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214:
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35:
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industrial manufacturing center in Norway in the 19th century has been documented as smelting cobalt oxide together with quartz and potassium carbonate. The result was an intensely blue glass-like substance that was ground and sold to producers of glassware and porcelain.
225:
in glassmaking, painting, pottery, for surface decoration of other types of glass and ceramics, and other media. The long history of its manufacture and use has been described comprehensively. Cobalt aluminate, also known as
590:
210:. Specialty tasting glasses made of cobalt glass are used by professional olive oil tasters to disguise the color of the oil being assessed to avoid bias in judging.
665:
Les comptes des bâtiments du roi, 1528–1571. Suivis de documents inéd. sur les châteaux royaux et les beaux-arts au XVIE siècle, recueillis par le marq. L. de
Laborde
354:
has been found to contain smalt, judged to be dated between the 11th and 13th centuries. A large quantity of smalt was purchased for the decoration of the gallery of
300:
decoration, it keeps its colour well, and is the main blue used in blue and white pottery from a wide range of dates and areas, including
Chinese
687:
296:
region. In paintings, smalt has a tendency to lose its color over a long period, and is little used today. However, when used in ceramics for
1363:
888:
An
Archaeometallurgical Explanation for the Disappearance of Egyptian and Near Eastern Cobalt-Blue Glass at the end of the Late Bronze Age
839:
An
Archaeometallurgical Explanation for the Disappearance of Egyptian and Near Eastern Cobalt-Blue Glass at the end of the Late Bronze Age
362:
in 1536. Smalt, normally now discoloured, is common in
European paintings from the 15th to 17th centuries. For example, it is found in
34:
915:
187:, in a glass melt. Cobalt is a very intense colouring agent and very little is required to show a noticeable amount of colour.
813:
750:
883:"M inside a circle" trademark: Maryland Glass Corporation, Baltimore (prolific producer of cobalt blue glass containers)
635:. Freer Gallery of Art, The Smithsonian Institution and Department of the History of Art, University of Michigan: 63–85.
712:
C. Altavilla and E. Ciliberto, "Decay characteristics of glassy pigments: an XPS investigation of smalt paint layers,"
237:
is appreciated for its attractive colour and is popular with collectors. It is used in the distinctive blue bottles of
574:
551:
704:
Mauro Bacci and
Marcello Picollo, "Non-Destructive Spectroscopic Detection of Cobalt(II) in Paintings and Glass,"
1388:
1184:
522:
221:
Moderately ground cobalt glass (potassium cobalt silicate)—called "smalt"—has been historically important as a
409:
considered awarding a patent for making a "blue azure" product for this purpose in
Scotland in February 1609.
1300:
1277:
882:
1133:
1469:
908:
206:
glass. However, didymium glasses are superior for this purpose as it absorbs less light other than the
1204:
1164:
1085:
975:
248:
1433:
1065:
363:
301:
213:
877:
1474:
1428:
1295:
1169:
327:
Samples of smalt in the
Historical dye collection of the Technical University of Dresden, Germany
292:
smalt appears as a pigment in
Egyptian pottery about five centuries later, and soon after in the
594:
901:
398:
740:
662:
Jules Marie J. Guiffrey; LĂ©on
Emmanuel S.J. Laborde (marq. de) (1877). J.M.J. Guiffrey (ed.).
1237:
1045:
871:
661:
507:
1393:
1267:
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1305:
8:
1413:
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1257:
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1199:
1060:
355:
285:
207:
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See also: Bruno Mühlethaler and Jean Thissen, "Smalt," pages 113–130 in Ashok Roy, ed.,
1320:
1242:
990:
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681:
644:
323:
234:
413:
261:
90:
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331:
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1189:
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184:
44:
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1227:
1123:
1100:
1095:
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1075:
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803:
663:
470:
288:, very possibly intended for use as a pigment; it was rare until the modern era.
191:
564:
156:
1345:
1315:
1310:
627:
Watt, J. C .Y. (1979). "Notes on the Use of Cobalt in Later Chinese Ceramics".
456:
406:
385:
The invention of a European smalt process has traditionally been credited to a
371:
1458:
1252:
1209:
1115:
1090:
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494:
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949:
785:
393:
343:
339:
335:
309:
305:
289:
180:
120:
738:
546:
Weyl, W.E. "Coloured Glasses". Society of Glass Technology, 1999, p. 179,
1443:
1408:
1128:
1010:
351:
281:
266:
227:
82:
1438:
1403:
1272:
1040:
1035:
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648:
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195:
94:
486:
242:
317:
217:
Regulation cobalt blue olive oil tasting glass with watch glass cover
198:
to filter out the undesired strong yellow light emitted by traces of
116:
402:
from circa 1455 proves that it was used at least a century earlier.
392:
named Christoph Schürer, around 1540–1560. However, its presence in
1423:
1194:
970:
965:
846:
433:
346:
from the 13th century. A fragment of a mud painting in the ancient
313:
203:
109:
727:
Artists' Pigments: A Handbook of Their History and Characteristics
1143:
708:, vol. 41, no. 3, pages 136–144 (1996); especially page 136; and
386:
375:
222:
202:, and expand the ability to see violet and blue hues, similar to
1219:
1025:
199:
176:
613:
611:
374:'s painting "The Early Fathers' Altar" (ca. 1483), and in the
1138:
1105:
939:
924:
389:
172:
63:
805:
Koboltgruvene og blaafarveværket: en del af den store verden
405:
In England and Scotland, smalt was added to laundry starch.
608:
526:
67:
55:
772:
B. MĂĽhlethaler and J. Thyssen, "Smalt", In : A.Roy ,
729:, vol. 2 (Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 1997).
412:
The process used for producing cobalt smalt glass at the
124:
86:
59:
795:
566:
Cobalto, zaffera, smalto dall'antichitĂ al XVIII secolo
338:
onwards, though Chinese cobalt glass is found from the
801:
774:
Artist's Pigments: A handbook of Their Characteristics
739:
Rutherford John Gettens; George Leslie Stout (1966).
716:, vol. 79, pages 309–314 (2004); especially page 309.
790:
Register of the Privy Council of Scotland, 1607-1610
878:Bromo-Seltzer: Cobalt Blue bottles - Brief Summary
171:" when ground as a pigment—is a deep blue coloured
1456:
732:
655:
563:Seccaroni, Claudio; Haldi, Jean-Pierre (2016).
342:(1122–221 BC). Cobalt was used as a pigment in
858:, Vol. 14, No. 2 (May, 1969), pp. 47–61,
562:
1364:Conservation and restoration of glass objects
909:
523:"The Changing Properties of Smalt Over Time"
284:glass dates to a lump from about 2000 BC in
841:, Jonathan, R. Wood and Hsu Yi-Ting, 2019,
745:. Courier Dover Publications. p. 158.
190:Cobalt glass plates are used as an optical
916:
902:
686:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
517:
515:
742:Painting materials: a short encyclopaedia
923:
808:(in Norwegian). Modums blaafarveværket.
322:
260:
247:
212:
155:
512:
471:"Flame tests in the presence of sodium"
1457:
854:, Bruno MĂĽhlethaler and Jean Thissen,
897:
252:Ming dish, with smalt blue decoration
626:
620:
468:
792:, vol. 8 (Edinburgh, 1887), p. 559.
16:Deep blue glass colored with cobalt
13:
832:
469:Hahn, Richard B. (November 1950).
434:"Smalt / #003399 hex color (#039)"
265:Late Roman (circa 4th century AD)
14:
1486:
865:
230:", can be used in a similar way.
33:
1434:Radioactive waste vitrification
1389:Glass fiber reinforced concrete
802:Tone Sinding Steinsvik (2000).
779:
766:
719:
694:
39: Color coordinates
668:(in French). Paris. p. 96
617:Encyclopedia Iranica, "Cobalt"
583:
556:
540:
501:
462:
450:
426:
280:The earliest known example of
1:
1301:Chemically strengthened glass
475:Journal of Chemical Education
1134:Glass-ceramic-to-metal seals
776:, volume 2, 1993, p. 113-130
7:
334:used smalt glazes from the
160:Cobalt glass for decoration
10:
1491:
256:
1354:
1286:
1218:
1165:Chemical vapor deposition
1152:
1114:
1086:Ultra low expansion glass
976:Borophosphosilicate glass
958:
932:
874:Pigments through the Ages
145:
137:
107:
80:
53:
43:
31:
26:
21:
1404:Glass-reinforced plastic
1066:Sodium hexametaphosphate
420:
364:Hans Holbein the Younger
302:blue and white porcelain
175:prepared by including a
1296:Anti-reflective coating
1170:Glass batch calculation
1051:Photochromic lens glass
856:Studies in Conservation
706:Studies in Conservation
149:: Normalized to (byte)
328:
312:, Renaissance Italian
277:
253:
239:Harvey's Bristol Cream
218:
161:
1429:Prince Rupert's drops
1278:Transparent materials
1238:Gradient-index optics
1046:Phosphosilicate glass
326:
264:
251:
233:Cobalt glass such as
216:
159:
1394:Glass ionomer cement
1268:Photosensitive glass
1195:Liquidus temperature
1016:Fluorosilicate glass
890:Internet Archaeology
847:Internet Archaeology
843:Internet Archaeology
595:Encyclopædia Iranica
569:(in Italian). ENEA.
457:Glass Plates, Cobalt
380:Domenico Ghirlandaio
179:compound, typically
1414:Glass-to-metal seal
1336:Self-cleaning glass
1258:Optical lens design
366:'s portrait of Sir
356:Francis I of France
286:ancient Mesopotamia
1470:Glass compositions
1399:Glass microspheres
1321:Hydrogen darkening
1243:Hydrogen darkening
991:Chalcogenide glass
981:Borosilicate glass
459:, Flinn Scientific
329:
278:
254:
235:Bristol blue glass
219:
162:
1452:
1451:
1369:Glass-coated wire
1341:sol–gel technique
1326:Insulated glazing
1263:Photochromic lens
1248:Optical amplifier
1200:sol–gel technique
815:978-82-90734-20-1
752:978-0-486-21597-6
714:Applied Physics A
509:, Olive Oil Times
487:10.1021/ed027p597
332:Chinese porcelain
273:of the figure of
154:
153:
102:(220°, 100%, 60%)
1482:
1190:Ion implantation
945:Glass transition
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282:cobalt aluminate
269:with blue glass
185:cobalt carbonate
133:
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19:
18:
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1489:
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1448:
1384:Glass electrode
1379:Glass databases
1356:
1350:
1288:
1282:
1214:
1148:
1124:Bioactive glass
1110:
1096:Vitreous enamel
1081:Thoriated glass
1076:Tellurite glass
1061:Soda–lime glass
1031:Gold ruby glass
1001:Cranberry glass
954:
928:
922:
868:
835:
833:Further reading
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414:Blaafarveværket
370:(ca. 1540), in
259:
245:mineral water.
150:
131:
113:
108:
101:
81:
74:
54:
32:
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1475:Shades of blue
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1346:Tempered glass
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1323:
1318:
1316:DNA microarray
1313:
1311:Dealkalization
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1116:Glass-ceramics
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866:External links
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407:James VI and I
399:The Entombment
372:Michael Pacher
310:Ming dynasties
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208:Sodium D lines
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552:0-900682-06-X
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382:(1449–1494).
381:
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368:William Butts
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360:Fontainebleau
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1419:Porous glass
1374:Safety glass
1331:Porous glass
1289:modification
1101:Wood's glass
1021:Fused quartz
996:Cobalt glass
995:
950:Supercooling
855:
851:
842:
838:
819:. Retrieved
804:
797:
789:
786:David Masson
781:
773:
768:
756:. Retrieved
741:
734:
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721:
713:
709:
705:
701:
696:
670:. Retrieved
664:
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600:December 26,
598:. Retrieved
585:
565:
558:
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532:December 26,
530:. Retrieved
503:
478:
474:
464:
452:
441:. Retrieved
437:
428:
411:
404:
397:
394:Dieric Bouts
384:
344:Central Asia
340:Zhou dynasty
336:Tang dynasty
330:
290:Cobalt oxide
279:
232:
220:
189:
181:cobalt oxide
168:
165:Cobalt glass
164:
163:
146:
75:(0, 51, 153)
1444:Glass fiber
1409:Glass cloth
1153:Preparation
1129:CorningWare
1011:Flint glass
1006:Crown glass
959:Formulation
481:(11): 597.
352:Khara-Khoto
267:finger ring
241:sherry and
228:cobalt blue
196:flame tests
167:—known as "
49:#003399
45:Hex triplet
1459:Categories
1439:Windshield
1273:Refraction
1233:Dispersion
1041:Milk glass
1036:Lead glass
821:6 November
758:6 November
672:6 November
443:2022-12-22
390:glassmaker
298:underglaze
1306:Corrosion
1205:Viscosity
1160:Annealing
682:cite book
641:0571-1371
495:0021-9584
438:ColorHexa
318:Delftware
304:from the
141:ColorHexa
1424:Pre-preg
1228:Achromat
971:Bioglass
966:AgInSbTe
591:"Cobalt"
387:Bohemian
350:city of
314:maiolica
271:intaglio
204:didymium
1355:Diverse
1287:Surface
1144:Zerodur
649:4629297
376:frescos
275:Victory
257:History
243:TĹ· Nant
223:pigment
1465:Cobalt
1357:topics
1220:Optics
1026:GeSbTe
933:Basics
812:
749:
647:
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348:Tangut
294:Aegean
200:sodium
192:filter
177:cobalt
138:Source
110:CIELCh
27:
1139:Macor
1106:ZBLAN
940:Glass
925:Glass
872:Smalt
860:JSTOR
852:Smalt
700:See:
645:JSTOR
421:Notes
173:glass
169:smalt
22:Smalt
845:52,
823:2010
810:ISBN
760:2010
747:ISBN
688:link
674:2010
637:ISSN
602:2020
571:ISBN
548:ISBN
534:2020
527:Tate
491:ISSN
316:and
308:and
306:Yuan
56:sRGB
710:(2)
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483:doi
378:of
358:at
194:in
183:or
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