Head of state - Knowledge

142: 2111: 131: 113: 3591: 7052: 1599: 5775: 7789: 19933: 5760: 7261: 3894: 1399: 6873: 102: 19894: 3917: 5795: 3613: 122: 7765: 1797: 2089:, which was expected, in normal circumstances, to be answerable to the Reichstag. Initially, the president was merely a symbolic figure with the Reichstag dominant; however, persistent political instability, in which governments often lasted only a few months, led to a change in the power structure of the republic, with the president's emergency powers called increasingly into use to prop up governments challenged by critical or even hostile Reichstag votes. By 1932, power had shifted to such an extent that the German president, 93: 84: 19920: 3573: 19059: 19003: 2145:

executive officials of the government are answerable solely and exclusively to a presiding, acting head of state, and is selected by and on occasion dismissed by the head of state without reference to the legislature. It is notable that some presidential systems, while not providing for collective executive accountability to the legislature, may require legislative approval for individuals prior to their assumption of cabinet office and empower the legislature to remove a president from office (for example, in the

19868: 6364: 20115: 2680:, sometimes by no more than a mention or signature; and public places, streets, monuments and institutions such as schools are named for current or previous heads of state. In monarchies (e.g., Belgium) there can even be a practice to attribute the adjective "royal" on demand based on existence for a given number of years. However, such political techniques can also be used by leaders without the formal rank of head of state, even party - and other revolutionary leaders without formal state mandate. 151: 20128: 19255: 2587: 6230: 20076: 20063: 20089: 19227: 7448: 827: 2012:) have fused the roles of the head of state with the head of government (like in a presidential system), while having the sole executive officer, often called a president, being dependent on the Parliament's confidence to rule (like in a parliamentary system). While also being the leading symbol of the nation, the president in this system acts mostly as a prime minister since the incumbent must be a member of the legislature at the time of the election, answer 19213: 19998: 19881: 17045: 16534: 14090: 13574: 13563: 19171: 19325: 19017: 16861: 19311: 19283: 16958: 16713: 2389: 19101: 19946: 19157: 19031: 16759: 16575: 19297: 19087: 19073: 18989: 17004: 1806: 1673: 20102: 19199: 19045: 16815: 20037: 19143: 160: 19374: 1346: 19972: 19241: 19129: 16672: 3665:(and a Letter of Recall at the end of a tenure) to other heads of state and, conversely, receives the letters of their foreign counterparts. Without that accreditation, the chief of the diplomatic mission cannot take up their role and receive the highest diplomatic status. The role of a head of state in this regard, is codified in the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations from 1961, which (as of 2017) 191 sovereign states has 2529: 19353: 19907: 19269: 16912: 16631: 20050: 19959: 19115: 5106:

first meeting; and the Council may within a maximum period of forty days from the date of submission and with a two-thirds majority of its Members reject any of these decree-laws or request amendment thereof to be effected within a specified period of time; such decree-laws shall cease to have the power of law from the date of their rejection by the Council or where the period for effecting the amendments have expired.

20011: 19185: 20024: 19985: 19339: 6070: 2025: 6061: 14102: 7252:, or a similar constitutional procedure by which the highest legislative or judicial authorities are empowered to revoke the head of state's mandate on exceptional grounds. This may be a common crime, a political sin, or an act by which the head of state violates such provisions as an established religion mandatory for the monarch. By similar procedure, an original mandate may be declared invalid. 6170:, the governor-general unexpectedly dismissed the prime minister in order to break a stalemate between the House of Representatives and Senate over money bills. The governor-general issued a public statement saying he felt it was the only solution consistent with the constitution, his oath of office, and his responsibilities, authority, and duty as governor-general. A letter from the queen's 1713:'s abdication required the approval of each of the six independent realms of which he was monarch. In monarchies with a written constitution, the position of monarch is created under the constitution and could be abolished through a democratic procedure of constitutional amendment. In many cases there are significant procedural hurdles imposed on such a procedure (as in the 6930:, in which the eldest child of the monarch is first in line to become monarch, is the most common system in hereditary monarchy. The order of succession is usually affected by rules on gender. Historically "agnatic primogeniture" or "patrilineal primogeniture" was favoured, that is inheritance according to seniority of birth among the sons of a monarch or 7652:, should as a crowned head have the sovereign right to determine the precedence of how ambassadors (apart from the papal nuncio and the imperial ambassador) would rank, based on the date of their credentials. The pragmatic suggestions of Pombal was not successful, and as the pretensions among the great powers were so deep-rooted, it would take the 4630:). In other systems there are usually fixed terms, but the head of state retains authority to dissolve the legislature in certain circumstances. Where a head of government has lost support in the legislature, some heads of state may refuse a dissolution, where one is requested, thereby forcing the head of government's resignation. 1734:

heads of state powers and functions akin to presidential or semi-presidential systems, in some cases without containing reference to modern democratic principles of accountability to parliament or even to modern governmental offices. Usually, the king had the power of declaring war without previous consent of the parliament.

5053:, so as to decide if the conditions laid down in paragraph one still apply. The Council shall make its decision publicly as soon as possible. It shall, as of right, carry out such an examination and shall make its decision in the same manner after sixty days of the exercise of emergency powers or at any moment thereafter. 5105:

The Emir may, in the event of exceptional cases that require measures of utmost urgency which necessitate the issue of special laws and in case that Al-Shoura Council is not in session, issue pertinent decrees that have the power of law. Such decree-laws shall be submitted to Al-Shoura Council at its

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Head of state is the highest-ranking constitutional position in a sovereign state. A head of state has some or all of the roles listed below, often depending on the constitutional category (above), and does not necessarily regularly exercise the most power or influence of governance. There is usually

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In reality, numerous variants exist to the position of a head of state within a parliamentary system. The older the constitution, the more constitutional leeway tends to exist for a head of state to exercise greater powers over government, as many older parliamentary system constitutions in fact give

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in the country in the event of exceptional cases specified by the law; and in such cases, he may take all urgent necessary measures to counter any threat that undermine the safety of the State, the integrity of its territories or the security of its people and interests or obstruct the organs of the

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In some parliamentary systems, the head of state retains certain discretionary powers in relation to bills to be exercised. They may have authority to veto a bill until the houses of the legislature have reconsidered it, and approved it a second time; reserve a bill to be signed later, or suspend it

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is the Head of the State and a symbol of the unity of the country and represents the sovereignty of the country. He shall guarantee the commitment to the Constitution and the preservation of Iraq's independence, sovereignty, unity, and the safety of its territories, in accordance with the provisions

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requesting a dissolution of parliament and a general election. In a letter informing the monarch after the event, the Governor General said: "I have to await the verdict of history to prove my having adopted a wrong course, and this I do with an easy conscience that, right or wrong, I have acted in

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shall be notified of this decree within the fifteen days following its issue; and in the event that the Council is not in session for any reason whatsoever, the Council shall be notified of the decree at its first convening. Martial laws shall be declared for a limited period and the same shall not

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2) Treaties by which territory of the State would be ceded, State property alienated, sovereign rights or prerogatives of the State affected, a new burden imposed on the Principality or its citizens, or an obligation assumed that would limit the rights of the citizens of Liechtenstein shall require

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Although many constitutions, particularly from the 19th century and earlier, make no explicit mention of a head of state in the generic sense of several present day international treaties, the officeholders corresponding to this position are recognised as such by other countries. In a monarchy, the

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to surrender on behalf of his state to the invading German army in 1940, against the will of his government. Judging that his responsibility to the nation by virtue of his coronation oath required him to act, he believed that his government's decision to fight rather than surrender was mistaken and

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explicitly name the monarch as their head of state (though Tuvalu's constitution states that "references in any law to the Head of State shall be read as including a reference to the governor-general"). Governors-general are frequently treated as heads of state on state and official visits; at the

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upon whomever he pleases as a reward for distinguished services, and such orders must be publicly announced, but no rank or title other than that attached to any office. The order exempts no one from the common duties and burdens of citizens, nor does it carry with it any preferential admission to

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are noteworthy contemporary cases of multilateral treaties cast in this traditional format, as are the accession agreements of new member states. However, rather than being invariably concluded between two heads of state, it has become common that bilateral treaties are in present times cast in an

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according to established constitutional authority. In Australia the present king is generally assumed to be head of state, since the governor-general and the state governors are defined as his "representatives". However, since the governor-general performs almost all national regal functions, the

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passed by the house or houses of the legislature be signed into law by the head of state. In some states, such as the United Kingdom, Belgium and Ireland, the head of state is, in fact, formally considered a tier of the legislature. However, in most parliamentary systems, the head of state cannot

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chief executive officer. Under parliamentary systems the executive authority is exercised by the head of state, but in practice is done so on the advice of the cabinet of ministers. This produces such terms as "Her Majesty's Government" and "His Excellency's Government." Examples of parliamentary

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in 1806 and the weak position of France and other catholic states to assert themselves) and remains so to this day, that all sovereign states are treated as equals, whether monarchies or republics. On occasions when multiple heads of state or their representatives meet, precedence is by the host

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3. In the event that a draft law is returned to the Council within the period specified in the preceding paragraph and the Council passes the same once more with a two-thirds majority of all its Members, the Emir shall ratify and promulgate it. The Emir may in compelling circumstances order the

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ultimate decision making on military manoeuvres is made elsewhere. The head of state will, regardless of actual authority, perform ceremonial duties related to the country's armed forces, and will sometimes appear in military uniform for these purposes; particularly in monarchies where also the

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of the head of state can be found in government offices, courts of law, or other public buildings. The idea, sometimes regulated by law, is to use these portraits to make the public aware of the symbolic connection to the government, a practice that dates back to medieval times. Sometimes this

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of the early 19th century. Most presidents in such countries are selected by democratic means (popular direct or indirect election); however, like all other systems, the presidential model also encompasses people who become head of state by other means, notably through military dictatorship or

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Some constitutions or fundamental laws provide for a head of state who is not only in theory but in practice chief executive, operating separately from, and independent from, the legislature. This system is known as a "presidential system" and sometimes called the "imperial model", because the

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is the Head of State, the symbol of its unity and permanence. He arbitrates and moderates the regular functioning of the institutions, assumes the highest representation of the Spanish State in international relations, especially with the nations of its historical community, and exercises the

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2. The President of the Russian Federation shall be the guarantor of the Constitution of the Russian Federation and of human and civil rights and freedoms. In accordance with the procedure established by the Constitution of the Russian Federation, he (she) shall adopt measures to protect the

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Where the institutions of the Republic, the independence of the Nation, the integrity of its territory or the fulfilment of its international commitments are under serious and immediate threat, and where the proper functioning of the constitutional public authorities is interrupted, the

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to tender the resignation of the government, he can, in practice, request it if the prime minister is from his own majority. In presidential systems, the president often has the power to fire ministers at his sole discretion. In the United States, the unwritten convention calls for the

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for appointment by the King or proposes a successor to the prime minister for appointment by the King within three days of the rejection of a motion of confidence. The King appoints the proposed successor as prime minister, who takes office when the new Federal Government is sworn

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as the head of the special administrative region, in addition to their role as the head of government. These non-sovereign-state heads, nevertheless, have limited or no role in diplomatic affairs, depending on the status and the norms and practices of the territories concerned.

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In China, the political job that matters most is the General Secretary of the Communist Party. The party controls the military and domestic security forces, and sets the policies that the government carries out. China's presidency lacks the authority of the American and French

6178:, confirmed that the only person competent to commission an Australian prime minister was the governor-general and it would not be proper for the monarch to personally intervene in matters that the Constitution Act so clearly places within the governor-general's jurisdiction. 6934:, with sons and their male issue inheriting before brothers and their male issue, to the total exclusion of females and descendants through females from succession. This complete exclusion of females from dynastic succession is commonly referred to as application of the 1832:

These officials are excluded completely from the executive: they do not possess even theoretical executive powers or any role, even formal, within the government. Hence their states' governments are not referred to by the traditional parliamentary model head of state

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At home, heads of state are expected to render lustre to various occasions by their presence, such as by attending artistic or sports performances or competitions (often in a theatrical honour box, on a platform, on the front row, at the honours table), expositions,

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or voluntary resignation. Cabinet members are appointed and dismissed at the sole discretion of the prime minister. Laws and ordinances are promulgated by two Cabinet members in unison signing "On Behalf of the Government" and the government—not the monarch—is the

3994:, the position of commander-in-chief is obvious, as all authority in such a government derives from the application of military force; occasionally a power vacuum created by war is filled by a head of state stepping beyond the normal constitutional role, as King 6907:, there are usually restrictions on the incumbent's exercise of powers and prohibitions on the possibility of choosing a successor by other means than by birth. In a hereditary monarchy, the position of monarch is inherited according to a statutory or customary 5943:

Whenever a head of state is not available for any reason, constitutional provisions may allow the role to fall temporarily to an assigned person or collective body. In a republic, this is - depending on provisions outlined by the constitution or improvised - a

2772:). This means that the government discreetly approves agenda and speeches, especially where the constitution (or customary law) assumes all political responsibility by granting the crown inviolability (in fact also imposing political emasculation) as in the 7435:

The Italian constitution provides that a former president of the Republic takes the title President Emeritus of the Italian Republic and he or she is also a senator for life, and enjoys immunity, flight status and official residences certain privileges.

4626:. In some parliamentary systems, and in some presidential systems, however, the head of state may do so on their own initiative. Some states have fixed term legislatures, with no option of bringing forward elections (e.g., Article II, Section 3, of the 2078:, who became his prime minister from 1986 to 1988. In the French system, in the event of cohabitation, the president is often allowed to set the policy agenda in security and foreign affairs and the prime minister runs the domestic and economic agenda. 6938:. Another variation on agnatic primogeniture was the so-called semi-Salic law, or "agnatic-cognatic primogeniture", which allowed women to succeed only at the extinction of all the male descendants in the male line of the particular legislator. 5565:("state of the masses") replaced the previous republic, and in March 1979 the role of head of state was transferred to the Secretary-General of the General People's Congress (comparable to a Speaker); in practice however Gaddafi remained the 2255:, real political power belonged to the sole legal party. In these states, there was no formal office of head of state, but rather the leader of the legislative branch was considered to be the closest common equivalent of a head of state as a 3333:; in other instances, the head of state may be able to dismiss an office holder unilaterally; other heads of state, or their representatives, have the theoretical power to dismiss any office-holder, while it is exceptionally rarely used. In 5774: 7402: 6941:

Before primogeniture was enshrined in European law and tradition, kings would often secure the succession by having their successor (usually their eldest son) crowned during their own lifetime, so for a time there would be two kings in

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suspension of this law for the period that he deems necessary to serve the higher interests of the country. If, however, the draft law is not passed by a two-thirds majority, it shall not be reconsidered within the same term of session.

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The Constitution as in force on 1 June 2003 together with proclamation declaring the establishment of the Commonwealth, letters patent relating to the Office of Governor-General, Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1942, Australia Act

4062:. They may not be transferred to the service of foreign powers, nor may the military forces of any foreign power, except auxiliary forces assisting against hostile attack, be brought into the Realm without the consent of the Storting. 8669: 1952:

with respect to international treaties. The remaining official functions of the sovereign, by constitutional mandate or by unwritten convention, are to open the annual session of the Riksdag, receive foreign ambassadors and sign the

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and various monarchical titles are most commonly used for heads of state, in some nationalistic regimes, the leader adopts, formally or de facto, a unique style simply meaning leader in the national language, e.g., Germany's single

15718: 2062:. Should a president be of one side of the political spectrum and the opposition be in control of the legislature, the president is usually obliged to select someone from the opposition to become prime minister, a process known as 2403:

While clear categories do exist, it is sometimes difficult to choose which category some individual heads of state belong to. In reality, the category to which each head of state belongs is assessed not by theory but by practice.

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Semi-presidential systems combine features of presidential and parliamentary systems, notably (in the president-parliamentary subtype) a requirement that the government be answerable to both the president and the legislature. The

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In presidential systems, such as that of the United States, appointments are nominated by the president's sole discretion, but this nomination is often subject to confirmation by the legislature; and specifically in the US, the

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If the head of state also serves as the chief executive, the head of state can politically control the necessary executive measures without which a proclaimed law can remain dead letter, sometimes for years or even forever.

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Such arrangements are not to be confused with supranational entities which are not states and are not defined by a common monarchy but may (or not) have a symbolic, essentially protocollary, titled highest office, e.g.,

1274:, there is an executive president that is both head of state and head of government. Likewise, in some parliamentary systems the head of state is not the head of government, but still has significant powers, for example 6919:

or bloodline. This usually means that the heir to the throne is known well in advance of becoming monarch to ensure a smooth succession. However, many cases of uncertain succession in European history have often led to

2085:, for example, in its constitution provided for a popularly elected president with theoretically dominant executive powers that were intended to be exercised only in emergencies, and a cabinet appointed by him from the 7093:

Election usually is the constitutional way to choose the head of state of a republic, and some monarchies, either directly through popular election, indirectly by members of the legislature or of a special college of

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and select his own person for the job, even though the outgoing chancellor possessed the confidence of the Reichstag while the new chancellor did not. Subsequently, President von Hindenburg used his power to appoint

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is defined in the constitution as "the symbol of the State and of the unity of the people" (article 1), and is generally recognised throughout the world as the Japanese head of state. Although the emperor formally

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The measures shall be designed to provide the constitutional public authorities as swiftly as possible, with the means to carry out their duties. The Constitutional Council shall be consulted with regard to such

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and other presidential regimes. Some of the characteristics of a presidential system, such as a strong dominant political figure with an executive answerable to them, not the legislature can also be found among

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State from performing their duties. However, the decree must specify the nature of such exceptional cases for which the martial laws have been declared and clarify the measures taken to address this situation.

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hold ultimate authority over the armed forces but will only normally, as per either written law or unwritten convention, exercise their authority on the advice of their responsible ministers: meaning that the

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for Swedish ambassadors, chair the foreign advisory committee, preside at the special Cabinet council when a new prime minister takes office, and to be kept informed by the prime minister on matters of state.

6965:, became the first monarchy to declare equal (full cognatic) primogeniture, meaning that the eldest child of the monarch, whether female or male, ascends to the throne. Other European monarchies (such as the 4192:. He shall supervise the same with the assistance of Defence Council under his direct authority. The said Council shall be constituted by an Emiri Resolution, which will also determine the functions thereof. 2715:, dedication events, military parades and war remembrances, prominent funerals, visiting different parts of the country and people from different walks of life, and at times performing symbolic acts such as 1779:, Belgium voted in a referendum to allow him to resume his monarchical powers and duties, but because of the ongoing controversy he ultimately abdicated.) The Belgian constitutional crisis in 1990, when the 7245:. The post can also be abolished by constitutional change; in such cases, an incumbent may be allowed to finish their term. Of course, a head of state position will cease to exist if the state itself does. 7918:

Art. 93. "Should the King find himself unable to reign, the ministers, having observed this inability, immediately summon the Chambers. Regency and guardianship are to be provided by the united Chambers."

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Sometimes a head of state assumes office as a state becomes legal and political reality, before a formal title for the highest office is determined; thus in the since 1 January 1960 independent republic

3291:. In many parliamentary systems, the head of government is appointed with the consent (in practice often decisive) of the legislature, and other figures are appointed on the head of government's advice. 10012: 8274: 7106:), or as an exclusive prerogative. Exclusive prerogative allows the heads of states of constituent monarchies of a federation to choose the head of state for the federation among themselves, as in the 6114:

in Canada) is appointed by the sovereign, usually on the advice of the relevant prime minister (although sometimes it is based on the result of a vote in the relevant parliament, which is the case for

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The few exceptions where the head of state is not even the nominal chief executive - and where supreme executive authority is according to the constitution explicitly vested in a cabinet - include the

7393:, it is still common to refer to the deposed king and his family as if Constantine II were still on the throne, as many European royal courts and households do in guest lists at royal weddings, as in 3979:

may also appear in military garb. This is generally the only time a head of state of a stable, democratic country will appear dressed in such a manner, as statesmen and public are eager to assert the

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Sometimes, however, primogeniture can operate through the female line. In some systems a female may rule as monarch only when the male line dating back to a common ancestor is exhausted. In 1980,

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Examples of heads of state in parliamentary systems using greater powers than usual, either because of ambiguous constitutions or unprecedented national emergencies, include the decision by King

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or collegial regency (council). For example, in the United States the vice-president acts when the president is incapacitated, and in the United Kingdom the monarch's powers may be delegated to

15401: 15723: 13031: 5500: 8666: 5974:, constitutional institutions, including the symbolically crucial head of state, may be reduced to a figurehead or be suspended in favour of an emergency office (such as the original Roman 4580:

2. If the Emir, declines to approve the draft law, he shall return it a long with the reasons for such declination to the Council within a period of three months from the date of referral.

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the prime minister to office, article 6 of the constitution requires him to appoint the candidate "as designated by the Diet", without any right to decline appointment. He is a ceremonial

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refused to sign into law a bill permitting abortion, was resolved by the cabinet assuming the power to promulgate the law while he was treated as "unable to reign" for twenty-four hours.

1988:, which holds no reserve powers whatsoever. The least ceremonial powers held by the president are to provide a mandate to attempt to form a government, to approve the dissolution of the 6789:

conflict when the temporal power sought to control key clergy nominations in order to guarantee popular support, and thereby his own legitimacy, by incorporating the formal ceremony of

6675:, which initially had western-style constitutions (and therefore, western-style presidencies), switched to the presidium model with the adoption of new Soviet-influenced constitutions; 4323:

refuse to sign a bill, and, in granting a bill their assent, indicate that it was passed in accordance with the correct procedures. The signing of a bill into law is formally known as

19567: 7394: 2313:, the office was vacant for years. The late president was granted the posthumous title (akin to some ancient Far Eastern traditions to give posthumous names and titles to royalty) of 9881: 8992: 4067:

The territorial army and the other troops which cannot be classed as troops of the line must never, without the consent of the Storting, be employed outside the borders of the Realm.

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It is usual that the head of state, particularly in parliamentary systems as part of the symbolic role, is the one who opens the annual sessions of the legislature, e.g. the annual

6620:, both of whom alternated months of authority during their year in office, similarly there was an even number of supreme magistrates in the Italic republics of Ancient Age. In the 18951: 13463: 8728: 4781:

senior official posts in the State. Senior officials honourably discharged from office retain the title and rank of their office. This does not apply, however, to Members of the

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shall represent the Federation in its international relations. He shall conclude treaties with foreign states on behalf of the Federation. He shall accredit and receive envoys.

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of the state, and possessing limited executive power. In reality, however, following a process of constitutional evolution, powers are usually only exercised by direction of a

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However, the role of party chief is more senior than that of president. At some point, Xi could be given a party position that also enables him to stay on as long as he likes.

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In some states the office of head of state is not expressed in a specific title reflecting that role, but constitutionally awarded to a post of another formal nature. Colonel

2326: 2149:). In this case the debate centers on confirming them into office, not removing them from office, and does not involve the power to reject or approve proposed cabinet members 8784: 7963: 17886:

Partially or entirely in Asia, depending on the definition of the Europe–Asia border. Partially or entirely in Asia, depending on the definition of the Africa–Asia border.

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in international treaties on behalf of the state; signs them either personally or has them signed in his/her name by ministers (government members or diplomats); subsequent

18129: 16399: 16076: 16036: 15708: 15648: 15112: 7241:, or resignation. In some cases, an abdication cannot occur unilaterally, but comes into effect only when approved by an act of parliament, as in the case of British King 4948:, upon a motion subscribed by one fifth and a decision passed by a two-thirds majority of all the Members of the Assembly of the Republic in full exercise of their office. 2291: 9357: 8563: 18944: 16352: 15972: 15394: 14553: 8037: 4958:

4. For crimes that are not committed in the exercise of his functions, the President of the Republic answers before the common courts, once his term of office has ended.

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Below follows a list of examples from different countries of general provisions in law, which either designate an office as head of state or define its general purpose.

1693:, the legitimacy of the unelected head of state typically derives from the tacit approval of the people via the elected representatives. Accordingly, at the time of the 7350:, who left the throne to his son after winning a referendum which allowed him to retain a full royal household deprived him of a constitutional or representative role. 1553:

In a federal constituent or a dependent territory, the same role is fulfilled by the holder of an office corresponding to that of a head of state. For example, in each

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However, some other states have no problem with deposed monarchs being referred to by their former title, and even allow them to travel internationally on the state's

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shall, in accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation and federal laws, determine the basic objectives of the internal and foreign policy of the State.

15997: 15992: 15673: 15668: 6829:, typically as a transitional measure as part of establishing the new form of government that the constitution decrees: For example, transitional provision 1 of the 5363:

as a state (so now as a constituent part of the federation, a non-sovereign level). After its expulsion from Malaysia on 9 August 1965, Singapore became a sovereign

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sovereignty of the Russian Federation, its independence and State integrity, and shall ensure the coordinated functioning and interaction of State government bodies.

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Apart from violent overthrow, a head of state's position can be lost in several ways, including death, another by expiration of the constitutional term of office,

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The head of state may also dismiss office-holders. There are many variants on how this can be done. For example, members of the Irish Cabinet are dismissed by the

14713: 9844: 9508: 7820: 16069: 15343: 15105: 11764: 6679:, which was a monarchy before the Soviet takeover, was the only country to move to a unitary presidency from a collective head of state, a move done by dictator 5746:

of diplomacy) or by date of accession. Contemporary international law on precedence, built upon the universally admitted principles since 1815, derives from the

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and the principal functions of such presidents are mainly ceremonial and symbolic, as opposed to the presidents in a presidential or semi-presidential system.

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A foreign power can establishing a branch of their own dynasty, or one friendly to their interests. This was often the outcome of the wars fought between the

2948:(2)The President shall have the responsibility and duty to safeguard the independence, territorial integrity and continuity of the State and the Constitution. 18236: 16046: 15728: 15643: 15638: 14152: 13017: 9047: 8470: 5759: 5042: 2914:

represents the Portuguese Republic, guarantees national independence, the unity of the state and the proper operation of the democratic institutions, and is

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no longer has many of the standard parliamentary system head of state functions that had previously belonged to him or her, as was the case in the preceding

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XXIV - render, each year, accounts to the National Congress concerning the previous fiscal year, within sixty days of the opening of the legislative session

2727:, laying the first stone. Some parts of national life receive their regular attention, often on an annual basis, or even in the form of official patronage. 14573: 8537: 8301: 8293: 5520: 1305:, the position of president has no tangible powers by itself; however, since such a head of state, as a matter of custom, simultaneously holds the post of 10032: 9987:

Guests at the wedding ceremony: Wedding between Crown Princess Victoria and Mr Daniel Westling on Saturday 19 June 2010, 3.30 p.m., at Stockholm Cathedral

8759: 3856:, appoints and recalls plenipotentiary representatives abroad, and ratifies and abrogates treaties and important agreements concluded with foreign states. 20166: 19834: 18139: 17212: 15633: 10218: 8232: 7320: 7043:, succession to the throne usually first passes to the monarch's next eldest brother, and only after that to the monarch's children (agnatic seniority). 7008:

In some monarchies there may be liberty for the incumbent, or some body convening after the death of the monarch, to choose from eligible members of the

5516: 5473: 5427: 4283: 4220: 14394: 8912: 8057: 3649:) of the sending state is accredited to the head of state of the receiving state. The head of state accredits (i.e. formally validates) their country's 1665:(or answerable) to the legislature, with the head of government and cabinet in turn accepting constitutional responsibility for offering constitutional 19404: 18188: 15906: 15693: 15368: 7624: 4542:

XXIII - submit to the National Congress the pluriannual plan, the bill of budgetary directives and the budget proposals set forth in this Constitution;

2550: 2543: 1432:

normally has a head of state, and determines the extent of its head's executive powers of government or formal representational functions. In terms of

7283:

of former heads of state can be designed to represent the history or aspirations of a state or its people, such as the equestrian bronze sculpture of

4092:, shall preside over the Supreme Council of Defense established by law, and shall make declarations of war as have been agreed by Parliament of Italy. 19553: 17915: 14476: 14249: 11885: 7398: 6487: 6182: 5496: 4375: 3841: 3720: 2850:

shall be the symbol of the State and of the unity of the People, deriving his position from the will of the people with whom resides sovereign power.

2349: 9608: 9238: 8822: 2776:

from its very beginning; in a monarchy this may even be extended to some degree to other members of the dynasty, especially the heir to the throne.

2765:

or in other cases (possibly as a message, for instance, to distance themselves without rendering offence) just a military officer or civil servant.

18229: 16392: 16342: 14145: 9673: 8217: 6705:, established in 1928, had a panel of about 40 people as collective head of state. Though beginning that year, a provisional constitution made the 6186: 5465: 4291: 2747: 2361: 2231:) regimes, but in most cases of dictatorship, their stated constitutional models are applied in name only and not in political theory or practice. 9777: 9273: 19735: 19617: 14254: 9192:

Bayefsky, Anne F. (1993), "International Human Rights Law in Canadian Courts", in Kaplan, William; McRae, Donald Malcolm; Cohen, Maxwell (eds.),

8216:

is the most powerful figure in the Chinese political system. He is the President of China, but his real influence comes from his position as the

7581: 7472: 2373: 7413:

to be referred to by their former titles or bearing a surname indicating royal status, and has enacted legislation which hinders acquisition of

4914:(3) Criminal prosecution for criminal offences committed by the President of the Republic while executing his office shall be ruled out forever. 1657:(or, at least, not a majority opposition – a subtle but important difference). It also gives the legislature the right to vote down the head of 19827: 17205: 16357: 13197: 10081: 9479: 8316: 6694:. The Sovereignty Council comprises 11 ministers, who together have exercised all governmental functions for Sudan since the fall of President 6175: 5453: 5420: 4906: 4287: 3849: 3788:

shall accredit ambassadors and envoys extraordinary to foreign powers; foreign ambassadors and envoys extraordinary shall be accredited to him.

2353: 10058: 8515: 4311:

in Britain. Even in presidential systems the head of state often formally reports to the legislature on the present national status, e.g. the

19397: 17403: 15009: 13468: 13458: 9069: 7842:

Klug, Heinz (March 2003). "Postcolonial Collages: Distributions of Power and Constitutional Models, With Special Reference to South Africa".

7576: 5384:

abolished the position and title of vice-president, assuming the positions of Prime Minister and Head of Cabinet. He also proclaimed himself

4829: 2637:

of the state; in hereditary monarchies this extends to the monarch being a symbol of the unbroken continuity of the state. For instance, the

1170: 9324: 7327:, representing the territorial expansion of the United States in the first 130 years from its founding, which is promoted as the "Shrine of 18737: 18702: 18134: 16213: 15977: 15580: 14883: 14588: 10812: 10640: 10555: 10294: 9877: 8984: 8830: 8643: 7628: 6702: 6152: 5503:, who performs some of the roles of a head of state, such as accrediting foreign ambassadors and undertaking overseas visits. However, the 5164: 4212: 3755: 3731:

shall represent the State in all its relations with foreign countries, without prejudice to the requisite participation of the responsible

2416: 2268: 1653:

who is answerable to the legislature. This accountability and legitimacy requires that someone be chosen who has a majority support in the

1270:, the head of state usually has mostly ceremonial powers, with a separate head of government. However, in some parliamentary systems, like 8173: 7732: 4523:

IV - sanction, promulgate and order the publication of laws, as well as to issue decrees and regulations for the true enforcement thereof;

1969:(head of government) to the president. However, the president has no access to documentation and all access to ministers goes through the 16385: 15348: 9456: 5794: 5715:. The Pope also had the sole right to determine the precedence of all others. This principle was first challenged by a Protestant ruler, 4850:

who is Head of State cannot be prosecuted for his or her actions. Nor can a Regent be prosecuted for his or her actions as Head of State.

4492:; If he approves he shall sign it, but if not he shall return it, with his Objections to that House in which it shall have originated... 3347: 2330: 9965: 8725: 5415:

There are also a few nations in which the exact title and definition of the office of head of state have been vague. During the Chinese

5258:(d) remit the whole or a part of a punishment imposed on a person for an offence or of a penalty or forfeiture on account of an offence. 19730: 19612: 15328: 14633: 13567: 13478: 9755: 8090: 7889: 6656: 4902: 3112: 855: 6667:

remained the only country among them that retained an office of president as a form of a single head of state throughout this period;

6581:, in which a monarchy experiences an exceptional period of multiple rulers. Examples of collective republican systems include nominal 4165:

Army and Navy of the United States, and of the Militia of the several States, when called into the actual Service of the United States

3173:

and shall be exercised by him either directly or indirectly through the officers subordinate to him in accordance to the Constitution.

3127:

as the Queen's representative, and extends to the execution and maintenance of this Constitution, and of the laws of the Commonwealth.

18168: 13610: 13533: 11998: 7586: 7268:

in Berlin, Germany, dedicated 1897, nearly 10 years after his death. The monument was destroyed by the communist government in 1950.

6210: 5747: 5508: 4777: 3638: 3521: 9410: 8444: 6029:(held by the British monarch, but not legally reserved for it) or 'Head of the Arab Union' (14 February - 14 July 1958, held by the 20312: 14989: 14628: 13094: 12895: 10709: 9911: 8586: 8200: 7960: 6237: 5935:. The monarchies who survived through this era were the ones who were willing to subject themselves to constitutional limitations. 1497:, in which the head of state has either none or very limited executive powers, and mainly has a ceremonial and symbolic role (e.g. 1306: 17: 8418: 6478:, certain dynasties adopted a title expressing their positions as "servant" of a patron deity of the state, but in the sense of a 20159: 16041: 15896: 15054: 14533: 14269: 13827: 11027: 8342: 8324: 5442: 5046: 4461:

with annual messages on the situation in the country and on the basic objectives of the internal and foreign policy of the State.

9935: 9135: 9118: 7358:, where he was imprisoned, into a miniature version of his First Empire, with most trappings of a sovereign monarchy, until his 7165:

rulers. Dictators often use democratic titles, though some proclaim themselves monarchs. Examples of the latter include Emperor

1474:, in which the head of state, in theory, possesses key executive powers, but such power is exercised on the binding advice of a 18612: 17792: 16347: 16302: 14683: 14214: 13473: 13414: 13084: 10299: 10020: 9636: 9074: 9034: 8856: 8560: 8406: 4696: 4481: 4417: 4139: 2657:

practice is taken to excess, and the head of state becomes the principal symbol of the nation, resulting in the emergence of a

2110: 9354: 8034: 4357:

session takes place at a special meeting of the Chamber held no later than the third day of the session. At this meeting, the

3852:

receives foreign diplomatic representatives on behalf of the People's Republic of China and, in pursuance of decisions of the

2768:

For non-executive heads of state there is often a degree of censorship by the politically responsible government (such as the

2683:

Heads of state often greet important foreign visitors, particularly visiting heads of state. They assume a host role during a

18747: 18085: 17987: 17908: 17483: 16252: 15916: 15761: 14743: 14688: 14673: 14563: 14548: 14424: 14314: 14244: 11878: 11079: 10634: 10165: 10117: 9722: 9699: 9203: 9176: 8796: 7715: 6167: 5667:, etc.) offer a wide spectrum of styles, either monarchic (mostly identical to homonyms in larger states) or republican, see 5469: 3423: 2974:

He shall represent the State of Lithuania and shall perform everything with which he is charged by the Constitution and laws.

2932: 2642: 2196: 974: 11044: 5041:

After thirty days of the exercise of such emergency powers, the matter may be referred to the Constitutional Council by the

2661:

where the image of the head of state is the only visual representation of the country, surpassing other symbols such as the

1751:—the parliamentary approval to the government appointed by the king—was customary, but not required by law. So, Italy had a 18857: 18662: 18312: 14748: 14653: 14354: 13508: 13493: 10264: 9298: 8890: 8744: 8713: 8628: 8620: 8135: 7984: 7928: 6598: 6594: 6093: 4945: 4809: 3295: 3098:

shall have the supreme authority in all the affairs of the Realm, and he shall exercise such supreme authority through the

9387: 19259: 18191: 18100: 18040: 17875: 17418: 16292: 16153: 15826: 15500: 15183: 15150: 14598: 14578: 14309: 14186: 13488: 13424: 11532: 10066: 9395: 8767: 7422: 7218: 5635: 5524: 5355:) for its governor (the actual head of state remained the British monarch). The second and last incumbent of the office, 4936: 4704: 4425: 4135: 3932: 3806: 3553: 3191: 2992: 2295: 2248: 1738: 1566: 1554: 1203: 12226: 4598:; this power is rarely used); refer a bill to the courts to test its constitutionality; refer a bill to the people in a 3829:

d) shall receive letters of credence and letters of recall of diplomatic representatives accredited to his (her) office.

1459:(fundamental laws) that establish different political systems, four major types of heads of state can be distinguished: 20152: 19799: 19755: 18974: 18110: 18075: 17943: 17529: 16870: 14733: 14643: 13543: 13192: 11537: 9841: 7131: 6733:

is often established, even if only by fictitious claims of continuity (e.g., a forged claim of descent from a previous

6652: 6560: 6171: 5932: 5499:

was abolished. As a result, some of the duties previously held by the president were constitutionally delegated to the

4885: 3376: 2423:(legislature), has moved Liechtenstein into the semi-presidential category. Similarly the original powers given to the 2360:

with limited power. However, since 1993, as a matter of convention, the presidency has been held simultaneously by the

1570: 1128: 42: 6155:

by acting unilaterally (that is, without direction from ministers, parliament, or the monarch) occurred in 1926, when

6135:

as to which officeholder—the monarch, the governor general, or both—can be considered the head of state. New Zealand,

6005:

is a retrospective label for those cases where the states were governed entirely separately. Of contemporary terms, a

5248:, either indefinite or for a specified period, of the execution of a punishment imposed on that person for an offence; 5209:...and he shall have Power to grant Reprieves and Pardons for Offences against the United States, except in Cases of 20264: 19765: 19484: 18883: 18777: 18772: 18194: 17828: 17587: 16267: 16203: 15570: 14623: 14593: 14274: 13523: 13518: 13498: 13323: 10802: 10209: 10192: 10139: 9749: 7814: 7099: 6769:. This can take the form of supreme divine authority above the state's, granting a tool for political influence to a 6079: 5623: 5202: 5143: 3019: 2617:

a formal public ceremony when a person becomes head of state, or some time after. This may be the swearing in at the

2568: 2447: 2316: 1724:

with a parliamentary system (such as India, Germany, Austria, Italy and Israel), the head of state is usually titled

1440:, independent state is usually identified as the person who, according to that state's constitution, is the reigning 1385: 1003: 912: 723: 254: 16563: 10033:

Selected guest list for the wedding service at Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Luxembourg on October 20, 2012 at 11:00 a.m.

8879: 8689: 8374: 7303:, placed in front of the Victoria Memorial Hall, Kolkata (Calcutta) (1921), commemorating Queen Victoria's reign as 20292: 20042: 17901: 17838: 16337: 16218: 16198: 15590: 15248: 15019: 14838: 14802: 14723: 14698: 14483: 14404: 14369: 14339: 14229: 14106: 13577: 13513: 13045: 12482: 11871: 11347: 8756: 8395: 7284: 6864:

by name, rather than by the fact he was the prime minister of colonial Seychelles immediately before independence.

6334: 6128: 5364: 5359:, kept the style at 31 August 1963 unilateral declaration of independence and after 16 September 1963 accession to 5023: 3980: 3439: 2820:

is the head of State of New Zealand, and shall be known by the royal style and titles proclaimed from time to time.

2607: 2603: 2485: 1019: 329: 9029: 8467: 20307: 19231: 18888: 18332: 18055: 17957: 17833: 16113: 15435: 15024: 14758: 14668: 14558: 14429: 14379: 14334: 13548: 10745: 10289: 9487: 9430: 8545: 8489: 8429: 8370: 7417:

unless those terms are met. The former king brought this issue, along with property ownership issues, before the

6839: 6648: 6214: 6206: 6190: 5960:

is resident in Andorra; each is represented in Andorra by a delegate, though these persons hold no formal title.

5677:

were elected by their Italian aristocratic republics from a patrician nobility, but "reigned" as sovereign dukes.

5404:" meaning "highest"; roughly translated to English as "Supreme Commander of the Revolution"). He was praised as " 4893: 4839: 4251: 3641:, which codified longstanding custom, operates under the presumption that the head of a diplomatic mission (i.e. 3549: 2826: 2735: 2646: 2277: 2136:" - the name of the system refers to any head of state who actually governs and is not directly dependent on the 1928: 1920: 944: 8534: 8290: 4896:

may not be detained, subjected to criminal prosecution or prosecuted for offence or other administrative delict.

20254: 20244: 18904: 18527: 17747: 16362: 16223: 16148: 16031: 15595: 15243: 15029: 14349: 14259: 14239: 13483: 13240: 12928: 12731: 11324: 10827: 10089: 9825: 9355:

The Constitution, as laid down on 17 May 1814 by the Constituent Assembly at Eidsvoll and subsequently amended.

8500: 7418: 7210: 7002: 6540: 6447: 6275:, who claimed descent from their respective sun gods and often sought to maintain this bloodline by practising 5631: 5147: 5087: 4568: 4489: 4160: 3299: 3237: 3038:

is vested, at least notionally, in the head of state. In presidential systems the head of state is the actual,

2321:. All substantive power, as party leader, itself not formally created for four years, was inherited by his son 2118: 2081:

Other countries evolve into something akin to a semi-presidential system or indeed a full presidential system.

1367: 1363: 1267: 848: 718: 496: 344: 187: 178: 63: 8124:", includes spines of two books titled "American Revolution" and "Constitution and Laws of the United States". 6721:

The position of head of state can be established in different ways, and with different sources of legitimacy.

3512: 19745: 19452: 18842: 18512: 18012: 17977: 17860: 17562: 17253: 16614: 16257: 15901: 15771: 15338: 15253: 15203: 14763: 13887: 13741: 13603: 13394: 12862: 11161: 8909: 8571: 7591: 6609:, which maintains the tradition of Italian medieval republics that had always had an even number of consuls. 5724: 4716:

in the cases and in accordance with the procedure provided for by the Constitution of the Russian Federation;

4216: 3431: 3124: 2377: 2325:. The post of president was formally replaced on 5 September 1998, for ceremonial purposes, by the office of 2252: 733: 7340: 19637: 19460: 18767: 18727: 18627: 18553: 18447: 18081: 18046: 17983: 17797: 17772: 17732: 17672: 17662: 17612: 17582: 17572: 17519: 17423: 15295: 15238: 15193: 14912: 14900: 14658: 14389: 14304: 14279: 13503: 13059: 12984: 12917: 12736: 12462: 11815: 10797: 10785: 10304: 8920: 8788: 7542: 7379:

By tradition, deposed monarchs who have not freely abdicated continue to use their monarchical titles as a

7295:

London, commemorating Queen Victoria and her reign (1837–1901), and unveiled in 1911 by her grandson, King

6741:(as may be the case in a dynastic split). Such grants of sovereignty are usually forced, as is common with 6687: 6573:

rotates among the members of the collective as the term of office progresses. Of multiple royal systems, a

6115: 5316: 5277: 4247: 3936: 2787: 2424: 2133: 1726: 1574: 1562: 1558: 1165: 907: 482: 314: 285: 19912: 17059: 16655: 16604: 16589: 8819: 3950:

A head of state is often, by virtue of holding the highest executive powers, explicitly designated as the

2750:

the head of state of the host nation, by uttering a single formulaic phrase as determined by the charter.

19715: 19647: 19524: 18742: 18442: 18183: 18173: 18091: 17757: 17752: 17727: 15987: 15223: 15049: 14678: 14324: 13970: 13528: 13409: 13290: 13170: 12989: 12884: 11993: 11678: 11592: 11487: 11402: 11319: 10817: 10689: 10544: 9602: 8015: 6202: 6198: 6119: 5716: 5371: 5253:(c) substitute a less severe form of punishment for any punishment imposed on a person for an offence; or 5181: 5002: 4683: 4667: 4534: 4442:

c) shall announce referendums in accordance with the procedure established by federal constitutional law;

4304: 4279: 4102: 3777: 3677: 3672:

However, there are provisions in the Vienna Convention that a diplomatic agent of lesser rank, such as a

3625: 2086: 1970: 1586: 979: 786: 9669: 7682:, pp. 110–11 " being an embodiment of the State itself or representatitve of its international persona." 6713:

and the National Government bound to the instructions of the Central Executive Committee of that party.

3379:, by an absolute majority of its members, adopts a motion of no confidence proposing a successor to the 18873: 18822: 18817: 18792: 18762: 18647: 18558: 18096: 18066: 18036: 17823: 17777: 17722: 17697: 17687: 17597: 17524: 16287: 16262: 15921: 15911: 15821: 15776: 15353: 15323: 15278: 15263: 15168: 15074: 14603: 14543: 14439: 13442: 13404: 13235: 12994: 12873: 11825: 11740: 11329: 11227: 9294: 9267: 8864: 7222: 6853: 6826: 6660: 6659:. After World War II the Soviet model was subsequently adopted by almost all countries belonged to its 6194: 6156: 6083: 6050: 5036: 4872: 4782: 4473: 4312: 4224: 4164: 4152: 3876: 3499: 3229: 2192: 1618:

Parliamentary constitutional monarchies in which the monarch usually does not personally exercise power

319: 290: 17018: 13009: 11517: 9878:"Deutsches Historisches Museum Berlin - Reinhold Begas - Monuments for the German Empire - Exhibition" 6989:, which came into effect in 2015 after having been approved by all of the affected nations. Sometimes 5948:, the chief of government, the legislature or its presiding officer. In a monarchy, this is usually a 3564:, and the prime minister in turn appoints and dismisses cabinet ministers at his/her sole discretion. 19780: 19652: 18936: 18852: 18797: 18757: 18712: 18707: 18687: 18677: 18672: 18667: 18652: 18637: 18632: 18617: 18607: 18574: 18407: 18106: 18071: 17938: 17802: 17787: 17702: 17682: 17622: 17577: 17567: 17478: 17283: 16650: 16322: 15866: 15841: 15363: 15318: 15233: 15228: 15213: 15208: 15173: 14979: 14858: 14738: 14728: 14718: 14693: 14538: 14513: 14419: 14409: 13995: 13947: 13537: 12961: 12153: 11942: 11795: 11482: 11417: 11407: 11392: 10727: 10674: 10584: 8136:"Ending Term Limits for China's Xi Is a Big Deal. Here's Why. - Is the presidency powerful in China?" 7596: 7300: 7288: 6962: 6132: 5412:

originally given to kings; Sukarno awarded himself titles in that fashion due to his noble ancestry.

5239:(a) grant a pardon, either free or subject to lawful conditions, to a person convicted of an offence; 4518:

III – start the legislative procedure, in the manner and in the cases set forth in this Constitution;

4458: 3598: 3590: 3380: 3011: 2958: 2724: 2512: 2443: 2063: 1834: 1142: 1123: 841: 446: 236: 38: 16737: 16377: 11617: 10078: 9476: 8313: 7287:, first Emperor of a unified Germany erected in Berlin at the end of the nineteenth century; or the 6781:

after his death. The division of theocratic power can be disputed, as happened between the Pope and

4909:

suit. The punishment may be the loss of his presidential office and of his eligibility to regain it.

1518:, in which the head of state shares key executive powers with a head of government or cabinet (e.g. 19775: 19147: 18993: 18878: 18837: 18812: 18802: 18787: 18782: 18732: 18697: 18682: 18199: 18178: 18163: 18031: 17762: 17742: 17667: 17657: 17647: 17592: 17453: 17054: 16640: 16297: 16272: 16158: 15851: 15836: 15796: 15781: 15510: 15273: 15268: 15218: 15198: 15158: 15064: 14969: 14959: 14848: 14828: 14768: 14708: 14094: 13990: 13799: 13746: 13596: 13389: 12939: 12372: 12178: 11237: 11217: 11182: 11135: 11089: 10441: 10257: 10205: 10055: 10043: 8512: 8195: 7512: 7384: 7324: 6435: 6026: 5964: 5651:

in Greek Antiquity and the equivalent city states in the feudal era and later, (many in Italy, the

5586: 5015: 4924: 4679: 3742: 3732: 3557: 3435: 3342: 2940: 2903: 2489: 2420: 2176: 2059: 2055: 2040: 1978: 1940: 1515: 1279: 1271: 1137: 561: 451: 9083: 7051: 5426:, no successor was named, so the duties of the head of state were transferred collectively to the 3275:

The head of state usually appoints most or all the key officials in the government, including the

1598: 1290:

leaders of the nation (in practice they divide the leadership of the nation between themselves).

20297: 20210: 19977: 19770: 19760: 19686: 19681: 19627: 19287: 19133: 18832: 18752: 18722: 18437: 18397: 18297: 17948: 17807: 17767: 17737: 17707: 17652: 17627: 17617: 17488: 17463: 17363: 17353: 17348: 17303: 17273: 17263: 16773: 16686: 16312: 16277: 16208: 16138: 16118: 16061: 16010: 15959: 15856: 15811: 15688: 15575: 15485: 15445: 15258: 15188: 15178: 15163: 14999: 14947: 14932: 14922: 14613: 14608: 14583: 14294: 13691: 13280: 13220: 13145: 12437: 11962: 11115: 10807: 10790: 10780: 10755: 10599: 10325: 10223: 10157: 10149: 9328: 8705: 7995: 7537: 6904: 6861: 6298: 5912: 5892: 5871:

the role of a monarchs has gradually transitioned from that of a sovereign ruler—in the sense of

5859: 5806: 5728: 5613:

till 21 February 1971, only from then on as regular (but unconstitutional, unelected) president.

5131: 4740: 4638: 4383: 3728: 3394: 3358: 3087: 2919: 2817: 2716: 2539: 2412: 2220: 1892: 1815: 1689: 1666: 1638: 1356: 1196: 1087: 491: 20107: 16880: 15379: 10184: 8640: 7766:"The Managerial Constitution: The Convergence of Constitutional and Corporate Governance Models" 6355:

and acts as supreme governor of the Church of England, although this is purely a symbolic role.

3673: 20068: 19873: 19804: 19720: 19516: 18417: 18412: 18061: 18051: 17993: 17953: 17870: 17717: 17712: 17677: 17642: 17632: 17448: 17443: 17408: 17328: 17323: 16768: 16332: 16307: 16282: 16193: 16168: 15931: 15886: 15876: 15846: 15816: 15766: 15605: 15550: 15520: 15440: 15358: 15333: 14359: 13726: 12231: 12168: 12163: 11835: 11750: 11597: 11309: 11242: 11110: 11059: 10991: 10891: 10881: 10679: 10614: 10421: 10350: 8170: 7739: 7347: 7225:

line would henceforth sit on the Armenian throne, but his nomination had to be approved by the

7115: 6994: 6730: 6439: 6001:

In early modern Europe, a single person was often monarch simultaneously of separate states. A

5884: 5720: 5684:

refers to various state arrangements that combine "republican" and "monarchic" characteristics.

5616:

In certain cases a special style is needed to accommodate imperfect statehood, e.g., the title

5570: 5378: 5347: 4860: 4765: 4502: 4362: 4343: 4308: 4127: 4055: 4043: 4018: 4014: 3798: 3684: 3650: 3503: 3478: 3452: 3204: 3183: 3137: 2984: 2966: 2428: 2376:

rather than an administrative post; theoretically, the President serves at the pleasure of the

2184: 2164: 2047: 1949: 1932: 1771: 1706: 1662: 1537:, in which the head of state is also the head of government and has all executive powers (e.g. 1321: 1099: 880: 728: 670: 616: 223: 130: 10107: 9957: 9712: 9453: 9407: 7806:

Freedom of speech: importing European and US constitutional models in transitional democracies

7785: 7705: 7623:

It is listed as such in the current Constitution; it is thus equivalent to organs such as the

5815: 2380:, the legislature, and is not legally vested to take executive action on its own prerogative. 2067: 19725: 19607: 19597: 19378: 19245: 19203: 19049: 18692: 18622: 18543: 18492: 18487: 18462: 18317: 18282: 18002: 17692: 17514: 17413: 17388: 17383: 17378: 16722: 16701: 16317: 16178: 16123: 16002: 15861: 15806: 15663: 15585: 15560: 15535: 15495: 15480: 15039: 14778: 14753: 14528: 14459: 14434: 14284: 14224: 14209: 13839: 13782: 13676: 13661: 13285: 13245: 13109: 13074: 13041: 12844: 12342: 12078: 11820: 11800: 11780: 11643: 11607: 11562: 11507: 11299: 11294: 11069: 11016: 10841: 10750: 10719: 10659: 10609: 10391: 10381: 9997: 9739: 8068: 8007: 7311:

National Memorial, a group sculpture constructed (1927–1941) on a conspicuous skyline in the

7260: 7085: 6998: 6830: 6590: 6352: 6344: 6264: 6014: 5979: 5957: 5872: 5736:

usually determined in alphabetical order (in whatever language the host determines, although

5223: 5063: 4968: 4932: 4797: 4560: 4239: 4177: 4077: 4026: 3987: 3491: 3162: 3120: 2911: 2860: 2839: 2809: 2467: 2419:

and cabinet. It could be argued that the strengthening of the Prince's powers, vis-a-vis the

2172: 2153:, so accountability does not operate in the same sense understood as a parliamentary system. 2051: 2032: 1944: 1849: 1714: 1698: 1410: 1026: 548: 381: 16548: 10971: 8107: 8087: 6737:). There have been cases of sovereignty granted by deliberate act, even when accompanied by 4533:

XI - upon the opening of the legislative session, send a government message and plan to the

3893: 3322:

has to approve senior executive branch and judicial appointments by a simple majority vote.

1398: 20214: 19662: 19545: 19508: 19436: 18522: 18467: 18427: 18387: 18382: 18377: 18362: 18357: 18347: 18342: 18322: 18302: 18292: 18287: 18277: 18008: 17998: 17973: 17493: 17468: 17438: 17393: 17373: 17313: 17288: 17258: 17013: 15926: 15831: 15786: 15600: 15505: 15460: 15450: 14878: 14703: 14648: 14444: 14414: 14399: 14384: 14374: 14329: 14219: 14194: 13822: 13340: 13275: 13185: 13175: 12477: 12138: 11805: 11724: 11688: 11638: 11497: 11422: 11207: 11084: 10876: 10651: 10629: 10624: 10589: 10531: 9365: 7921:

The Constitution of Belgium, Coordinated text of 14 February 1994 (last updated 8 May 2007)

7562: 7389: 7351: 7166: 7107: 7040: 6947: 6566: 6401:

and served as dynastic heads of state, sometimes in addition to another title, such as the

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were effectively figureheads with real political power being exercised by the chief of the

2459: 2240: 1962: 1905: 1884: 1646: 1634: 1464: 1433: 1402: 1294: 1259: 1241: 1111: 999: 994: 658: 529: 519: 504: 431: 349: 227: 19329: 18221: 16931: 14137: 7970:, Protocol and Liaison Service, United Nations (8 April 2016). Retrieved on 15 April 2016. 6872: 3481:, to promote general officers and to appoint them to the offices held exclusively by them; 1309:, they are the executive leader with their powers deriving from their status of being the 8: 20204: 19170: 19007: 18847: 18657: 18548: 18517: 18482: 18472: 18457: 18402: 18367: 18352: 18337: 18327: 18307: 17782: 17607: 17473: 17433: 17338: 17298: 17028: 16875: 16778: 16327: 16188: 16183: 16163: 15954: 15942: 15881: 15871: 15791: 15703: 15698: 15658: 15616: 15555: 15545: 15540: 15525: 15515: 15465: 14895: 14773: 14663: 14518: 14498: 14454: 14449: 14344: 14199: 14075: 13844: 13832: 13789: 13399: 13357: 13311: 13225: 13165: 12906: 12522: 12347: 12221: 12158: 12143: 11830: 11775: 11612: 11602: 11587: 11577: 11542: 11472: 11387: 11357: 11304: 11021: 10775: 10770: 10669: 10664: 10431: 10386: 10345: 10250: 8736: 8583: 8441: 8350: 7641: 7507: 7482: 7075: 7021: 6908: 6900: 6738: 6570: 6326: 6018: 5983: 5953: 5916: 5908: 5896: 5850: 5416: 5389: 5189: 5139: 5011: 4748: 4675: 4510: 4404: 4319: 4114: 4110: 3995: 3940: 3924: 3901: 3785: 3602: 3581: 3529:

XVII - appoint members of the Council of the Republic, in accordance with article 89, VII

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who is chosen by the president, but who nevertheless must be able to gain support in the

1985: 1868: 1780: 1694: 1658: 1582: 1534: 1422: 1275: 1149: 770: 680: 534: 436: 386: 324: 218: 17197: 9909: 8190: 5171:

He shall exercise the power to pardon individual offenders on behalf of the Federation.

1661:

and their cabinet, forcing it either to resign or seek a parliamentary dissolution. The

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with limited power, the symbolic role of a head of state is now generally performed by

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and other cabinet ministers, key judicial figures; and all major office holders in the

3276: 3170: 3099: 2868: 2773: 2769: 2758: 2704: 2638: 2463: 2455: 2415:, constitutional powers that included a veto over legislation and power to dismiss the 2299: 2132:

Note: The head of state in a "presidential" system may not actually hold the title of "

1954: 1924: 1823: 1702: 1650: 1475: 1283: 1252: 1189: 1116: 1106: 1031: 959: 932: 808: 401: 209: 191: 70: 19217: 19035: 16793: 16558: 10213: 9607:, Port Moresby: World Intellectual Property Organization, Part 5, Division 1, (1)(a), 8339: 7346:

A monarch may retain his style and certain prerogatives after abdication, as did King

6131:

in political and media discussion. To a lesser extent, uncertainty has been expressed

4871:

person is sacred; he cannot be censured or accused. The responsibility rests with his

3991: 3612: 2507:

head of state was the monarch of the United Kingdom, ruling directly or indirectly as

2121:, set the precedent for an executive head of state in republican systems of government 20302: 20220: 20016: 19642: 19602: 19189: 18502: 17963: 17637: 17368: 17333: 16982: 16696: 16143: 15891: 15565: 15490: 13942: 13922: 13867: 13419: 13374: 13350: 13333: 13230: 13215: 13180: 13130: 12798: 12761: 12692: 12643: 12517: 12246: 11957: 11755: 11745: 11708: 11582: 11567: 11442: 11412: 11382: 11377: 11352: 11289: 11284: 11274: 11145: 11094: 10981: 10976: 10699: 10335: 10320: 10188: 10161: 10135: 10113: 9927: 9778:"Seychelles Independence Constitution 1976 - Citizenship Rights in Africa Initiative" 9745: 9718: 9695: 9441: 9199: 9172: 9143: 9110: 8792: 8740: 8709: 8045: 7863: 7810: 7781: 7711: 7414: 7292: 7265: 7095: 7036: 6921: 6680: 6621: 6348: 6314: 6260: 6259:

or individual rulers have claimed the right to rule by divine authority, such as the

6123: 5928: 5880: 5732: 5664: 5660: 5652: 5544: 5535: 5492: 5019: 4979:

is the head of State. His person shall be inviolable and he must be respected by all.

4650: 4627: 4595: 4354: 4315:

in the United States of America, or the State of the Nation Address in South Africa.

4243: 3872: 3819:

b) shall hold negotiations and sign international treaties of the Russian Federation;

3654: 3594: 3495: 3469: 3406: 3307: 3216: 2889: 2795: 2496: 2287: 2216: 2114: 2028: 1880: 1845:. Within this general category, variants in terms of powers and functions may exist. 1747: 1317: 1263: 1007: 872: 803: 477: 339: 334: 295: 268: 245: 19532: 17074: 9630: 8853: 7016:

descendants of the dynasty's founder. Rules of succession may be further limited by

5971: 4219:

in normal peacetime (article 65a), and that command authority is transferred to the

3511:

XV - appoint, with due regard for the provisions of article 73, the Justices of the

2202: 20234: 19790: 19672: 19492: 19315: 17968: 17865: 17602: 17343: 16987: 16977: 16967: 16936: 16926: 16584: 16023: 16018: 15982: 14002: 13849: 13817: 13794: 13630: 13384: 13345: 13306: 12808: 12663: 12352: 12332: 12266: 12236: 12211: 12173: 11952: 11771: 11735: 11653: 11477: 11247: 11192: 11155: 11130: 11120: 11054: 11006: 10936: 10931: 10926: 10921: 10916: 10906: 10901: 10594: 10340: 8651: 7851: 7773: 7649: 7304: 7174: 7158: 7138: 7065: 7056: 7013: 6765:

Under a theocracy, perceived divine status translated into earthly authority under

6710: 6629: 6586: 6529: 6386: 6136: 5825: 5681: 5668: 5481: 5449: 5430: 5014:

shall take measures required by these circumstances, after formally consulting the

4752: 4537:, describing the state of the nation and requesting the actions he deems necessary; 3959: 3487: 3311: 3035: 2847: 2762: 2658: 2508: 2365: 1900: 1888: 1819: 1742: 1642: 753: 509: 363: 200: 16992: 16727: 7429: 6698:. Decisions are made either by consensus or by a super majority vote (8 members). 6321:

was once sovereign pontiff and head of state, first, of the politically important

6181:

Other Commonwealth realms that are now constituted with a governor-general as the

4365:. If the Head of State is unable to attend, the Speaker declares the session open. 3572: 3018:

The Executive Power of the Nation shall be vested in a citizen with the title of "

2272:

Chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the All-Russian Congress of Soviets

1992:

made by the prime minister, and to pardon criminals or to commute their sentence.

20200: 20081: 19964: 19357: 19119: 19105: 18807: 18477: 17268: 16895: 16798: 16681: 16553: 14868: 14364: 14065: 14055: 14012: 13962: 13912: 13907: 13902: 13772: 13767: 13711: 13701: 13640: 13635: 13328: 13263: 13135: 12648: 12402: 12382: 12337: 12123: 11648: 11397: 11367: 11362: 11222: 11212: 11177: 11167: 11150: 10986: 10941: 10856: 10574: 10549: 10396: 10127: 10085: 10062: 10039: 10016: 9993: 9915: 9903: 9848: 9483: 9460: 9437: 9414: 9391: 9361: 9226: 9193: 9166: 9122: 8916: 8886: 8860: 8826: 8763: 8732: 8697: 8673: 8647: 8624: 8590: 8567: 8541: 8519: 8496: 8474: 8452: 8448: 8425: 8402: 8346: 8320: 8297: 8278: 8177: 8094: 8064: 8041: 7991: 7967: 7653: 7453: 7364:

escape and reseizure of power in France convinced his opponents, reconvening the

7206: 7162: 7134: 6806: 6602: 6511: 6379: 6375: 6371: 6252: 6034: 5887:"—to that of a constitutional monarch; parallel with the conceptual evolution of 5785: 5737: 5552: 5356: 5050: 4787:

No personal, or mixed, hereditary privileges may henceforth be granted to anyone.

4263: 4259: 3920: 3284: 2731: 2696: 2688: 2634: 2369: 2244: 2224: 1302: 1298: 1233: 1179: 831: 813: 638: 623: 232: 214: 141: 121: 19161: 16742: 9302: 8617: 7855: 7248:

Heads of state generally enjoy widest inviolability, although some states allow

6810: 6363: 5967:

in the event of the removal, disability or death of an incumbent head of state.

5555:

initially ruled as combined head of state and briefly head of government of the

4953:

3. Conviction implies removal from office and disqualification from re-election.

4203:

designate officials other than the head of state with command-in-chief powers.

4006:

whose offices are legally civilian, will frequently appear in military uniform.

3965:

In a constitutional monarchy or non-executive presidency, the head of state may

3879:

has been permitted to exercise them since 1947 and has done so since the 1970s.

1981:

to test its constitutionality, which are used under the president's discretion.

1965:

has with the Irish government is through a formal briefing session given by the

20260: 20179: 20114: 20055: 19990: 19951: 19945: 19301: 19058: 18971: 18121: 17852: 17358: 17278: 17064: 16946: 16900: 16885: 16849: 16844: 16732: 16660: 16409: 15147: 15138: 14183: 14174: 14050: 14019: 14007: 13975: 13917: 13882: 13877: 13809: 13671: 13666: 13619: 13140: 13079: 13069: 13064: 12818: 12813: 12697: 12467: 12392: 12296: 12261: 11912: 11790: 11572: 11557: 11522: 11262: 11257: 11140: 11074: 10946: 10604: 10579: 10484: 10401: 10355: 9384: 7522: 7380: 7308: 7170: 7119: 7017: 6982: 6951: 6931: 6695: 6664: 6613: 6521: 6514:

in 2011, Dalai Lamas were both political and spiritual leaders ("god-king") of

6507: 6463: 6402: 6145: 6089: 6006: 5945: 5618: 5559:, styled as Chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council. In 1977, the Libyan 5374: 5352: 5338: 5280:, but some have or have had other titles. Titles commonly used by monarchs are 4290:, however, in practice, these offices are held by the same person, who is also 3696: 3584: 3248: 3076: 2720: 2649:

as the "personal symbol of allegiance, unity and authority for all Canadians".

2500: 2481: 2256: 2082: 2075: 1974: 1796: 1479: 1418: 1229: 969: 954: 949: 902: 709: 628: 582: 524: 205: 112: 17069: 17033: 16941: 16921: 6577:, in which two rulers is the constitutional norm, may be distinguished from a 6148:, they are accorded the status of head of state in addition to the sovereign. 4437:

in accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation and federal law;

4027:

Land and Naval Militia, and of all Naval and Military Forces, of and in Canada

2633:

One of the most important roles of the modern head of state is being a living

20286: 20127: 20094: 19867: 17428: 16890: 16824: 16803: 16788: 16691: 16645: 16599: 14060: 13985: 13937: 13762: 13721: 13716: 13696: 13686: 12839: 12306: 12098: 12028: 11932: 11437: 11202: 11197: 10619: 10477: 10436: 10088:, (25701/94 | Judgment (Merits) | Court (Grand Chamber) | 23 November 2000), 7602: 7552: 7462: 7226: 7114:. The Pope, head of state of Vatican City, is chosen by previously appointed 7103: 6927: 6857: 6367: 6294: 6229: 5854: 5801: 5742: 5627: 5285: 5245: 5078: 4992: 4976: 4572: 4185: 3280: 2692: 2673: 2504: 2477: 2408: 2334: 2207: 2188: 2146: 2013: 1912:

with no independent discretionary powers related to the governance of Japan.

1896: 1775:

would damage Belgium. (Leopold's decision proved highly controversial. After

1538: 633: 611: 586: 416: 241: 150: 19819: 10966: 10056:

THE FORMER KING CONSTANTINOS OF GREECE AND 8 MEMBERS OF HIS FAMILY v. GREECE

9299:"The Governor General - the evolution of Canada's oldest public institution" 5978:) or eliminated by a new "provisionary" regime, such as a collective of the 5788:

who compared Bodin's political theories unfavourably with those of Aristotle

5663:, essentially tribal-type but urbanised regions throughout the world in the 4117:. He shall preside over the higher national defence councils and committees. 3520:

XVI - appoint judges in the events established by this Constitution and the

2943:

shall be the Head of State and represent the State vis-à-vis foreign states.

2829:

appointed by the Sovereign is the Sovereign's representative in New Zealand.

2586: 1701:

acted of its own authority to name a new king and queen (the joint monarchs

1236:. The specific naming of the head of state depends on the country's form of 20075: 20062: 19886: 19468: 19273: 17023: 16829: 16783: 16543: 14124: 14045: 13980: 13932: 13927: 13859: 13736: 13731: 12849: 12658: 12563: 12427: 12256: 12241: 11967: 11527: 11049: 11011: 10911: 10494: 10132:

Constitutional Conventions and the Headship of State: Australian Experience

7497: 7467: 7373: 7360: 7316: 7214: 7202: 7009: 6912: 6644: 6617: 6525: 6443: 6428: 6330: 6322: 6280: 6233: 6030: 5674: 5409: 5325: 4331: 4325: 3976: 3955: 3909: 3688: 3666: 3658: 3605: 3303: 2712: 2700: 2618: 2599: 2439: 2396: 2099: 2001: 1872: 1776: 1456: 1429: 1310: 396: 11863: 8097:, Office of the Attorney General (December 2013). Retrieved 3 August 2014. 7733:"Whose Europe? National Models and the Constitution of the European Union" 7339:

Former presidents of the United States, while holding no political powers

7001:

and all persons who have married Roman Catholics are ineligible to be the

6757:, who by testament left his realm to Rome to avoid a disastrous conquest. 5609:

the military leader after the coup of 25 January 1971 was formally styled

4246:

as a collective body. The authority of the Government is exercised by the

4058:. These forces may not be increased or reduced without the consent of the 2462:

but is also, in addition, recognised as the head of state. The offices of

62:

This article is about the type of political position. For other uses, see

20240: 20190: 20120: 20088: 20003: 19925: 19899: 19500: 19254: 19021: 16972: 16839: 16619: 16609: 16594: 13897: 13872: 13706: 13656: 12823: 12756: 12573: 12492: 12276: 12251: 12201: 12113: 12073: 12068: 12048: 12043: 12033: 12018: 12013: 11759: 11268: 11064: 10956: 10951: 10871: 10462: 10446: 10112:. Oxford International Law Library. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. 8363: 7777: 7557: 7547: 7312: 7249: 7242: 7025: 6966: 6786: 6746: 6582: 6107: 5888: 5688: 5539: 5512: 5488: 5210: 5082: 4615: 3999: 3692: 2684: 2451: 2322: 2310: 2306: 2211: 2137: 1710: 1654: 1546: 1437: 700: 665: 568: 556: 421: 250: 183: 159: 92: 10109:

The Position of Heads of State and Senior Officials in International Law

9195:

Law, policy and international justice: essays in honour of Maxwell Cohen

8477:, New Zealand Parliamentary Counsel Office. Retrieved on 28 August 2013. 7447: 4901:(2) President of the Republic may be prosecuted for high treason at the 4614:

A head of state is often empowered to summon and dissolve the country's

3534:

XXV - fill and abolish federal government positions, as set forth by law

2753:

As such invitations may be very numerous, such duties are often in part

2333:

was simultaneously declared "the highest post of the state", not unlike

826: 19938: 19226: 19091: 19077: 19063: 18921:

1. Partially or entirely in Asia, depending on geographical definition.

14070: 13952: 13892: 13681: 13039: 12578: 12507: 12397: 12316: 12301: 12281: 12093: 12063: 12053: 12023: 11898: 11314: 11252: 11171: 10411: 10376: 9737: 9714:

Ideology, Politics, and Government in the Soviet Union: An Introduction

8213: 7502: 7343:, sometimes continue to exert influence in national and world affairs. 7238: 7150: 6849: 6794: 6766: 6706: 6606: 6495: 6459: 6339: 6284: 6010: 5876: 5841: 5723:. Great Britain would later claim a break of the old principle for the 5692: 5561: 5461: 5457: 5445: 5423: 5297: 4713: 4599: 4434: 3642: 3544:

Some countries have alternative provisions for senior appointments: In

3043:

systems in which the head of state is notional chief executive include

2915: 2754: 2622: 2595: 2357: 2094: 1909: 1876: 1623:

Presidential republics, one-party states, and other forms of government

1406: 1370: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1248: 1245: 1237: 1073: 1061: 939: 922: 790: 780: 775: 514: 376: 19424: 18966: 9807: 4002:. In these and in revolutionary regimes, the head of state, and often 3294:

In practice, these decisions are often a formality. The last time the

2799:

functions expressly conferred on him by the Constitution and the laws.

2388: 20250: 20133: 19997: 19893: 19880: 19343: 19212: 18717: 17049: 17044: 16834: 16538: 16533: 16407: 14942: 12782: 12702: 12621: 12596: 12558: 12487: 12362: 12271: 12206: 12131: 12118: 12103: 12088: 12058: 12038: 11673: 11663: 11232: 10539: 10426: 9263: 9114: 8677: 7477: 7328: 7130:

A head of state can be empowered to designate his successor, such as

6943: 6935: 6778: 6578: 6537: 6406: 6272: 6069: 5434: 5342: 5151: 4654: 4227:

is invoked (article 115b): something which has never happened so far.

3621: 3410: 3330: 3044: 2228: 1966: 1672: 1578: 1542: 1527: 675: 573: 456: 411: 391: 174: 83: 9293: 9269:

Letters Patent Constituting the Office of Governor General of Canada

7368:

in 1815, to revoke his gratuitous privileges and send him to die in

6825:

Individual heads of state may acquire their position by virtue of a

6163:

the interests of Canada and implicated no one else in my decision."

5970:

In exceptional situations, such as war, occupation, revolution or a

5832:) as a generic term for the ruler, similar to contemporary usage of 5330: 5039:

shall not be dissolved during the exercise of such emergency powers.

4250:

on behalf of the Government, and subordinate to the minister is the

2528: 1805: 1345: 20230: 20029: 19324: 19310: 19282: 19016: 16962: 16957: 16865: 16860: 16717: 16712: 12746: 12502: 12357: 12291: 12216: 12183: 12083: 11972: 11894: 11810: 11693: 11683: 11502: 11001: 10273: 7296: 7280: 7276: 7186: 7111: 7032: 6990: 6814: 6754: 6491: 6483: 6475: 6451: 6411: 6394: 6302: 6110:. In the realms other than the United Kingdom, a governor-general ( 5975: 5924: 5837: 5700: 5606: 5578: 5501:

Chairman of the Standing Committee of the Supreme People's Assembly

5360: 5273: 4657:

who has ceased to retain the support of a majority in Dáil Éireann.

4059: 3971: 3039: 2677: 2653: 2392: 2283: 2160: 2071: 2009: 2005: 1754: 1677: 1449: 1445: 1094: 1082: 1051: 798: 758: 441: 426: 406: 275: 196: 101: 16091: 13588: 7961:

HEADS OF STATE, HEADS OF GOVERNMENT, MINISTERS FOR FOREIGN AFFAIRS

5707:

In medieval Catholic Europe, it was universally accepted that the

3094:

Subject to the limitations laid down in this Constitution Act the

19971: 19296: 19156: 19128: 19100: 19086: 19072: 19030: 19002: 18988: 17008: 17003: 16763: 16758: 16579: 16574: 15409: 14035: 13089: 12788: 12553: 12512: 12457: 12432: 12286: 12108: 12008: 11703: 11658: 11633: 11187: 10896: 10514: 10467: 10406: 10330: 10284: 9852: 9464: 9418: 9079: 9043: 8237: 6974: 6916: 6790: 6750: 6734: 6676: 6672: 6625: 6574: 6565:

Sometimes multiple individuals are co-equal heads of state, or a

6479: 6454:, a unique dynasty of temporal/religious leadership, leading the 6268: 6256: 5990: 5920: 5845:, originally published in 1532: in fact that particular literary 5381: 5293: 5289: 4208: 3966: 3634: 3561: 3056: 3048: 1989: 1936: 1762: 1487: 1441: 1225: 964: 897: 713: 371: 10010:

Selected Guest List for the Wedding Service at Westminster Abbey

9635:, Funafuti: Pacific Islands Legal Information Institute, 48(1), 8535:

CONSTITUTION OF THE PORTUGUESE REPUBLIC: SEVENTH REVISION (2005)

6397:. Various political Muslim leaders since have styled themselves 5699:, titles meaning "lieutenant" or "governor", originally for the 2282:(1956–1966). This position may or may not have been held by the 2024: 20101: 20049: 20036: 19958: 19919: 19906: 19352: 19268: 19198: 19142: 19114: 19044: 16819: 16814: 16635: 16630: 12793: 12628: 12583: 11922: 11917: 11785: 11698: 10961: 10861: 10504: 10360: 10065:, (25701/94 | DECISION | COMMISSION (Plenary) | 21 April 1998) 8701: 8594: 7406: 7272: 7182: 6970: 6958: 6770: 6668: 6637: 6633: 6544: 6455: 6390: 6276: 6267:. Some monarchs even claimed divine ancestry, such as Egyptian 6140: 6060: 6038: 5987: 5949: 5868: 5820: 5602: 5456:

is now the head of state. Although the presidency is a largely

5309: 5301: 5121: 4231: 3864: 3710:

His Majesty the King of X and His Excellency the President of Y

3646: 3545: 3334: 3264: 3256: 3068: 3052: 2473: 2432: 2292:

First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party

1984:

The most extreme non-executive republican head of state is the

1916: 1887:. The constitution explicitly vests all executive power in the 1681: 1523: 1519: 1506: 1498: 763: 705: 603: 9168:

Treaty-making and Australia: globalization versus sovereignty?

8785:

Constitution of the Federative Republic of Brazil: 3rd Edition

6640:

there were two hereditary kings, belonging to two dynasties.

6462:

in Central and South Asia, once ranking among British India's

4407:

shall sign every Law, other than a Law relating to its powers.

2187:; this is generally attributed to the strong influence of the 20023: 20010: 19984: 19932: 19338: 19240: 19184: 16676: 16671: 11850: 10242: 7369: 6691: 6533: 6515: 6424: 5846: 5648: 5531: 5321: 4755:, without ever having the power to attach privileges to them. 4271: 3981:

primacy of (civilian, elected) politics over the armed forces

3944: 3814:

a) shall direct the foreign policy of the Russian Federation;

3260: 3072: 3064: 3060: 2470:

are similar in this respect to the South African presidency.

2345: 2338: 1608:

Republics with an executive president elected by a parliament

1502: 1483: 1056: 19575: 4682:

and the Presidents of the Houses of Parliament, declare the

3034:

In the majority of states, whether republics or monarchies,

18372: 18251: 16916: 16911: 14167: 13777: 11668: 10509: 10499: 10489: 10472: 7355: 6774: 6420: 6416: 6318: 6245: 5708: 5305: 5281: 5028:

He shall address the Nation and inform it of such measures.

4609: 4254:

who holds the highest level of command within the military.

3620:, written in French, for the Czechoslovakian Ambassador to 2669: 2662: 2327:

President of the Presidium of the Supreme People's Assembly

2259:. In the Soviet Union this position carried such titles as 2070:, a Socialist, for example, was forced to cohabit with the 9842:

Swedish Act of Succession (English Translation as of 2012)

8272:

Constitution of the Principality of Liechtenstein (LR 101)

7890:"Belgian King, Unable to Sign Abortion Law, Takes Day Off" 5622:

was used in Kashmir after its accession to India, and the

2305:

This may even lead to an institutional variability, as in

19854: 17227: 12589: 9604:

Constitution of the Independent State of Papua New Guinea

9591:

Constitution, s 2; Australia Act 1986 (Cth and UK), s 7.

7730: 6833:

states that once the constitution enters into force, the

3119:

The executive power of the Commonwealth is vested in the

20174: 19419: 17923: 15127: 9710: 9237:. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press: 337. 8233:"China sets stage for Xi to stay in office indefinitely" 6550: 5956:

when they are abroad or unavailable. Neither of the two

5276:, the head of state nowadays usually bears the title of 3653:(or rarer equivalent diplomatic mission chiefs, such as 3350:

to resign on their own initiative when called to do so.

3169:

The executive power of the union shall be vested in the

7656:

for the great powers to have a fresh look at the issue.

7035:, which is semi-elective and gives weight to merit and 6569:

embodies the functions of head of state. In some cases

6486:, ruling "in the name of" the patron god(ess), such as 6293:('divine') was conferred (notably posthumously) on the 2871:

is the Head of the State and represents national unity.

2261:

Chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR

1297:, the head of state is also the head of government. In 10079:

CASE OF THE FORMER KING OF GREECE AND OTHERS v. GREECE

7307:

from 1876. Another, twentieth century, example is the

6686:

A modern example of a collective head of state is the

6122:), as a representative and to exercise almost all the 5711:

ranked first among all rulers and was followed by the

5367:

and installed Yusof bin Ishak as its first president.

4939:

for crimes committed in the exercise of his functions.

2484:, was nominally a presidential republic. However, the 6809:

holds that the nation—either the whole people or the

5891:

from merely the personal rule of a single person, to

5750:(in particular, articles 13, 16.1 and Appendix iii). 5740:

has for much of the 19th and 20th centuries been the

5634:" in 1994. In 2008, the same office was restyled as " 5192:

is vested with the power to grant individual pardons.

4488:, shall, before it become a Law, be presented to the 4126:

According to Chapter 4, Article 87, Section 1 of the

4029:, is hereby declared to continue to be vested in the 3637:

is generally understood to be the head of state. The

18924:

2. Recognised by at least one United Nations member.

9694:

Kerr, John (1978), Matters for Judgment, Macmillan,

8905: 8903: 8901: 8899: 8667:

My Constitutional Act with explanations, 9th edition

8325:

Embassy of the Republic of Botswana in Washington DC

8302:

Department of Justice and Constitutional Development

8133: 7443: 6946:– a senior king and a junior king. Examples include 6632:

there were two supreme magistrates, styled kings or

5765:

Title page of 1550 Italian edition of Machiavelli's

5521:

Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces of North Korea

5439:

Standing Committee of the National People's Congress

5142:

can grant pardons and amnesties. He may only pardon

3854:

Standing Committee of the National People's Congress

2383: 2016:

in Parliament, avoid motions of no confidence, etc.

10219:

Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law

9447: 8180:, EXECUTIVE: THE PRESIDENT OF THE CHINESE REPUBLIC. 7334: 6977:in 1991) have since followed suit. Similar reforms 6532:theocracy from 1585, using various styles, such as 6393:were spiritual and temporal absolute successors of 5731:, when it was decided (due to the abolition of the 5641: 5345:gained self-government, it adopted the Malay style 4361:declares the session open at the invitation of the 3203:Title IV, Chapter II, Section I, Article 76 of the 10176: 9401: 9012: 9010: 8815: 8813: 8811: 8809: 8807: 8805: 8291:Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 7221:ended with a compromise: a Parthian prince of the 5982:type, or removed by an occupying force, such as a 5601:(French for "head of state") until 5 May 1960. In 5049:, sixty Members of the National Assembly or sixty 3506:and other civil servants, when established by law; 3270: 1324:(1958), said that the head of state should embody 13100:Cabinet department / Office of the prime minister 8896: 7640:On the occasion of a royal marriage in 1760, the 7118:under 80 years of age from among themselves in a 6876:Absolute cognatic primogeniture diagram. Legend: 6848:under it. An extreme example of this approach is 6524:, the former homeland of the imperial dynasty of 5996: 5091:be extended unless approved by Al-Shoura Council. 4836:Example 1 (parliamentary non-executive monarchy): 4635:Example 1 (parliamentary non-executive republic): 4376:Constitution of the Principality of Liechtenstein 4340:Example 1 (non-executive parliamentary monarchy): 3721:Constitution of the Principality of Liechtenstein 3391:Example 2 (parliamentary non-executive republic): 2836:Example 3 (parliamentary non-executive monarchy): 20284: 18927:3. Not recognised by any United Nations members. 9872: 9870: 9738:F. J. Ferdinand Joseph Maria Feldbrugge (1987). 9563: 9561: 9501:"PLO body elects Abbas 'President of Palestine'" 8931: 8929: 8613: 8611: 8609: 8607: 8605: 8603: 8267: 8265: 8263: 8218:General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party 7181:, or Chief of State, and established himself as 7031:Other hereditary systems of succession included 6151:An example of a governor-general departing from 5938: 5585:, a former French colony), the first president, 5517:General Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea 5220:Example 5 (presidential parliamentary republic): 4292:General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party 2362:General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party 2102:as Chancellor without consulting the Reichstag. 1737:For example, under the 1848 constitution of the 1286:, has both heads of state and government as the 16245: 16106: 9454:Basic Law of Israel: The President of the State 9198:, Montreal: McGill-Queen's Press, p. 112, 9117:(October 2010). Retrieved on 11 November 2012. 9007: 8923:, United Nations. Retrieved on 15 October 2012. 8802: 7582:List of heads of state by diplomatic precedence 7473:Air transports of heads of state and government 7409:opposes the right of their deposed monarch and 7383:for the rest of their lives. Hence, even after 5719:and was later maintained by his country at the 5542:, given the comparative ambiguity of the title 4138:shall be the Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the 3010:Section 87 (Second Division, Chapter 1) of the 2687:, and the programme may feature playing of the 2265:Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet 1860: 1663:executive branch is thus said to be responsible 16092:Heads of state and government of North America 10179:A Dictionary of Modern Politics: Third Edition 8910:Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations 1961 8556: 8554: 8463: 8461: 8432:(August 2016). Retrieved on 13 September 2016. 7153:. This is not the same as the use of force to 6160:refused the head of government's formal advice 5548:and the nature of the head of state's office. 5400:" meaning "commander or martial figurehead", " 4730: 4649:may in absolute discretion refuse to dissolve 4329:. Some monarchical states call this procedure 3842:Constitution of the People's Republic of China 3182:Under Chapter 4, Article 80, Section 3 of the 3144:The executive power shall be exercised by the 2699:, official exchange of gifts, and attending a 2435:closer to the French semi-presidential model. 2309:, where, after the presidency of party leader 2159:are a notable feature of constitutions in the 1854: 20160: 19849: 19835: 19561: 19405: 18952: 18237: 17909: 17213: 16393: 16077: 15410:Heads of state and government of the Americas 15395: 15113: 14153: 13604: 13025: 12951:Autonomous types of first-tier administration 11879: 10258: 9867: 9558: 9546: 9534: 9524: 9522: 9520: 9518: 9111:Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany 8965: 8953: 8941: 8926: 8893:(August 2012). Retrieved on 11 November 2012. 8680:(August 2012). Retrieved on 11 November 2012. 8600: 8584:The Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania 8419:Olympic Charter: in force as of 2 August 2016 8260: 7956: 7954: 7952: 7950: 7948: 7946: 7627:, rather than to offices such as that of the 7577:List of current heads of state and government 5163:According to Chapter V, Article 60(2) of the 4830:Immunity from prosecution (international law) 4447:d) shall submit draft laws to the State Duma; 3958:, holding the highest office in all military 1197: 849: 16037:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 15719:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 14129: 9717:. University Press of America. p. 165. 9656: 9628: 9600: 9301:. Queen's Printer for Canada. Archived from 9171:. Annandale: Federation Press. p. 254. 8831:National Archives and Records Administration 8485: 8483: 8284: 8171:Krishna Kanta Handique State Open University 8030: 8028: 8026: 8024: 7675: 7673: 7149:A head of state may seize power by force or 7059:directly elects their head of state, by type 7005:and are skipped in the order of succession. 6703:National Government of the Republic of China 6624:there were nine supreme magistrates, styled 5596: 5590: 5165:Basic Law of the Federal Republic of Germany 4944:2. Proceedings may only be initiated by the 4666:Title II, Article 12, first sentence of the 4382:Every law shall require the sanction of the 4238:states that the ultimate authority over the 3756:Basic Law of the Federal Republic of Germany 3704:intergovernmental format, e.g., between the 3109:Example 2 (parliamentary absentee monarchy): 2806:Example 2 (parliamentary absentee monarchy): 2641:is described by the government as being the 2395:, Emperor of India, and Empress Mary at the 2019: 1973:. The president does, however, hold limited 1943:and terminates their commission following a 1895:(articles 65 and 66) and responsible to the 1637:the head of state may be merely the nominal 1326: 11893: 9744:. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 23. 8985:"Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations" 8551: 8530: 8528: 8458: 7425:, but lost with respect to the name issue. 6867: 6777:priesthood reversed the reforms of Pharaoh 6288: 6224: 6051:Governor-general § Modern Commonwealth 5754:European writers of 16th and 17th centuries 5474:Chairman of the Central Military Commission 5454:President of the People's Republic of China 5324:and combined head of state and government, 4284:Chairman of the Central Military Commission 4076:Chapter II, Article 87, 4th section of the 3867:, these head of state powers belong to the 3850:President of the People's Republic of China 3628:and addressed to his Lithuanian counterpart 2372:. The presidency is officially regarded as 2331:chairman of the National Defense Commission 2195:served as an inspiration and model for the 1760: 1752: 1565:the powers and duties are performed by the 23: 20167: 20153: 19842: 19828: 19568: 19554: 19412: 19398: 18959: 18945: 18244: 18230: 17916: 17902: 17220: 17206: 16400: 16386: 16084: 16070: 15402: 15388: 15120: 15106: 14160: 14146: 13611: 13597: 13146:Assistant minister/Parliamentary secretary 13032: 13018: 11886: 11872: 10265: 10251: 9573: 9515: 9231:The Canadian Yearbook of International Law 9105: 9103: 9101: 8875: 8873: 8662: 8660: 8191:"A simple guide to the Chinese government" 8083: 8081: 8079: 8077: 7943: 7697: 5569:leader as "Guide of the Revolution" until 4622:, this is often done on the advice of the 4452:e) shall sign and promulgate federal laws; 4416:According to Chapter 4, Article 84 of the 3824:c) shall sign instruments of ratification; 3683:The head of state is often designated the 3375:offers its resignation to the King if the 3113:Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act 2983:Chapter 4, Article 80, Section 1-2 of the 2454:) and is thus similar, in principle, to a 2286:Soviet leader at the moment. For example, 1602:World's parliamentary states (as of 2024): 1204: 1190: 856: 842: 24: 9835: 9424: 9350: 9348: 9346: 9262: 8849: 8847: 8845: 8843: 8841: 8839: 8780: 8778: 8776: 8683: 8634: 8561:THE CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF KOREA 8480: 8021: 7802: 7670: 7587:List of longest reigning current monarchs 7144: 6813:—gives a mandate, through acclamation or 6601:with members from three nations; the two 6419:as head of state, such as in what is now 6009:had less government co-ordination than a 5748:Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations 5630:, was styled the first "President of the 5509:President of the State Affairs Commission 4796:Title II, Article 87, 8th section of the 3975:monarch's consort and other members of a 3639:Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations 3502:, the President and the Directors of the 3310:on the advice of outgoing Prime Minister 3238:President of the United States of America 3236:The executive Power shall be vested in a 2931:Chapter IV, Section 1, Article 66 of the 2569:Learn how and when to remove this message 1875:and was intended to replace the previous 1386:Learn how and when to remove this message 19576:Heads of state and government of Oceania 10126: 9380: 9378: 9376: 9374: 9295:Office of the Governor General of Canada 9258: 9256: 9227:"Canadian Practice in International Law" 9224: 9191: 9140:Chinese Government's Official Web portal 9070:"Treaty on European Union (92/C 191/01)" 8525: 8356: 8335: 8333: 8307: 8134:Chris Buckley; Adam Wu (10 March 2018). 8120:Lifetime portrait (1796), known as the " 7980: 7978: 7976: 7354:transformed the Italian principality of 7259: 7255: 7196: 7189:was one of several who named themselves 7050: 6915:tracing its origin through a historical 6871: 6760: 6362: 6228: 5466:General Secretary of the Communist Party 5452:. This situation was later changed: the 5394:Presiden Seumur Hidup Panglima Tertinggi 4923:Title II, Chapter I, Article 130 of the 4840:Swedish Instrument of Government of 1974 4610:Summoning and dissolving the legislature 3990:, or governments which have arisen from 3915: 3892: 3797:Chapter 4, Article 86, Section 4 of the 3611: 3589: 3571: 3556:has the role of formally appointing the 3211:The Executive Power is exercised by the 3136:According to Article 26 (2) of the 1975 2902:Title II, Chapter I, Article 120 of the 2387: 2290:never headed the Supreme Soviet but was 2109: 2023: 1883:system with a form of liberal democracy 1814:Two contemporary heads of state who are 1671: 1597: 1397: 1335: 1307:General Secretary of the Communist Party 32:This is an accepted version of this page 18252:Heads of state and government of Europe 14168:Heads of state and government of Africa 10183:. London: Europa Publications. p. 9803: 9801: 9098: 8870: 8657: 8074: 7731:Nicolaidis and Weatherill, ed. (2003). 7703: 7648:, tried to maintain that the host, the 6490:(servant of Vishnu) in the case of the 6351:, the reigning monarch holds the title 6183:viceregal representative of Charles III 5727:in 1718. However, it was not until the 5178:Example 3 (semi-presidential republic): 4999:Example 1 (semi-presidential republic): 4921:Example 4 (semi-presidential republic): 4693:Example 3 (semi-presidential republic): 4664:Example 2 (semi-presidential republic): 4594:indefinitely (generally in states with 4480:Every Bill which shall have passed the 4414:Example 4 (semi-presidential republic): 4124:Example 5 (semi-presidential republic): 4099:Example 4 (semi-presidential republic): 3795:Example 4 (semi-presidential republic): 3774:Example 3 (semi-presidential republic): 3706:Government of X and the Government of Y 3420:Example 3 (semi-presidential republic): 3180:Example 5 (semi-presidential republic): 2981:Example 9 (semi-presidential republic): 2955:Example 8 (semi-presidential republic): 2900:Example 6 (semi-presidential republic): 2476:, during the military dictatorships of 1593: 1313:, rather than the office of president. 14: 20285: 17185: 17182: 17179: 16433: 16430: 16427: 10300:List of current non-sovereign monarchs 10023:(2011). Retrieved on 12 November 2012. 9343: 9276:from the original on 24 September 2015 9164: 9075:Official Journal of the European Union 9035:Official Journal of the European Union 8836: 8773: 8719: 8618:Constitution of the Russian Federation 7870: 7763: 6729:Power can come from force, but formal 6655:(between 1938 and 1989) served as the 6616:there were two heads of state, styled 6510:until the political retirement of the 6166:Another example occurred when, in the 6044: 5507:role of head of state lies within the 5020:Presidents of the Houses of Parliament 4697:Constitution of the Russian Federation 4418:Constitution of the Russian Federation 4262:are under the absolute control of the 4140:Armed Forces of the Russian Federation 3494:and those of the superior courts, the 2549:Please improve this section by adding 2234: 2105: 1786: 20148: 19823: 19549: 19393: 18940: 18225: 17897: 17228:Heads of state and government of Asia 17201: 17082: 16422: 16381: 16065: 15383: 15101: 14141: 14128: 13592: 13013: 11867: 11854: 10530: 10246: 9758:from the original on 22 December 2018 9371: 9272:, Ottawa: King's Printer for Canada, 9253: 8750: 8330: 8245:from the original on 26 February 2018 7973: 6899:The position of a monarch is usually 6800: 6749:revolts. This occurred with the last 6724: 6551:Multiple or collective heads of state 6168:1975 Australian constitutional crisis 5495:" four years after his death and the 4810:honorary distinctions of the Republic 4725: 3486:XIV - appoint, after approval by the 3424:Constitution of the Republic of Korea 3369:appoints and dismisses his ministers. 3289:commissioned officers in the military 2933:Constitution of the Republic of Korea 2643:personification of the Canadian state 2621:of a president of a republic, or the 2513:Viceroy and Governor-General of India 2031:, President and head of state of the 1448:; or the president, in the case of a 975:President of the Council of Ministers 171:, from left to right, top to bottom: 18169:Dutch East Indies (Governor-General) 17924:Leaders of Southeast Asian countries 14101: 9968:from the original on 7 February 2015 9938:from the original on 8 February 2015 9884:from the original on 9 February 2015 9798: 8641:CONSTITUTION OF THE ARGENTINE NATION 8629:Government of the Russian Federation 8490:Constitution of the Italian Republic 7841: 6599:Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina 6593:, where each member acts in turn as 6329:, the pope remains head of state of 6094:Governor-General of Papua New Guinea 6035:its short-lived Hashemite federation 4298: 3691:, when necessary, may rest with the 3296:prime minister of the United Kingdom 3111:Under Chapter II, Section 61 of the 2668:Other common representations are on 2522: 2499:(1920–1946) and the founding of the 2411:in 2003 gave its head of state, the 2296:Chairman of the Council of Ministers 1818:, but with no political power: King 1368:adding citations to reliable sources 1339: 13618: 13105:Speaker / President of the assembly 10222:. Oxford International Public Law. 10067:European Commission of Human Rights 9906:Jubilee Monument for Queen Victoria 9639:from the original on 28 August 2015 8304:(2009). Retrieved on 3 August 2014. 8281:(2009). Retrieved on 3 August 2014. 7710:. Routledge. pp. 154–56, 163. 7423:European Convention on Human Rights 6238:sovereign of the Vatican City State 5636:President of the State of Palestine 5161:Example 2 (parliamentary republic): 5128:Example 1 (parliamentary monarchy): 4882:Example 3 (parliamentary republic): 4857:Example 2 (parliamentary monarchy): 4794:Example 3 (parliamentary republic): 4762:Example 2 (parliamentary monarchy): 4737:Example 1 (parliamentary monarchy): 4705:President of the Russian Federation 4433:a) shall announce elections to the 4426:President of the Russian Federation 4393:Example 3 (parliamentary republic): 4372:Example 2 (parliamentary monarchy): 4163:shall be Commander in Chief of the 4136:President of the Russian Federation 4113:shall be Commander-in-Chief of the 4074:Example 3 (parliamentary republic): 4040:Example 2 (parliamentary monarchy): 4011:Example 1 (parliamentary monarchy): 3935:, reviewing troops during the 2008 3807:President of the Russian Federation 3752:Example 2 (parliamentary republic): 3717:Example 1 (parliamentary monarchy): 3477:XIII -...appoint the commanders of 3355:Example 1 (parliamentary monarchy): 3192:President of the Russian Federation 3161:According to Article 53 (1) of the 3159:Example 4 (parliamentary republic): 3134:Example 3 (parliamentary republic): 3084:Example 1 (parliamentary monarchy): 3008:Example 10 (presidential republic): 2993:President of the Russian Federation 2878:Example 5 (parliamentary republic): 2857:Example 4 (parliamentary republic): 2784:Example 1 (parliamentary monarchy): 2429:1974 Hellenic Republic constitution 2329:, while the party leader's post as 2249:Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 2197:Latin American wars of independence 2000:Some parliamentary republics (like 59:Public persona of a sovereign state 56: 13193:International development minister 10295:List of current sovereign monarchs 9928:"Mount Rushmore National Memorial" 9676:from the original on 16 April 2016 9507:, 24 November 2008, archived from 9477:Constitution of the Czech Republic 9385:Constitution of the State of Qatar 9241:from the original on 12 April 2016 9050:from the original on 16 March 2013 8995:from the original on 15 March 2017 8377:from the original on 8 August 2014 8148:from the original on 12 March 2018 7900:from the original on 21 March 2017 7132:Lord Protector of the Commonwealth 6820: 6561:Category:Collective heads of state 6127:governor-general has occasionally 5963:There are also several methods of 5691:historically had officials called 5199:Example 4 (presidential republic): 5115: 5043:President of the National Assembly 4886:Constitution of the Czech Republic 4528:V - veto bills, wholly or in part; 4513:shall have the exclusive power to: 4499:Example 6 (presidential republic): 4470:Example 5 (presidential republic): 4149:Example 6 (presidential republic): 4056:land and naval forces of the Realm 3838:Example 5 (single party republic): 3567: 3463:shall have the exclusive power to: 3449:Example 4 (presidential republic): 3348:heads of the executive departments 3226:Example 7 (presidential republic): 3201:Example 6 (presidential republic): 2929:Example 7 (presidential republic): 1995: 1977:, such as referring a bill to the 1961:In contrast, the only contact the 1935:appoints (following a vote in the 57: 20324: 18828:Sovereign Military Order of Malta 18498:Sovereign Military Order of Malta 13568:Government ministers by portfolio 13324:Ministry of Education and Culture 10238: 9741:The distinctiveness of Soviet law 9711:John Alexander Armstrong (1978). 9408:Basic Law of Israel: The Military 8820:Constitution of the United States 7125: 6129:been referred to as head of state 5624:Palestine Liberation Organization 5370:In 1959 after the resignation of 5267: 5203:Constitution of the United States 5033:Parliament shall sit as of right. 4986: 4213:Basic Law of the Federal Republic 4188:is the Commander-in-Chief of the 4088:is the commander-in-chief of the 3298:was unilaterally selected by the 3029: 3020:President of the Argentine Nation 2818:Sovereign in right of New Zealand 2495:Historically, at the time of the 2438:Another complication exists with 2384:Complications with categorisation 1628: 1004:Cabinet collective responsibility 913:President of the council of state 724:Biology and political orientation 255:President of the Marshall Islands 20126: 20113: 20100: 20087: 20074: 20061: 20048: 20035: 20022: 20009: 19996: 19983: 19970: 19957: 19944: 19931: 19918: 19905: 19892: 19879: 19866: 19372: 19351: 19337: 19323: 19309: 19295: 19281: 19267: 19253: 19239: 19225: 19211: 19197: 19183: 19169: 19155: 19141: 19127: 19113: 19099: 19085: 19071: 19057: 19043: 19029: 19015: 19001: 18987: 17043: 17002: 16956: 16910: 16859: 16813: 16757: 16711: 16670: 16629: 16573: 16532: 16353:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 16214:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 15907:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 15581:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 15344:Democratic Republic of the Congo 14796:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 14569:Democratic Republic of the Congo 14477:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 14250:Democratic Republic of the Congo 14100: 14089: 14088: 13573: 13572: 13562: 13561: 10813:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 10092:. Retrieved on 12 November 2012. 10069:. Retrieved on 12 November 2012. 10046:. Retrieved on 12 November 2012. 10000:. Retrieved on 12 November 2012. 9611:from the original on 26 May 2015 9490:. Retrieved on 11 November 2012. 9467:. Retrieved on 11 November 2012. 9444:. Retrieved on 16 November 2012. 9421:. Retrieved on 11 November 2011. 9398:. Retrieved on 17 November 2012. 9368:. Retrieved on 11 November 2012. 8989:United Nations Treaty Collection 8891:Belgian House of Representatives 8867:. Retrieved on 11 November 2012. 8833:. Retrieved on 11 November 2012. 8799:. Retrieved on 13 November 2012. 8770:. Retrieved on 11 November 2012. 8747:. Retrieved on 11 November 2012. 8716:. Retrieved on 11 November 2012. 8654:. Retrieved on 16 November 2012. 8353:. Retrieved on 11 November 2012. 8327:. Retrieved on 11 November 2012. 8203:from the original on 13 May 2018 8018:. Retrieved on 11 November 2012. 7446: 7335:Personal influence or privileges 7185:for a vacant monarchy. Uganda's 6690:, the interim ruling council of 6219:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 6068: 6059: 5793: 5773: 5758: 5642:Historical European perspectives 4318:Most countries require that all 3882: 3695:. The treaties constituting the 3580:, presenting his credentials to 3550:Instrument of Government of 1974 3500:Attorney-General of the Republic 2628: 2585: 2527: 2245:constitutionally socialist state 1804: 1795: 1581:'s constitutional document, the 1344: 825: 158: 149: 140: 129: 120: 111: 100: 91: 82: 20313:Air transport of heads of state 12896:Social and political philosophy 10290:Imperial, royal and noble ranks 10099: 10072: 10049: 10026: 10003: 9980: 9950: 9920: 9908:, image with dog to show scale. 9896: 9858: 9819: 9770: 9731: 9704: 9688: 9662: 9650: 9622: 9594: 9585: 9493: 9470: 9317: 9287: 9218: 9185: 9158: 9128: 9062: 9022: 8977: 8854:Constitution of October 4, 1958 8631:. Retrieved on 2 November 2012. 8577: 8574:. Retrieved on 2 November 2012. 8548:. Retrieved on 2 November 2012. 8546:Portuguese Constitutional Court 8506: 8503:. Retrieved on 2 November 2012. 8455:. Retrieved on 2 November 2012. 8435: 8430:International Olympic Committee 8412: 8409:. Retrieved on 2 November 2012. 8389: 8371:Department of Canadian Heritage 8225: 8183: 8164: 8127: 8114: 8100: 8071:. Retrieved on 1 November 2012. 8051: 8048:. Retrieved on 2 November 2012. 8001: 7998:. Retrieved on 2 November 2012. 7912: 7634: 7617: 7137:, who was succeeded by his son 7088:(ranked-choice majority voting) 6589:of the 1790s; the seven-member 6466:, continue to the present day. 6308: 5060:Example 2 (executive monarchy): 4965:Example 5 (executive monarchy): 4567:1. Any draft law passed by the 4174:Example 7 (executive monarchy): 4013:Article III, Section 15 of the 3576:Tekiso Hati, ambassador of the 3271:Appointment of senior officials 3086:According to Section 12 of the 2757:to such persons as a spouse, a 2736:International Olympic Committee 2647:Department of Canadian Heritage 2278:Bureau of the Central Committee 1843:His/Her Excellency's Government 1355:needs additional citations for 1320:, while developing the current 19736:Federated States of Micronesia 19618:Federated States of Micronesia 16564:Cristina Fernández de Kirchner 13241:Ministry of trade and industry 12732:Political history of the world 11855: 10272: 10204: 10174: 10090:European Court of Human Rights 9855:. Retrieved on 28 August 2013. 8935: 8676:, The Communications Section, 8597:. Retrieved on 2 November 2012 7882: 7876: 7835: 7796: 7757: 7724: 7685: 7421:for alleged violations of the 7419:European Court of Human Rights 7046: 7039:. In some monarchies, such as 6854:1976 Independence Constitution 5997:Shared head of multiple states 5933:German Revolution of 1918–1919 5632:Palestinian National Authority 5530:There is debate as to whether 5322:national socialist party chief 4490:President of the United States 3601:, presents his credentials to 2957:Chapter VI, Article 77 of the 2119:president of the United States 1417:Some academic writers discuss 1332:("the spirit of the nation"). 719:Theories of political behavior 345:Political history of the world 179:President of the United States 64:Head of state (disambiguation) 13: 1: 13888:Needle and syringe programmes 13742:Universal access to education 13395:Ministry of religious affairs 9670:"Kerr's Statement Of Reasons" 9030:"Treaty of Lisbon (OJ C 306)" 8757:Constitution of India, Part V 8572:Constitutional Court of Korea 7663: 7592:List of state leaders by year 7321:40th state of the Union, 1889 6892:Diagonal: cannot be displaced 6716: 5939:Interim and exceptional cases 5780:Bodin named on title page of 5296:, but also many other; e.g., 5201:Article II, Section 2 of the 4884:Chapter 3, Article 65 of the 4695:Chapter 4, article 84 of the 4151:Article II, Section 2 of the 4054:is Commander-in-Chief of the 3840:Section 2, Article 81 of the 3522:Advocate-General of the Union 2808:Article 2 of the New Zealand 2551:secondary or tertiary sources 1929:1809 Instrument of Government 1921:1974 Instrument of Government 1822:of Cambodia (left), and King 1585:, for example, specifies the 1557:the role is fulfilled by the 1244:; the head of state may be a 1171:Heads of state and government 734:Critique of political economy 16047:United States Virgin Islands 15729:United States Virgin Islands 12737:History of political thought 10305:List of monarchy referendums 10148: 9579: 9567: 9552: 9540: 9528: 9488:Prague Castle Administration 9325:"The Constitution Act, 1867" 9016: 8971: 8959: 8947: 8921:International Law Commission 8865:The French National Assembly 8035:The Instrument of Government 7996:Office of the Prime Minister 7217:between the two realms. The 7024:or even permission from the 6688:Sovereignty Council of Sudan 5986:(an early example being the 5419:, following the downfall of 5180:Title II, Article 17 of the 5062:Articles 69 & 70 of the 5001:Title II, Article 16 of the 4838:Chapter 5, Article 8 of the 4557:Example 7 (ruling monarchy): 4472:Article 1, Section 7 of the 4342:Chapter 1, Article 4 of the 4215:vests this authority in the 4101:Title II, Article 15 of the 4025:The Command-in-Chief of the 3937:Bastille Day military parade 3776:Title II, Article 14 of the 3496:Governors of the territories 3468:I - appoint and dismiss the 3422:Chapter 4, Section 2 of the 3405:shall, on the nomination of 3228:Article 2, Section 1 of the 2859:Title II, Article 87 of the 2788:Spanish Constitution of 1978 2652:In many countries, official 2251:(USSR) and its constitutive 2247:type inspired by the former 1839:His/Her Majesty's Government 1759:parliamentary system, but a 1563:British Overseas Territories 315:Outline of political science 7: 13971:Publicly funded health care 13410:Ministry of social security 13291:Ministry of water resources 13171:Ministry of foreign affairs 13040:Common types of government 10154:Satow's Diplomatic Practice 10105: 9785:citizenshiprightsafrica.org 9396:Ministry of Foreign Affairs 8768:Ministry of Law and Justice 8735:, Publications Department, 8016:Central Intelligence Agency 7856:10.1177/0268580903018001007 7770:digitalcommons.law.yale.edu 7691: 7679: 7439: 7411:former royal family members 7219:Roman–Parthian War of 58–63 6844:would automatically become 6541:Mongolian People's Republic 6536:. The establishment of the 6501: 6469: 6106:share a monarch, currently 5717:Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden 5222:Part XI, Article 80 of the 5182:French Constitution of 1958 5003:French Constitution of 1958 4819: 4731:Granting titles and honours 4668:French Constitution of 1958 4305:State Opening of Parliament 4103:French Constitution of 1958 3778:French Constitution of 1958 3678:minister of foreign affairs 3661:) through sending formal a 3626:President of Czechoslovakia 2995:shall be the Head of State. 2606:in her coronation portrait 2486:elected civilian presidents 2374:an institution of the state 1971:Department of the Taoiseach 1861: 1772:Leopold III of the Belgians 980:President of the government 10: 20329: 18184:Myanmar (State Counsellor) 18174:Indonesia (Prime Minister) 17068: 16986: 16925: 16843: 16802: 16618: 16542: 13443:Minister without portfolio 13405:Ministry of social affairs 13236:Ministry of infrastructure 10156:(Sixth ed.). Oxford: 8522:. Retrieved 3 August 2014. 8396:The Queen's role in Canada 7157:power, as is practised by 6856:'s Article 31 stated that 6554: 6301:element in establishing a 6084:Governor General of Canada 6048: 5849:it belongs to is known as 5589:, was at first not styled 5119: 5081:may, be a decree, declare 4990: 4823: 4678:may, after consulting the 4474:United States Constitution 4313:State of the Union address 4153:United States Constitution 3933:Chief of the Defence Staff 3886: 3560:, following a vote in the 3230:United States Constitution 3123:and is exercisable by the 2918:Commander-in-Chief of the 2882:Iraqi constitution of 2005 2446:is in fact elected by the 2378:National People's Congress 2339:People's Republic of China 2193:United States Constitution 2191:in the region, and as the 2124: 2038: 1899:(articles 67 and 69). The 1467:, with two subset models; 320:Index of politics articles 188:King of the United Kingdom 68: 61: 20186: 19861: 19789: 19708: 19699: 19671: 19590: 19581: 19431: 19367: 18981: 18917: 18897: 18866: 18598: 18587: 18567: 18536: 18268: 18257: 18208: 18148: 18120: 18022: 17929: 17884: 17851: 17817:limited recognized states 17816: 17553: 17542: 17508:limited recognized states 17507: 17244: 17233: 17078: 17073: 17063: 17058: 17053: 17037: 17032: 17027: 17022: 17017: 17012: 16996: 16991: 16981: 16976: 16971: 16966: 16950: 16945: 16940: 16935: 16930: 16920: 16904: 16899: 16894: 16889: 16884: 16879: 16874: 16869: 16853: 16848: 16838: 16833: 16828: 16823: 16807: 16797: 16792: 16787: 16782: 16777: 16772: 16767: 16751: 16746: 16741: 16736: 16731: 16726: 16721: 16705: 16700: 16695: 16690: 16685: 16680: 16664: 16659: 16656:Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva 16654: 16651:Fernando Henrique Cardoso 16649: 16644: 16639: 16623: 16613: 16608: 16605:Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada 16603: 16598: 16593: 16590:Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada 16588: 16583: 16567: 16562: 16557: 16552: 16547: 16417: 16236: 16097: 15940: 15752: 15741: 15614: 15426: 15415: 15309: 15287: 15146: 15137: 14816: 14787: 14506: 14497: 14468: 14182: 14173: 14135: 14084: 14028: 13996:National health insurance 13961: 13948:Supervised injection site 13858: 13808: 13755: 13649: 13626: 13557: 13494:Communications ministries 13451: 13435: 13299: 13254: 13206: 13154: 13118: 13052: 12980: 12973: 12832: 12774: 12722: 12715: 12683: 12676: 12616: 12609: 12544: 12535: 12418: 12411: 12325: 12194: 11981: 11943:National unity government 11905: 11861: 11717: 11626: 11340: 11103: 11037: 10849: 10840: 10736: 10718: 10650: 10565: 10523: 10455: 10369: 10313: 10280: 10175:Robertson, David (2002). 8424:19 September 2016 at the 8340:THE CONSTITUTION OF NAURU 7985:The Constitution of Japan 7925:"Constitution of Belgium" 7597:Records of heads of state 7264:The National Monument to 7177:adopted the formal title 6950:of England and the early 6905:constitutional monarchies 6835:Provisional Head of State 6157:Canada's governor general 6153:constitutional convention 5487:In North Korea, the late 5190:President of the Republic 5012:President of the Republic 4933:President of the Republic 4894:President of the Republic 4785:or the State Secretaries. 4676:President of the Republic 4571:shall be referred to the 4511:President of the Republic 4111:President of the Republic 3786:President of the Republic 3599:U.S. ambassador to Israel 3513:Federal Court of Accounts 3461:President of the Republic 3213:President of the Republic 3146:President of the Republic 3012:Constitution of Argentina 2967:President of the Republic 2959:Constitution of Lithuania 2912:President of the Republic 2890:President of the Republic 2869:President of the Republic 2713:national day celebrations 2490:Panamanian Defense Forces 2407:Constitutional change in 2267:; and in the case of the 2020:Semi-presidential systems 1855: 1690:constitutional monarchies 237:President of South Africa 17174: 17171: 17168: 17165: 17162: 17159: 17156: 17153: 17150: 17147: 17144: 17141: 17138: 17135: 17132: 17129: 17126: 17123: 17120: 17117: 17114: 17111: 17108: 17105: 17102: 17099: 17096: 17093: 17090: 17087: 16641:Fernando Collor de Mello 16525: 16522: 16519: 16516: 16513: 16510: 16507: 16504: 16501: 16498: 16495: 16492: 16489: 16486: 16483: 16480: 16477: 16474: 16471: 16468: 16465: 16462: 16459: 16456: 16453: 16450: 16447: 16444: 16441: 16438: 16042:Turks and Caicos Islands 15724:Turks and Caicos Islands 15329:Central African Republic 14554:Central African Republic 14235:Central African Republic 14130:Heads of state by region 13991:Single-payer health care 13800:Universal basic services 13747:Universal basic services 13489:Climate change ministers 13390:Ministry of home affairs 12373:Environmental regulation 12179:Representative democracy 10442:Self-proclaimed monarchy 10044:Government of Luxembourg 9225:Flemming, Brian (1965). 8880:The Belgian Constitution 8731:14 November 2017 at the 8518:28 November 2016 at the 8401:20 February 2009 at the 8314:Constitution of Botswana 8196:South China Morning Post 8108:"Constitution of Israel" 7990:14 December 2013 at the 7610: 7569: 7513:National day of mourning 7325:midwestern United States 6868:By hereditary succession 6657:collective head of state 6436:Islamic Republic of Iran 6409:Islamic states known as 6358: 6225:Religious heads of state 6027:Head of the Commonwealth 5965:head of state succession 5587:Ahmadou Babatoura Ahidjo 5478:Supreme Military Command 5244:(b) grant to a person a 4946:Assembly of the Republic 4937:Supreme Court of Justice 4925:Constitution of Portugal 4482:House of Representatives 4353:The formal opening of a 4280:People's Liberation Army 4258:The armed forces of the 3479:Navy, Army and Air Force 3438:with the consent of the 3377:House of Representatives 3302:was in 1963, when Queen 2904:Constitution of Portugal 2674:postage and other stamps 2645:and is described by the 2518: 2239:In certain states under 2221:parliamentary monarchies 2147:United States of America 2093:, was able to dismiss a 2041:Semi-presidential system 1891:, who is chaired by the 1516:semi-presidential system 1316:Former French president 1280:semi-presidential system 69:Not to be confused with 39:latest accepted revision 18:Collective head of state 20293:Government institutions 19511:(Republic of the Congo) 18703:Holy See (Vatican City) 18373:Holy See (Vatican City) 18200:South Vietnam (leaders) 17984:Philippines (President) 17019:Julio María Sanguinetti 16687:Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle 15006:South African Republic 14855:Central African Empire 13692:Public good (economics) 13578:Ministries by portfolio 13549:Public works ministries 13281:Ministry of electricity 13221:Ministry of the economy 13095:Office of the president 12438:Uncodified constitution 11963:Administrative division 10710:Vatican City (Holy See) 10224:Oxford University Press 10158:Oxford University Press 10106:Foakes, Joanne (2014). 10084:31 January 2013 at the 10061:31 January 2013 at the 9847:8 February 2014 at the 9459:20 October 2017 at the 9436:1 February 2013 at the 9390:24 October 2004 at the 9364:, Information Service, 9165:Alston, Philip (1995). 8706:Government of Australia 8473:17 October 2013 at the 8345:1 February 2014 at the 8319:23 January 2013 at the 8088:Constitution of Ireland 7844:International Sociology 7538:Power behind the throne 7232: 6993:is affected; under the 6862:President of Seychelles 5913:consent of the governed 5893:Westphalian sovereignty 5729:1815 Congress of Vienna 5334:between 1934 and 1945. 5132:Constitution of Denmark 5047:President of the Senate 4741:Constitution of Belgium 4639:Constitution of Ireland 4637:Article 13.2.2. of the 4395:Section 11.a.1. of the 3676:, is accredited to the 3395:Constitution of Ireland 3359:Constitution of Belgium 3088:Constitution of Denmark 2969:shall be Head of State. 1867:was drawn up under the 1816:constitutional monarchs 1767:"presidential" system. 1639:chief executive officer 1613:Parliamentary republics 729:Political organisations 492:International relations 330:Politics by subdivision 20308:Positions of authority 19527:(United Arab Emirates) 18643:Bosnia and Herzegovina 18313:Bosnia and Herzegovina 17949:East Timor (President) 16769:Rodrigo Borja Cevallos 16738:Andrés Pastrana Arango 15369:South African Republic 13514:Environment ministries 13484:Agriculture ministries 13479:Presidents of assembly 13474:Deputy prime ministers 10992:Islands of Refreshment 10422:Legitimacy (political) 9632:Constitution of Tuvalu 9413:27 August 2014 at the 8915:17 August 2018 at the 8825:19 August 2011 at the 8762:24 August 2015 at the 8501:Senate of the Republic 8093:20 August 2015 at the 7966:25 August 2016 at the 7803:Belavusau, U. (2013). 7764:Gouvea, C. P. (2013). 7704:Kubicek, Paul (2015). 7348:Leopold III of Belgium 7269: 7145:By force or revolution 7090: 6995:Act of Settlement 1701 6963:1810 Act of Succession 6896: 6382: 6289: 6248: 6236:, from March 2013 the 5829: 5721:Congress of Westphalia 5611:military head of state 5597: 5595:but 'merely' known as 5591: 5470:Communist Party leader 5348:Yang di-Pertuan Negara 5024:Constitutional Council 4861:Constitution of Norway 4766:Constitution of Norway 4712:b) shall dissolve the 4503:Brazilian Constitution 4405:President of the State 4386:to attain legal force. 4309:Speech from the Throne 4252:chief of general staff 4199:Some countries with a 4128:Constitution of Russia 4044:Constitution of Norway 4019:Constitution of Canada 4015:Constitution Act, 1867 3988:military dictatorships 3947: 3913: 3799:Constitution of Russia 3754:Article 59 (1) of the 3745:to attain legal force. 3708:, rather than between 3685:high contracting party 3629: 3609: 3587: 3554:Speaker of the Riksdag 3490:, the Justices of the 3453:Constitution of Brazil 3393:Article 13.1.1 of the 3205:Constitution of Brazil 3184:Constitution of Russia 3138:Constitution of Greece 2985:Constitution of Russia 2786:Section 56 (1) of the 2538:relies excessively on 2400: 2350:country's constitution 2122: 2036: 1950:high contracting party 1933:speaker of the Riksdag 1761: 1753: 1684: 1669:to the head of state. 1625: 1569:. The same applies to 1425:in terms of "models". 1414: 1327: 1322:Constitution of France 17994:Singapore (President) 17954:Indonesia (President) 16723:Virgilio Barco Vargas 16343:Saint Kitts and Nevis 16204:Saint Kitts and Nevis 15897:Saint Kitts and Nevis 15571:Saint Kitts and Nevis 15349:Republic of the Congo 14714:São Tomé and Príncipe 14574:Republic of the Congo 14395:São Tomé and Príncipe 14255:Republic of the Congo 13840:Public infrastructure 13677:Public administration 13662:Free-culture movement 13509:Environment ministers 13415:Minister for Veterans 13286:Ministry of Petroleum 13246:Ministry of transport 13085:Deputy First Minister 13075:Deputy prime minister 12929:aspects of capitalism 12845:History of philosophy 12343:Unemployment benefits 12079:Military dictatorship 10803:Saint Kitts and Nevis 10392:Criticism of monarchy 10382:Abolition of monarchy 9998:Royal Court of Sweden 9932:TravelSouthDakota.com 9629:Elizabeth II (1978), 9601:Elizabeth II (1975), 8566:10 March 2012 at the 8468:Constitution Act 1986 8447:21 April 2012 at the 8364:"The Crown in Canada" 8296:25 April 2014 at the 8277:8 August 2014 at the 8069:Royal Court of Sweden 8063:16 March 2015 at the 8058:Duties of the Monarch 7263: 7256:Former heads of state 7197:By foreign imposition 7086:Instant-runoff voting 7054: 6979:were proposed in 2011 6911:, usually within one 6875: 6831:Constitution of Italy 6761:By divine appointment 6711:sole government party 6636:(judges). In ancient 6591:Swiss Federal Council 6506:From the time of the 6405:. Historically, some 6387:early period of Islam 6366: 6353:Defender of the Faith 6345:co-princes of Andorra 6265:divine right of kings 6232: 6211:Saint Kitts and Nevis 6015:co-princes of Andorra 5958:co-princes of Andorra 5873:Divine Right of Kings 5863:(1651) used the term 5680:The paradoxical term 5540:aristocratic republic 5365:Commonwealth republic 5337:In 1959, when former 5224:Constitution of Nauru 5064:Constitution of Qatar 4969:Constitution of Qatar 4798:Constitution of Italy 4620:parliamentary systems 4561:Constitution of Qatar 4457:f) shall address the 4240:Israel Defense Forces 4178:Constitution of Qatar 4078:Constitution of Italy 3919: 3896: 3615: 3593: 3575: 3492:Supreme Federal Court 3329:on the advice of the 3163:Constitution of India 2861:Constitution of Italy 2840:Constitution of Japan 2810:Constitution Act 1986 2604:the Duke of Edinburgh 2468:president of Botswana 2391: 2243:constitutions of the 2163:, including those of 2113: 2052:Fifth French Republic 2033:French Fifth Republic 2027: 1945:vote of no confidence 1915:Since the passage in 1850:Constitution of Japan 1715:Constitution of Spain 1675: 1649:, presided over by a 1635:parliamentary systems 1601: 1411:President of Slovakia 1401: 1336:Constitutional models 1328:l'esprit de la nation 809:Political campaigning 549:Public administration 382:Collective leadership 18867:Partially recognised 18537:Partially recognised 17793:United Arab Emirates 17484:United Arab Emirates 17060:Ramón José Velásquez 17014:Luis Alberto Lacalle 16881:Luis González Macchi 14879:Muhammad Ali dynasty 13504:Education ministries 13341:Information minister 13276:Environment minister 13186:Ministry of interior 13176:Immigration minister 12863:Political ideologies 12139:Parliamentary system 10635:United Arab Emirates 9992:29 July 2012 at the 9505:Khaleej Times Online 9482:16 July 2012 at the 9366:Parliament of Norway 9121:19 June 2017 at the 9046:. 17 December 2007. 8889:, Legal Department, 8859:1 March 2010 at the 8672:18 June 2013 at the 8540:23 June 2014 at the 8513:Constitution of Iraq 8442:SPANISH CONSTITUTION 8373:. 13 December 2013. 8241:. 25 February 2018. 7778:10.2139/ssrn.2288315 7563:Strongman (politics) 7390:King of the Hellenes 7291:erected in front of 7173:. In Spain, general 7167:Napoleon I of France 7108:United Arab Emirates 7055:Countries where the 6948:Henry the Young King 6753:king of Hellenistic 6739:orders of succession 5557:Libyan Arab Republic 5525:most powerful person 5482:most powerful person 5351:("head of state" in 5150:with the consent of 5148:Court of Impeachment 4903:Constitutional Court 4397:Basic Laws of Israel 4244:Government of Israel 4236:applicable basic law 4201:parliamentary system 3929:Jean-Louis Georgelin 3902:King of the Belgians 3701:European Communities 3434:is appointed by the 2893:of the Constitution. 2460:parliamentary system 2348:, under the current 2157:Presidential systems 2140:to remain in office. 1963:president of Ireland 1885:parliamentary system 1594:Parliamentary system 1465:parliamentary system 1403:Grassalkovich Palace 1364:improve this article 1295:presidential systems 1260:parliamentary system 1251:or concurrently the 1242:separation of powers 1166:National governments 1000:Government formation 881:Executive government 659:Separation of powers 530:Political psychology 505:Comparative politics 483:political scientists 470:Academic disciplines 350:Political philosophy 228:King of Saudi Arabia 19701:Heads of government 19455:(Equatorial Guinea) 18898:Unrecognised states 18568:Unrecognised states 18024:Heads of government 18009:Vietnam (President) 17974:Myanmar (President) 17055:Carlos Andrés Pérez 16876:Juan Carlos Wasmosy 16412:timeline since 1990 16358:Trinidad and Tobago 16253:Antigua and Barbuda 16238:Heads of government 16219:Trinidad and Tobago 16114:Antigua and Barbuda 15917:Trinidad and Tobago 15762:Antigua and Barbuda 15591:Trinidad and Tobago 15436:Antigua and Barbuda 15130:heads of government 14499:Heads of government 14076:Public viewing area 13845:Public water system 13833:Municipal broadband 13790:Public broadcasting 13400:Ministry of science 13358:Ministry of justice 13351:Ministry of housing 13312:Ministry of culture 13226:Ministry of finance 13166:Ministry of defence 12985:Forms of government 12918:Conservatism navbox 12523:Legislative council 12348:National healthcare 12222:Christian democracy 12144:Presidential system 11999:Countries by system 11831:Trinidad and Tobago 11718:Commonwealth realms 11603:United Baltic Duchy 10746:Antigua and Barbuda 10738:Commonwealth realms 10432:Order of succession 10038:5 July 2014 at the 10021:The Royal Household 10015:12 May 2012 at the 9864:Bivar (1983), p. 85 9360:15 May 2012 at the 8885:6 July 2011 at the 8789:Chamber of Deputies 8737:Hellenic Parliament 8696:10 May 2012 at the 8646:4 June 2011 at the 8589:18 May 2019 at the 8495:20 May 2012 at the 8351:Parliament of Nauru 8040:20 May 2014 at the 7823:on 23 December 2014 7642:premier of Portugal 7508:Mirrors for princes 7483:Cult of personality 7430:diplomatic passport 7076:First-past-the-post 7012:, often limited to 6987:Commonwealth realms 6961:, by rewriting its 6909:order of succession 6860:would be the first 6773:. In this way, the 6661:sphere of influence 6333:. Furthermore, the 6327:Italian unification 6277:incestuous marriage 6187:Antigua and Barbuda 6104:Commonwealth realms 6080:The Lord Tweedsmuir 6045:Commonwealth realms 6019:president of France 5954:counselors of state 5917:Glorious Revolution 5909:popular sovereignty 5897:Peace of Westphalia 5851:Mirrors for princes 5836:, in his classical 5816:Niccolò Machiavelli 5697:stadholders-general 5417:Cultural Revolution 4935:answers before the 4739:Article 113 of the 4653:on the advice of a 4559:Article 106 of the 4248:minister of defence 4217:Minister of Defence 4004:executive ministers 3996:Albert I of Belgium 3925:President of France 3036:executive authority 2734:(rule 55.3) of the 2294:(party leader) and 2280:of the Russian SFSR 2235:Single-party states 2217:absolute monarchies 2206:, as often seen in 2127:Presidential system 2106:Presidential system 2091:Paul von Hindenburg 2068:François Mitterrand 1986:President of Israel 1955:letters of credence 1787:Non-executive model 1739:Kingdom of Sardinia 1695:Glorious Revolution 1559:lieutenant governor 1535:presidential system 1495:non-executive model 1444:, in the case of a 1409:is the seat of the 873:the Politics series 832:Politics portal 681:Election commission 652:Government branches 535:Political sociology 387:Confessional system 325:Politics by country 219:President of France 192:Commonwealth realms 29:Page version status 19425:OPEC member states 18803:Russian Federation 18473:Russian Federation 18192:(Governor-General) 17999:Thailand (Monarch) 17969:Malaysia (Monarch) 17944:Cambodia (Monarch) 16774:Sixto Durán Ballén 16748:Juan Manuel Santos 16293:Dominican Republic 16154:Dominican Republic 15827:Dominican Republic 15501:Dominican Republic 14986:Orange Free State 14041:Government auction 13727:Public procurement 13544:Interior ministers 13425:Minister for women 13380:Ministry of sports 13368:Ministry of labour 13363:Minister of labour 13334:Ministry of health 13319:Education minister 13269:Ministry of energy 13126:Secretary of state 12990:Types of democracy 12885:Political spectrum 12498:Legislative bodies 12453:Head of government 12378:Banking regulation 11938:Federal government 11928:Central government 9914:9 May 2015 at the 9830:Kvinnlig tronföljd 9813:Nordisk familjebok 9331:on 3 February 2010 9266:(1 October 1947), 9086:on 1 February 2009 8991:. United Nations. 8623:4 May 2013 at the 8176:2 May 2014 at the 8141:The New York Times 8122:Lansdowne portrait 8012:The World Factbook 7894:The New York Times 7792:on 18 August 2021. 7533:Official state car 7528:Official residence 7518:Oath of allegiance 7493:Head of government 7488:Directorial system 7403:Luxembourg in 2012 7270: 7191:President for Life 7091: 7078:(plurality voting) 6922:wars of succession 6897: 6846:President of Italy 6801:By social contract 6783:Holy Roman Emperor 6743:self-determination 6725:By fiction or fiat 6597:for one year; the 6557:Directorial system 6482:under an absentee 6383: 6249: 6086:from 1935 to 1940; 6003:composite monarchy 5915:; as shown in the 5875:as articulated by 5725:Quadruple Alliance 5713:Holy Roman Emperor 5480:), making him the 5386:president for life 5130:Section 24 of the 4967:Article 64 of the 4826:Sovereign immunity 4764:Article 23 of the 4753:titles of nobility 4726:Other prerogatives 4624:head of government 4501:Article 84 of the 4288:President of China 4221:federal chancellor 4176:Article 65 of the 4042:Article 25 of the 3952:commander-in-chief 3948: 3914: 3889:Commander in Chief 3663:letter of credence 3630: 3618:letter of credence 3610: 3588: 3578:Kingdom of Lesotho 3470:Ministers of State 3451:Article 84 of the 3373:Federal Government 3357:Article 96 of the 3277:head of government 3217:Ministers of State 3215:, assisted by the 2880:Article 67 of the 2774:Kingdom of Belgium 2770:head of government 2759:head of government 2705:official residence 2464:president of Nauru 2456:head of government 2417:head of government 2401: 2300:head of government 2123: 2037: 1824:Felipe VI of Spain 1699:English parliament 1685: 1651:head of government 1626: 1561:, whereas in most 1476:head of government 1415: 1253:head of government 1124:Semi-parliamentary 960:Minister-president 933:Head of government 515:Political analysis 447:Semi-parliamentary 210:President of India 71:Head of government 35: 20280: 20279: 20274: 20273: 20142: 20141: 19817: 19816: 19813: 19812: 19791:Associated states 19695: 19694: 19673:Associated states 19543: 19542: 19387: 19386: 18934: 18933: 18913: 18912: 18599:UN members 18583: 18582: 18269:UN members 18219: 18218: 17891: 17890: 17847: 17846: 17554:UN members 17538: 17537: 17245:UN members 17195: 17194: 17190: 17189: 16983:Jules Wijdenbosch 16932:Valentín Paniagua 16697:Michelle Bachelet 16615:Eduardo Rodríguez 16375: 16374: 16371: 16370: 16232: 16231: 16059: 16058: 16055: 16054: 15947:other territories 15753:UN members 15737: 15736: 15621:other territories 15427:UN members 15377: 15376: 15305: 15304: 15184:Equatorial Guinea 15095: 15094: 14939:Kingdom of Kongo 14812: 14811: 14589:Equatorial Guinea 14493: 14492: 14270:Equatorial Guinea 14122: 14121: 14116: 14115: 13943:Public university 13923:Public open space 13868:Drinking fountain 13828:Telecommunication 13586: 13585: 13534:Health ministries 13529:Forest ministries 13524:Foreign ministers 13519:Finance ministers 13499:Defence ministers 13420:Ministry of women 13375:Regional minister 13257:natural resources 13231:Industry minister 13216:Commerce minister 13181:Interior minister 13157:foreign affairs / 13131:Minister of state 13007: 13006: 13003: 13002: 12995:Political parties 12874:Political culture 12799:International law 12770: 12769: 12762:U.S. Constitution 12711: 12710: 12693:Political science 12672: 12671: 12644:Political parties 12605: 12604: 12531: 12530: 12247:Constitutionalism 11958:County government 11848: 11847: 11844: 11843: 11533:Piedmont-Sardinia 11285:Sip Song Chau Tai 11095:Thirteen Colonies 10836: 10835: 10206:Watts, Sir Arthur 10167:978-0-19-969355-9 10150:Roberts, Sir Ivor 10119:978-0-19-964028-7 9724:978-0-8191-5405-7 9700:978-0-333-25212-3 9657:Elizabeth II 1978 9442:Riksdag of Sweden 9205:978-0-7735-1114-9 9178:978-1-86287-195-3 8797:978-85-736-5737-1 8678:Danish Parliament 8046:Riksdag of Sweden 7717:978-1-317-34853-5 7707:European Politics 7646:Marquis of Pombal 7415:Greek citizenship 7407:Hellenic Republic 7293:Buckingham Palace 7289:Victoria Memorial 7266:Emperor Wilhelm I 7100:Electoral College 7068:(majority voting) 7037:Agnatic seniority 6681:Nicolae Ceausescu 6622:Athenian Republic 6415:have been led by 6349:Church of England 6315:Roman Catholicism 6261:Mandate of Heaven 6172:private secretary 6124:royal prerogative 6096:from 2004 to 2010 6013:. One of the two 5984:military governor 5931:in 1789, and the 5929:French Revolution 5905:Eighty Years' War 5901:Thirty Years' War 5782:Discorsi politici 5733:Holy Roman Empire 5665:Maya civilisation 5653:Holy Roman Empire 5545:O le Ao o le Malo 5536:elective monarchy 5493:Eternal President 5458:ceremonial office 5421:Chinese President 5406:Paduka Yang Mulia 5146:convicted by the 5100: 5088:Al-Shoura Council 5072: 5037:National Assembly 4859:Article 5 of the 4808:shall confer the 4684:National Assembly 4628:U.S. Constitution 4596:royal prerogative 4575:for ratification. 4535:National Congress 4374:Article 9 of the 4299:Legislative roles 3960:chains of command 3954:of that nation's 3873:royal prerogative 3764:Federal President 3719:Article 8 of the 3680:(or equivalent). 3674:chargé d'affaires 3655:high commissioner 3603:Israeli president 3595:Daniel B. Shapiro 3582:Russian president 3440:National Assembly 3341:cannot force the 3308:Alec Douglas-Home 2838:Article 1 of the 2579: 2578: 2571: 2497:League of Nations 2448:National Assembly 2358:ceremonial office 2354:Chinese President 2317:Eternal President 2288:Nikita Khrushchev 2115:George Washington 2060:National Assembly 2029:Charles de Gaulle 2014:question sessions 1881:absolute monarchy 1869:Allied occupation 1748:Statuto Albertino 1687:In parliamentary 1571:Australian states 1555:Canadian province 1396: 1395: 1388: 1318:Charles de Gaulle 1278:. In contrast, a 1214: 1213: 1138:Semi-presidential 866: 865: 814:Political parties 754:Electoral systems 478:Political science 452:Semi-presidential 364:Political systems 340:Political history 335:Political economy 246:President of Peru 47:14 September 2024 26: 16:(Redirected from 20320: 20169: 20162: 20155: 20146: 20145: 20131: 20130: 20118: 20117: 20105: 20104: 20092: 20091: 20079: 20078: 20066: 20065: 20053: 20052: 20040: 20039: 20027: 20026: 20014: 20013: 20001: 20000: 19988: 19987: 19975: 19974: 19962: 19961: 19949: 19948: 19936: 19935: 19923: 19922: 19910: 19909: 19897: 19896: 19884: 19883: 19871: 19870: 19844: 19837: 19830: 19821: 19820: 19756:Papua New Guinea 19731:Marshall Islands 19709:Sovereign states 19706: 19705: 19638:Papua New Guinea 19613:Marshall Islands 19591:Sovereign states 19588: 19587: 19570: 19563: 19556: 19547: 19546: 19536: 19528: 19520: 19512: 19504: 19496: 19488: 19480: 19472: 19464: 19456: 19448: 19440: 19414: 19407: 19400: 19391: 19390: 19377: 19376: 19375: 19360: 19356: 19355: 19346: 19342: 19341: 19332: 19328: 19327: 19318: 19314: 19313: 19304: 19300: 19299: 19290: 19286: 19285: 19276: 19272: 19271: 19262: 19260:Willem-Alexander 19258: 19257: 19248: 19244: 19243: 19234: 19230: 19229: 19220: 19216: 19215: 19206: 19202: 19201: 19192: 19188: 19187: 19178: 19174: 19173: 19164: 19160: 19159: 19150: 19146: 19145: 19136: 19132: 19131: 19122: 19118: 19117: 19108: 19104: 19103: 19094: 19090: 19089: 19080: 19076: 19075: 19066: 19062: 19061: 19052: 19048: 19047: 19038: 19034: 19033: 19024: 19020: 19019: 19010: 19006: 19005: 18996: 18992: 18991: 18961: 18954: 18947: 18938: 18937: 18596: 18595: 18266: 18265: 18246: 18239: 18232: 18223: 18222: 18195:(Prime Minister) 17964:Laos (President) 17939:Brunei (Monarch) 17918: 17911: 17904: 17895: 17894: 17551: 17550: 17242: 17241: 17222: 17215: 17208: 17199: 17198: 17048: 17047: 17007: 17006: 16988:Ronald Venetiaan 16978:Ronald Venetiaan 16968:Ramsewak Shankar 16961: 16960: 16937:Alejandro Toledo 16927:Alberto Fujimori 16915: 16914: 16871:Andrés Rodríguez 16864: 16863: 16818: 16817: 16762: 16761: 16716: 16715: 16702:Sebastián Piñera 16675: 16674: 16634: 16633: 16585:Jaime Paz Zamora 16578: 16577: 16537: 16536: 16420: 16419: 16402: 16395: 16388: 16379: 16378: 16246:Sovereign states 16243: 16242: 16107:Sovereign states 16104: 16103: 16086: 16079: 16072: 16063: 16062: 16019:Saint Barthélemy 15978:Falkland Islands 15750: 15749: 15699:Saint Barthélemy 15654:Falkland Islands 15424: 15423: 15404: 15397: 15390: 15381: 15380: 15144: 15143: 15122: 15115: 15108: 15099: 15098: 15020:Governor-General 14507:UN member states 14504: 14503: 14180: 14179: 14162: 14155: 14148: 14139: 14138: 14126: 14125: 14104: 14103: 14092: 14091: 14003:Social insurance 13850:Waste management 13818:Electric utility 13795:Public transport 13712:Public ownership 13631:Municipalization 13613: 13606: 13599: 13590: 13589: 13576: 13575: 13565: 13564: 13385:Tourism minister 13346:Housing minister 13307:Culture minister 13034: 13027: 13020: 13011: 13010: 12978: 12977: 12966: 12962:World government 12960: 12955: 12949: 12944: 12938: 12933: 12927: 12922: 12916: 12911: 12905: 12900: 12894: 12889: 12883: 12878: 12872: 12867: 12861: 12809:World government 12720: 12719: 12681: 12680: 12664:Environmentalism 12614: 12613: 12542: 12541: 12416: 12415: 12353:Public education 12333:Social insurance 12267:Environmentalism 12237:Communitarianism 12212:Authoritarianism 12174:Direct Democracy 11953:Local government 11888: 11881: 11874: 11865: 11864: 11852: 11851: 11772:Irish Free State 11538:Poland–Lithuania 10847: 10846: 10798:Papua New Guinea 10528: 10527: 10267: 10260: 10253: 10244: 10243: 10234: 10232: 10230: 10214:Wolfrum, Rüdiger 10210:"Heads of State" 10201: 10182: 10171: 10145: 10134:. Connor Court. 10128:Markwell, Donald 10123: 10093: 10076: 10070: 10053: 10047: 10030: 10024: 10007: 10001: 9984: 9978: 9977: 9975: 9973: 9958:"Mount Rushmore" 9954: 9948: 9947: 9945: 9943: 9924: 9918: 9900: 9894: 9893: 9891: 9889: 9874: 9865: 9862: 9856: 9839: 9833: 9823: 9817: 9816:, vol. 30 (1920) 9805: 9796: 9795: 9793: 9791: 9782: 9774: 9768: 9767: 9765: 9763: 9735: 9729: 9728: 9708: 9702: 9692: 9686: 9685: 9683: 9681: 9666: 9660: 9654: 9648: 9647: 9646: 9644: 9626: 9620: 9619: 9618: 9616: 9598: 9592: 9589: 9583: 9577: 9571: 9565: 9556: 9550: 9544: 9538: 9532: 9526: 9513: 9512: 9497: 9491: 9474: 9468: 9451: 9445: 9428: 9422: 9405: 9399: 9382: 9369: 9352: 9341: 9340: 9338: 9336: 9327:. Archived from 9321: 9315: 9314: 9312: 9310: 9291: 9285: 9284: 9283: 9281: 9260: 9251: 9250: 9248: 9246: 9222: 9216: 9215: 9214: 9212: 9189: 9183: 9182: 9162: 9156: 9155: 9153: 9151: 9142:. Archived from 9132: 9126: 9107: 9096: 9095: 9093: 9091: 9082:. Archived from 9066: 9060: 9059: 9057: 9055: 9026: 9020: 9014: 9005: 9004: 9002: 9000: 8981: 8975: 8969: 8963: 8957: 8951: 8945: 8939: 8933: 8924: 8907: 8894: 8877: 8868: 8851: 8834: 8817: 8800: 8782: 8771: 8754: 8748: 8726:The Constitution 8723: 8717: 8687: 8681: 8664: 8655: 8652:Argentine Senate 8638: 8632: 8615: 8598: 8581: 8575: 8558: 8549: 8532: 8523: 8510: 8504: 8487: 8478: 8465: 8456: 8439: 8433: 8416: 8410: 8393: 8387: 8386: 8384: 8382: 8368: 8360: 8354: 8337: 8328: 8311: 8305: 8288: 8282: 8269: 8258: 8257: 8252: 8250: 8229: 8223: 8222: 8210: 8208: 8187: 8181: 8168: 8162: 8161: 8155: 8153: 8131: 8125: 8118: 8112: 8111: 8104: 8098: 8085: 8072: 8055: 8049: 8032: 8019: 8005: 7999: 7982: 7971: 7958: 7941: 7940: 7938: 7936: 7927:. Archived from 7916: 7910: 7909: 7907: 7905: 7896:. 5 April 1990. 7886: 7880: 7874: 7868: 7867: 7839: 7833: 7832: 7830: 7828: 7819:. Archived from 7800: 7794: 7793: 7788:. Archived from 7761: 7755: 7754: 7752: 7750: 7744: 7738:. Archived from 7737: 7728: 7722: 7721: 7701: 7695: 7689: 7683: 7677: 7657: 7650:King of Portugal 7638: 7632: 7621: 7456: 7451: 7450: 7305:Empress of India 7285:Kaiser Wilhelm I 7209:over control of 7175:Francisco Franco 7083: 7073: 7066:Two-round system 7063: 7057:electoral system 6952:Direct Capetians 6843: 6805:The notion of a 6587:French Directory 6567:corporate person 6335:bishop of Urgell 6292: 6176:Martin Charteris 6137:Papua New Guinea 6116:Papua New Guinea 6112:governor general 6072: 6063: 5899:ending both the 5885:L'etat c'est moi 5800:Frontispiece of 5797: 5777: 5762: 5682:crowned republic 5669:Chief magistrate 5600: 5594: 5527:in North Korea. 5450:paramount leader 5431:Soong Ching-ling 5098: 5070: 4783:Council of State 4459:Federal Assembly 4276:command-in-chief 4260:Communist states 4225:State of Defence 4017:, a part of the 3877:Governor General 3624:, signed by the 3608:on 3 August 2011 3312:Harold Macmillan 3125:Governor-General 2827:Governor-General 2763:cabinet minister 2738:states that the 2725:ship christening 2717:cutting a ribbon 2695:, inspection of 2689:national anthems 2659:personality cult 2639:Canadian monarch 2598:ceremony: Queen 2589: 2574: 2567: 2563: 2560: 2554: 2531: 2523: 2509:Emperor of India 2370:one party system 2276:Chairman of the 2274:(pre-1922), and 2253:Soviet republics 2241:Marxist–Leninist 1866: 1864: 1858: 1857: 1820:Norodom Sihamoni 1808: 1799: 1766: 1758: 1743:Kingdom of Italy 1643:executive branch 1624: 1622: 1617: 1612: 1607: 1455:Among the state 1436:: the head of a 1391: 1384: 1380: 1377: 1371: 1348: 1340: 1330: 1303:communist states 1224:) is the public 1206: 1199: 1192: 1146: 1134: 1120: 1103: 1091: 868: 867: 858: 851: 844: 830: 829: 620: 565: 520:Political theory 510:Election science 500: 486: 264: 263: 201:Emperor of Japan 162: 153: 144: 133: 124: 115: 104: 95: 86: 21: 20328: 20327: 20323: 20322: 20321: 20319: 20318: 20317: 20283: 20282: 20281: 20276: 20275: 20270: 20182: 20173: 20143: 20138: 20125: 20112: 20099: 20086: 20073: 20060: 20047: 20034: 20021: 20008: 19995: 19982: 19969: 19956: 19943: 19930: 19917: 19904: 19891: 19878: 19865: 19857: 19848: 19818: 19809: 19785: 19766:Solomon Islands 19691: 19667: 19648:Solomon Islands 19577: 19574: 19544: 19539: 19531: 19523: 19515: 19507: 19499: 19491: 19483: 19475: 19467: 19459: 19451: 19443: 19435: 19427: 19418: 19388: 19383: 19373: 19371: 19363: 19358:Carl XVI Gustaf 19350: 19349: 19336: 19335: 19322: 19321: 19308: 19307: 19294: 19293: 19288:Rebelo de Sousa 19280: 19279: 19266: 19265: 19252: 19251: 19238: 19237: 19224: 19223: 19210: 19209: 19196: 19195: 19182: 19181: 19168: 19167: 19154: 19153: 19148:Sakellaropoulou 19140: 19139: 19126: 19125: 19112: 19111: 19098: 19097: 19084: 19083: 19070: 19069: 19056: 19055: 19050:Christodoulides 19042: 19041: 19028: 19027: 19014: 19013: 19000: 18999: 18986: 18985: 18977: 18965: 18935: 18930: 18909: 18893: 18884:Northern Cyprus 18862: 18778:North Macedonia 18600: 18590: 18579: 18563: 18554:Northern Cyprus 18532: 18448:North Macedonia 18270: 18260: 18253: 18250: 18220: 18215: 18204: 18164:Burma (Monarch) 18153: 18144: 18122:Supreme leaders 18116: 18018: 17925: 17922: 17892: 17887: 17880: 17853:Supreme leaders 17843: 17829:Northern Cyprus 17812: 17555: 17545: 17534: 17520:Northern Cyprus 17503: 17246: 17236: 17229: 17226: 17196: 17191: 17042: 17001: 16955: 16909: 16896:Federico Franco 16858: 16812: 16799:Alfredo Palacio 16794:Lucio Gutiérrez 16756: 16710: 16682:Patricio Aylwin 16669: 16628: 16572: 16559:Néstor Kirchner 16554:Eduardo Duhalde 16531: 16413: 16408:South American 16406: 16376: 16367: 16228: 16093: 16090: 16060: 16051: 15948: 15946: 15936: 15754: 15744: 15733: 15622: 15620: 15610: 15428: 15418: 15411: 15408: 15378: 15373: 15312:and governments 15311: 15301: 15283: 15133: 15126: 15096: 15091: 15025:State President 15010:State President 14990:State President 14966:Merina Kingdom 14825:Ashanti Empire 14819:and governments 14818: 14808: 14783: 14489: 14464: 14169: 14166: 14131: 14123: 14118: 14117: 14112: 14080: 14066:Public security 14056:Public offering 14024: 14013:Social security 13963:Social services 13957: 13913:Public hospital 13908:Public computer 13903:Public bookcase 13854: 13804: 13773:Law enforcement 13768:Fire department 13751: 13702:Public interest 13645: 13641:Progressive tax 13636:Nationalization 13622: 13620:Public services 13617: 13587: 13582: 13553: 13469:Prime ministers 13464:Vice presidents 13447: 13431: 13329:Health minister 13295: 13264:Energy minister 13256: 13250: 13208: 13202: 13158: 13156: 13150: 13136:Deputy minister 13114: 13048: 13038: 13008: 12999: 12969: 12964: 12958: 12953: 12947: 12942: 12940:Western culture 12936: 12931: 12925: 12920: 12914: 12909: 12903: 12898: 12892: 12887: 12881: 12876: 12870: 12865: 12859: 12828: 12766: 12707: 12688:Fields of study 12668: 12649:Advocacy groups 12601: 12537: 12527: 12407: 12403:Street cleaning 12383:Food inspection 12338:Law enforcement 12321: 12190: 12124:Totalitarianism 11977: 11901: 11892: 11857: 11849: 11840: 11765:princely states 11713: 11649:Kingdom of Fiji 11622: 11368:Austria-Hungary 11336: 11099: 11033: 10832: 10818:Solomon Islands 10732: 10714: 10646: 10561: 10519: 10451: 10397:Democratization 10365: 10309: 10276: 10271: 10241: 10228: 10226: 10195: 10168: 10142: 10120: 10102: 10097: 10096: 10086:Wayback Machine 10077: 10073: 10063:Wayback Machine 10054: 10050: 10040:Wayback Machine 10031: 10027: 10017:Wayback Machine 10008: 10004: 9994:Wayback Machine 9985: 9981: 9971: 9969: 9956: 9955: 9951: 9941: 9939: 9926: 9925: 9921: 9916:Wayback Machine 9901: 9897: 9887: 9885: 9876: 9875: 9868: 9863: 9859: 9849:Wayback Machine 9840: 9836: 9824: 9820: 9806: 9799: 9789: 9787: 9780: 9776: 9775: 9771: 9761: 9759: 9752: 9736: 9732: 9725: 9709: 9705: 9693: 9689: 9679: 9677: 9668: 9667: 9663: 9655: 9651: 9642: 9640: 9627: 9623: 9614: 9612: 9599: 9595: 9590: 9586: 9578: 9574: 9566: 9559: 9551: 9547: 9539: 9535: 9527: 9516: 9499: 9498: 9494: 9484:Wayback Machine 9475: 9471: 9461:Wayback Machine 9452: 9448: 9438:Wayback Machine 9431:The Riksdag Act 9429: 9425: 9415:Wayback Machine 9406: 9402: 9392:Wayback Machine 9383: 9372: 9362:Wayback Machine 9353: 9344: 9334: 9332: 9323: 9322: 9318: 9308: 9306: 9305:on 13 June 2011 9292: 9288: 9279: 9277: 9261: 9254: 9244: 9242: 9223: 9219: 9210: 9208: 9206: 9190: 9186: 9179: 9163: 9159: 9149: 9147: 9146:on 26 July 2013 9134: 9133: 9129: 9123:Wayback Machine 9108: 9099: 9089: 9087: 9068: 9067: 9063: 9053: 9051: 9028: 9027: 9023: 9015: 9008: 8998: 8996: 8983: 8982: 8978: 8970: 8966: 8958: 8954: 8946: 8942: 8934: 8927: 8917:Wayback Machine 8908: 8897: 8887:Wayback Machine 8878: 8871: 8861:Wayback Machine 8852: 8837: 8827:Wayback Machine 8818: 8803: 8783: 8774: 8764:Wayback Machine 8755: 8751: 8733:Wayback Machine 8724: 8720: 8698:Wayback Machine 8688: 8684: 8674:Wayback Machine 8665: 8658: 8648:Wayback Machine 8639: 8635: 8625:Wayback Machine 8616: 8601: 8591:Wayback Machine 8582: 8578: 8568:Wayback Machine 8559: 8552: 8542:Wayback Machine 8533: 8526: 8520:Wayback Machine 8511: 8507: 8497:Wayback Machine 8488: 8481: 8475:Wayback Machine 8466: 8459: 8453:Senate of Spain 8449:Wayback Machine 8440: 8436: 8426:Wayback Machine 8417: 8413: 8407:Royal Household 8403:Wayback Machine 8394: 8390: 8380: 8378: 8366: 8362: 8361: 8357: 8347:Wayback Machine 8338: 8331: 8321:Wayback Machine 8312: 8308: 8298:Wayback Machine 8289: 8285: 8279:Wayback Machine 8270: 8261: 8248: 8246: 8231: 8230: 8226: 8206: 8204: 8189: 8188: 8184: 8178:Wayback Machine 8169: 8165: 8151: 8149: 8132: 8128: 8119: 8115: 8106: 8105: 8101: 8095:Wayback Machine 8086: 8075: 8065:Wayback Machine 8056: 8052: 8042:Wayback Machine 8033: 8022: 8006: 8002: 7992:Wayback Machine 7983: 7974: 7968:Wayback Machine 7959: 7944: 7934: 7932: 7923: 7917: 7913: 7903: 7901: 7888: 7887: 7883: 7875: 7871: 7840: 7836: 7826: 7824: 7817: 7801: 7797: 7762: 7758: 7748: 7746: 7745:on 17 June 2015 7742: 7735: 7729: 7725: 7718: 7702: 7698: 7690: 7686: 7678: 7671: 7666: 7661: 7660: 7654:Napoleonic Wars 7639: 7635: 7622: 7618: 7613: 7608: 7572: 7567: 7454:Politics portal 7452: 7445: 7442: 7399:Britain in 2011 7366:Vienna Congress 7337: 7258: 7235: 7207:Parthian Empire 7199: 7179:Jefe del Estado 7147: 7135:Oliver Cromwell 7128: 7089: 7081: 7079: 7071: 7069: 7061: 7049: 7003:British monarch 6999:Roman Catholics 6895: 6889:Black: deceased 6880:Grey: incumbent 6870: 6837: 6823: 6821:By constitution 6807:social contract 6803: 6763: 6727: 6719: 6603:Captains Regent 6563: 6553: 6512:14th Dalai Lama 6504: 6488:Padmanabha Dasa 6472: 6464:princely states 6380:Ottoman dynasty 6376:Caliph of Islam 6361: 6343:one of the two 6311: 6227: 6120:Solomon Islands 6100: 6099: 6098: 6097: 6087: 6078: 6075: 6074: 6073: 6065: 6064: 6053: 6047: 5999: 5941: 5811: 5798: 5789: 5786:Fabio Albergati 5778: 5769: 5763: 5644: 5553:Muammar Gaddafi 5428:Vice Presidents 5410:Malay honorific 5357:Yusof bin Ishak 5270: 5205:provides that: 5124: 5118: 5116:Right of pardon 5040: 5034: 5032: 5029: 5027: 4995: 4989: 4832: 4822: 4786: 4733: 4728: 4612: 4505:provides that: 4384:Reigning Prince 4378:provides that: 4349:provides that: 4301: 4264:Communist party 4242:rests with the 4180:provides that: 3921:Nicolas Sarkozy 3891: 3885: 3871:as part of the 3729:Reigning Prince 3570: 3568:Diplomatic role 3370: 3285:foreign service 3273: 3032: 3014:provides that: 2732:Olympic Charter 2697:military troops 2635:national symbol 2631: 2614: 2613: 2612: 2611: 2592: 2591: 2590: 2575: 2564: 2558: 2555: 2548: 2544:primary sources 2532: 2521: 2442:, in which the 2425:Greek President 2413:Reigning Prince 2386: 2337:earlier in the 2237: 2129: 2108: 2054:provides for a 2043: 2022: 1998: 1996:Executive model 1925:Swedish monarch 1862:Nihonkoku-Kenpō 1852: 1830: 1829: 1828: 1827: 1811: 1810: 1809: 1801: 1800: 1789: 1741:, and then the 1631: 1620: 1619: 1615: 1614: 1610: 1609: 1605: 1604: 1603: 1596: 1587:chief executive 1428:An independent 1392: 1381: 1375: 1372: 1361: 1349: 1338: 1234:sovereign state 1210: 1180:Politics portal 1140: 1126: 1114: 1097: 1085: 1066: 1036: 1006: 1002: 998: 984: 945:Chief executive 917: 862: 824: 819: 818: 749: 748: 739: 738: 696: 695: 686: 685: 654: 653: 644: 643: 639:Public interest 624:Domestic policy 614: 607: 606: 595: 594: 559: 552: 551: 540: 539: 501: 494: 487: 480: 472: 471: 462: 461: 367: 366: 355: 354: 310: 309: 300: 269:Politics series 262: 261: 260: 259: 233:Cyril Ramaphosa 215:Emmanuel Macron 165: 164: 163: 155: 154: 146: 145: 136: 135: 134: 126: 125: 117: 116: 107: 106: 105: 97: 96: 88: 87: 74: 67: 60: 55: 54: 53: 52: 51: 50: 34: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 20326: 20316: 20315: 20310: 20305: 20300: 20298:Heads of state 20295: 20278: 20277: 20272: 20271: 20269: 20268: 20258: 20248: 20238: 20228: 20218: 20208: 20198: 20187: 20184: 20183: 20180:Group of Seven 20176:Heads of state 20172: 20171: 20164: 20157: 20149: 20140: 20139: 20137: 20136: 20123: 20110: 20097: 20084: 20071: 20058: 20045: 20032: 20019: 20006: 19993: 19980: 19967: 19954: 19941: 19928: 19915: 19902: 19889: 19876: 19862: 19859: 19858: 19851:Heads of state 19847: 19846: 19839: 19832: 19824: 19815: 19814: 19811: 19810: 19808: 19807: 19802: 19796: 19794: 19793:of New Zealand 19787: 19786: 19784: 19783: 19778: 19773: 19768: 19763: 19758: 19753: 19748: 19743: 19738: 19733: 19728: 19723: 19718: 19712: 19710: 19703: 19697: 19696: 19693: 19692: 19690: 19689: 19684: 19678: 19676: 19675:of New Zealand 19669: 19668: 19666: 19665: 19660: 19655: 19650: 19645: 19640: 19635: 19630: 19625: 19620: 19615: 19610: 19605: 19600: 19594: 19592: 19585: 19583:Heads of state 19579: 19578: 19573: 19572: 19565: 19558: 19550: 19541: 19540: 19538: 19537: 19529: 19521: 19519:(Saudi Arabia) 19513: 19509:Sassou Nguesso 19505: 19497: 19489: 19481: 19473: 19465: 19457: 19449: 19441: 19432: 19429: 19428: 19421:Heads of state 19417: 19416: 19409: 19402: 19394: 19385: 19384: 19382: 19381: 19368: 19365: 19364: 19362: 19361: 19347: 19333: 19319: 19305: 19291: 19277: 19263: 19249: 19246:Spiteri Debono 19235: 19221: 19207: 19193: 19179: 19165: 19151: 19137: 19123: 19109: 19095: 19081: 19067: 19053: 19039: 19025: 19011: 18997: 18994:Van der Bellen 18982: 18979: 18978: 18972:European Union 18968:Heads of state 18964: 18963: 18956: 18949: 18941: 18932: 18931: 18929: 18928: 18925: 18922: 18918: 18915: 18914: 18911: 18910: 18908: 18907: 18901: 18899: 18895: 18894: 18892: 18891: 18886: 18881: 18876: 18870: 18868: 18864: 18863: 18861: 18860: 18858:United Kingdom 18855: 18850: 18845: 18840: 18835: 18830: 18825: 18820: 18815: 18810: 18805: 18800: 18795: 18790: 18785: 18780: 18775: 18770: 18765: 18760: 18755: 18750: 18745: 18740: 18735: 18730: 18725: 18720: 18715: 18710: 18705: 18700: 18695: 18690: 18685: 18680: 18675: 18670: 18665: 18663:Czech Republic 18660: 18655: 18650: 18645: 18640: 18635: 18630: 18625: 18620: 18615: 18610: 18604: 18602: 18593: 18585: 18584: 18581: 18580: 18578: 18577: 18571: 18569: 18565: 18564: 18562: 18561: 18556: 18551: 18546: 18540: 18538: 18534: 18533: 18531: 18530: 18528:United Kingdom 18525: 18520: 18515: 18510: 18505: 18500: 18495: 18490: 18485: 18480: 18475: 18470: 18465: 18460: 18455: 18450: 18445: 18440: 18435: 18430: 18425: 18420: 18415: 18410: 18405: 18400: 18395: 18390: 18385: 18380: 18375: 18370: 18365: 18360: 18355: 18350: 18345: 18340: 18335: 18333:Czech Republic 18330: 18325: 18320: 18315: 18310: 18305: 18300: 18295: 18290: 18285: 18280: 18274: 18272: 18263: 18255: 18254: 18249: 18248: 18241: 18234: 18226: 18217: 18216: 18209: 18206: 18205: 18203: 18202: 18197: 18186: 18181: 18179:Laos (Monarch) 18176: 18171: 18166: 18160: 18158: 18151:heads of state 18146: 18145: 18143: 18142: 18137: 18132: 18126: 18124: 18118: 18117: 18115: 18114: 18104: 18094: 18089: 18079: 18069: 18064: 18059: 18049: 18044: 18034: 18028: 18026: 18020: 18019: 18017: 18016: 18006: 17996: 17991: 17981: 17971: 17966: 17961: 17951: 17946: 17941: 17935: 17933: 17931:Heads of state 17927: 17926: 17921: 17920: 17913: 17906: 17898: 17889: 17888: 17885: 17882: 17881: 17879: 17878: 17873: 17868: 17863: 17857: 17855: 17849: 17848: 17845: 17844: 17842: 17841: 17836: 17831: 17826: 17820: 17818: 17814: 17813: 17811: 17810: 17805: 17800: 17795: 17790: 17785: 17780: 17775: 17770: 17765: 17760: 17755: 17750: 17745: 17740: 17735: 17730: 17725: 17720: 17715: 17710: 17705: 17700: 17695: 17690: 17685: 17680: 17675: 17670: 17665: 17660: 17655: 17650: 17645: 17640: 17635: 17630: 17625: 17620: 17615: 17610: 17605: 17600: 17595: 17590: 17585: 17580: 17575: 17570: 17565: 17559: 17557: 17548: 17540: 17539: 17536: 17535: 17533: 17532: 17527: 17522: 17517: 17511: 17509: 17505: 17504: 17502: 17501: 17496: 17491: 17486: 17481: 17476: 17471: 17466: 17461: 17456: 17451: 17446: 17441: 17436: 17431: 17426: 17421: 17416: 17411: 17406: 17401: 17396: 17391: 17386: 17381: 17376: 17371: 17366: 17361: 17356: 17351: 17346: 17341: 17336: 17331: 17326: 17321: 17316: 17311: 17306: 17301: 17296: 17291: 17286: 17281: 17276: 17271: 17266: 17261: 17256: 17250: 17248: 17239: 17231: 17230: 17225: 17224: 17217: 17210: 17202: 17193: 17192: 17188: 17187: 17184: 17181: 17177: 17176: 17173: 17170: 17167: 17164: 17161: 17158: 17155: 17152: 17149: 17146: 17143: 17140: 17137: 17134: 17131: 17128: 17125: 17122: 17119: 17116: 17113: 17110: 17107: 17104: 17101: 17098: 17095: 17092: 17089: 17086: 17080: 17079: 17077: 17075:Nicolás Maduro 17072: 17067: 17065:Rafael Caldera 17062: 17057: 17052: 17039: 17038: 17036: 17031: 17029:Tabaré Vázquez 17026: 17021: 17016: 17011: 16998: 16997: 16995: 16990: 16985: 16980: 16975: 16970: 16965: 16952: 16951: 16949: 16947:Ollanta Humala 16944: 16939: 16934: 16929: 16924: 16919: 16906: 16905: 16903: 16901:Horacio Cartes 16898: 16893: 16888: 16886:Nicanor Duarte 16883: 16878: 16873: 16868: 16855: 16854: 16852: 16850:Donald Ramotar 16847: 16845:Bharrat Jagdeo 16842: 16837: 16832: 16827: 16822: 16809: 16808: 16806: 16801: 16796: 16791: 16786: 16781: 16779:Fabián Alarcón 16776: 16771: 16766: 16753: 16752: 16750: 16745: 16740: 16735: 16733:Ernesto Samper 16730: 16725: 16720: 16707: 16706: 16704: 16699: 16694: 16689: 16684: 16679: 16666: 16665: 16663: 16661:Dilma Rousseff 16658: 16653: 16648: 16643: 16638: 16625: 16624: 16622: 16617: 16612: 16607: 16602: 16597: 16592: 16587: 16582: 16569: 16568: 16566: 16561: 16556: 16551: 16546: 16541: 16528: 16527: 16524: 16521: 16518: 16515: 16512: 16509: 16506: 16503: 16500: 16497: 16494: 16491: 16488: 16485: 16482: 16479: 16476: 16473: 16470: 16467: 16464: 16461: 16458: 16455: 16452: 16449: 16446: 16443: 16440: 16436: 16435: 16432: 16429: 16426: 16418: 16415: 16414: 16410:Heads of state 16405: 16404: 16397: 16390: 16382: 16373: 16372: 16369: 16368: 16366: 16365: 16360: 16355: 16350: 16345: 16340: 16335: 16330: 16325: 16320: 16315: 16310: 16305: 16300: 16295: 16290: 16285: 16280: 16275: 16270: 16265: 16260: 16255: 16249: 16247: 16240: 16234: 16233: 16230: 16229: 16227: 16226: 16221: 16216: 16211: 16206: 16201: 16196: 16191: 16186: 16181: 16176: 16171: 16166: 16161: 16156: 16151: 16146: 16141: 16136: 16131: 16126: 16121: 16116: 16110: 16108: 16101: 16099:Heads of state 16095: 16094: 16089: 16088: 16081: 16074: 16066: 16057: 16056: 16053: 16052: 16050: 16049: 16044: 16039: 16034: 16029: 16028:Sint Eustatius 16026: 16021: 16016: 16013: 16008: 16007:Navassa Island 16005: 16000: 15995: 15990: 15985: 15980: 15975: 15973:Cayman Islands 15970: 15967: 15962: 15957: 15951: 15949: 15941: 15938: 15937: 15935: 15934: 15929: 15924: 15919: 15914: 15909: 15904: 15899: 15894: 15889: 15884: 15879: 15874: 15869: 15864: 15859: 15854: 15849: 15844: 15839: 15834: 15829: 15824: 15819: 15814: 15809: 15804: 15799: 15794: 15789: 15784: 15779: 15774: 15769: 15764: 15758: 15756: 15747: 15739: 15738: 15735: 15734: 15732: 15731: 15726: 15721: 15716: 15711: 15709:Sint Eustatius 15706: 15701: 15696: 15691: 15686: 15684:Navassa Island 15681: 15676: 15671: 15666: 15661: 15656: 15651: 15649:Cayman Islands 15646: 15641: 15636: 15631: 15625: 15623: 15615: 15612: 15611: 15609: 15608: 15603: 15598: 15593: 15588: 15583: 15578: 15573: 15568: 15563: 15558: 15553: 15548: 15543: 15538: 15533: 15528: 15523: 15518: 15513: 15508: 15503: 15498: 15493: 15488: 15483: 15478: 15473: 15468: 15463: 15458: 15453: 15448: 15443: 15438: 15432: 15430: 15421: 15413: 15412: 15407: 15406: 15399: 15392: 15384: 15375: 15374: 15372: 15371: 15366: 15361: 15356: 15351: 15346: 15341: 15336: 15331: 15326: 15321: 15315: 15313: 15310:Defunct states 15307: 15306: 15303: 15302: 15300: 15299: 15291: 15289: 15285: 15284: 15282: 15281: 15276: 15271: 15266: 15261: 15256: 15251: 15246: 15241: 15236: 15231: 15226: 15221: 15216: 15211: 15206: 15201: 15196: 15191: 15186: 15181: 15176: 15171: 15166: 15161: 15155: 15153: 15141: 15139:Heads of state 15135: 15134: 15125: 15124: 15117: 15110: 15102: 15093: 15092: 15090: 15089: 15088: 15087: 15079: 15078: 15077: 15075:Prime Minister 15069: 15068: 15067: 15065:Prime Minister 15059: 15058: 15057: 15055:Prime Minister 15052: 15044: 15043: 15042: 15034: 15033: 15032: 15030:Prime Minister 15027: 15022: 15014: 15013: 15012: 15004: 15003: 15002: 14994: 14993: 14992: 14984: 14983: 14982: 14980:Prime Minister 14974: 14973: 14972: 14964: 14963: 14962: 14960:Prime Minister 14954: 14953: 14952: 14951: 14950: 14937: 14936: 14935: 14933:Prime Minister 14927: 14926: 14925: 14923:Prime Minister 14917: 14916: 14915: 14913:Prime Minister 14907: 14906: 14905: 14904: 14903: 14890: 14889: 14888: 14887: 14886: 14873: 14872: 14871: 14863: 14862: 14861: 14853: 14852: 14851: 14843: 14842: 14841: 14839:Prime Minister 14833: 14832: 14831: 14822: 14820: 14817:Defunct states 14814: 14813: 14810: 14809: 14807: 14806: 14799: 14791: 14789: 14785: 14784: 14782: 14781: 14776: 14771: 14766: 14761: 14756: 14751: 14746: 14741: 14736: 14731: 14726: 14721: 14716: 14711: 14706: 14701: 14696: 14691: 14686: 14681: 14676: 14671: 14666: 14661: 14656: 14651: 14646: 14641: 14636: 14631: 14626: 14621: 14616: 14611: 14606: 14601: 14596: 14591: 14586: 14581: 14576: 14571: 14566: 14561: 14556: 14551: 14546: 14541: 14536: 14531: 14526: 14521: 14516: 14510: 14508: 14501: 14495: 14494: 14491: 14490: 14488: 14487: 14480: 14472: 14470: 14466: 14465: 14463: 14462: 14457: 14452: 14447: 14442: 14437: 14432: 14427: 14422: 14417: 14412: 14407: 14402: 14397: 14392: 14387: 14382: 14377: 14372: 14367: 14362: 14357: 14352: 14347: 14342: 14337: 14332: 14327: 14322: 14317: 14312: 14307: 14302: 14297: 14292: 14287: 14282: 14277: 14272: 14267: 14262: 14257: 14252: 14247: 14242: 14237: 14232: 14227: 14222: 14217: 14212: 14207: 14202: 14197: 14191: 14189: 14177: 14175:Heads of state 14171: 14170: 14165: 14164: 14157: 14150: 14142: 14136: 14133: 14132: 14120: 14119: 14114: 14113: 14111: 14110: 14098: 14085: 14082: 14081: 14079: 14078: 14073: 14068: 14063: 14058: 14053: 14051:Public holiday 14048: 14043: 14038: 14032: 14030: 14026: 14025: 14023: 14022: 14020:Youth services 14017: 14016: 14015: 14010: 14008:Social pension 14000: 13999: 13998: 13988: 13983: 13978: 13976:Public housing 13973: 13967: 13965: 13959: 13958: 13956: 13955: 13950: 13945: 13940: 13935: 13930: 13925: 13920: 13918:Public library 13915: 13910: 13905: 13900: 13895: 13890: 13885: 13883:Infrastructure 13880: 13878:Free education 13875: 13870: 13864: 13862: 13856: 13855: 13853: 13852: 13847: 13842: 13837: 13836: 13835: 13825: 13820: 13814: 13812: 13810:Public utility 13806: 13805: 13803: 13802: 13797: 13792: 13787: 13786: 13785: 13783:Savings system 13778:Postal service 13775: 13770: 13765: 13759: 13757: 13756:Basic services 13753: 13752: 13750: 13749: 13744: 13739: 13734: 13729: 13724: 13719: 13714: 13709: 13704: 13699: 13694: 13689: 13684: 13679: 13674: 13672:Product sample 13669: 13667:Free newspaper 13664: 13659: 13653: 13651: 13647: 13646: 13644: 13643: 13638: 13633: 13627: 13624: 13623: 13616: 13615: 13608: 13601: 13593: 13584: 13583: 13581: 13580: 13570: 13558: 13555: 13554: 13552: 13551: 13546: 13541: 13531: 13526: 13521: 13516: 13511: 13506: 13501: 13496: 13491: 13486: 13481: 13476: 13471: 13466: 13461: 13455: 13453: 13449: 13448: 13446: 13445: 13439: 13437: 13433: 13432: 13430: 13429: 13428: 13427: 13417: 13412: 13407: 13402: 13397: 13392: 13387: 13382: 13377: 13372: 13371: 13370: 13360: 13355: 13354: 13353: 13343: 13338: 13337: 13336: 13326: 13321: 13316: 13315: 13314: 13303: 13301: 13297: 13296: 13294: 13293: 13288: 13283: 13278: 13273: 13272: 13271: 13260: 13258: 13255:Environment / 13252: 13251: 13249: 13248: 13243: 13238: 13233: 13228: 13223: 13218: 13212: 13210: 13209:infrastructure 13204: 13203: 13201: 13200: 13195: 13190: 13189: 13188: 13178: 13173: 13168: 13162: 13160: 13152: 13151: 13149: 13148: 13143: 13141:Undersecretary 13138: 13133: 13128: 13122: 13120: 13116: 13115: 13113: 13112: 13107: 13102: 13097: 13092: 13087: 13082: 13080:First minister 13077: 13072: 13070:Prime minister 13067: 13065:Vice president 13062: 13056: 13054: 13050: 13049: 13037: 13036: 13029: 13022: 13014: 13005: 13004: 13001: 13000: 12998: 12997: 12992: 12987: 12981: 12975: 12971: 12970: 12968: 12967: 12956: 12945: 12934: 12923: 12912: 12901: 12890: 12879: 12868: 12857: 12852: 12847: 12842: 12836: 12834: 12830: 12829: 12827: 12826: 12821: 12819:European Union 12816: 12814:United Nations 12811: 12806: 12801: 12796: 12791: 12786: 12778: 12776: 12772: 12771: 12768: 12767: 12765: 12764: 12759: 12754: 12749: 12744: 12739: 12734: 12729: 12723: 12717: 12713: 12712: 12709: 12708: 12706: 12705: 12700: 12698:Urban planning 12695: 12690: 12684: 12678: 12674: 12673: 12670: 12669: 12667: 12666: 12661: 12656: 12651: 12646: 12641: 12636: 12631: 12626: 12617: 12611: 12607: 12606: 12603: 12602: 12600: 12599: 12594: 12586: 12581: 12576: 12571: 12566: 12561: 12556: 12551: 12545: 12539: 12533: 12532: 12529: 12528: 12526: 12525: 12520: 12515: 12510: 12505: 12500: 12495: 12490: 12485: 12480: 12475: 12470: 12468:Prime minister 12465: 12460: 12455: 12450: 12445: 12440: 12435: 12430: 12425: 12419: 12413: 12409: 12408: 12406: 12405: 12400: 12395: 12393:Traffic lights 12390: 12385: 12380: 12375: 12370: 12365: 12360: 12355: 12350: 12345: 12340: 12335: 12329: 12327: 12323: 12322: 12320: 12319: 12314: 12312:Theoreticians: 12309: 12304: 12299: 12297:Fundamentalism 12294: 12289: 12284: 12279: 12274: 12269: 12264: 12262:Egalitarianism 12259: 12254: 12249: 12244: 12239: 12234: 12229: 12224: 12219: 12214: 12209: 12204: 12198: 12196: 12192: 12191: 12189: 12188: 12187: 12186: 12181: 12176: 12171: 12166: 12161: 12156: 12151: 12141: 12136: 12127: 12126: 12121: 12116: 12111: 12106: 12101: 12096: 12091: 12086: 12081: 12076: 12071: 12066: 12061: 12056: 12051: 12046: 12041: 12036: 12031: 12026: 12021: 12016: 12011: 12006: 12001: 11996: 11991: 11985: 11983: 11979: 11978: 11976: 11975: 11970: 11965: 11960: 11955: 11950: 11945: 11940: 11935: 11930: 11925: 11920: 11915: 11909: 11907: 11903: 11902: 11891: 11890: 11883: 11876: 11868: 11862: 11859: 11858: 11846: 11845: 11842: 11841: 11839: 11838: 11833: 11828: 11823: 11818: 11813: 11808: 11803: 11798: 11793: 11788: 11783: 11778: 11769: 11753: 11748: 11743: 11738: 11733: 11727: 11721: 11719: 11715: 11714: 11712: 11711: 11706: 11701: 11696: 11691: 11686: 11681: 11676: 11671: 11666: 11661: 11656: 11651: 11646: 11641: 11636: 11630: 11628: 11624: 11623: 11621: 11620: 11615: 11610: 11605: 11600: 11595: 11590: 11585: 11580: 11575: 11570: 11565: 11560: 11555: 11550: 11545: 11540: 11535: 11530: 11525: 11523:Ottoman Empire 11520: 11515: 11510: 11505: 11500: 11495: 11490: 11485: 11483:Kartli-Kakheti 11480: 11475: 11470: 11465: 11460: 11455: 11450: 11445: 11440: 11435: 11430: 11425: 11420: 11415: 11410: 11405: 11400: 11395: 11390: 11385: 11380: 11375: 11370: 11365: 11360: 11355: 11350: 11344: 11342: 11338: 11337: 11335: 11334: 11322: 11317: 11312: 11307: 11302: 11297: 11292: 11287: 11282: 11277: 11272: 11265: 11260: 11255: 11250: 11245: 11240: 11235: 11230: 11225: 11220: 11215: 11210: 11205: 11200: 11195: 11190: 11185: 11180: 11175: 11165: 11158: 11153: 11148: 11143: 11138: 11133: 11128: 11123: 11118: 11113: 11107: 11105: 11101: 11100: 11098: 11097: 11092: 11087: 11082: 11077: 11072: 11067: 11062: 11057: 11052: 11047: 11041: 11039: 11035: 11034: 11032: 11031: 11024: 11019: 11014: 11009: 11004: 10999: 10994: 10989: 10984: 10979: 10974: 10969: 10964: 10959: 10954: 10949: 10944: 10939: 10934: 10929: 10924: 10919: 10914: 10909: 10904: 10899: 10894: 10892:Central Africa 10889: 10884: 10879: 10874: 10869: 10864: 10859: 10853: 10851: 10844: 10838: 10837: 10834: 10833: 10831: 10830: 10828:United Kingdom 10825: 10820: 10815: 10810: 10805: 10800: 10795: 10794: 10793: 10788: 10778: 10773: 10768: 10763: 10758: 10753: 10748: 10742: 10740: 10734: 10733: 10731: 10730: 10724: 10722: 10716: 10715: 10713: 10712: 10707: 10702: 10697: 10692: 10687: 10682: 10677: 10672: 10667: 10662: 10656: 10654: 10648: 10647: 10645: 10644: 10637: 10632: 10627: 10622: 10617: 10612: 10607: 10602: 10597: 10592: 10587: 10582: 10577: 10571: 10569: 10563: 10562: 10560: 10559: 10552: 10547: 10542: 10536: 10534: 10525: 10521: 10520: 10518: 10517: 10512: 10507: 10502: 10497: 10492: 10487: 10485:Prince regnant 10482: 10481: 10480: 10470: 10465: 10459: 10457: 10453: 10452: 10450: 10449: 10444: 10439: 10434: 10429: 10424: 10419: 10414: 10409: 10404: 10402:Decolonization 10399: 10394: 10389: 10384: 10379: 10373: 10371: 10367: 10366: 10364: 10363: 10358: 10356:Personal union 10353: 10348: 10343: 10338: 10333: 10328: 10326:Constitutional 10323: 10317: 10315: 10311: 10310: 10308: 10307: 10302: 10297: 10292: 10287: 10281: 10278: 10277: 10270: 10269: 10262: 10255: 10247: 10240: 10239:External links 10237: 10236: 10235: 10202: 10199:head of state. 10193: 10172: 10166: 10152:, ed. (2009). 10146: 10140: 10124: 10118: 10101: 10098: 10095: 10094: 10071: 10048: 10025: 10002: 9979: 9949: 9919: 9895: 9866: 9857: 9834: 9818: 9797: 9769: 9750: 9730: 9723: 9703: 9687: 9661: 9649: 9621: 9593: 9584: 9572: 9557: 9545: 9533: 9514: 9511:on 8 June 2011 9492: 9469: 9446: 9423: 9400: 9370: 9342: 9316: 9286: 9252: 9217: 9204: 9184: 9177: 9157: 9136:"Constitution" 9127: 9097: 9061: 9021: 9019:: pp. 542-543. 9006: 8976: 8964: 8952: 8940: 8925: 8895: 8869: 8835: 8801: 8772: 8749: 8718: 8682: 8656: 8633: 8599: 8576: 8550: 8524: 8505: 8479: 8457: 8434: 8411: 8388: 8355: 8329: 8306: 8283: 8259: 8224: 8182: 8163: 8126: 8113: 8099: 8073: 8050: 8020: 8000: 7972: 7942: 7931:on 1 June 2013 7911: 7881: 7869: 7850:(1): 114–131. 7834: 7815: 7795: 7756: 7723: 7716: 7696: 7684: 7668: 7667: 7665: 7662: 7659: 7658: 7633: 7615: 7614: 7612: 7609: 7607: 7606: 7599: 7594: 7589: 7584: 7579: 7573: 7571: 7568: 7566: 7565: 7560: 7555: 7550: 7545: 7540: 7535: 7530: 7525: 7523:Oath of office 7520: 7515: 7510: 7505: 7500: 7495: 7490: 7485: 7480: 7475: 7470: 7465: 7459: 7458: 7457: 7441: 7438: 7405:. The current 7395:Sweden in 2010 7385:Constantine II 7336: 7333: 7309:Mount Rushmore 7257: 7254: 7234: 7231: 7198: 7195: 7171:Zog of Albania 7146: 7143: 7127: 7126:By appointment 7124: 7120:papal conclave 7080: 7070: 7060: 7048: 7045: 7022:equal marriage 7018:state religion 6985:and the other 6983:United Kingdom 6932:head of family 6894: 6893: 6890: 6887: 6886:Circle: female 6884: 6881: 6877: 6869: 6866: 6822: 6819: 6802: 6799: 6762: 6759: 6745:granted after 6726: 6723: 6718: 6715: 6696:Omar Al-Bashir 6665:Czechoslovakia 6653:Supreme Soviet 6614:Roman Republic 6552: 6549: 6543:replaced this 6528:, was another 6522:Outer Mongolia 6508:5th Dalai Lama 6503: 6500: 6471: 6468: 6440:Supreme Leader 6403:Ottoman Sultan 6360: 6357: 6310: 6307: 6297:, a symbolic, 6226: 6223: 6146:United Nations 6090:Paulias Matane 6077: 6076: 6067: 6066: 6058: 6057: 6056: 6055: 6054: 6049:Main article: 6046: 6043: 6007:personal union 5998: 5995: 5946:vice-president 5940: 5937: 5813: 5812: 5799: 5792: 5790: 5779: 5772: 5770: 5764: 5757: 5755: 5705: 5704: 5685: 5678: 5672: 5655:, the Moorish 5643: 5640: 5619:Sadr-i-Riyasat 5464:, who is also 5448:was still the 5437:, then to the 5375:Mohammad Hatta 5372:Vice President 5269: 5268:Official title 5266: 5265: 5264: 5263: 5262: 5261: 5260: 5255: 5250: 5241: 5217: 5216: 5215: 5196: 5195: 5194: 5175: 5174: 5173: 5158: 5157: 5156: 5117: 5114: 5113: 5112: 5111: 5110: 5109: 5108: 5095: 5094: 5093: 5057: 5056: 5055: 5016:Prime Minister 4988: 4987:Reserve powers 4985: 4984: 4983: 4982: 4981: 4962: 4961: 4960: 4955: 4950: 4941: 4918: 4917: 4916: 4911: 4898: 4879: 4878: 4877: 4854: 4853: 4852: 4821: 4818: 4817: 4816: 4815: 4814: 4791: 4790: 4789: 4759: 4758: 4757: 4732: 4729: 4727: 4724: 4723: 4722: 4721: 4720: 4719: 4718: 4690: 4689: 4688: 4680:Prime Minister 4661: 4660: 4659: 4611: 4608: 4591: 4590: 4589: 4588: 4582: 4577: 4554: 4553: 4552: 4551: 4550: 4544: 4539: 4530: 4525: 4520: 4496: 4495: 4494: 4467: 4466: 4465: 4464: 4463: 4454: 4449: 4444: 4439: 4411: 4410: 4409: 4390: 4389: 4388: 4369: 4368: 4367: 4300: 4297: 4296: 4295: 4286:, but not the 4256: 4255: 4228: 4197: 4196: 4195: 4194: 4171: 4170: 4169: 4146: 4145: 4144: 4121: 4120: 4119: 4096: 4095: 4094: 4071: 4070: 4069: 4064: 4037: 4036: 4035: 3941:Champs-Élysées 3887:Main article: 3884: 3881: 3861: 3860: 3859: 3858: 3835: 3834: 3833: 3832: 3831: 3826: 3821: 3816: 3792: 3791: 3790: 3771: 3770: 3769: 3749: 3748: 3747: 3741:the assent of 3737: 3697:European Union 3585:Vladimir Putin 3569: 3566: 3558:prime minister 3542: 3541: 3540: 3539: 3538: 3537: 3531: 3526: 3517: 3508: 3483: 3474: 3446: 3445: 3444: 3432:Prime Minister 3417: 3416: 3415: 3409:, appoint the 3388: 3387: 3386: 3381:prime minister 3343:prime minister 3272: 3269: 3249:Czech Republic 3245: 3244: 3243: 3242: 3223: 3222: 3221: 3198: 3197: 3196: 3177: 3176: 3175: 3156: 3155: 3154: 3131: 3130: 3129: 3106: 3105: 3104: 3077:United Kingdom 3031: 3030:Executive role 3028: 3027: 3026: 3025: 3024: 3005: 3004: 3003: 2997: 2978: 2977: 2976: 2971: 2952: 2951: 2950: 2945: 2926: 2925: 2924: 2897: 2896: 2895: 2875: 2874: 2873: 2854: 2853: 2852: 2833: 2832: 2831: 2822: 2803: 2802: 2801: 2740:Olympic summer 2721:groundbreaking 2630: 2627: 2625:of a monarch. 2608:on 2 June 1953 2594: 2593: 2584: 2583: 2582: 2581: 2580: 2577: 2576: 2535: 2533: 2526: 2520: 2517: 2501:United Nations 2482:Manuel Noriega 2385: 2382: 2257:natural person 2236: 2233: 2212:Middle Eastern 2208:Latin American 2125:Main article: 2107: 2104: 2083:Weimar Germany 2076:Jacques Chirac 2056:prime minister 2039:Main article: 2021: 2018: 1997: 1994: 1975:reserve powers 1941:prime minister 1893:prime minister 1871:that followed 1813: 1812: 1803: 1802: 1794: 1793: 1792: 1791: 1790: 1788: 1785: 1641:, heading the 1630: 1629:Standard model 1627: 1595: 1592: 1551: 1550: 1531: 1512: 1511: 1510: 1491: 1480:United Kingdom 1472:standard model 1394: 1393: 1352: 1350: 1343: 1337: 1334: 1293:Meanwhile, in 1268:United Kingdom 1222:chief of state 1212: 1211: 1209: 1208: 1201: 1194: 1186: 1183: 1182: 1176: 1175: 1174: 1173: 1168: 1160: 1159: 1155: 1154: 1153: 1152: 1147: 1143:cohabitational 1135: 1121: 1109: 1104: 1092: 1088:Constitutional 1077: 1076: 1070: 1069: 1068: 1067: 1065: 1064: 1059: 1054: 1048: 1040: 1039: 1038: 1037: 1035: 1034: 1029: 1023: 1013: 1012: 1011: 1010: 988: 987: 986: 985: 983: 982: 977: 972: 970:Prime minister 967: 962: 957: 955:First minister 952: 950:Chief minister 947: 942: 936: 926: 925: 919: 918: 916: 915: 910: 905: 903:Supreme leader 900: 894: 891: 890: 884: 883: 877: 876: 864: 863: 861: 860: 853: 846: 838: 835: 834: 821: 820: 817: 816: 811: 806: 801: 796: 795: 794: 778: 773: 768: 767: 766: 756: 750: 746: 745: 744: 741: 740: 737: 736: 731: 726: 721: 716: 703: 697: 694:Related topics 693: 692: 691: 688: 687: 684: 683: 678: 673: 668: 662: 661: 655: 651: 650: 649: 646: 645: 642: 641: 636: 631: 629:Foreign policy 626: 621: 608: 602: 601: 600: 597: 596: 593: 592: 591: 590: 576: 571: 566: 553: 547: 546: 545: 542: 541: 538: 537: 532: 527: 525:Policy studies 522: 517: 512: 507: 502: 490: 488: 476: 473: 469: 468: 467: 464: 463: 460: 459: 454: 449: 444: 439: 434: 429: 424: 419: 414: 409: 404: 399: 394: 389: 384: 379: 374: 368: 362: 361: 360: 357: 356: 353: 352: 347: 342: 337: 332: 327: 322: 317: 311: 308:Primary topics 307: 306: 305: 302: 301: 299: 298: 293: 288: 282: 279: 278: 272: 271: 258: 257: 248: 239: 230: 221: 212: 206:Droupadi Murmu 203: 194: 190:and the other 181: 169:Heads of state 167: 166: 157: 156: 148: 147: 139: 138: 137: 128: 127: 119: 118: 110: 109: 108: 99: 98: 90: 89: 81: 80: 79: 78: 77: 58: 36: 30: 27: 25: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 20325: 20314: 20311: 20309: 20306: 20304: 20301: 20299: 20296: 20294: 20291: 20290: 20288: 20266: 20262: 20259: 20256: 20252: 20249: 20246: 20242: 20239: 20236: 20232: 20229: 20226: 20222: 20219: 20216: 20212: 20209: 20206: 20202: 20199: 20196: 20192: 20189: 20188: 20185: 20181: 20177: 20170: 20165: 20163: 20158: 20156: 20151: 20150: 20147: 20135: 20129: 20124: 20122: 20116: 20111: 20109: 20103: 20098: 20096: 20090: 20085: 20083: 20077: 20072: 20070: 20064: 20059: 20057: 20051: 20046: 20044: 20043:López Obrador 20038: 20033: 20031: 20025: 20020: 20018: 20012: 20007: 20005: 19999: 19994: 19992: 19986: 19981: 19979: 19973: 19968: 19966: 19960: 19955: 19953: 19947: 19942: 19940: 19934: 19929: 19927: 19921: 19916: 19914: 19908: 19903: 19901: 19895: 19890: 19888: 19882: 19877: 19875: 19869: 19864: 19863: 19860: 19856: 19852: 19845: 19840: 19838: 19833: 19831: 19826: 19825: 19822: 19806: 19803: 19801: 19798: 19797: 19795: 19792: 19788: 19782: 19779: 19777: 19774: 19772: 19769: 19767: 19764: 19762: 19759: 19757: 19754: 19752: 19749: 19747: 19744: 19742: 19739: 19737: 19734: 19732: 19729: 19727: 19724: 19722: 19719: 19717: 19714: 19713: 19711: 19707: 19704: 19702: 19698: 19688: 19685: 19683: 19680: 19679: 19677: 19674: 19670: 19664: 19661: 19659: 19656: 19654: 19651: 19649: 19646: 19644: 19641: 19639: 19636: 19634: 19631: 19629: 19626: 19624: 19621: 19619: 19616: 19614: 19611: 19609: 19606: 19604: 19601: 19599: 19596: 19595: 19593: 19589: 19586: 19584: 19580: 19571: 19566: 19564: 19559: 19557: 19552: 19551: 19548: 19534: 19530: 19526: 19522: 19518: 19514: 19510: 19506: 19502: 19498: 19494: 19490: 19486: 19482: 19478: 19474: 19470: 19466: 19462: 19458: 19454: 19450: 19446: 19442: 19438: 19434: 19433: 19430: 19426: 19422: 19415: 19410: 19408: 19403: 19401: 19396: 19395: 19392: 19380: 19370: 19369: 19366: 19359: 19354: 19348: 19345: 19340: 19334: 19331: 19326: 19320: 19317: 19312: 19306: 19303: 19298: 19292: 19289: 19284: 19278: 19275: 19270: 19264: 19261: 19256: 19250: 19247: 19242: 19236: 19233: 19228: 19222: 19219: 19214: 19208: 19205: 19200: 19194: 19191: 19186: 19180: 19177: 19172: 19166: 19163: 19158: 19152: 19149: 19144: 19138: 19135: 19130: 19124: 19121: 19116: 19110: 19107: 19102: 19096: 19093: 19088: 19082: 19079: 19074: 19068: 19065: 19060: 19054: 19051: 19046: 19040: 19037: 19032: 19026: 19023: 19018: 19012: 19009: 19004: 18998: 18995: 18990: 18984: 18983: 18980: 18976: 18975:member states 18973: 18969: 18962: 18957: 18955: 18950: 18948: 18943: 18942: 18939: 18926: 18923: 18920: 18919: 18916: 18906: 18903: 18902: 18900: 18896: 18890: 18889:South Ossetia 18887: 18885: 18882: 18880: 18877: 18875: 18872: 18871: 18869: 18865: 18859: 18856: 18854: 18851: 18849: 18846: 18844: 18841: 18839: 18836: 18834: 18831: 18829: 18826: 18824: 18821: 18819: 18816: 18814: 18811: 18809: 18806: 18804: 18801: 18799: 18796: 18794: 18791: 18789: 18786: 18784: 18781: 18779: 18776: 18774: 18771: 18769: 18766: 18764: 18761: 18759: 18756: 18754: 18751: 18749: 18746: 18744: 18741: 18739: 18738:Liechtenstein 18736: 18734: 18731: 18729: 18726: 18724: 18721: 18719: 18716: 18714: 18711: 18709: 18706: 18704: 18701: 18699: 18696: 18694: 18691: 18689: 18686: 18684: 18681: 18679: 18676: 18674: 18671: 18669: 18666: 18664: 18661: 18659: 18656: 18654: 18651: 18649: 18646: 18644: 18641: 18639: 18636: 18634: 18631: 18629: 18626: 18624: 18621: 18619: 18616: 18614: 18611: 18609: 18606: 18605: 18603: 18601:and observers 18597: 18594: 18592: 18586: 18576: 18573: 18572: 18570: 18566: 18560: 18559:South Ossetia 18557: 18555: 18552: 18550: 18547: 18545: 18542: 18541: 18539: 18535: 18529: 18526: 18524: 18521: 18519: 18516: 18514: 18511: 18509: 18506: 18504: 18501: 18499: 18496: 18494: 18491: 18489: 18486: 18484: 18481: 18479: 18476: 18474: 18471: 18469: 18466: 18464: 18461: 18459: 18456: 18454: 18451: 18449: 18446: 18444: 18441: 18439: 18436: 18434: 18431: 18429: 18426: 18424: 18421: 18419: 18416: 18414: 18411: 18409: 18408:Liechtenstein 18406: 18404: 18401: 18399: 18396: 18394: 18391: 18389: 18386: 18384: 18381: 18379: 18376: 18374: 18371: 18369: 18366: 18364: 18361: 18359: 18356: 18354: 18351: 18349: 18346: 18344: 18341: 18339: 18336: 18334: 18331: 18329: 18326: 18324: 18321: 18319: 18316: 18314: 18311: 18309: 18306: 18304: 18301: 18299: 18296: 18294: 18291: 18289: 18286: 18284: 18281: 18279: 18276: 18275: 18273: 18271:and observers 18267: 18264: 18262: 18256: 18247: 18242: 18240: 18235: 18233: 18228: 18227: 18224: 18214: 18213: 18207: 18201: 18198: 18196: 18193: 18190: 18187: 18185: 18182: 18180: 18177: 18175: 18172: 18170: 18167: 18165: 18162: 18161: 18159: 18157: 18152: 18147: 18141: 18138: 18136: 18133: 18131: 18128: 18127: 18125: 18123: 18119: 18112: 18108: 18105: 18102: 18098: 18095: 18093: 18090: 18087: 18083: 18080: 18077: 18073: 18070: 18068: 18065: 18063: 18060: 18057: 18053: 18050: 18048: 18045: 18042: 18038: 18035: 18033: 18030: 18029: 18027: 18025: 18021: 18014: 18010: 18007: 18004: 18000: 17997: 17995: 17992: 17989: 17985: 17982: 17979: 17975: 17972: 17970: 17967: 17965: 17962: 17959: 17955: 17952: 17950: 17947: 17945: 17942: 17940: 17937: 17936: 17934: 17932: 17928: 17919: 17914: 17912: 17907: 17905: 17900: 17899: 17896: 17883: 17877: 17874: 17872: 17869: 17867: 17864: 17862: 17859: 17858: 17856: 17854: 17850: 17840: 17837: 17835: 17834:South Ossetia 17832: 17830: 17827: 17825: 17822: 17821: 17819: 17815: 17809: 17806: 17804: 17801: 17799: 17796: 17794: 17791: 17789: 17786: 17784: 17781: 17779: 17776: 17774: 17771: 17769: 17766: 17764: 17761: 17759: 17756: 17754: 17751: 17749: 17746: 17744: 17741: 17739: 17736: 17734: 17731: 17729: 17726: 17724: 17721: 17719: 17716: 17714: 17711: 17709: 17706: 17704: 17701: 17699: 17696: 17694: 17691: 17689: 17686: 17684: 17681: 17679: 17676: 17674: 17671: 17669: 17666: 17664: 17661: 17659: 17656: 17654: 17651: 17649: 17646: 17644: 17641: 17639: 17636: 17634: 17631: 17629: 17626: 17624: 17621: 17619: 17616: 17614: 17611: 17609: 17606: 17604: 17601: 17599: 17596: 17594: 17591: 17589: 17586: 17584: 17581: 17579: 17576: 17574: 17571: 17569: 17566: 17564: 17561: 17560: 17558: 17556:and observers 17552: 17549: 17547: 17541: 17531: 17528: 17526: 17525:South Ossetia 17523: 17521: 17518: 17516: 17513: 17512: 17510: 17506: 17500: 17497: 17495: 17492: 17490: 17487: 17485: 17482: 17480: 17477: 17475: 17472: 17470: 17467: 17465: 17462: 17460: 17457: 17455: 17452: 17450: 17447: 17445: 17442: 17440: 17437: 17435: 17432: 17430: 17427: 17425: 17422: 17420: 17417: 17415: 17412: 17410: 17407: 17405: 17402: 17400: 17397: 17395: 17392: 17390: 17387: 17385: 17382: 17380: 17377: 17375: 17372: 17370: 17367: 17365: 17362: 17360: 17357: 17355: 17352: 17350: 17347: 17345: 17342: 17340: 17337: 17335: 17332: 17330: 17327: 17325: 17322: 17320: 17317: 17315: 17312: 17310: 17307: 17305: 17302: 17300: 17297: 17295: 17292: 17290: 17287: 17285: 17282: 17280: 17277: 17275: 17272: 17270: 17267: 17265: 17262: 17260: 17257: 17255: 17252: 17251: 17249: 17247:and observers 17243: 17240: 17238: 17232: 17223: 17218: 17216: 17211: 17209: 17204: 17203: 17200: 17178: 17085: 17081: 17076: 17071: 17066: 17061: 17056: 17051: 17046: 17041: 17040: 17035: 17030: 17025: 17020: 17015: 17010: 17005: 17000: 16999: 16994: 16993:Dési Bouterse 16989: 16984: 16979: 16974: 16969: 16964: 16959: 16954: 16953: 16948: 16943: 16938: 16933: 16928: 16923: 16918: 16913: 16908: 16907: 16902: 16897: 16892: 16891:Fernando Lugo 16887: 16882: 16877: 16872: 16867: 16862: 16857: 16856: 16851: 16846: 16841: 16836: 16831: 16826: 16825:Desmond Hoyte 16821: 16816: 16811: 16810: 16805: 16804:Rafael Correa 16800: 16795: 16790: 16789:Gustavo Noboa 16785: 16780: 16775: 16770: 16765: 16760: 16755: 16754: 16749: 16744: 16739: 16734: 16729: 16728:César Gaviria 16724: 16719: 16714: 16709: 16708: 16703: 16698: 16693: 16692:Ricardo Lagos 16688: 16683: 16678: 16673: 16668: 16667: 16662: 16657: 16652: 16647: 16646:Itamar Franco 16642: 16637: 16632: 16627: 16626: 16621: 16616: 16611: 16606: 16601: 16600:Jorge Quiroga 16596: 16591: 16586: 16581: 16576: 16571: 16570: 16565: 16560: 16555: 16550: 16545: 16540: 16535: 16530: 16529: 16437: 16425: 16421: 16416: 16411: 16403: 16398: 16396: 16391: 16389: 16384: 16383: 16380: 16364: 16363:United States 16361: 16359: 16356: 16354: 16351: 16349: 16346: 16344: 16341: 16339: 16336: 16334: 16331: 16329: 16326: 16324: 16321: 16319: 16316: 16314: 16311: 16309: 16306: 16304: 16301: 16299: 16296: 16294: 16291: 16289: 16286: 16284: 16281: 16279: 16276: 16274: 16271: 16269: 16266: 16264: 16261: 16259: 16256: 16254: 16251: 16250: 16248: 16244: 16241: 16239: 16235: 16225: 16224:United States 16222: 16220: 16217: 16215: 16212: 16210: 16207: 16205: 16202: 16200: 16197: 16195: 16192: 16190: 16187: 16185: 16182: 16180: 16177: 16175: 16172: 16170: 16167: 16165: 16162: 16160: 16157: 16155: 16152: 16150: 16147: 16145: 16142: 16140: 16137: 16135: 16132: 16130: 16127: 16125: 16122: 16120: 16117: 16115: 16112: 16111: 16109: 16105: 16102: 16100: 16096: 16087: 16082: 16080: 16075: 16073: 16068: 16067: 16064: 16048: 16045: 16043: 16040: 16038: 16035: 16033: 16030: 16027: 16025: 16022: 16020: 16017: 16014: 16012: 16009: 16006: 16004: 16001: 15999: 15996: 15994: 15991: 15989: 15986: 15984: 15983:French Guiana 15981: 15979: 15976: 15974: 15971: 15968: 15966: 15963: 15961: 15958: 15956: 15953: 15952: 15950: 15944: 15939: 15933: 15930: 15928: 15925: 15923: 15922:United States 15920: 15918: 15915: 15913: 15910: 15908: 15905: 15903: 15900: 15898: 15895: 15893: 15890: 15888: 15885: 15883: 15880: 15878: 15875: 15873: 15870: 15868: 15865: 15863: 15860: 15858: 15855: 15853: 15850: 15848: 15845: 15843: 15840: 15838: 15835: 15833: 15830: 15828: 15825: 15823: 15820: 15818: 15815: 15813: 15810: 15808: 15805: 15803: 15800: 15798: 15795: 15793: 15790: 15788: 15785: 15783: 15780: 15778: 15775: 15773: 15770: 15768: 15765: 15763: 15760: 15759: 15757: 15755:and observers 15751: 15748: 15746: 15740: 15730: 15727: 15725: 15722: 15720: 15717: 15715: 15712: 15710: 15707: 15705: 15702: 15700: 15697: 15695: 15692: 15690: 15687: 15685: 15682: 15680: 15677: 15675: 15672: 15670: 15667: 15665: 15662: 15660: 15659:French Guiana 15657: 15655: 15652: 15650: 15647: 15645: 15642: 15640: 15637: 15635: 15632: 15630: 15627: 15626: 15624: 15618: 15613: 15607: 15604: 15602: 15599: 15597: 15596:United States 15594: 15592: 15589: 15587: 15584: 15582: 15579: 15577: 15574: 15572: 15569: 15567: 15564: 15562: 15559: 15557: 15554: 15552: 15549: 15547: 15544: 15542: 15539: 15537: 15534: 15532: 15529: 15527: 15524: 15522: 15519: 15517: 15514: 15512: 15509: 15507: 15504: 15502: 15499: 15497: 15494: 15492: 15489: 15487: 15484: 15482: 15479: 15477: 15474: 15472: 15469: 15467: 15464: 15462: 15459: 15457: 15454: 15452: 15449: 15447: 15444: 15442: 15439: 15437: 15434: 15433: 15431: 15429:and observers 15425: 15422: 15420: 15414: 15405: 15400: 15398: 15393: 15391: 15386: 15385: 15382: 15370: 15367: 15365: 15362: 15360: 15357: 15355: 15352: 15350: 15347: 15345: 15342: 15340: 15337: 15335: 15332: 15330: 15327: 15325: 15322: 15320: 15317: 15316: 15314: 15308: 15298: 15297: 15293: 15292: 15290: 15286: 15280: 15277: 15275: 15272: 15270: 15267: 15265: 15262: 15260: 15257: 15255: 15252: 15250: 15247: 15245: 15242: 15240: 15237: 15235: 15232: 15230: 15227: 15225: 15222: 15220: 15217: 15215: 15212: 15210: 15207: 15205: 15202: 15200: 15197: 15195: 15192: 15190: 15187: 15185: 15182: 15180: 15177: 15175: 15172: 15170: 15167: 15165: 15162: 15160: 15157: 15156: 15154: 15152: 15151:member states 15149: 15145: 15142: 15140: 15136: 15131: 15123: 15118: 15116: 15111: 15109: 15104: 15103: 15100: 15086: 15083: 15082: 15081:Zulu Kingdom 15080: 15076: 15073: 15072: 15070: 15066: 15063: 15062: 15060: 15056: 15053: 15051: 15048: 15047: 15045: 15041: 15038: 15037: 15035: 15031: 15028: 15026: 15023: 15021: 15018: 15017: 15016:South Africa 15015: 15011: 15008: 15007: 15005: 15001: 14998: 14997: 14995: 14991: 14988: 14987: 14985: 14981: 14978: 14977: 14975: 14971: 14968: 14967: 14965: 14961: 14958: 14957: 14955: 14949: 14946: 14945: 14944: 14941: 14940: 14938: 14934: 14931: 14930: 14928: 14924: 14921: 14920: 14918: 14914: 14911: 14910: 14908: 14902: 14899: 14898: 14897: 14894: 14893: 14891: 14885: 14882: 14881: 14880: 14877: 14876: 14874: 14870: 14867: 14866: 14864: 14860: 14857: 14856: 14854: 14850: 14847: 14846: 14844: 14840: 14837: 14836: 14834: 14830: 14827: 14826: 14824: 14823: 14821: 14815: 14805: 14804: 14800: 14798: 14797: 14793: 14792: 14790: 14786: 14780: 14777: 14775: 14772: 14770: 14767: 14765: 14762: 14760: 14757: 14755: 14752: 14750: 14747: 14745: 14742: 14740: 14737: 14735: 14732: 14730: 14727: 14725: 14722: 14720: 14717: 14715: 14712: 14710: 14707: 14705: 14702: 14700: 14697: 14695: 14692: 14690: 14687: 14685: 14682: 14680: 14677: 14675: 14672: 14670: 14667: 14665: 14662: 14660: 14657: 14655: 14652: 14650: 14647: 14645: 14642: 14640: 14637: 14635: 14632: 14630: 14629:Guinea-Bissau 14627: 14625: 14622: 14620: 14617: 14615: 14612: 14610: 14607: 14605: 14602: 14600: 14597: 14595: 14592: 14590: 14587: 14585: 14582: 14580: 14577: 14575: 14572: 14570: 14567: 14565: 14562: 14560: 14557: 14555: 14552: 14550: 14547: 14545: 14542: 14540: 14537: 14535: 14532: 14530: 14527: 14525: 14522: 14520: 14517: 14515: 14512: 14511: 14509: 14505: 14502: 14500: 14496: 14486: 14485: 14481: 14479: 14478: 14474: 14473: 14471: 14467: 14461: 14458: 14456: 14453: 14451: 14448: 14446: 14443: 14441: 14438: 14436: 14433: 14431: 14428: 14426: 14423: 14421: 14418: 14416: 14413: 14411: 14408: 14406: 14403: 14401: 14398: 14396: 14393: 14391: 14388: 14386: 14383: 14381: 14378: 14376: 14373: 14371: 14368: 14366: 14363: 14361: 14358: 14356: 14353: 14351: 14348: 14346: 14343: 14341: 14338: 14336: 14333: 14331: 14328: 14326: 14323: 14321: 14318: 14316: 14313: 14311: 14310:Guinea-Bissau 14308: 14306: 14303: 14301: 14298: 14296: 14293: 14291: 14288: 14286: 14283: 14281: 14278: 14276: 14273: 14271: 14268: 14266: 14263: 14261: 14258: 14256: 14253: 14251: 14248: 14246: 14243: 14241: 14238: 14236: 14233: 14231: 14228: 14226: 14223: 14221: 14218: 14216: 14213: 14211: 14208: 14206: 14203: 14201: 14198: 14196: 14193: 14192: 14190: 14188: 14187:member states 14185: 14181: 14178: 14176: 14172: 14163: 14158: 14156: 14151: 14149: 14144: 14143: 14140: 14134: 14127: 14109: 14108: 14099: 14097: 14096: 14087: 14086: 14083: 14077: 14074: 14072: 14069: 14067: 14064: 14062: 14061:Public sector 14059: 14057: 14054: 14052: 14049: 14047: 14044: 14042: 14039: 14037: 14034: 14033: 14031: 14027: 14021: 14018: 14014: 14011: 14009: 14006: 14005: 14004: 14001: 13997: 13994: 13993: 13992: 13989: 13987: 13986:Job guarantee 13984: 13982: 13979: 13977: 13974: 13972: 13969: 13968: 13966: 13964: 13960: 13954: 13951: 13949: 13946: 13944: 13941: 13939: 13938:Public toilet 13936: 13934: 13931: 13929: 13928:Public school 13926: 13924: 13921: 13919: 13916: 13914: 13911: 13909: 13906: 13904: 13901: 13899: 13896: 13894: 13891: 13889: 13886: 13884: 13881: 13879: 13876: 13874: 13871: 13869: 13866: 13865: 13863: 13861: 13857: 13851: 13848: 13846: 13843: 13841: 13838: 13834: 13831: 13830: 13829: 13826: 13824: 13823:Oil & gas 13821: 13819: 13816: 13815: 13813: 13811: 13807: 13801: 13798: 13796: 13793: 13791: 13788: 13784: 13781: 13780: 13779: 13776: 13774: 13771: 13769: 13766: 13764: 13763:Civil service 13761: 13760: 13758: 13754: 13748: 13745: 13743: 13740: 13738: 13735: 13733: 13730: 13728: 13725: 13723: 13722:Public rights 13720: 13718: 13717:Public policy 13715: 13713: 13710: 13708: 13705: 13703: 13700: 13698: 13697:Public health 13695: 13693: 13690: 13688: 13687:Public domain 13685: 13683: 13680: 13678: 13675: 13673: 13670: 13668: 13665: 13663: 13660: 13658: 13655: 13654: 13652: 13648: 13642: 13639: 13637: 13634: 13632: 13629: 13628: 13625: 13621: 13614: 13609: 13607: 13602: 13600: 13595: 13594: 13591: 13579: 13571: 13569: 13560: 13559: 13556: 13550: 13547: 13545: 13542: 13539: 13538:mental health 13535: 13532: 13530: 13527: 13525: 13522: 13520: 13517: 13515: 13512: 13510: 13507: 13505: 13502: 13500: 13497: 13495: 13492: 13490: 13487: 13485: 13482: 13480: 13477: 13475: 13472: 13470: 13467: 13465: 13462: 13460: 13457: 13456: 13454: 13450: 13444: 13441: 13440: 13438: 13434: 13426: 13423: 13422: 13421: 13418: 13416: 13413: 13411: 13408: 13406: 13403: 13401: 13398: 13396: 13393: 13391: 13388: 13386: 13383: 13381: 13378: 13376: 13373: 13369: 13366: 13365: 13364: 13361: 13359: 13356: 13352: 13349: 13348: 13347: 13344: 13342: 13339: 13335: 13332: 13331: 13330: 13327: 13325: 13322: 13320: 13317: 13313: 13310: 13309: 13308: 13305: 13304: 13302: 13298: 13292: 13289: 13287: 13284: 13282: 13279: 13277: 13274: 13270: 13267: 13266: 13265: 13262: 13261: 13259: 13253: 13247: 13244: 13242: 13239: 13237: 13234: 13232: 13229: 13227: 13224: 13222: 13219: 13217: 13214: 13213: 13211: 13205: 13199: 13196: 13194: 13191: 13187: 13184: 13183: 13182: 13179: 13177: 13174: 13172: 13169: 13167: 13164: 13163: 13161: 13159:public safety 13153: 13147: 13144: 13142: 13139: 13137: 13134: 13132: 13129: 13127: 13124: 13123: 13121: 13117: 13111: 13108: 13106: 13103: 13101: 13098: 13096: 13093: 13091: 13088: 13086: 13083: 13081: 13078: 13076: 13073: 13071: 13068: 13066: 13063: 13061: 13058: 13057: 13055: 13051: 13047: 13043: 13035: 13030: 13028: 13023: 13021: 13016: 13015: 13012: 12996: 12993: 12991: 12988: 12986: 12983: 12982: 12979: 12976: 12972: 12963: 12957: 12952: 12946: 12941: 12935: 12930: 12924: 12919: 12913: 12908: 12902: 12897: 12891: 12886: 12880: 12875: 12869: 12864: 12858: 12856: 12853: 12851: 12848: 12846: 12843: 12841: 12840:Human history 12838: 12837: 12835: 12831: 12825: 12822: 12820: 12817: 12815: 12812: 12810: 12807: 12805: 12802: 12800: 12797: 12795: 12792: 12790: 12787: 12785: 12784: 12780: 12779: 12777: 12775:International 12773: 12763: 12760: 12758: 12755: 12753: 12750: 12748: 12745: 12743: 12740: 12738: 12735: 12733: 12730: 12728: 12725: 12724: 12721: 12718: 12714: 12704: 12701: 12699: 12696: 12694: 12691: 12689: 12686: 12685: 12682: 12679: 12675: 12665: 12662: 12660: 12657: 12655: 12652: 12650: 12647: 12645: 12642: 12640: 12637: 12635: 12632: 12630: 12627: 12625: 12623: 12619: 12618: 12615: 12612: 12608: 12598: 12595: 12593: 12591: 12587: 12585: 12582: 12580: 12577: 12575: 12572: 12570: 12567: 12565: 12562: 12560: 12557: 12555: 12552: 12550: 12547: 12546: 12543: 12540: 12534: 12524: 12521: 12519: 12516: 12514: 12511: 12509: 12506: 12504: 12501: 12499: 12496: 12494: 12491: 12489: 12486: 12484: 12481: 12479: 12476: 12474: 12471: 12469: 12466: 12464: 12461: 12459: 12456: 12454: 12451: 12449: 12448:Head of state 12446: 12444: 12441: 12439: 12436: 12434: 12431: 12429: 12426: 12424: 12421: 12420: 12417: 12414: 12410: 12404: 12401: 12399: 12396: 12394: 12391: 12389: 12386: 12384: 12381: 12379: 12376: 12374: 12371: 12369: 12366: 12364: 12361: 12359: 12356: 12354: 12351: 12349: 12346: 12344: 12341: 12339: 12336: 12334: 12331: 12330: 12328: 12324: 12318: 12315: 12313: 12310: 12308: 12307:Progressivism 12305: 12303: 12300: 12298: 12295: 12293: 12290: 12288: 12285: 12283: 12280: 12278: 12275: 12273: 12270: 12268: 12265: 12263: 12260: 12258: 12255: 12253: 12250: 12248: 12245: 12243: 12240: 12238: 12235: 12233: 12230: 12228: 12225: 12223: 12220: 12218: 12215: 12213: 12210: 12208: 12205: 12203: 12200: 12199: 12197: 12193: 12185: 12182: 12180: 12177: 12175: 12172: 12170: 12167: 12165: 12162: 12160: 12157: 12155: 12154:Collaborative 12152: 12150: 12147: 12146: 12145: 12142: 12140: 12137: 12135: 12133: 12129: 12128: 12125: 12122: 12120: 12117: 12115: 12112: 12110: 12107: 12105: 12102: 12100: 12099:Republicanism 12097: 12095: 12092: 12090: 12087: 12085: 12082: 12080: 12077: 12075: 12072: 12070: 12067: 12065: 12062: 12060: 12057: 12055: 12052: 12050: 12047: 12045: 12042: 12040: 12037: 12035: 12032: 12030: 12029:Confederation 12027: 12025: 12022: 12020: 12017: 12015: 12012: 12010: 12007: 12005: 12002: 12000: 11997: 11995: 11992: 11990: 11987: 11986: 11984: 11980: 11974: 11971: 11969: 11966: 11964: 11961: 11959: 11956: 11954: 11951: 11949: 11946: 11944: 11941: 11939: 11936: 11934: 11933:Unitary state 11931: 11929: 11926: 11924: 11921: 11919: 11916: 11914: 11911: 11910: 11908: 11904: 11900: 11896: 11889: 11884: 11882: 11877: 11875: 11870: 11869: 11866: 11860: 11853: 11837: 11834: 11832: 11829: 11827: 11824: 11822: 11819: 11817: 11814: 11812: 11809: 11807: 11804: 11802: 11799: 11797: 11794: 11792: 11789: 11787: 11784: 11782: 11779: 11777: 11773: 11770: 11767: 11766: 11761: 11757: 11754: 11752: 11749: 11747: 11744: 11742: 11739: 11737: 11734: 11731: 11728: 11726: 11723: 11722: 11720: 11716: 11710: 11707: 11705: 11702: 11700: 11697: 11695: 11692: 11690: 11687: 11685: 11682: 11680: 11677: 11675: 11672: 11670: 11667: 11665: 11662: 11660: 11657: 11655: 11652: 11650: 11647: 11645: 11644:Easter Island 11642: 11640: 11637: 11635: 11632: 11631: 11629: 11625: 11619: 11616: 11614: 11611: 11609: 11606: 11604: 11601: 11599: 11596: 11594: 11591: 11589: 11586: 11584: 11581: 11579: 11576: 11574: 11571: 11569: 11566: 11564: 11561: 11559: 11556: 11554: 11551: 11549: 11546: 11544: 11541: 11539: 11536: 11534: 11531: 11529: 11526: 11524: 11521: 11519: 11516: 11514: 11511: 11509: 11506: 11504: 11501: 11499: 11496: 11494: 11491: 11489: 11486: 11484: 11481: 11479: 11476: 11474: 11471: 11469: 11466: 11464: 11461: 11459: 11456: 11454: 11451: 11449: 11446: 11444: 11441: 11439: 11436: 11434: 11431: 11429: 11426: 11424: 11421: 11419: 11416: 11414: 11411: 11409: 11406: 11404: 11401: 11399: 11396: 11394: 11391: 11389: 11386: 11384: 11381: 11379: 11376: 11374: 11371: 11369: 11366: 11364: 11361: 11359: 11356: 11354: 11351: 11349: 11346: 11345: 11343: 11339: 11332: 11331: 11326: 11323: 11321: 11318: 11316: 11313: 11311: 11308: 11306: 11303: 11301: 11298: 11296: 11293: 11291: 11288: 11286: 11283: 11281: 11278: 11276: 11273: 11271: 11270: 11266: 11264: 11261: 11259: 11256: 11254: 11251: 11249: 11246: 11244: 11241: 11239: 11236: 11234: 11231: 11229: 11226: 11224: 11221: 11219: 11216: 11214: 11211: 11209: 11206: 11204: 11201: 11199: 11196: 11194: 11191: 11189: 11186: 11184: 11183:Jabal Shammar 11181: 11179: 11176: 11173: 11169: 11166: 11164: 11163: 11159: 11157: 11154: 11152: 11149: 11147: 11144: 11142: 11139: 11137: 11134: 11132: 11129: 11127: 11124: 11122: 11119: 11117: 11114: 11112: 11109: 11108: 11106: 11102: 11096: 11093: 11091: 11088: 11086: 11083: 11081: 11078: 11076: 11073: 11071: 11068: 11066: 11063: 11061: 11058: 11056: 11053: 11051: 11048: 11046: 11043: 11042: 11040: 11036: 11030: 11029: 11025: 11023: 11020: 11018: 11015: 11013: 11010: 11008: 11005: 11003: 11000: 10998: 10995: 10993: 10990: 10988: 10985: 10983: 10980: 10978: 10975: 10973: 10970: 10968: 10965: 10963: 10960: 10958: 10955: 10953: 10950: 10948: 10945: 10943: 10940: 10938: 10935: 10933: 10930: 10928: 10925: 10923: 10920: 10918: 10915: 10913: 10910: 10908: 10905: 10903: 10900: 10898: 10895: 10893: 10890: 10888: 10885: 10883: 10880: 10878: 10875: 10873: 10870: 10868: 10865: 10863: 10860: 10858: 10855: 10854: 10852: 10848: 10845: 10843: 10839: 10829: 10826: 10824: 10821: 10819: 10816: 10814: 10811: 10809: 10806: 10804: 10801: 10799: 10796: 10792: 10789: 10787: 10784: 10783: 10782: 10779: 10777: 10774: 10772: 10769: 10767: 10764: 10762: 10759: 10757: 10754: 10752: 10749: 10747: 10744: 10743: 10741: 10739: 10735: 10729: 10726: 10725: 10723: 10721: 10717: 10711: 10708: 10706: 10703: 10701: 10698: 10696: 10693: 10691: 10688: 10686: 10683: 10681: 10678: 10676: 10675:Liechtenstein 10673: 10671: 10668: 10666: 10663: 10661: 10658: 10657: 10655: 10653: 10649: 10643: 10642: 10638: 10636: 10633: 10631: 10628: 10626: 10623: 10621: 10618: 10616: 10613: 10611: 10608: 10606: 10603: 10601: 10598: 10596: 10593: 10591: 10588: 10586: 10583: 10581: 10578: 10576: 10573: 10572: 10570: 10568: 10564: 10558: 10557: 10553: 10551: 10548: 10546: 10543: 10541: 10538: 10537: 10535: 10533: 10529: 10526: 10522: 10516: 10513: 10511: 10508: 10506: 10503: 10501: 10498: 10496: 10493: 10491: 10488: 10486: 10483: 10479: 10478:Queen regnant 10476: 10475: 10474: 10471: 10469: 10466: 10464: 10461: 10460: 10458: 10454: 10448: 10445: 10443: 10440: 10438: 10437:Republicanism 10435: 10433: 10430: 10428: 10425: 10423: 10420: 10418: 10417:Head of state 10415: 10413: 10410: 10408: 10405: 10403: 10400: 10398: 10395: 10393: 10390: 10388: 10385: 10383: 10380: 10378: 10375: 10374: 10372: 10368: 10362: 10359: 10357: 10354: 10352: 10351:Non-sovereign 10349: 10347: 10344: 10342: 10339: 10337: 10334: 10332: 10329: 10327: 10324: 10322: 10319: 10318: 10316: 10312: 10306: 10303: 10301: 10298: 10296: 10293: 10291: 10288: 10286: 10283: 10282: 10279: 10275: 10268: 10263: 10261: 10256: 10254: 10249: 10248: 10245: 10225: 10221: 10220: 10215: 10211: 10207: 10203: 10200: 10196: 10194:1-85743-093-X 10190: 10186: 10181: 10180: 10173: 10169: 10163: 10159: 10155: 10151: 10147: 10143: 10141:9781925501155 10137: 10133: 10129: 10125: 10121: 10115: 10111: 10110: 10104: 10103: 10091: 10087: 10083: 10080: 10075: 10068: 10064: 10060: 10057: 10052: 10045: 10041: 10037: 10034: 10029: 10022: 10018: 10014: 10011: 10006: 9999: 9995: 9991: 9988: 9983: 9967: 9963: 9959: 9953: 9937: 9933: 9929: 9923: 9917: 9913: 9910: 9907: 9905: 9899: 9883: 9879: 9873: 9871: 9861: 9854: 9850: 9846: 9843: 9838: 9831: 9827: 9822: 9815: 9814: 9809: 9804: 9802: 9786: 9779: 9773: 9757: 9753: 9751:90-247-3576-9 9747: 9743: 9742: 9734: 9726: 9720: 9716: 9715: 9707: 9701: 9697: 9691: 9675: 9671: 9665: 9658: 9653: 9638: 9634: 9633: 9625: 9610: 9606: 9605: 9597: 9588: 9581: 9576: 9569: 9564: 9562: 9554: 9549: 9542: 9537: 9530: 9525: 9523: 9521: 9519: 9510: 9506: 9502: 9496: 9489: 9485: 9481: 9478: 9473: 9466: 9462: 9458: 9455: 9450: 9443: 9439: 9435: 9432: 9427: 9420: 9416: 9412: 9409: 9404: 9397: 9393: 9389: 9386: 9381: 9379: 9377: 9375: 9367: 9363: 9359: 9356: 9351: 9349: 9347: 9330: 9326: 9320: 9304: 9300: 9296: 9290: 9275: 9271: 9270: 9265: 9259: 9257: 9240: 9236: 9232: 9228: 9221: 9207: 9201: 9197: 9196: 9188: 9180: 9174: 9170: 9169: 9161: 9145: 9141: 9137: 9131: 9124: 9120: 9116: 9112: 9106: 9104: 9102: 9085: 9081: 9077: 9076: 9071: 9065: 9049: 9045: 9041: 9037: 9036: 9031: 9025: 9018: 9013: 9011: 8994: 8990: 8986: 8980: 8973: 8968: 8961: 8956: 8949: 8944: 8937: 8932: 8930: 8922: 8918: 8914: 8911: 8906: 8904: 8902: 8900: 8892: 8888: 8884: 8881: 8876: 8874: 8866: 8862: 8858: 8855: 8850: 8848: 8846: 8844: 8842: 8840: 8832: 8828: 8824: 8821: 8816: 8814: 8812: 8810: 8808: 8806: 8798: 8794: 8790: 8786: 8781: 8779: 8777: 8769: 8765: 8761: 8758: 8753: 8746: 8745:960 560 073 0 8742: 8738: 8734: 8730: 8727: 8722: 8715: 8714:0 642 78285 7 8711: 8707: 8703: 8699: 8695: 8692: 8686: 8679: 8675: 8671: 8668: 8663: 8661: 8653: 8649: 8645: 8642: 8637: 8630: 8626: 8622: 8619: 8614: 8612: 8610: 8608: 8606: 8604: 8596: 8592: 8588: 8585: 8580: 8573: 8569: 8565: 8562: 8557: 8555: 8547: 8543: 8539: 8536: 8531: 8529: 8521: 8517: 8514: 8509: 8502: 8498: 8494: 8491: 8486: 8484: 8476: 8472: 8469: 8464: 8462: 8454: 8450: 8446: 8443: 8438: 8431: 8427: 8423: 8420: 8415: 8408: 8404: 8400: 8397: 8392: 8376: 8372: 8365: 8359: 8352: 8348: 8344: 8341: 8336: 8334: 8326: 8322: 8318: 8315: 8310: 8303: 8299: 8295: 8292: 8287: 8280: 8276: 8273: 8268: 8266: 8264: 8256: 8244: 8240: 8239: 8234: 8228: 8221: 8219: 8215: 8202: 8198: 8197: 8192: 8186: 8179: 8175: 8172: 8167: 8160: 8159:presidencies. 8147: 8143: 8142: 8137: 8130: 8123: 8117: 8109: 8103: 8096: 8092: 8089: 8084: 8082: 8080: 8078: 8070: 8066: 8062: 8059: 8054: 8047: 8043: 8039: 8036: 8031: 8029: 8027: 8025: 8017: 8013: 8009: 8004: 7997: 7993: 7989: 7986: 7981: 7979: 7977: 7969: 7965: 7962: 7957: 7955: 7953: 7951: 7949: 7947: 7930: 7926: 7922: 7915: 7899: 7895: 7891: 7885: 7878: 7873: 7865: 7861: 7857: 7853: 7849: 7845: 7838: 7822: 7818: 7816:9781135071981 7812: 7809:. Routledge. 7808: 7807: 7799: 7791: 7787: 7783: 7779: 7775: 7771: 7767: 7760: 7741: 7734: 7727: 7719: 7713: 7709: 7708: 7700: 7693: 7688: 7681: 7676: 7674: 7669: 7655: 7651: 7647: 7643: 7637: 7630: 7626: 7625:State Council 7620: 7616: 7605: 7604: 7603:World Leaders 7600: 7598: 7595: 7593: 7590: 7588: 7585: 7583: 7580: 7578: 7575: 7574: 7564: 7561: 7559: 7556: 7554: 7553:State funeral 7551: 7549: 7546: 7544: 7541: 7539: 7536: 7534: 7531: 7529: 7526: 7524: 7521: 7519: 7516: 7514: 7511: 7509: 7506: 7504: 7501: 7499: 7496: 7494: 7491: 7489: 7486: 7484: 7481: 7479: 7476: 7474: 7471: 7469: 7466: 7464: 7463:21-gun salute 7461: 7460: 7455: 7449: 7444: 7437: 7433: 7431: 7426: 7424: 7420: 7416: 7412: 7408: 7404: 7400: 7396: 7392: 7391: 7387:ceased to be 7386: 7382: 7377: 7375: 7371: 7367: 7363: 7362: 7357: 7353: 7349: 7344: 7342: 7332: 7330: 7326: 7322: 7318: 7314: 7310: 7306: 7302: 7298: 7294: 7290: 7286: 7282: 7278: 7274: 7267: 7262: 7253: 7251: 7246: 7244: 7240: 7230: 7228: 7227:Roman emperor 7224: 7220: 7216: 7212: 7208: 7204: 7194: 7192: 7188: 7184: 7180: 7176: 7172: 7168: 7164: 7160: 7159:authoritarian 7156: 7152: 7142: 7140: 7136: 7133: 7123: 7121: 7117: 7113: 7109: 7105: 7104:United States 7101: 7098:(such as the 7097: 7087: 7077: 7067: 7058: 7053: 7044: 7042: 7038: 7034: 7029: 7027: 7023: 7020:, residency, 7019: 7015: 7011: 7006: 7004: 7000: 6996: 6992: 6988: 6984: 6980: 6976: 6972: 6968: 6964: 6960: 6955: 6953: 6949: 6945: 6939: 6937: 6933: 6929: 6928:Primogeniture 6925: 6923: 6918: 6914: 6910: 6906: 6902: 6891: 6888: 6885: 6882: 6879: 6878: 6874: 6865: 6863: 6859: 6858:James Mancham 6855: 6851: 6847: 6841: 6836: 6832: 6828: 6818: 6816: 6812: 6808: 6798: 6796: 6792: 6788: 6784: 6780: 6776: 6772: 6768: 6758: 6756: 6752: 6748: 6744: 6740: 6736: 6732: 6722: 6714: 6712: 6708: 6704: 6699: 6697: 6693: 6689: 6684: 6682: 6678: 6674: 6670: 6666: 6662: 6658: 6654: 6650: 6646: 6641: 6639: 6635: 6631: 6627: 6623: 6619: 6615: 6610: 6608: 6604: 6600: 6596: 6592: 6588: 6584: 6580: 6576: 6572: 6568: 6562: 6558: 6548: 6546: 6542: 6539: 6535: 6531: 6527: 6523: 6519: 6517: 6513: 6509: 6499: 6497: 6493: 6489: 6485: 6481: 6477: 6467: 6465: 6461: 6457: 6453: 6449: 6448:head of state 6445: 6442:, at present 6441: 6437: 6432: 6430: 6426: 6422: 6418: 6414: 6413: 6408: 6404: 6400: 6396: 6392: 6388: 6381: 6377: 6373: 6369: 6368:Abdulmecid II 6365: 6356: 6354: 6350: 6346: 6342: 6341: 6336: 6332: 6328: 6324: 6320: 6316: 6306: 6304: 6300: 6296: 6291: 6286: 6283:, during the 6282: 6278: 6274: 6270: 6266: 6262: 6258: 6254: 6247: 6243: 6239: 6235: 6231: 6222: 6220: 6216: 6212: 6208: 6204: 6200: 6196: 6192: 6188: 6184: 6179: 6177: 6174:at the time, 6173: 6169: 6164: 6161: 6158: 6154: 6149: 6147: 6142: 6138: 6134: 6130: 6125: 6121: 6117: 6113: 6109: 6105: 6095: 6091: 6085: 6081: 6071: 6062: 6052: 6042: 6040: 6036: 6032: 6028: 6022: 6020: 6016: 6012: 6008: 6004: 5994: 5992: 5989: 5985: 5981: 5977: 5973: 5968: 5966: 5961: 5959: 5955: 5951: 5947: 5936: 5934: 5930: 5926: 5922: 5918: 5914: 5910: 5906: 5902: 5898: 5894: 5890: 5886: 5882: 5878: 5874: 5870: 5866: 5862: 5861: 5856: 5855:Thomas Hobbes 5852: 5848: 5844: 5843: 5839: 5835: 5834:head of state 5831: 5827: 5823: 5822: 5817: 5810: 5808: 5803: 5802:Thomas Hobbes 5796: 5791: 5787: 5783: 5776: 5771: 5768: 5761: 5756: 5753: 5752: 5751: 5749: 5745: 5744: 5743:lingua franca 5739: 5734: 5730: 5726: 5722: 5718: 5714: 5710: 5702: 5698: 5694: 5690: 5686: 5683: 5679: 5676: 5673: 5670: 5666: 5662: 5658: 5654: 5650: 5646: 5645: 5639: 5637: 5633: 5629: 5628:Yasser Arafat 5625: 5621: 5620: 5614: 5612: 5608: 5604: 5599: 5593: 5588: 5584: 5580: 5574: 5572: 5571:his overthrow 5568: 5564: 5563: 5558: 5554: 5549: 5547: 5546: 5541: 5537: 5533: 5528: 5526: 5522: 5518: 5515:, who as the 5514: 5510: 5506: 5502: 5498: 5494: 5490: 5485: 5483: 5479: 5475: 5471: 5467: 5463: 5459: 5455: 5451: 5447: 5444: 5440: 5436: 5432: 5429: 5425: 5422: 5418: 5413: 5411: 5407: 5403: 5399: 5395: 5391: 5387: 5383: 5380: 5376: 5373: 5368: 5366: 5362: 5358: 5354: 5350: 5349: 5344: 5341:crown colony 5340: 5335: 5333: 5332: 5327: 5323: 5318: 5313: 5311: 5307: 5303: 5299: 5295: 5291: 5287: 5283: 5279: 5275: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5247: 5242: 5240: 5237: 5236: 5235: 5233: 5228: 5227: 5225: 5221: 5218: 5214: 5212: 5207: 5206: 5204: 5200: 5197: 5193: 5191: 5186: 5185: 5183: 5179: 5176: 5172: 5169: 5168: 5166: 5162: 5159: 5155: 5153: 5149: 5145: 5141: 5136: 5135: 5133: 5129: 5126: 5125: 5123: 5107: 5103: 5102: 5101: 5096: 5092: 5089: 5084: 5080: 5075: 5074: 5073: 5068: 5067: 5065: 5061: 5058: 5054: 5052: 5048: 5044: 5038: 5025: 5021: 5017: 5013: 5007: 5006: 5004: 5000: 4997: 4996: 4994: 4993:reserve power 4980: 4978: 4973: 4972: 4970: 4966: 4963: 4959: 4956: 4954: 4951: 4949: 4947: 4942: 4940: 4938: 4934: 4929: 4928: 4926: 4922: 4919: 4915: 4912: 4910: 4908: 4905:based on the 4904: 4899: 4897: 4895: 4890: 4889: 4887: 4883: 4880: 4876: 4874: 4870: 4865: 4864: 4862: 4858: 4855: 4851: 4849: 4848:King or Queen 4844: 4843: 4841: 4837: 4834: 4833: 4831: 4827: 4813: 4811: 4807: 4802: 4801: 4799: 4795: 4792: 4788: 4784: 4779: 4775: 4770: 4769: 4767: 4763: 4760: 4756: 4754: 4750: 4745: 4744: 4742: 4738: 4735: 4734: 4717: 4715: 4710: 4709: 4708: 4706: 4701: 4700: 4698: 4694: 4691: 4687: 4685: 4681: 4677: 4672: 4671: 4669: 4665: 4662: 4658: 4656: 4652: 4648: 4643: 4642: 4640: 4636: 4633: 4632: 4631: 4629: 4625: 4621: 4617: 4607: 4603: 4601: 4597: 4587: 4583: 4581: 4578: 4576: 4574: 4570: 4565: 4564: 4562: 4558: 4555: 4548: 4545: 4543: 4540: 4538: 4536: 4531: 4529: 4526: 4524: 4521: 4519: 4516: 4515: 4514: 4512: 4507: 4506: 4504: 4500: 4497: 4493: 4491: 4487: 4483: 4478: 4477: 4475: 4471: 4468: 4462: 4460: 4455: 4453: 4450: 4448: 4445: 4443: 4440: 4438: 4436: 4431: 4430: 4429: 4427: 4422: 4421: 4419: 4415: 4412: 4408: 4406: 4401: 4400: 4398: 4394: 4391: 4387: 4385: 4380: 4379: 4377: 4373: 4370: 4366: 4364: 4360: 4359:Head of State 4356: 4351: 4350: 4348: 4347: 4341: 4338: 4337: 4336: 4334: 4333: 4328: 4327: 4321: 4316: 4314: 4310: 4306: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4277: 4273: 4269: 4268: 4267: 4265: 4261: 4253: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4237: 4233: 4229: 4226: 4222: 4218: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4205: 4204: 4202: 4193: 4191: 4187: 4182: 4181: 4179: 4175: 4172: 4168: 4166: 4162: 4157: 4156: 4154: 4150: 4147: 4143: 4141: 4137: 4132: 4131: 4129: 4125: 4122: 4118: 4116: 4112: 4107: 4106: 4104: 4100: 4097: 4093: 4091: 4087: 4082: 4081: 4079: 4075: 4072: 4068: 4065: 4063: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4048: 4047: 4045: 4041: 4038: 4034: 4032: 4028: 4023: 4022: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4009: 4008: 4007: 4005: 4001: 3997: 3993: 3989: 3984: 3982: 3978: 3973: 3968: 3963: 3961: 3957: 3953: 3946: 3942: 3938: 3934: 3930: 3926: 3922: 3918: 3911: 3908:on Belgium's 3907: 3903: 3899: 3895: 3890: 3883:Military role 3880: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3857: 3855: 3851: 3846: 3845: 3843: 3839: 3836: 3830: 3827: 3825: 3822: 3820: 3817: 3815: 3812: 3811: 3810: 3808: 3803: 3802: 3800: 3796: 3793: 3789: 3787: 3782: 3781: 3779: 3775: 3772: 3767: 3765: 3760: 3759: 3757: 3753: 3750: 3746: 3744: 3738: 3736: 3734: 3730: 3725: 3724: 3722: 3718: 3715: 3714: 3713: 3711: 3707: 3702: 3698: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3681: 3679: 3675: 3670: 3668: 3664: 3660: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3614: 3607: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3586: 3583: 3579: 3574: 3565: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3535: 3532: 3530: 3527: 3525: 3523: 3518: 3516: 3514: 3509: 3507: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3493: 3489: 3484: 3482: 3480: 3475: 3473: 3471: 3466: 3465: 3464: 3462: 3457: 3456: 3454: 3450: 3447: 3443: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3428: 3427: 3425: 3421: 3418: 3414: 3412: 3408: 3404: 3399: 3398: 3396: 3392: 3389: 3385: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3368: 3363: 3362: 3360: 3356: 3353: 3352: 3351: 3349: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3323: 3321: 3315: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3292: 3290: 3286: 3282: 3281:civil service 3278: 3268: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3241: 3239: 3234: 3233: 3231: 3227: 3224: 3220: 3218: 3214: 3209: 3208: 3206: 3202: 3199: 3195: 3193: 3188: 3187: 3185: 3181: 3178: 3174: 3172: 3167: 3166: 3164: 3160: 3157: 3153: 3151: 3147: 3142: 3141: 3139: 3135: 3132: 3128: 3126: 3122: 3117: 3116: 3114: 3110: 3107: 3103: 3101: 3097: 3092: 3091: 3089: 3085: 3082: 3081: 3080: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3041: 3037: 3023: 3021: 3016: 3015: 3013: 3009: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2996: 2994: 2989: 2988: 2986: 2982: 2979: 2975: 2972: 2970: 2968: 2963: 2962: 2960: 2956: 2953: 2949: 2946: 2944: 2942: 2937: 2936: 2934: 2930: 2927: 2923: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2908: 2907: 2905: 2901: 2898: 2894: 2891: 2886: 2885: 2883: 2879: 2876: 2872: 2870: 2865: 2864: 2862: 2858: 2855: 2851: 2849: 2844: 2843: 2841: 2837: 2834: 2830: 2828: 2823: 2821: 2819: 2814: 2813: 2811: 2807: 2804: 2800: 2797: 2792: 2791: 2789: 2785: 2782: 2781: 2780: 2777: 2775: 2771: 2766: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2751: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2728: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2708: 2707:of the host. 2706: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2693:military band 2690: 2686: 2681: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2666: 2664: 2660: 2655: 2650: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2629:Symbolic role 2626: 2624: 2620: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2588: 2573: 2570: 2562: 2552: 2546: 2545: 2541: 2536:This section 2534: 2530: 2525: 2524: 2516: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2493: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2478:Omar Torrijos 2475: 2471: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2436: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2409:Liechtenstein 2405: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2381: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2356:is a largely 2355: 2351: 2347: 2342: 2340: 2336: 2335:Deng Xiaoping 2332: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2318: 2312: 2308: 2303: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2279: 2273: 2270: 2269:Soviet Russia 2266: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2232: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2204: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2189:United States 2186: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2152: 2148: 2142: 2141: 2139: 2135: 2128: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2103: 2101: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2079: 2077: 2074:(right wing) 2073: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2042: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2017: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1993: 1991: 1987: 1982: 1980: 1979:Supreme Court 1976: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1959: 1956: 1951: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1931:. Today, the 1930: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1913: 1911: 1907: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1863: 1851: 1846: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1807: 1798: 1784: 1782: 1781:head of state 1778: 1773: 1768: 1765: 1764: 1757: 1756: 1750: 1749: 1744: 1740: 1735: 1731: 1729: 1728: 1723: 1718: 1716: 1712: 1709:); likewise, 1708: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1691: 1683: 1679: 1674: 1670: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1600: 1591: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1575:Indian states 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1539:United States 1536: 1532: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1468: 1466: 1462: 1461: 1460: 1458: 1457:constitutions 1453: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1426: 1424: 1420: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1390: 1387: 1379: 1376:November 2012 1369: 1365: 1359: 1358: 1353:This section 1351: 1347: 1342: 1341: 1333: 1331: 1329: 1323: 1319: 1314: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1291: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1256: 1254: 1250: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1218:head of state 1207: 1202: 1200: 1195: 1193: 1188: 1187: 1185: 1184: 1181: 1178: 1177: 1172: 1169: 1167: 1164: 1163: 1162: 1161: 1157: 1156: 1151: 1148: 1144: 1139: 1136: 1132: 1131: 1125: 1122: 1118: 1113: 1112:Parliamentary 1110: 1108: 1105: 1101: 1100:Parliamentary 1096: 1093: 1089: 1084: 1081: 1080: 1079: 1078: 1075: 1072: 1071: 1063: 1060: 1058: 1055: 1053: 1050: 1049: 1047: 1044: 1043: 1042: 1041: 1033: 1030: 1028: 1025: 1024: 1022: 1021: 1017: 1016: 1015: 1014: 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 996: 992: 991: 990: 989: 981: 978: 976: 973: 971: 968: 966: 963: 961: 958: 956: 953: 951: 948: 946: 943: 941: 938: 937: 935: 934: 930: 929: 928: 927: 924: 921: 920: 914: 911: 909: 906: 904: 901: 899: 896: 895: 893: 892: 889: 888:Head of state 886: 885: 882: 879: 878: 874: 870: 869: 859: 854: 852: 847: 845: 840: 839: 837: 836: 833: 828: 823: 822: 815: 812: 810: 807: 805: 802: 800: 797: 792: 788: 784: 783: 782: 779: 777: 774: 772: 769: 765: 762: 761: 760: 757: 755: 752: 751: 743: 742: 735: 732: 730: 727: 725: 722: 720: 717: 715: 711: 707: 704: 702: 699: 698: 690: 689: 682: 679: 677: 674: 672: 669: 667: 664: 663: 660: 657: 656: 648: 647: 640: 637: 635: 634:Civil society 632: 630: 627: 625: 622: 618: 613: 612:Public policy 610: 609: 605: 599: 598: 588: 584: 580: 579: 577: 575: 572: 570: 567: 563: 558: 555: 554: 550: 544: 543: 536: 533: 531: 528: 526: 523: 521: 518: 516: 513: 511: 508: 506: 503: 498: 493: 489: 484: 479: 475: 474: 466: 465: 458: 455: 453: 450: 448: 445: 443: 440: 438: 435: 433: 432:Parliamentary 430: 428: 425: 423: 420: 418: 417:Hybrid regime 415: 413: 410: 408: 405: 403: 400: 398: 395: 393: 390: 388: 385: 383: 380: 378: 375: 373: 370: 369: 365: 359: 358: 351: 348: 346: 343: 341: 338: 336: 333: 331: 328: 326: 323: 321: 318: 316: 313: 312: 304: 303: 297: 294: 292: 289: 287: 284: 283: 281: 280: 277: 274: 273: 270: 266: 265: 256: 252: 249: 247: 243: 242:Dina Boluarte 240: 238: 234: 231: 229: 225: 222: 220: 216: 213: 211: 207: 204: 202: 198: 195: 193: 189: 185: 182: 180: 176: 173: 172: 170: 161: 152: 143: 132: 123: 114: 103: 94: 85: 76: 72: 65: 48: 44: 40: 33: 28: 19: 20175: 19850: 19800:Cook Islands 19682:Cook Islands 19582: 19420: 18967: 18905:Transnistria 18575:Transnistria 18258: 18210: 18150: 17930: 17788:Turkmenistan 17748:Saudi Arabia 17479:Turkmenistan 17439:Saudi Arabia 17234: 17083: 17024:Jorge Batlle 16830:Cheddi Jagan 16784:Jamil Mahuad 16743:Álvaro Uribe 16544:Carlos Menem 16423: 16098: 16032:Sint Maarten 16024:Saint Martin 15943:Dependencies 15714:Sint Maarten 15704:Saint Martin 15617:Dependencies 15416: 15294: 15288:Other states 15249:South Africa 15244:Sierra Leone 14801: 14794: 14788:Other states 14739:South Africa 14729:Sierra Leone 14534:Burkina Faso 14482: 14475: 14469:Other states 14420:South Africa 14410:Sierra Leone 14215:Burkina Faso 14105: 14093: 14046:Public float 13981:Job creation 13933:Public space 13860:Public works 13737:Public value 13732:Public trust 12965:}} 12959:{{ 12954:}} 12948:{{ 12943:}} 12937:{{ 12932:}} 12926:{{ 12921:}} 12915:{{ 12910:}} 12904:{{ 12899:}} 12893:{{ 12888:}} 12882:{{ 12877:}} 12871:{{ 12866:}} 12860:{{ 12854: 12850:Civilization 12803: 12781: 12751: 12741: 12726: 12687: 12659:Civil rights 12653: 12638: 12620: 12588: 12568: 12564:Town meeting 12548: 12497: 12472: 12447: 12442: 12428:Constitution 12422: 12387: 12367: 12311: 12257:Distributism 12242:Conservatism 12227:Collectivism 12195:Philosophies 12169:Cosmopolitan 12164:Conservative 12130: 12003: 11994:Govt systems 11988: 11968:Municipality 11947: 11821:South Africa 11816:Sierra Leone 11763: 11593:Two Sicilies 11528:Papal States 11328: 11267: 11160: 11026: 10786:Cook Islands 10639: 10625:Saudi Arabia 10554: 10416: 10227:. Retrieved 10217: 10198: 10178: 10153: 10131: 10108: 10100:Bibliography 10074: 10051: 10028: 10005: 9982: 9970:. Retrieved 9961: 9952: 9940:. Retrieved 9931: 9922: 9902: 9898: 9886:. Retrieved 9860: 9837: 9829: 9821: 9811: 9788:. Retrieved 9784: 9772: 9760:. Retrieved 9740: 9733: 9713: 9706: 9690: 9678:. Retrieved 9664: 9652: 9641:, retrieved 9631: 9624: 9613:, retrieved 9603: 9596: 9587: 9575: 9570:: pp. 42-43. 9555:: pp. 41-42. 9548: 9543:: pp. 37-38. 9536: 9509:the original 9504: 9495: 9472: 9449: 9426: 9403: 9333:. Retrieved 9329:the original 9319: 9307:. Retrieved 9303:the original 9289: 9278:, retrieved 9268: 9243:. Retrieved 9234: 9230: 9220: 9209:, retrieved 9194: 9187: 9167: 9160: 9148:. Retrieved 9144:the original 9139: 9130: 9088:. Retrieved 9084:the original 9073: 9064: 9052:. Retrieved 9039: 9033: 9024: 8997:. Retrieved 8988: 8979: 8974:: pp. 61-68. 8967: 8962:: pp. 71-79. 8955: 8950:: pp. 35-44. 8943: 8752: 8721: 8685: 8636: 8579: 8508: 8437: 8414: 8391: 8379:. Retrieved 8358: 8309: 8286: 8254: 8249:28 September 8247:. Retrieved 8236: 8227: 8212: 8207:28 September 8205:. Retrieved 8194: 8185: 8166: 8157: 8152:28 September 8150:. Retrieved 8139: 8129: 8116: 8102: 8053: 8003: 7933:. Retrieved 7929:the original 7920: 7914: 7902:. Retrieved 7893: 7884: 7872: 7847: 7843: 7837: 7825:. Retrieved 7821:the original 7805: 7798: 7790:the original 7769: 7759: 7747:. Retrieved 7740:the original 7726: 7706: 7699: 7687: 7636: 7619: 7601: 7498:Honors music 7468:Aide-de-camp 7434: 7427: 7388: 7378: 7374:Saint Helena 7359: 7345: 7338: 7317:South Dakota 7271: 7247: 7236: 7215:buffer state 7203:Roman Empire 7200: 7178: 7163:totalitarian 7154: 7148: 7129: 7092: 7041:Saudi Arabia 7030: 7010:ruling house 7007: 6973:in 1990 and 6956: 6940: 6926: 6913:royal family 6898: 6883:Square: male 6852:, where the 6827:constitution 6824: 6804: 6764: 6728: 6720: 6700: 6685: 6645:Soviet Union 6642: 6611: 6583:triumvirates 6564: 6526:Genghis Khan 6520: 6505: 6473: 6458:offshoot of 6444:Ali Khamenei 6433: 6429:Saudi Arabia 6410: 6398: 6384: 6338: 6331:Vatican City 6323:Papal States 6312: 6309:Christianity 6299:legitimating 6287:, the title 6281:Ancient Rome 6250: 6244:role of the 6241: 6180: 6165: 6150: 6111: 6101: 6092:(right) was 6031:King of Iraq 6023: 6000: 5969: 5962: 5942: 5864: 5858: 5840: 5833: 5819: 5814: 5805: 5781: 5766: 5741: 5706: 5656: 5617: 5615: 5610: 5582: 5575: 5566: 5560: 5550: 5543: 5529: 5511:, currently 5504: 5486: 5414: 5405: 5401: 5397: 5393: 5369: 5346: 5336: 5329: 5326:Adolf Hitler 5314: 5271: 5257: 5252: 5243: 5238: 5229: 5219: 5208: 5198: 5187: 5177: 5170: 5160: 5137: 5127: 5104: 5097: 5083:Martial Laws 5076: 5069: 5059: 5008: 4998: 4974: 4964: 4957: 4952: 4943: 4930: 4920: 4913: 4900: 4891: 4881: 4866: 4856: 4845: 4835: 4803: 4793: 4771: 4761: 4746: 4736: 4711: 4702: 4692: 4673: 4663: 4651:Dáil Éireann 4644: 4634: 4613: 4604: 4592: 4584: 4579: 4566: 4556: 4546: 4541: 4532: 4527: 4522: 4517: 4508: 4498: 4479: 4469: 4456: 4451: 4446: 4441: 4432: 4423: 4413: 4402: 4392: 4381: 4371: 4352: 4345: 4339: 4332:royal assent 4330: 4326:promulgation 4324: 4317: 4302: 4257: 4198: 4190:armed forces 4183: 4173: 4158: 4148: 4133: 4123: 4115:Armed Forces 4108: 4098: 4090:armed forces 4083: 4073: 4066: 4049: 4039: 4024: 4010: 3992:coups d'état 3985: 3977:royal family 3964: 3956:armed forces 3949: 3927:and General 3910:national day 3862: 3847: 3837: 3828: 3823: 3818: 3813: 3804: 3794: 3783: 3773: 3761: 3751: 3739: 3726: 3716: 3709: 3705: 3689:ratification 3682: 3671: 3659:papal nuncio 3631: 3606:Shimon Peres 3548:, under the 3543: 3533: 3528: 3519: 3510: 3504:Central Bank 3485: 3476: 3467: 3458: 3448: 3429: 3419: 3407:Dáil Éireann 3400: 3390: 3364: 3354: 3337:, while the 3324: 3316: 3304:Elizabeth II 3293: 3274: 3246: 3235: 3225: 3210: 3200: 3189: 3179: 3168: 3158: 3143: 3133: 3118: 3108: 3093: 3083: 3033: 3017: 3007: 2999: 2990: 2980: 2973: 2964: 2954: 2947: 2938: 2928: 2920:Armed Forces 2909: 2899: 2887: 2877: 2866: 2856: 2845: 2835: 2824: 2815: 2805: 2793: 2783: 2778: 2767: 2752: 2744:winter games 2729: 2709: 2701:state dinner 2682: 2667: 2651: 2632: 2619:inauguration 2615: 2600:Elizabeth II 2565: 2559:October 2019 2556: 2537: 2511:through the 2494: 2472: 2440:South Africa 2437: 2406: 2402: 2397:Delhi Durbar 2343: 2314: 2304: 2275: 2271: 2264: 2260: 2238: 2225:single party 2201: 2155: 2150: 2143: 2131: 2130: 2117:, the first 2100:Adolf Hitler 2080: 2072:neo-Gaullist 2066:. President 2064:Cohabitation 2048:constitution 2044: 2002:South Africa 1999: 1983: 1960: 1914: 1877:militaristic 1873:World War II 1847: 1842: 1838: 1831: 1777:World War II 1769: 1746: 1736: 1732: 1725: 1721: 1719: 1688: 1686: 1632: 1552: 1494: 1471: 1454: 1430:nation state 1427: 1416: 1382: 1373: 1362:Please help 1357:verification 1354: 1325: 1315: 1311:party leader 1292: 1287: 1272:South Africa 1257: 1221: 1217: 1215: 1150:Presidential 1129: 1045: 1018: 993: 931: 887: 562:street-level 437:Presidential 397:Dictatorship 267:Part of the 168: 75: 46: 37:This is the 31: 20241:Charles III 20191:Charles III 20121:Charles III 19926:Charles III 19900:Charles III 19746:New Zealand 19628:New Zealand 19535:(Venezuela) 18843:Switzerland 18773:Netherlands 18513:Switzerland 18443:Netherlands 18189:Philippines 18082:Philippines 17876:North Korea 17861:Afghanistan 17763:South Korea 17733:Philippines 17713:North Korea 17563:Afghanistan 17454:South Korea 17424:Philippines 17404:North Korea 17254:Afghanistan 17070:Hugo Chávez 17034:José Mujica 16973:Johan Kraag 16942:Alan García 16922:Alan García 16840:Janet Jagan 16620:Evo Morales 16610:Carlos Mesa 16595:Hugo Banzer 16348:Saint Lucia 16298:El Salvador 16209:Saint Lucia 16159:El Salvador 16011:Puerto Rico 15902:Saint Lucia 15837:El Salvador 15689:Puerto Rico 15576:Saint Lucia 15511:El Salvador 15254:South Sudan 15204:Ivory Coast 14909:The Gambia 14744:South Sudan 14634:Ivory Coast 14425:South Sudan 14315:Ivory Coast 13898:Public bank 13873:Free clinic 13707:Public land 13657:Common good 13207:Economics / 12824:World Court 12757:Magna Carta 12574:Legislation 12536:Governance 12493:Legislature 12368:Regulation: 12277:Familialism 12252:Corporatism 12232:Communalism 12202:Agrarianism 12114:Technocracy 12074:Meritocracy 12069:Kleptocracy 12049:Ergatocracy 12044:Electocracy 12034:Colonialism 12019:Bureaucracy 12014:Aristocracy 11760:British Raj 11732:(Sri Lanka) 11618:Württemberg 11330:South Yemen 11218:Maguindanao 11111:Afghanistan 10872:Barotseland 10808:Saint Lucia 10781:New Zealand 10690:Netherlands 10463:Chhatrapati 10447:Sovereignty 10387:Aristocracy 9962:HISTORY.com 9762:20 December 9680:17 December 9335:29 November 9090:11 November 7935:10 December 7827:23 December 7749:23 December 7558:State visit 7548:Sacred king 7313:Black Hills 7250:impeachment 7243:Edward VIII 7047:By election 7026:legislature 6967:Netherlands 6954:in France. 6838: [ 6787:investiture 6747:nationalist 6385:During the 6215:Saint Lucia 6207:New Zealand 6191:the Bahamas 6108:Charles III 6082:(left) was 5972:coup d'état 5919:of 1688 in 5889:sovereignty 5693:stadholders 5689:Netherlands 5598:chef d'état 5513:Kim Jong Un 5491:was named " 5489:Kim Il Sung 5211:Impeachment 4776:may bestow 4751:may confer 4616:legislature 4346:Riksdag Act 4000:World War I 3998:did during 3904:inspecting 3693:legislature 3651:ambassadors 2685:state visit 2452:legislature 2323:Kim Jong Il 2311:Kim Il Sung 2307:North Korea 2203:coup d'état 2177:El Salvador 2138:legislature 2035:(1959–1969) 1711:Edward VIII 1707:William III 1655:legislature 1547:South Korea 1423:governments 1130:simul simul 1117:Westminster 1107:Directorial 701:Sovereignty 666:Legislature 569:Technocracy 557:Bureaucracy 422:Meritocracy 402:Directorial 251:Hilda Heine 184:Charles III 20287:Categories 20221:Mattarella 20215:of Germany 20211:Steinmeier 20017:Mattarella 19978:Steinmeier 19330:Pirc Musar 19316:Pellegrini 19190:Mattarella 19134:Steinmeier 19078:Frederik X 18808:San Marino 18768:Montenegro 18748:Luxembourg 18728:Kazakhstan 18628:Azerbaijan 18591:government 18478:San Marino 18438:Montenegro 18418:Luxembourg 18398:Kazakhstan 18298:Azerbaijan 18156:government 18047:East Timor 17798:Uzbekistan 17773:Tajikistan 17673:Kyrgyzstan 17663:Kazakhstan 17613:East Timor 17583:Bangladesh 17573:Azerbaijan 17546:government 17489:Uzbekistan 17464:Tajikistan 17364:Kyrgyzstan 17354:Kazakhstan 17304:East Timor 17274:Bangladesh 17264:Azerbaijan 16278:Costa Rica 16139:Costa Rica 16003:Montserrat 15998:Martinique 15993:Guadeloupe 15812:Costa Rica 15745:government 15679:Montserrat 15674:Martinique 15669:Guadeloupe 15486:Costa Rica 15296:Somaliland 15239:Seychelles 15194:The Gambia 14803:Somaliland 14724:Seychelles 14689:Mozambique 14674:Mauritania 14659:Madagascar 14614:The Gambia 14549:Cape Verde 14484:Somaliland 14405:Seychelles 14370:Mozambique 14355:Mauritania 14340:Madagascar 14295:The Gambia 14230:Cape Verde 14071:Public use 13953:Urban park 13893:Public art 13682:Public bad 13459:Presidents 13155:Defence / 13053:Leadership 13046:ministries 12974:Categories 12907:liberalism 12855:Templates: 12752:Documents: 12727:Overviews: 12579:Regulation 12508:Parliament 12412:Components 12398:Sanitation 12388:Municipal: 12317:John Locke 12302:Liberalism 12282:Fanaticism 12094:Plutocracy 12064:Geniocracy 12054:Federalism 12024:Capitalism 11899:government 11856:Government 11826:Tanganyika 11741:The Gambia 11669:Niuē-Fekai 11608:Yugoslavia 11508:Montenegro 11315:Upper Yafa 11310:Upper Asir 10947:Madagascar 10680:Luxembourg 10412:Government 10377:Abdication 10346:Hereditary 10274:Monarchies 9972:7 February 9942:7 February 9904:Frampton's 9888:9 February 9309:16 January 9245:16 January 9211:16 January 9150:2 November 9054:1 November 8214:Xi Jinping 7904:8 February 7664:References 7503:Leadership 7372:on barren 7361:Cent Jours 7323:), in the 7239:abdication 7213:, a vital 7151:revolution 7014:legitimate 6901:hereditary 6850:Seychelles 6811:electorate 6795:coronation 6771:priesthood 6767:divine law 6731:legitimacy 6717:Legitimacy 6707:Kuomintang 6683:in 1974. 6607:San Marino 6571:precedence 6555:See also: 6496:Travancore 6460:Shia Islam 6446:serves as 6407:theocratic 6340:ex officio 6285:Principate 6273:Sapa Incas 6255:, various 6242:ex officio 6011:real union 5881:Absolutism 5877:Jean Bodin 5842:The Prince 5784:(1602) by 5767:The Prince 5562:Jamahiriya 5497:presidency 5484:in China. 5462:Xi Jinping 5446:Mao Zedong 5424:Liu Shaoqi 5390:Indonesian 5298:Grand Duke 5152:Parliament 5120:See also: 5099:Article 70 5071:Article 69 4991:See also: 4824:See also: 4714:State Duma 4699:provides: 4686:dissolved. 4618:. In most 4600:referendum 4435:State Duma 4021:, states: 3875:, but the 3743:Parliament 3733:Government 3643:ambassador 3306:appointed 3150:Government 2916:ex officio 2623:coronation 2596:Coronation 2540:references 2427:under the 2366:top leader 2095:chancellor 1910:figurehead 1879:and quasi- 1659:government 1407:Bratislava 1282:, such as 1262:, such as 1255:and more. 1249:figurehead 1246:ceremonial 1238:government 1062:Presidency 940:Chancellor 923:Government 791:Governance 781:Government 776:Federalism 377:City-state 20265:of the EU 20255:of the US 20245:of the UK 20205:of France 20195:of Canada 20082:Ramaphosa 19874:Ghazouani 19716:Australia 19598:Australia 19503:(Nigeria) 19439:(Algeria) 19379:EU portal 19344:Felipe VI 19204:Rinkēvičs 19036:Milanović 18743:Lithuania 18413:Lithuania 18092:Singapore 18052:Indonesia 17758:Sri Lanka 17753:Singapore 17728:Palestine 17633:Indonesia 17449:Sri Lanka 17444:Singapore 17419:Palestine 17324:Indonesia 17050:Venezuela 16835:Sam Hinds 16549:de la Rúa 16539:Argentina 16333:Nicaragua 16308:Guatemala 16194:Nicaragua 16169:Guatemala 15988:Greenland 15932:Venezuela 15877:Nicaragua 15847:Guatemala 15767:Argentina 15664:Greenland 15606:Venezuela 15551:Nicaragua 15521:Guatemala 15441:Argentina 15224:Mauritius 15132:of Africa 15071:Zimbabwe 15046:Zanzibar 14892:Ethiopia 14679:Mauritius 14360:Mauritius 13060:President 13042:ministers 12783:Diplomacy 12703:Sociology 12634:Campaigns 12622:Elections 12597:Precedent 12569:Outcomes: 12559:Committee 12538:processes 12488:Judiciary 12463:President 12423:Documents 12363:Espionage 12326:Functions 12272:Extremism 12207:Anarchism 12159:Consensus 12149:Cellular 12132:Democracy 12119:Theocracy 12104:Socialism 12089:Oligarchy 12059:Feudalism 12039:Communism 11906:Overviews 11796:Mauritius 11689:Rarotonga 11674:Nuku Hiva 11664:Mangareva 11639:Bora Bora 11518:Neuchâtel 11488:Lithuania 11393:Catalonia 11280:Sri Lanka 11233:Manchukuo 11208:Kurdistan 11162:Indonesia 11085:Talamanca 11045:Araucanía 11028:and other 11007:Wassoulou 10751:Australia 10427:Oligarchy 10229:5 October 9808:Tronföljd 9264:George VI 9115:Bundestag 9042:(C 306). 8938:: p. 221. 8936:Robertson 8381:31 August 7864:144612269 7543:President 7478:Bodyguard 7329:Democracy 7299:; or the 7281:monuments 7277:memorials 7169:and King 7116:cardinals 6969:in 1983, 6944:coregency 6936:Salic law 6903:, but in 6779:Akhenaten 6649:Presidium 6595:President 6579:coregency 6547:in 1924. 6538:Communist 6452:Aga Khans 6374:and last 6347:. In the 6305:dynasty. 6257:dynasties 6253:antiquity 6133:in Canada 6033:, during 5883:and the " 5865:Sovereign 5860:Leviathan 5807:Leviathan 5703:monarchs. 5592:président 5573:in 2011. 5523:, is the 5435:Dong Biwu 5402:tertinggi 5379:President 5343:Singapore 5328:, as the 5317:president 5278:President 5232:President 5144:Ministers 5031:measures. 4806:President 4655:Taoiseach 4647:President 4307:with the 4161:President 4086:President 3898:Albert II 3622:Lithuania 3436:President 3411:Taoiseach 3403:President 3339:president 3331:taoiseach 3327:president 3171:President 3100:Ministers 3045:Australia 2941:President 2755:delegated 2748:opened by 2746:shall be 2678:banknotes 2654:portraits 2444:president 2229:Communist 2185:Venezuela 2165:Argentina 2134:president 2087:Reichstag 1967:taoiseach 1727:president 1722:republics 1583:Basic Law 1579:Hong Kong 1543:Indonesia 1528:Sri Lanka 1438:sovereign 1299:one-party 1032:Secretary 1008:Secretary 908:President 771:Unitarism 759:Elections 747:Subseries 676:Judiciary 671:Executive 574:Adhocracy 457:Theocracy 412:Feudalism 392:Democracy 175:Joe Biden 20303:Monarchy 20235:of Japan 20231:Naruhito 20225:of Italy 20030:Naruhito 19726:Kiribati 19608:Kiribati 19493:al-Menfi 19487:(Kuwait) 19469:Khamenei 19447:(Angola) 19445:Lourenço 19437:Tebboune 19302:Iohannis 19008:Philippe 18874:Abkhazia 18823:Slovenia 18818:Slovakia 18793:Portugal 18648:Bulgaria 18589:Heads of 18544:Abkhazia 18493:Slovenia 18488:Slovakia 18463:Portugal 18318:Bulgaria 18261:of state 18149:Defunct 18097:Thailand 18067:Malaysia 18037:Cambodia 17824:Abkhazia 17778:Thailand 17723:Pakistan 17698:Mongolia 17693:Maldives 17688:Malaysia 17598:Cambodia 17544:Heads of 17515:Abkhazia 17469:Thailand 17414:Pakistan 17389:Mongolia 17384:Maldives 17379:Malaysia 17289:Cambodia 17237:of state 16963:Suriname 16866:Paraguay 16718:Colombia 16318:Honduras 16288:Dominica 16263:Barbados 16179:Honduras 16149:Dominica 16124:Barbados 15955:Anguilla 15912:Suriname 15887:Paraguay 15862:Honduras 15822:Dominica 15807:Colombia 15777:Barbados 15743:Heads of 15629:Anguilla 15586:Suriname 15561:Paraguay 15536:Honduras 15496:Dominica 15481:Colombia 15451:Barbados 15419:of state 15354:Ethiopia 15324:Cameroon 15279:Zimbabwe 15264:Tanzania 15169:Botswana 15036:Tunisia 14976:Nigeria 14865:Dahomey 14845:Burundi 14779:Zimbabwe 14754:Tanzania 14604:Ethiopia 14599:Eswatini 14579:Djibouti 14544:Cameroon 14529:Botswana 14460:Zimbabwe 14435:Tanzania 14285:Ethiopia 14280:Eswatini 14260:Djibouti 14225:Cameroon 14210:Botswana 14095:Category 14029:See also 13650:Concepts 13110:Minister 12747:Suffrage 12677:Academic 12610:Politics 12549:Process: 12518:Assembly 12503:Congress 12483:Ministry 12358:Military 12292:Feminism 12217:Centrism 12184:Republic 12084:Monarchy 12004:Systems: 11973:Township 11895:Politics 11811:Rhodesia 11806:Pakistan 11725:Barbados 11694:Rimatara 11684:Rapa Iti 11613:Valencia 11588:Tavolara 11578:Scotland 11543:Portugal 11503:Moldavia 11388:Bulgaria 11383:Brittany 11358:Asturias 11238:Mongolia 11228:Maldives 11090:Trinidad 11080:Suriname 11038:Americas 11022:Zimbabwe 11017:Zanzibar 11002:Wituland 10977:Ngazidja 10972:Ndzuwani 10907:Ethiopia 10630:Thailand 10610:Malaysia 10590:Cambodia 10540:Eswatini 10336:Elective 10321:Absolute 10208:(2010). 10130:(2016). 10082:Archived 10059:Archived 10036:Archived 10013:Archived 9990:Archived 9966:Archived 9936:Archived 9912:Archived 9882:Archived 9845:Archived 9832:, p. 16. 9756:Archived 9674:Archived 9637:archived 9609:archived 9582:: p. 43. 9531:: p. 39. 9480:Archived 9457:Archived 9434:Archived 9411:Archived 9388:Archived 9358:Archived 9274:archived 9239:Archived 9119:Archived 9048:Archived 8993:Archived 8913:Archived 8883:Archived 8857:Archived 8823:Archived 8760:Archived 8729:Archived 8694:Archived 8670:Archived 8644:Archived 8621:Archived 8587:Archived 8564:Archived 8538:Archived 8516:Archived 8493:Archived 8471:Archived 8445:Archived 8422:Archived 8399:Archived 8375:Archived 8343:Archived 8317:Archived 8294:Archived 8275:Archived 8243:Archived 8201:Archived 8174:Archived 8146:Archived 8091:Archived 8061:Archived 8038:Archived 7988:Archived 7964:Archived 7898:Archived 7440:See also 7381:courtesy 7352:Napoleon 7301:monument 7297:George V 7273:Effigies 7205:and the 7187:Idi Amin 7155:maintain 7112:Malaysia 7096:electors 7033:tanistry 6991:religion 6981:for the 6815:election 6755:Pergamon 6634:suffetes 6630:Carthage 6502:Buddhism 6492:Maharaja 6484:god-king 6476:Hinduism 6470:Hinduism 6412:imamates 6395:Muhammad 6325:. After 6303:de facto 6269:pharaohs 6263:and the 6118:and the 5976:dictator 5925:Scotland 5838:treatise 5830:Principe 5701:Habsburg 5626:leader, 5607:Idi Amin 5583:Cameroun 5579:Cameroon 5567:de facto 5443:Chairman 5398:panglima 5361:Malaysia 5274:republic 5184:states: 5134:states: 5051:Senators 5022:and the 5005:states: 4927:states: 4907:Senate's 4888:states: 4863:states: 4842:states: 4820:Immunity 4800:states: 4768:states: 4743:states: 4670:states: 4641:states: 4563:states: 4484:and the 4476:states: 4399:states: 4344:Swedish 4155:states: 4105:states: 4080:states: 4060:Storting 4046:states: 3972:de facto 3844:states: 3801:states: 3780:states: 3758:states: 3723:states: 3699:and the 3667:ratified 3426:states: 3232:states: 3148:and the 3075:and the 3040:de facto 2987:states: 2961:states: 2935:states: 2906:states: 2884:states: 2863:states: 2842:states: 2825:(2) The 2816:(1) The 2812:states: 2790:states: 2503:(1945), 2393:George V 2284:de facto 2173:Colombia 2161:Americas 2010:Kiribati 2006:Botswana 1906:appoints 1826:(right). 1755:de facto 1678:Harald V 1567:governor 1450:republic 1446:monarchy 1434:protocol 1288:de facto 1095:Republic 1083:Monarchy 1052:Governor 1027:Minister 1020:Ministry 871:Part of 799:Ideology 617:doctrine 578:Service 442:Republic 427:Monarchy 407:Federacy 296:Category 276:Politics 197:Naruhito 43:reviewed 20178:of the 20108:Erdoğan 19872: 19853:of the 19781:Vanuatu 19663:Vanuatu 19525:Mohamed 19495:(Libya) 19463:(Gabon) 19218:Nausėda 19176:Higgins 18970:of the 18853:Ukraine 18798:Romania 18758:Moldova 18718:Ireland 18713:Iceland 18708:Hungary 18693:Germany 18688:Georgia 18678:Finland 18673:Estonia 18668:Denmark 18653:Croatia 18638:Belgium 18633:Belarus 18623:Austria 18618:Armenia 18613:Andorra 18608:Albania 18523:Ukraine 18468:Romania 18428:Moldova 18388:Ireland 18383:Iceland 18378:Hungary 18363:Germany 18358:Georgia 18348:Finland 18343:Estonia 18338:Denmark 18323:Croatia 18308:Belgium 18303:Belarus 18293:Austria 18288:Armenia 18283:Andorra 18278:Albania 18140:Vietnam 18135:Myanmar 18107:Vietnam 18072:Myanmar 17803:Vietnam 17703:Myanmar 17683:Lebanon 17623:Georgia 17578:Bahrain 17568:Armenia 17494:Vietnam 17394:Myanmar 17374:Lebanon 17314:Georgia 17269:Bahrain 17259:Armenia 17084:Country 17009:Uruguay 16764:Ecuador 16580:Bolivia 16424:Country 16323:Jamaica 16303:Grenada 16258:Bahamas 16184:Jamaica 16164:Grenada 16119:Bahamas 15969:Bonaire 15965:Bermuda 15927:Uruguay 15867:Jamaica 15842:Grenada 15832:Ecuador 15787:Bolivia 15772:Bahamas 15644:Bonaire 15639:Bermuda 15601:Uruguay 15541:Jamaica 15516:Grenada 15506:Ecuador 15461:Bolivia 15446:Bahamas 15364:Somalia 15339:Comoros 15319:Algeria 15234:Nigeria 15229:Namibia 15214:Liberia 15174:Burundi 15128:Deputy 15061:Zambia 14996:Rwanda 14970:Monarch 14956:Malawi 14943:Monarch 14896:Emperor 14884:Monarch 14859:Emperor 14829:Monarch 14764:Tunisia 14734:Somalia 14719:Senegal 14704:Nigeria 14694:Namibia 14684:Morocco 14649:Liberia 14644:Lesotho 14594:Eritrea 14564:Comoros 14539:Burundi 14514:Algeria 14445:Tunisia 14415:Somalia 14400:Senegal 14385:Nigeria 14375:Namibia 14365:Morocco 14330:Liberia 14325:Lesotho 14275:Eritrea 14245:Comoros 14220:Burundi 14195:Algeria 14107:Commons 14036:Commons 13090:Premier 12833:Related 12789:Embassy 12742:Reforms 12716:History 12654:Issues: 12639:Groups: 12554:Hearing 12513:Council 12478:Cabinet 12473:Bodies: 12458:Monarch 12433:Charter 12287:Fascism 12109:Statism 12009:Anarchy 11982:Systems 11948:Levels: 11801:Nigeria 11776:Ireland 11704:Tahuata 11679:Raiatea 11659:Huahine 11634:Abemama 11627:Oceania 11598:Tuscany 11553:Romania 11548:Prussia 11513:Navarre 11493:Majorca 11473:Ireland 11468:Imereti 11463:Iceland 11458:Hungary 11453:Hanover 11448:Granada 11438:Germany 11433:Georgia 11428:Galicia 11418:Finland 11408:Corsica 11403:Cilicia 11373:Bavaria 11363:Austria 11348:Albania 11320:Vietnam 11263:Sarawak 11253:Qu'aiti 11188:Kathiri 11151:Dapitan 11126:Bukhara 11075:Miskito 10997:Tunisia 10987:Shilluk 10897:Dahomey 10887:Burundi 10877:Bagirmi 10857:Adamawa 10776:Jamaica 10771:Grenada 10756:Bahamas 10720:Oceania 10670:Denmark 10665:Belgium 10660:Andorra 10575:Bahrain 10550:Morocco 10545:Lesotho 10524:Current 10515:Pharaoh 10468:Emperor 10407:Dynasty 10361:Regency 10341:Federal 10331:Diarchy 10285:Monarch 10216:(ed.). 9853:Riksdag 9828:1977:5 9790:24 July 9659:, 51(2) 9580:Roberts 9568:Roberts 9553:Roberts 9541:Roberts 9529:Roberts 9465:Knesset 9419:Knesset 9080:EUR-Lex 9044:EUR-Lex 9017:Roberts 8999:27 June 8972:Roberts 8960:Roberts 8948:Roberts 8791:(2010) 8739:(2008) 8708:(2003) 8238:Reuters 7786:2288315 7694:, p. 62 7629:Premier 7223:Arsacid 7211:Armenia 7139:Richard 7102:in the 6975:Belgium 6917:dynasty 6793:during 6791:unction 6785:in the 6751:Attalid 6735:dynasty 6677:Romania 6673:Hungary 6651:of the 6643:In the 6626:archons 6612:In the 6575:diarchy 6530:lamaist 6480:viceroy 6434:In the 6391:caliphs 6370:is the 6295:emperor 6234:Francis 6203:Jamaica 6199:Grenada 6017:is the 5991:Harmost 5988:Spartan 5921:England 5857:in his 5826:Italian 5534:was an 5505:de jure 5382:Sukarno 5339:British 5315:Though 5294:Empress 5290:Emperor 5246:respite 4931:1. The 4873:Council 4569:Council 4363:Speaker 4355:Riksdag 4282:is the 4278:of the 4223:when a 4209:Germany 3967:de jure 3939:on the 3912:in 2011 3869:monarch 3727:1) The 3635:monarch 3616:A 1992 3562:Riksdag 3300:monarch 3253:Ireland 3057:Denmark 3049:Austria 2991:1. The 2939:(1)The 2848:Emperor 2703:at the 2505:India's 2421:Landtag 2399:, 1911. 2368:in the 2227:(e.g., 2151:en bloc 2050:of the 1990:Knesset 1937:Riksdag 1919:of the 1901:emperor 1889:Cabinet 1763:de jure 1703:Mary II 1647:cabinet 1577:, etc. 1488:Germany 1442:monarch 1301:ruling 1276:Morocco 1266:or the 1226:persona 1074:Systems 995:Cabinet 965:Premier 898:Monarch 804:Culture 714:Country 372:Anarchy 286:Outline 20261:Michel 20201:Macron 20132: 20119: 20106: 20093: 20080: 20069:Salman 20067: 20054: 20041: 20028: 20015: 20004:Jokowi 20002: 19989: 19976: 19965:Macron 19963: 19952:Michel 19950: 19937: 19924: 19911: 19898: 19885: 19776:Tuvalu 19658:Tuvalu 19533:Maduro 19517:Salman 19501:Tinubu 19485:Mishal 19479:(Iraq) 19477:Rashid 19471:(Iran) 19461:Oligui 19453:Obiang 19162:Sulyok 19120:Macron 18879:Kosovo 18848:Turkey 18838:Sweden 18813:Serbia 18788:Poland 18783:Norway 18763:Monaco 18733:Latvia 18698:Greece 18683:France 18658:Cyprus 18549:Kosovo 18518:Turkey 18508:Sweden 18483:Serbia 18458:Poland 18453:Norway 18433:Monaco 18403:Latvia 18368:Greece 18353:France 18328:Cyprus 18032:Brunei 17839:Taiwan 17783:Turkey 17743:Russia 17668:Kuwait 17658:Jordan 17648:Israel 17608:Cyprus 17593:Brunei 17588:Bhutan 17530:Taiwan 17474:Turkey 17434:Russia 17359:Kuwait 17349:Jordan 17339:Israel 17299:Cyprus 17284:Brunei 17279:Bhutan 17186:2010s 17183:2000s 17180:1990s 16820:Guyana 16636:Brazil 16434:2010s 16431:2000s 16428:1990s 16338:Panama 16328:Mexico 16273:Canada 16268:Belize 16199:Panama 16189:Mexico 16134:Canada 16129:Belize 15882:Panama 15872:Mexico 15852:Guyana 15797:Canada 15792:Brazil 15782:Belize 15556:Panama 15546:Mexico 15526:Guyana 15471:Canada 15466:Brazil 15456:Belize 15274:Zambia 15269:Uganda 15219:Malawi 15159:Angola 15050:Sultan 14929:Kenya 14919:Ghana 14875:Egypt 14835:Benin 14774:Zambia 14769:Uganda 14709:Rwanda 14664:Malawi 14624:Guinea 14519:Angola 14455:Zambia 14450:Uganda 14390:Rwanda 14345:Malawi 14305:Guinea 14200:Angola 13566: 13300:Social 13198:Europe 13119:Titles 12804:World: 12794:Treaty 12629:Voting 12584:Zoning 12443:Roles: 11989:Lists: 11923:Empire 11918:Nation 11836:Uganda 11786:Malawi 11751:Guyana 11730:Ceylon 11709:Tahiti 11699:Rurutu 11654:Hawaii 11583:Serbia 11568:Saxony 11558:Russia 11443:Greece 11423:France 11413:Cyprus 11398:Crimea 11378:Bosnia 11353:Aragon 11341:Europe 11305:Taiwan 11275:Sikkim 11258:Ryukyu 11243:Najran 11141:Chehab 11121:Bengal 11070:Mexico 11055:Brazil 10982:Rwanda 10962:Maravi 10862:Ankole 10850:Africa 10842:Former 10823:Tuvalu 10766:Canada 10761:Belize 10705:Sweden 10695:Norway 10685:Monaco 10652:Europe 10605:Kuwait 10600:Jordan 10585:Brunei 10580:Bhutan 10532:Africa 10505:Sultan 10456:Titles 10370:Topics 10191: 10164: 10138: 10116: 9851:, The 9748: 9721: 9698: 9643:25 May 9615:25 May 9280:29 May 9202: 9175: 8795: 8743: 8712: 8702:ComLaw 8595:Seimas 7862: 7813: 7784: 7714: 7692:Foakes 7680:Foakes 7644:, the 7341:per se 7183:regent 7084: 7082: 7074: 7072: 7064: 7062: 6971:Norway 6959:Sweden 6669:Poland 6647:, the 6638:Sparta 6618:consul 6585:; the 6545:regime 6456:Nizari 6450:. 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In 9781:(PDF) 8691:1986. 8367:(PDF) 8008:Japan 7877:Watts 7860:S2CID 7743:(PDF) 7736:(PDF) 7611:Notes 7570:Lists 7370:exile 6842:] 6692:Sudan 6628:. In 6534:tulku 6516:Tibet 6425:Yemen 6417:imams 6378:from 6372:150th 6359:Islam 6290:divus 6279:. In 6240:, an 6185:are: 6037:with 5980:junta 5867:. 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