208:
3207:
3196:
3194:
3193:
3182:
3180:
3179:
3169:
3167:
3166:
3157:
3155:
3154:
3145:
3143:
3142:
3133:
3131:
3130:
3118:
3116:
3115:
3106:
3104:
3103:
3096:Marshall Islands
3094:
3092:
3091:
3070:
3068:
3067:
3056:
3054:
3053:
3042:
3040:
3039:
3028:
3026:
3025:
3014:
3012:
3011:
3000:
2998:
2997:
2977:
2975:
2974:
2945:
2943:
2942:
2932:
2930:
2929:
2876:
2874:
2873:
2863:
2861:
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2819:
2817:
2816:
2807:
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2804:
2795:
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2792:
2782:
2780:
2779:
2746:
2744:
2743:
2734:
2732:
2731:
2721:
2719:
2718:
2685:
2683:
2682:
2672:
2670:
2669:
2640:
2638:
2637:
2627:
2625:
2624:
2596:Pitcairn Islands
2594:
2592:
2591:
2577:
2575:
2574:
2563:
2561:
2560:
2549:
2547:
2546:
2526:
2524:
2523:
2490:
2488:
2487:
2478:
2476:
2475:
2465:
2463:
2462:
2405:
2403:
2402:
2391:
2389:
2388:
2377:
2375:
2374:
2353:
2351:
2350:
2339:
2337:
2336:
2325:
2323:
2322:
2313:Falkland Islands
2311:
2309:
2308:
2297:
2295:
2294:
2283:
2281:
2280:
2260:
2258:
2257:
2224:
2222:
2221:
2212:
2210:
2209:
2200:
2198:
2197:
2185:
2183:
2182:
2171:
2169:
2168:
2157:
2155:
2154:
2143:
2141:
2140:
2131:Christmas Island
2129:
2127:
2126:
2115:
2113:
2112:
2101:
2099:
2098:
2078:
2076:
2075:
2046:
2044:
2043:
2033:
2031:
2030:
2008:Singapore dollar
1979:
1977:
1976:
1967:
1965:
1964:
1955:
1953:
1952:
1943:
1941:
1940:
1931:
1929:
1928:
1919:
1917:
1916:
1906:
1904:
1903:
1890:
1888:
1887:
1878:Saint Barthélemy
1876:
1874:
1873:
1862:
1860:
1859:
1838:
1836:
1835:
1826:
1824:
1823:
1814:
1812:
1811:
1802:
1800:
1799:
1790:
1788:
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1742:
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1730:
1728:
1727:
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1706:
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1703:
1694:
1692:
1691:
1682:
1680:
1679:
1670:
1668:
1667:
1658:
1656:
1655:
1646:
1644:
1643:
1634:
1632:
1631:
1622:
1620:
1619:
1610:
1608:
1607:
1596:
1595:
1549:
1547:
1546:
1535:
1533:
1532:
1521:
1519:
1518:
1507:
1505:
1504:
1493:
1491:
1490:
1479:
1477:
1476:
1465:
1463:
1462:
1450:
1448:
1447:
1404:
1402:
1401:
1390:
1388:
1387:
1377:French Polynesia
1375:
1373:
1372:
1331:
1329:
1328:
1317:
1315:
1314:
1303:
1301:
1300:
1289:
1287:
1286:
1275:
1273:
1272:
1261:
1259:
1258:
1238:
1236:
1235:
1224:
1222:
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1210:
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1207:
1196:
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1193:
1182:
1180:
1179:
1168:
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1165:
1154:
1152:
1151:
1140:
1138:
1137:
1076:
1075:
922:
915:
911:
908:
902:
879:
871:
831:foreign currency
821:foreign currency
768:
759:
750:
741:
732:
723:
714:
705:
696:
687:
669:
662:
655:
629:Leontief paradox
594:New trade theory
197:Export subsidies
82:Balance of trade
30:
29:
21:
6301:
6300:
6296:
6295:
6294:
6292:
6291:
6290:
6271:Currency unions
6256:
6255:
6254:
6249:
6216:
6185:
6181:Political union
6164:Shared policies
6159:
6121:
6102:Free-trade area
6083:
6078:
6026:
6008:
5964:
5962:Further reading
5959:
5954:
5950:
5937:
5935:
5928:
5921:
5912:
5910:
5901:
5900:
5896:
5887:
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5842:
5836:
5832:
5822:
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5807:
5783:
5772:Wayback Machine
5758:
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5550:on 22 July 2011
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4602:
4591:
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4542:
4531:
4514:
4497:
4486:
4477:
4475:
4465:
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4454:
4452:
4447:Mauritian rupee
4435:
4424:
4407:
4396:
4383:
4381:
4370:
4359:
4348:
4337:
4326:
4315:
4297:
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4240:
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4188:
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4168:
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4151:
4149:
4140:
4138:
4129:
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4122:Jamaican dollar
4106:
4095:
4078:
4067:
4056:
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4030:
4028:
4019:
4017:
3996:
3987:
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3906:
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3795:Grand-Duchy of
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2680:
2678:
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2667:
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2659:Jordanian dinar
2635:
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2521:
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2501:
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2438:Gibraltar pound
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2083:
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2010:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1974:
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1971:
1962:
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1926:
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1435:(ECCB) and the
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1105:Issued by the (
1074:
1069:
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1003:government debt
991:economic growth
987:inflation rates
976:
955:
936:
923:
912:
906:
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892:
880:
869:
849:monetary policy
781:(also known as
773:
766:
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441:Trade sanctions
391:
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343:Free-trade area
333:
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252:
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187:Import licenses
157:
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107:Trade diversion
67:
28:
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18:Common currency
15:
12:
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5:
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6289:
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6127:Economic union
6123:
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6119:
6114:
6109:
6104:
6099:
6093:
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6077:
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6054:
6048:
6047:
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6032:
6025:
6024:External links
6022:
6021:
6020:
6007:978-0865976658
6006:
5979:
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5960:
5958:
5957:
5948:
5919:
5894:
5880:
5853:(3): 878–902.
5830:
5805:
5752:
5731:
5726:www.fsmlaw.org
5713:
5700:
5675:
5642:
5633:
5628:alongside the
5621:
5617:Southeast Asia
5609:Spanish Dollar
5600:
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5561:
5535:
5509:
5480:
5469:. 20 June 2011
5454:
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5390:Intereconomics
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5334:
5328:
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5282:pound sterling
5267:United Kingdom
5256:
5248:
5245:
5244:
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5182:
5175:United Kingdom
5153:
5124:
5122:Egyptian pound
5085:
5034:
4951:
4912:
4884:
4882:Spanish peseta
4856:
4795:
4721:
4682:
4644:
4616:
4588:
4556:
4528:
4511:
4494:the Gold Coast
4449:
4421:
4393:
4309:
4214:
4163:
4124:
4118:Jamaican pound
4114:Cayman Islands
4092:
4053:
4047:British Guiana
4010:
4004:British Guiana
3956:
3931:
3892:
3890:Ethiopian birr
3864:
3847:Czech Republic
3836:
3808:
3774:
3723:Trucial States
3622:
3615:Trucial States
3560:
3558:Bahraini dinar
3524:
3521:
3518:
3517:
3513:
3510:
3509:Latin America
3507:
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3219:(Panama only)
3214:
3002:American Samoa
2968:
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2923:
2921:
2915:
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2609:
2606:
2603:
2600:
2517:
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2509:
2508:
2507:1,352,000,000
2505:
2498:
2495:
2456:
2454:
2448:
2447:
2444:
2430:Alderney pound
2418:Guernsey pound
2414:
2411:
2262:United Kingdom
2251:
2245:
2243:Pound sterling
2239:
2238:
2235:
2232:
2229:
2187:Norfolk Island
2069:
2067:
2061:
2060:
2057:
2054:
2051:
2024:
2016:
2004:
2003:
2000:
1993:for EU members
1987:
1984:
1588:
1583:
1577:
1576:
1573:
1558:
1555:
1440:
1426:
1420:
1419:
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1095:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1080:
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1070:
1068:
1065:
1025:
1022:
1007:interest rates
983:macroeconomics
975:
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970:
966:
962:
959:
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883:
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829:– adoption of
824:
783:monetary union
779:currency union
765:
756:
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729:
720:
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702:
693:
684:
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6117:Single market
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5780:customs union
5777:
5773:
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5756:
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5703:
5701:9780415327619
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5418:. Naven Valev
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5364:WorldBank.org
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5207:Korean Empire
5203:
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4659:
4654:
4648:
4645:
4643:
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4634:
4628:
4627:Western Samoa
4617:
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4611:
4606:
4600:
4595:
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4579:
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4527:
4523:
4518:
4512:
4510:
4506:
4501:
4495:
4490:
4484:
4473:
4461:
4450:
4448:
4444:
4439:
4433:
4428:
4422:
4420:
4416:
4415:United States
4411:
4405:
4400:
4394:
4391:
4379:
4374:
4368:
4363:
4357:
4352:
4346:
4341:
4335:
4330:
4324:
4319:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4304:
4293:
4288:
4282:
4277:
4271:
4266:
4260:
4255:
4249:
4244:
4238:
4226:
4221:
4215:
4213:
4209:
4197:
4186:
4175:
4164:
4162:
4158:
4147:
4136:
4125:
4123:
4119:
4115:
4110:
4104:
4099:
4093:
4091:
4087:
4082:
4076:
4071:
4065:
4060:
4054:
4052:
4048:
4043:
4037:
4026:
4015:
4011:
4009:
4005:
4000:
3994:
3983:
3972:
3961:
3957:
3955:
3951:
3950:Liechtenstein
3946:
3938:
3932:
3930:
3926:
3921:
3915:
3910:
3904:
3899:
3893:
3891:
3887:
3882:
3876:
3871:
3865:
3863:
3859:
3854:
3848:
3843:
3837:
3835:
3831:
3826:
3820:
3819:British India
3815:
3809:
3806:
3802:
3798:
3792:
3786:
3781:
3775:
3772:
3768:
3763:
3757:
3756:British India
3752:
3746:
3735:
3724:
3718:
3712:
3707:
3701:
3696:
3690:
3679:
3674:
3668:
3657:
3652:
3646:
3634:
3623:
3620:
3616:
3611:
3605:
3600:
3594:
3583:
3578:
3572:
3567:
3561:
3559:
3555:
3550:
3544:
3539:
3533:
3532:
3530:
3514:
3511:
3508:
3505:
3502:
3501:
3497:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3488:Afro or Afriq
3486:
3484:
3474:
3473:
3469:
3465:
3462:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3439:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3413:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3385:
3382:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3358:
3351:
3348:
3345:
3342:
3341:
3337:
3327:
3325:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3294:
3292:
3288:
3287:common market
3284:
3283:customs union
3280:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3263:
3261:
3260:Botswana pula
3257:
3245:
3243:
3239:
3229:
3226:
3222:
3220:
3215:
3213:
3211:
3206:
3200:
3199:
3186:
3185:
3172:
3160:
3148:
3136:
3123:
3121:
3109:
3097:
3084:
3082:
3075:
3074:
3073:
3060:
3059:
3046:
3045:
3032:
3031:
3018:
3017:
3004:
3003:
2990:
2988:
2987:insular areas
2980:
2979:United States
2969:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2961:
2957:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2948:
2935:
2924:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2916:
2912:
2909:
2905:
2904:common market
2901:
2897:
2896:customs union
2893:
2890:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2879:
2866:
2865:Liechtenstein
2855:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2847:
2843:
2840:
2836:
2833:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2822:
2810:
2798:
2785:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2763:
2759:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2749:
2748:South Ossetia
2737:
2724:
2713:
2711:
2709:
2708:Russian ruble
2706:
2705:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2694:
2692:
2688:
2675:
2664:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2652:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2643:
2630:
2619:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2611:
2607:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2598:
2597:
2583:
2581:
2580:
2567:
2566:
2553:
2552:
2539:
2537:
2529:
2518:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2510:
2506:
2504:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2493:
2481:
2468:
2457:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2449:
2445:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2409:
2408:
2395:
2394:
2381:
2380:
2367:
2365:
2358:
2357:
2356:
2343:
2342:
2329:
2328:
2315:
2314:
2301:
2300:
2287:
2286:
2273:
2271:
2263:
2252:
2249:
2248:Sterling area
2246:
2244:
2241:
2240:
2236:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2227:
2215:
2203:
2190:
2189:
2188:
2175:
2174:
2161:
2160:
2147:
2146:
2133:
2132:
2119:
2118:
2105:
2104:
2091:
2089:
2081:
2070:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2062:
2058:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2049:
2036:
2025:
2023:
2022:
2017:
2015:
2014:
2013:Brunei dollar
2009:
2006:
2005:
2001:
1992:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1982:
1970:
1958:
1946:
1934:
1922:
1910:
1909:
1895:
1894:
1893:
1880:
1879:
1866:
1865:
1852:
1850:
1843:
1841:
1829:
1817:
1805:
1793:
1781:
1769:
1757:
1745:
1733:
1721:
1709:
1697:
1685:
1673:
1661:
1649:
1637:
1625:
1613:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1578:
1574:
1571:
1567:
1564:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1553:
1552:
1539:
1538:
1525:
1524:
1511:
1510:
1497:
1496:
1483:
1482:
1469:
1468:
1454:
1453:
1441:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1421:
1417:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1408:
1407:
1394:
1393:
1392:New Caledonia
1379:
1378:
1366:
1364:
1363:
1359:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1348:
1344:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1335:
1334:
1321:
1320:
1307:
1306:
1293:
1292:
1279:
1278:
1265:
1264:
1251:
1249:
1243:
1242:
1241:
1228:
1227:
1214:
1213:
1200:
1199:
1186:
1185:
1184:Guinea-Bissau
1172:
1171:
1170:Côte d'Ivoire
1158:
1157:
1144:
1143:
1129:
1127:
1123:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1112:
1108:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1097:
1090:
1087:
1084:
1081:
1078:
1077:
1064:
1061:
1055:
1053:
1048:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1033:
1031:
1021:
1018:
1014:
1012:
1011:exchange rate
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
967:
963:
960:
957:
956:
953:Disadvantages
947:
944:
941:
938:
937:
931:
921:
918:
910:
900:
896:
890:
889:
884:This section
882:
878:
873:
872:
864:
862:
854:
850:
846:
843:
840:
836:
832:
828:
825:
822:
818:
815:
814:
813:
810:
808:
807:single market
804:
803:customs union
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
772:
763:
754:
745:
736:
727:
718:
709:
700:
691:
681:
670:
665:
663:
658:
656:
651:
650:
648:
647:
640:
637:
635:
632:
630:
627:
625:
622:
620:
617:
615:
612:
610:
607:
605:
602:
600:
597:
595:
592:
590:
587:
585:
582:
580:
577:
576:
570:
569:
562:
559:
557:
554:
552:
549:
547:
544:
542:
539:
537:
536:United States
534:
532:
529:
527:
526:Trade mission
524:
523:
520:
515:
514:
507:
504:
502:
499:
497:
494:
492:
489:
487:
484:
483:
480:
475:
474:
467:
464:
460:
457:
455:
452:
450:
447:
446:
444:
442:
439:
437:
434:
432:
431:Trade justice
429:
427:
424:
422:
421:Globalization
419:
417:
414:
412:
409:
407:
404:
402:
399:
397:
394:
393:
387:
386:
379:
376:
374:
371:
369:
366:
364:
361:
359:
358:Single market
356:
354:
353:Customs union
351:
349:
346:
344:
341:
339:
336:
335:
329:
328:
321:
318:
316:
313:
311:
308:
306:
303:
301:
298:
297:
294:Organizations
291:
290:
283:
280:
278:
275:
273:
270:
268:
267:Laissez-faire
265:
263:
262:Protectionism
260:
258:
255:
254:
251:
246:
245:
238:
235:
233:
230:
228:
225:
223:
220:
218:
215:
213:
210:
208:
205:
203:
200:
198:
195:
193:
190:
188:
185:
183:
180:
178:
177:Import quotas
175:
173:
170:
168:
165:
163:
160:
159:
156:
151:
150:
143:
140:
138:
135:
133:
130:
128:
125:
123:
122:Trade finance
120:
118:
115:
113:
110:
108:
105:
103:
100:
98:
95:
93:
90:
88:
85:
83:
80:
78:
75:
73:
70:
69:
66:
61:
60:
54:
50:
49:
46:
43:
42:
39:
37:
32:
31:
19:
6176:Social union
6171:Fiscal union
6139:
5991:
5975:
5971:
5968:Acocella, N.
5951:
5943:
5936:. Retrieved
5911:. Retrieved
5909:. 2023-01-22
5906:
5897:
5883:
5850:
5846:
5833:
5821:. Retrieved
5817:
5808:
5755:
5744:. Retrieved
5742:. 2009-01-29
5734:
5725:
5716:
5705:. Retrieved
5691:
5678:
5667:. Retrieved
5655:
5645:
5636:
5624:
5603:
5587:
5578:
5574:
5564:
5552:. Retrieved
5548:the original
5538:
5526:. Retrieved
5523:The Guardian
5522:
5512:
5500:. Retrieved
5496:
5483:
5471:. Retrieved
5466:
5457:
5445:. Retrieved
5441:
5432:
5420:. Retrieved
5415:
5405:
5393:. Retrieved
5389:
5379:
5367:. Retrieved
5363:
5357:"World Bank"
5351:
5310:Money portal
5146:East Germany
5135:West Germany
5081:) using the
5068:Bechuanaland
5046:South Africa
4984:Guangzhouwan
4850:Hohenzollern
4684:between the
4599:Saudi Arabia
4554:Soviet ruble
4483:Sierra Leone
4281:South Arabia
4210:) using the
4090:Italian lira
4075:Vatican City
4012:between the
3958:between the
3929:French franc
3834:Indian rupee
3803:) using the
3771:Indian rupee
3769:) using the
3645:South Arabia
3617:, using the
3352:Target date
3300:
3264:
3246:
3236:Note: Every
3235:
3230:339,300,000
3218:
3188:
3174:
3125:
3079:
3077:
3062:
3048:
3034:
3020:
3006:
2992:
2985:
2983:
2937:
2919:Turkish lira
2888:
2875:
2868:
2831:
2809:South Africa
2787:
2760:142,177,000
2726:
2677:
2632:
2586:
2585:
2569:
2555:
2551:Cook Islands
2541:
2533:
2532:
2502:
2470:
2452:Indian rupee
2426:Jersey pound
2397:
2383:
2369:
2361:
2360:
2345:
2331:
2317:
2303:
2289:
2275:
2267:
2266:
2192:
2177:
2163:
2149:
2135:
2121:
2107:
2093:
2086:
2084:
2038:
2018:
2011:
2002:341,008,867
1981:Vatican City
1898:
1897:
1882:
1868:
1854:
1846:
1845:
1602:
1562:
1541:
1527:
1513:
1499:
1485:
1471:
1457:
1456:
1442:
1396:
1382:
1381:
1367:
1355:
1345:151,978,440
1323:
1309:
1295:
1281:
1267:
1253:
1246:
1245:
1230:
1216:
1202:
1188:
1174:
1160:
1156:Burkina Faso
1146:
1132:
1131:
1124:
1104:
1056:
1049:
1034:
1027:
1016:
1015:
1005:, long-term
981:in terms of
978:
977:
928:
913:
904:
893:Please help
888:verification
885:
858:
844:
839:currency peg
826:
816:
811:
797:(such as an
782:
778:
776:
717:Indian rupee
449:Currency war
368:Fiscal union
347:
257:Mercantilism
155:Restrictions
33:
6240:Middle East
5938:26 February
5581:(1): 23–51.
5179:Irish Pound
5017:Cochinchina
4828:Württemberg
4638:New Zealand
4614:Saudi riyal
4356:Switzerland
4198:(and later
3291:trade pacts
3210:BES islands
3171:Timor-Leste
3147:El Salvador
3058:Puerto Rico
2958:75,081,100
2878:Switzerland
2850:Swiss franc
2844:52,924,669
2653:11,738,000
2528:New Zealand
2446:62,321,000
2407:Isle of Man
2237:24,557,000
1792:Netherlands
1537:Saint Lucia
1094:Population
979:Convergence
907:August 2019
708:Swiss franc
454:Trade costs
416:Outsourcing
132:Trade route
45:World trade
6260:Categories
6089:Trade bloc
5913:2023-01-22
5746:2019-10-15
5707:2018-08-22
5669:2018-08-22
5596:Montserrat
5344:References
5280:using the
4908:using the
4880:using the
4852:using the
4791:using the
4754:New Guinea
4717:using the
4640:using the
4612:using the
4584:using the
4507:using the
4445:using the
4443:Seychelles
4417:using the
4305:using the
4237:Tanganyika
4208:Tanganyika
4159:using the
4120:and later
4116:using the
4088:using the
4086:San Marino
4049:using the
4006:using the
3952:using the
3927:using the
3888:using the
3773:until 1974
3619:Gulf rupee
3556:using the
3527:See also:
3343:Community
3334:See also:
3267:autonomous
2913:8,547,015
2702:8,922,000
2647:1927/1986
2608:4,411,000
2422:Manx pound
2059:5,137,000
1986:1999/2002
1969:San Marino
1957:Montenegro
1768:Luxembourg
1509:Montserrat
1030:Zollverein
1017:Divergence
934:Advantages
769: XPF
760: XAF
751: XOF
742: ZAR
733: XCD
724: AUD
715: INR
706: CHF
697: USD
688: EUR
519:By country
426:Fair trade
272:Free trade
222:Safeguards
97:Trade bloc
92:Trade pact
6016:237794267
5867:1467-6419
5818:Europa.eu
5664:0190-8286
5613:New World
5442:Study.com
5254:Argentina
5229:Mengjiang
5218:Manchukuo
4945:Singapore
4839:Frankfurt
4732:Australia
4715:Australia
4582:Abu Dhabi
4580:, except
4432:Mauritius
3797:Luxemburg
3554:Abu Dhabi
3523:Disbanded
3346:Currency
3271:dependent
2955:Informal
2757:Informal
2699:Informal
2691:West Bank
2687:Palestine
2650:Informal
2642:Palestine
2605:Informal
2327:Gibraltar
2250:(former)
2234:Informal
2080:Australia
2048:Singapore
1756:Lithuania
1351:CFP franc
1100:CFA franc
1079:Currency
771:CFP franc
541:Argentina
459:Trade war
401:Smuggling
87:Trade law
6266:Currency
5974:’, in: ‘
5875:38454408
5823:30 April
5768:Archived
5630:ngultrum
5592:Anguilla
5528:30 April
5502:30 April
5473:30 April
5447:30 April
5369:30 April
5296:See also
5185:Yen Bloc
5166:and the
5126:between
5087:between
5079:Botswana
5036:between
4962:Cambodia
4953:between
4934:Malaysia
4914:between
4886:between
4858:between
4797:between
4723:between
4618:between
4590:between
4558:between
4541:and the
4530:between
4513:between
4451:between
4423:between
4406:and the
4395:between
4259:Tanzania
4248:Zanzibar
4216:between
4196:Zanzibar
4165:between
4157:Zanzibar
4126:between
4105:and the
4094:between
4055:between
4025:Barbados
3982:Barbados
3933:between
3894:between
3875:Ethiopia
3866:between
3858:Slovakia
3838:between
3821:and the
3810:between
3787:and the
3776:between
3745:Zanzibar
3624:between
3606:and the
3562:between
3534:between
3466:and the
3453:Khaleeji
3319:Eurozone
3256:Zimbabwe
2889:de facto
2886:Informal
2837:for the
2832:de facto
2821:Eswatini
2736:Abkhazia
2500:Informal
2202:Kiribati
1828:Slovenia
1816:Slovakia
1804:Portugal
1598:Eurozone
1575:625,000
1572:members
1563:de facto
1481:Dominica
1452:Anguilla
1418:552,537
1263:Cameroon
1118:and the
1072:Existing
969:regions.
817:Informal
791:currency
546:Pakistan
36:a series
34:Part of
6222:Regions
5990:(ed.).
5907:Reuters
5438:"Study"
5422:1 April
5395:1 April
5339:(Amero)
5028:Vietnam
5019:(later
4906:Grenada
4878:Andorra
4806:Bavaria
4658:Denmark
4522:Prussia
4505:Liberia
4460:Nigeria
4404:Liberia
4378:Romania
4334:Belgium
4103:Jamaica
3971:Jamaica
3925:Andorra
3886:Eritrea
3785:Belgium
3656:Bahrain
3571:Bahrain
3543:Bahrain
3492:Africa
3416:ASEAN+3
3403:Inside
3397:Africa
3377:Africa
3349:Region
3330:Planned
3135:Ecuador
3083:members
2797:Namibia
2784:Lesotho
2579:Tokelau
1921:Andorra
1720:Ireland
1696:Germany
1672:Finland
1660:Estonia
1636:Croatia
1624:Belgium
1612:Austria
1495:Grenada
1431:of the
1226:Senegal
1091:Status
1024:History
841:regime.
556:Vietnam
551:Romania
496:Tariffs
491:Exports
486:Imports
250:History
217:Embargo
207:Bribery
167:Tariffs
6230:Europe
6190:Theory
6014:
6004:
5873:
5865:
5797:market
5698:
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5554:5 July
5278:Norway
5231:, the
5198:, the
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5059:, and
5043:
5008:, and
5006:Tonkin
4936:, and
4923:Brunei
4841:, and
4779:, and
4680:Sweden
4669:Norway
4539:Russia
4472:Gambia
4387:
4367:Greece
4323:France
4270:Uganda
4234:
4205:
4187:, and
4185:Uganda
4148:, and
4146:Uganda
4077:, and
3916:, and
3914:Monaco
3903:France
3734:Uganda
3678:Kuwait
3642:
3582:Kuwait
3355:Notes
3253:
3195:
3181:
3168:
3159:Panama
3156:
3144:
3132:
3117:
3105:
3093:
3069:
3055:
3041:
3027:
3013:
2999:
2976:
2944:
2934:Turkey
2931:
2862:
2829:Formal
2818:
2806:
2794:
2781:
2745:
2733:
2723:Russia
2720:
2693:only)
2684:
2674:Jordan
2671:
2639:
2629:Israel
2626:
2593:
2576:
2562:
2548:
2525:
2480:Bhutan
2477:
2464:
2404:
2390:
2376:
2352:
2338:
2324:
2310:
2296:
2282:
2259:
2226:Tuvalu
2223:
2211:
2199:
2184:
2170:
2156:
2142:
2128:
2114:
2100:
2077:
2045:
2035:Brunei
2032:
1978:
1966:
1954:
1945:Monaco
1942:
1933:Kosovo
1930:
1918:
1905:
1889:
1875:
1861:
1837:
1825:
1813:
1801:
1789:
1777:
1765:
1753:
1744:Latvia
1741:
1729:
1717:
1708:Greece
1705:
1693:
1684:France
1681:
1669:
1657:
1648:Cyprus
1645:
1633:
1621:
1609:
1548:
1534:
1520:
1506:
1492:
1478:
1464:
1449:
1403:
1389:
1374:
1358:French
1330:
1316:
1302:
1288:
1274:
1260:
1250:users:
1237:
1223:
1209:
1195:
1181:
1167:
1153:
1139:
1128:users:
1107:French
1085:Users
1082:Union
1045:silver
827:Formal
805:and a
787:states
767:
758:
749:
740:
731:
722:
713:
704:
695:
686:
573:Theory
390:Issues
77:Export
72:Import
65:Policy
5986:. In
5871:S2CID
5843:(PDF)
5688:(PDF)
5493:(PDF)
5360:(PDF)
5096:Egypt
4995:Annam
4867:Spain
4817:Baden
4765:Nauru
4743:Papua
4610:Qatar
4567:Qatar
4390:Spain
4345:Italy
4225:Kenya
4174:Kenya
4135:Kenya
4064:Italy
3767:India
3700:Qatar
3667:Kenya
3604:Qatar
3495:2028
3425:Asia
3400:2027
3120:Palau
2952:1983
2883:1920
2826:1974
2754:2008
2602:1967
2536:Realm
2497:1974
2492:Nepal
2467:India
2413:1939
2231:1966
2214:Nauru
2053:1967
1840:Spain
1780:Malta
1732:Italy
1557:1965
1412:1945
1339:1945
1319:Gabon
1212:Niger
1142:Benin
1088:Est.
965:data.
561:India
479:Lists
6012:OCLC
6002:ISBN
5940:2012
5863:ISSN
5825:2019
5791:and
5776:Euro
5696:ISBN
5660:ISSN
5615:and
5594:and
5556:2021
5530:2019
5504:2019
5475:2019
5449:2019
5424:2021
5397:2021
5371:2019
5269:and
5137:and
4973:Laos
4897:and
4869:and
4787:the
4775:the
4706:and
4671:and
4629:and
4601:and
4496:and
4470:the
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4347:and
4294:and
4239:and
4038:and
3995:and
3877:and
3849:and
3747:and
3721:the
3689:Oman
3633:Aden
3593:Oman
3545:and
3506:Sur
3464:Oman
3315:euro
3269:and
3240:and
3216:1904
3078:and
3016:Guam
2984:and
2839:SACU
2565:Niue
2534:and
2428:and
2362:and
2268:and
2085:and
1847:and
1581:Euro
1570:CSME
1568:for
1437:OECS
1291:Chad
1240:Togo
1198:Mali
1050:The
1043:and
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1035:The
1009:and
989:and
851:and
690:Euro
445:War
5855:doi
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