65:
190:
175:
404:
645:
31:
580:
136:
167:
415:
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270:
because of this chemical change; and such glass panes are prized as antiques. This process is widely confused with the formation of "desert amethyst glass", in which glass exposed to desert sunshine with a high ultraviolet component develops a delicate violet tint. Details of the process and the
840:
528:, giving yellows to oranges on stained glass. All of these are fired in a kiln or furnace to fix them, and can be extremely durable when properly applied. This is not true of "cold-painted" glass, using oil paint or other mixtures, which rarely last more than a few centuries.
847:
463:, in very small concentrations (around 0.001%, or 10 ppm), produces a rich ruby-colored glass ("Ruby Gold" or "Rubino Oro"), while lower concentrations produces a less intense red, often
715:
Bernard H. W. S. De Jong, Ruud G. C. Beerkens, Peter A. van
Nijnatten: "Glass", in: "Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry"; Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2002,
64:
351:
and results in deep yellow color, often used in glazes. However, cadmium is toxic. Together with selenium and sulphur it yields shades of bright red and orange.
163:
can be added to glass during its manufacture to change its color which can enhance its aesthetic appeal. Examples of these additives are listed below:
524:, essentially a technique for painting patterns or images, used for both glass vessels and on stained glass, and glass paint, typically in black, and
325:
is a very powerful colorizing agent, yielding dark green or in higher concentrations even black color. Together with tin oxide and arsenic it yields
871:
766:
271:
composition of the glass vary and so do the results, because it is not a simple matter to obtain or produce properly controlled specimens.
655:
Dichroic glass has one or several coatings in the nanometer-range (for example metals, metal oxides, or nitrides) which give the glass
884:
946:
736:
Werner Vogel: "Glass
Chemistry"; Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH & Co. K; 2nd revised edition (November 1994),
794:
497:-red to yellow. The way the glass is heated and cooled can significantly affect the colors produced by these compounds. Also
819:
571:
may be based on dark-colored inclusions, but with ionic coloring it is also possible to produce dark colors (see above).
244:
color. Manganese is one of the oldest glass additives, and purple manganese glass was used since early
Egyptian history.
315:
with added nickel acquires purplish color. Nickel together with a small amount of cobalt was used for decolorizing of
741:
366:
glass. Titanium, rarely used on its own, is more often employed to intensify and brighten other colorizing additives.
222:
and iron salts, is used to form iron polysulfides and produce amber glass ranging from yellowish to almost black. In
433:, like manganese, can be used in small concentrations to decolorize glass, or in higher concentrations to impart a
341:
plates during cooling, is made from glass with added chromium oxide in amount above its solubility limit in glass.
384:
enough to be dangerous, but if ground into a powder, such as by polishing with sandpaper, and inhaled, it can be
630:. The scattered light is blue and violet as seen in the image, while the transmitted light is yellow and red.
452:
produces a very dark red, opaque glass, which is sometimes used as a substitute for gold in the production of
204:
may be added to glass resulting in bluish-green glass which is frequently used in beer bottles. Together with
17:
752:
471:". The color is caused by the size and dispersion of gold particles. Ruby gold glass is usually made of
678:
441:
dispersed in glass. It is a very important agent to make pink and red glass. When used together with
951:
688:
254:, is used to remove the green color from the glass; in a very slow process this is converted to
763:
693:
103:
155:
tint which can be viewed in thick pieces or with the aid of scientific instruments. Further
672:
502:
892:
8:
422:
388:. When used with lead glass with very high proportion of lead, produces a deep red color.
338:
255:
525:
683:
223:
790:
737:
540:
508:
498:
418:
381:
294:
247:
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266:
some houses built more than 300 years ago have window glass which is lightly tinted
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564:
521:
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407:
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144:
69:
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is a purple pigment formed by the reaction of gold salts with tin(II) chloride.
486:
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117:
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377:
178:
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to the naked eye when it is thin, although iron oxide impurities produce a
89:
73:
403:
644:
588:
263:
209:
182:
753:
Formation of Gold
Nanoparticles in Gold Ruby Glass: The influence of Tin
660:
623:
552:
472:
330:
316:
98:
85:
30:
874:
www.glassassociation.org.uk (Barrie
Skelcher). Retrieved 3 August 2006
591:
glass: it appears blue from the side, but orange light shines through.
579:
135:
602:
pore-size gradient (large pores on the right); coloring based on the
560:
536:
464:
233:
166:
656:
430:
414:
391:
355:
322:
205:
111:
773:
1st-glass.1st-things.com (David M Issitt). Retrieved 9 April 2014
626:, if the dimensions of the phases are similar or larger than the
595:
369:
344:
282:
glass. The best results are achieved when using glass containing
240:
tint given by iron, or in higher concentrations to give glass an
227:
659:
optical properties. Also the blue appearance of some automobile
786:
The physics and chemistry of color: the fifteen causes of color
556:
482:
449:
372:(0.1 to 2%) can be added to give glass a fluorescent yellow or
359:
300:
283:
275:
259:
219:
215:
37:
548:
373:
363:
308:
251:
237:
160:
156:
152:
148:
460:
445:, it yields a brilliant red color known as "Selenium Ruby".
279:
34:
476:
434:
58:
by precipitation of nanometer-sized colloids (so-called
915:"Why is the sky blue, and sunsets red?: Blue and Red"
394:
gives green color (used in UV filters) or lilac red.
303:, depending on the concentration, produces blue, or
286:. Very small amounts can be used for decolorizing.
226:rich in boron, sulfur imparts a blue color. With
938:
921:. Institute for Dynamic Educational Advancement
764:Substances Used in the Making of Coloured Glass
574:
62:such as "gold ruby" or red "selenium ruby"),
236:can be added in small amounts to remove the
834:
832:
515:
841:"Glassblowing for Laboratory Technicians"
776:
711:
709:
829:
826:www.speclab.com. Retrieved 3 August 2006
643:
594:
578:
413:
402:
337:is achieved by growth of large parallel
208:it gives a richer green color, used for
188:
173:
165:
134:
63:
29:
732:
730:
728:
14:
939:
838:
782:
706:
891:. www.glassonline.com. Archived from
531:
725:
493:can produce a range of colors from
398:
24:
520:The principal methods of this are
25:
963:
633:
47:may be obtained in several ways.
846:. wiredfreak.com. Archived from
130:
45:Glass coloring and color marking
907:
679:Color of medieval stained glass
675:- physical explanation coloring
877:
865:
817:Chemical Fact Sheet - Chromium
810:
757:
746:
230:it yields a deep yellow color.
13:
1:
947:Glass engineering and science
699:
610:Glass containing two or more
889:Illustrated Glass Dictionary
618:shows coloring based on the
421:. The coloring is caused by
347:together with sulphur forms
7:
666:
628:wavelength of visible light
10:
968:
637:
575:Color caused by scattering
437:color, caused by selenium
419:Photochromic eyeglass lens
547:oxides produce an opaque
721:10.1002/14356007.a12_365
663:is caused by dichroism.
559:to produce an imitation
274:Small concentrations of
689:Hydroxyl ion absorption
516:Coloring added to glass
652:
607:
592:
426:
411:
278:(0.025 to 0.1%) yield
197:
186:
171:
140:
76:
41:
783:Nassau, Kurt (2001).
694:Transparent materials
647:
622:and explained by the
598:
582:
417:
406:
192:
177:
169:
138:
104:phase separated glass
67:
33:
673:Crystal field theory
648:A pendant made from
565:painted with enamels
505:are based on silver.
503:photosensitive glass
423:silver nanoparticles
224:borosilicate glasses
139:Iron(II) oxide glass
499:photochromic lenses
339:chromium(III) oxide
256:sodium permanganate
51:by the addition of
40:of different colors
822:2017-08-15 at the
769:2010-04-02 at the
684:Hydrogen darkening
653:
616:refractive indices
608:
593:
567:. Similarly, some
563:, very often then
532:Colored inclusions
485:compounds such as
427:
412:
198:
187:
172:
141:
82:colored inclusions
77:
42:
27:Production methods
895:on 1 October 2011
796:978-0-471-39106-7
555:), first used in
509:Purple of Cassius
380:is typically not
248:Manganese dioxide
16:(Redirected from
959:
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930:
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926:
911:
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904:
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875:
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853:on 26 March 2012
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399:Striking glasses
329:glass. Chromium
218:, together with
125:colored coatings
60:striking glasses
21:
967:
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961:
960:
958:
957:
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952:Glass chemistry
937:
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919:Causes of Color
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824:Wayback Machine
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771:Wayback Machine
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707:
702:
669:
642:
636:
614:with different
577:
534:
522:enamelled glass
518:
456:-colored glass.
443:cadmium sulfide
408:Cranberry glass
401:
349:cadmium sulfide
145:soda-lime glass
133:
72:, 1st century,
70:enamelled glass
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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681:
676:
668:
665:
650:dichroic glass
640:Dichroic glass
638:Main article:
635:
634:Dichroic glass
632:
620:Tyndall effect
604:Tyndall effect
585:Tyndall effect
576:
573:
569:smoked glasses
533:
530:
517:
514:
513:
512:
506:
491:silver halides
487:silver nitrate
480:
457:
448:Pure metallic
446:
400:
397:
396:
395:
389:
367:
352:
342:
335:aventurescence
320:
298:
287:
272:
245:
231:
213:
202:Iron(II) oxide
196:for decoration
181:glowing under
132:
129:
128:
127:
121:
118:dichroic glass
107:
93:
78:
68:Ancient Roman
56:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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950:
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894:
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873:
872:Uranium Glass
868:
849:
842:
835:
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825:
821:
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742:3-540-57572-3
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439:nanoparticles
436:
432:
429:
428:
424:
420:
416:
409:
405:
393:
390:
387:
383:
379:
378:Uranium glass
375:
371:
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365:
361:
357:
353:
350:
346:
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340:
336:
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328:
327:emerald green
324:
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314:
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306:
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262:compound. In
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225:
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184:
180:
179:Uranium glass
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158:
154:
150:
146:
137:
131:Coloring ions
126:
122:
119:
115:
113:
108:
105:
101:
100:
94:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
66:
61:
57:
54:
53:coloring ions
50:
49:
48:
46:
39:
36:
32:
19:
18:Colored glass
923:. Retrieved
918:
909:
897:. Retrieved
893:the original
888:
879:
867:
855:. Retrieved
848:the original
839:R. Barbour.
812:
800:. Retrieved
785:
778:
759:
748:
654:
609:
600:Porous glass
535:
526:silver stain
519:
386:carcinogenic
313:Lead crystal
291:copper oxide
210:wine bottles
194:Cobalt glass
142:
124:
110:
96:
90:smoked glass
81:
74:Begram Hoard
59:
52:
44:
43:
661:windshields
475:with added
382:radioactive
333:, in which
293:produces a
289:2 to 3% of
264:New England
250:, which is
183:ultraviolet
170:Amber Glass
941:Categories
885:"Selenium"
700:References
624:Mie theory
589:opalescent
553:milk glass
473:lead glass
331:aventurine
317:lead glass
307:, or even
159:and metal
99:scattering
86:milk glass
789:. Wiley.
561:porcelain
537:Tin oxide
469:cranberry
459:Metallic
360:yellowish
358:produces
295:turquoise
258:, a dark
234:Manganese
185:radiation
149:colorless
143:Ordinary
925:23 April
820:Archived
767:Archived
667:See also
657:dichroic
541:antimony
465:marketed
431:Selenium
392:Didymium
356:titanium
323:Chromium
242:amethyst
206:chromium
147:appears
114:coatings
112:dichroic
899:9 April
857:9 April
802:4 April
551:glass (
545:arsenic
435:reddish
376:color.
370:Uranium
354:Adding
345:Cadmium
311:glass.
228:calcium
102:(as in
84:(as in
38:bottles
793:
740:
612:phases
557:Venice
495:orange
483:Silver
450:copper
305:violet
301:Nickel
297:color.
284:potash
276:cobalt
268:violet
260:purple
220:carbon
216:Sulfur
161:oxides
157:metals
97:light
851:(PDF)
844:(PDF)
549:white
539:with
374:green
364:brown
309:black
252:black
238:green
153:green
120:), or
116:(see
927:2014
901:2014
859:2014
804:2013
791:ISBN
738:ISBN
583:The
543:and
501:and
489:and
467:as "
461:gold
454:ruby
410:bowl
280:blue
88:and
35:Beer
717:doi
587:in
477:tin
123:by
109:by
95:by
80:by
943::
917:.
887:.
831:^
727:^
708:^
929:.
903:.
861:.
806:.
719::
606:.
479:.
425:.
362:-
319:.
212:.
106:)
92:)
55:,
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
