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and an unmarked slipway. The cruiser wharf No 2 of 1914 (demolished 1999) is constructed on timber piles and was used to unload items for the island and for fitting out ships built in the yards. Wharf No 3 the Bolt Wharf is a concrete wharf erected in the post war period 1945-60. Destroyer Wharf (demolished 1999) is based on an old stone lined wharf of 1891 below the present timber wharf of c 1914. The nearby Ruby Wharf and Steps is a timber longshore wharf on piles which includes a set of timber steps to water level; the original Ruby steps below the present structure date to c 1853. Other wharves and jetties include Camber Wharf, Timber Wharf, Patrol Boat Wharf, Sutherland Wharf, Old Plate Wharf, Patrol Boat Jetty and New Plate Wharf. Other elements associated with the transport of goods and materials include remnant trolley tracks, tunnels, roads (the Burma Road) and stores tunnels. Cockatoo Island has substantial standing and sub-surface archaeological features associated with the above. Some areas of the island are likely to contain stratified material while other areas of the foreshore may contain buried early structures such as wharves and jetties.
628:. Two tunnels were constructed during the war under the plateau to improve material movement on the island. New buildings were erected throughout this period. The war years, 1939-46, saw the reconstruction of roads and the construction of a new road giving access to the upper part of the island. Six wharves, once covered by five ton and fifteen ton travelling cranes, were available for berthing ships for fitting out or refitting. The maximum depth of water alongside wharves was about 26ft. The Titan, a 150 ton floating crane commissioned in 1917, was another important facility. During the war period it operated almost continuously. It was used for commercial as well as naval work and dealt with numerous lifts of heavy and important equipment in the port. The workshops included the engineering shop, the electrical section, the tool section and the sheet metal section and a well equipped standards room and meteorology section. The yard's own quality control section operated above and beyond the normal navy overseeing staff. In 1947 Vickers UK purchased Cockatoo Dock and Engineering Pty Ltd and established Vickers Cockatoo Docks and Engineering.
885:, one of Australia's foremost nineteenth century engineers; and the construction of twelve in-ground grain silos following a government order that provision would be made to store 10,000 bushels of grain on the island. The subsequent development of shipbuilding and dockyard facilities has clearly been in response to Federation in 1901, when the New South Wales government took over management of the island; the formation of the Royal Australian Navy in 1911; and the Commonwealth Government 's purchase of the island in 1913. The first steel warship built in Australia, HMAS Heron, was completed on the island in 1916. During World War Two Cockatoo Island became the primary shipbuilding and dockyard facility in the Pacific following the fall of Singapore. Post war development of the facility reflects the importance of the island facility to the Australian Government.
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built forms. Extant structures within the precincts are important for their ability to demonstrate: the functions and architectural idiom and principal characteristics of an imperial convict public works establishment of the 1840s; and the functions and architectural idiom and principal characteristics of the range of structures and facilities associated with the development and processes of the dockyard and shipbuilding industry over a period of 140 years. The range of elements associated with the shipbuilding and dockyard facility date from the 1850s and include items of remnant equipment, warehouse and industrial buildings and a range of cranes, wharves, slipways and jetties which illustrate the materials, construction techniques and technical skills employed in the construction of shipbuilding and dockyard facilities over 140 years.
545:
of the structures in the centre of the island demolished and replaced by more efficient structures. The prison buildings were converted into drawing offices and new boiler and turbine shops added. The old power house, containing a steam driven dock pump and consisting of a brick building with columns and arches attached to the facade, was demolished. The new larger power house and chimney built in 1918, which still stands, provided for steam turbine electric generating equipment, electrically driven air compressors, dock-dewatering pumps and hydraulic pumps. The
Australian Government had ordered several naval vessels in 1912, including the cruisers
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elements limited in extent and profile. The cultural landscape is articulated by man-made cliffs, stone walls and steps, docks, cranes, slipways and simple built forms. A number of areas or precincts have been identified within the cultural landscape. These include the area of the
Colonial Prison, the Docks precinct, the timber boatbuilding and workshops precinct, the docks workshops precinct, the powerhouse and slipways precinct, the technical offices and workshops precinct and the residential precinct. The building types and architectural styles generally reflect the administrative/occupation period in which they were constructed.
759:. During the Cockatoo Docks and Engineering Phase (1933-48) numerous warehouses were built which dominate the lower levels of the island. These are predominantly steel framed and clad with corrugated iron sheeting. Other structures are related to the importance of local river traffic on the surrounding waterways; the Parramatta Wharf turnstile shelter of 1945 is one of these. The muster station of 1945 is a reminder of the post war operation of the dockyards. Other structures, including air raid shelters and administration buildings, are evidence of the importance and operation of the island during the hostilities of World War Two.
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492:. New workshops were also built with wharfage for repair work. However, during the 1880s prison accommodation continued to deteriorate and the number of prisoners declined to about 100 each, male and female. In 1888 the girls departed and the establishment was again proclaimed a prison. Further additions included a fumigation building, surgeon's consulting rooms and isolation cells were added in 1897 with stone quarried on site. Although the prison was condemned in 1899 by the Public Works Committee it remained in operation. Electricity was installed in 1901, the birth year of the new independent nation, the
31:
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901:. The range of elements associated with the shipbuilding and dockyard facility date from the 1850s and include items of remnant equipment, warehouse and industrial buildings and a range of cranes, wharves, slipways and jetties which illustrate the materials, construction techniques and technical skills employed in the construction of shipbuilding and dockyard facilities over 140 years. Individual elements within the dockyard facility include Fitzroy Dock and Caisson 1851-57, Sutherland Dock 1882-90 the Powerhouse 1918, the Engineer's and Blacksmith's Shop
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160:
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residences for several of the executive staff of the yard. More recently, two large concrete water towers were constructed on the plateau and several brick and concrete buildings were added to the southern and eastern shores. In
December 1992 the original lease expired; the island is still owned by the Commonwealth. Between 1992-93 some forty buildings were demolished. Several other structures are no longer extant.
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404:; U-shaped in plan, the barracks held accommodation for 344 convicts. As transportation ceased in 1840 the prison was used to house an increasing number of colonially sentenced convicts. As the island was surrounded by deep water it was ideal for maritime activities as a British outpost at a time of increasing rivalry between European nations and the United States of America in the
496:. As British control ceased in 1901 the NSW government took over with further building of workshops in corrugated iron on steel frames forming additions to the original stone workshops. The dockyards expanded rapidly. Major new workshops were provided, now largely in brick, along the eastern shore with docking wharves and included an erecting shop,
396:, responsible for convict and military buildings in NSW. Twelve grain silos were also cut out of the rock in 1839 to store grain, following Gipps' order that the government would make provision for the storage of 10,000 bushels on the island within two years. The year 1839 also saw the expansion of the island's
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The industrial character of the cultural landscape of the Island has developed from the interaction of maritime and prison activity and retains clear evidence of both in a number of precincts. The cultural landscape is articulated by man made cliffs, stone walls and steps, docks, cranes, slipways and
648:
Cockatoo Island contains a wide variety of extant buildings and structures which contribute to the cultural landscape. The vistas to and from the island play an important role in the character of the setting. The island's present landform has been developed through quarrying and landfill with natural
636:
In 1950 the
Australian Commonwealth Shipping Board ceased to function and was replaced by the Cockatoo Island Lease Supervising Committee. The top level of the island had by now drawing offices for each of the hull, engineering and electrical sections, the estimating, planning and costing offices and
850:
of the 1960s and electric portal jib cranes of the 1970s. The waterfront areas also accommodate wharves, slipways and shipbuilding berths. Among the latter are shipbuilding berths No 1 and No 2, slipways 3 and 4 and the 250 ton patent slipway. Smaller slipways include a boathouse slipway, yacht slip
767:
Numerous warehouses were built during this phase. Many are steel framed with corrugated iron sheeting cladding. A group of red brick warehouses with curved roofscapes were constructed primarily after World War Two. A group of international style buildings at the south-eastern corner of the dockyards
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style. This building is one of the earliest surviving industrial structures on the island and a vital feature of the nineteenth century industrial environment of Sydney. The associated two storey boilers, pumping engines and offices building was erected c 1845-57 in the
Victorian Georgian style; the
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870,000 pounds. Despite the building expansion from 1900 much of the dock and workshops equipment was in poor shape and major expansion and upgrading of equipment was increased. Development occurred on the escarpment above the dockyard. By 1912 a lift had been constructed up the escarpment with most
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in 1861. The brutalising conditions of the Island were admitted but no discernible improvements occurred. Up to 500 prisoners were held there but the usual number was about 250. Officers' accommodation was erected in the 1840s-50s including superintendents quarters, clerk of petty sessions, military
750:
remains in place. Residential buildings in the western part of the higher ground include primarily
Federation style semi-detached structures executed characteristically in red brick with tiled roofs. These semis have been extended with fibro additions. A two storey semi 1913-16 to the north is more
479:
had approved the transfer of prisoners from
Cockatoo to Darlinghurst; the prison buildings subsequently became an Industrial School for Girls and a Reformatory in 1871. However, overcrowding elsewhere forced the return of male prisoners and the barracks were divided between prisoners of both sexes.
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for boys, an initiative of Henry Parkes, was anchored at the north-east corner of the island with recreation grounds and swimming baths by 1896. Although the young prisoners were kept separate from the dock they worked there on ship building and repairs. From 1861 dock development had occurred with
859:
All but the most significant items of plant and machinery were sold in 1991 and all industrial buildings not of exceptional significance were sold in 1992. The demolition removed some forty buildings from the island, mostly in poor condition. These were mainly warehouse type buildings with pitched
715:
brick and stone building, as well as a combination of steel framed and clad buildings on the east, south and west sides of the
Fitzroy Dock. The latter include the mould loft, the shipwrights shed, the pattern storage buildings. The powerhouse built with Sutherland Dock at the western end of the
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shop. In 1903 a Royal
Commission was established to look at all aspects of the working of the Government docks and workshops. In 1908 a steel foundry was established on the Island followed by a range of new workshops. By 1905 parts of the men's prison quarters collapsed so that in 1906 they were
893:
Cockatoo Island is the only surviving
Imperial convict public works establishment in New South Wales. Individual elements of the convict Public Works Department period include the rock cut grain silos, the Prisoners Barracks and Mess Hall 1839-42, the Military Guard House, the Military Officers
685:
or gabled roofs. Among the latter is the former iron and steel foundry erected c 1856 as a sandstone machine shop. Other items include the in-ground water tanks and grain silos the (former) engine house and workshop and the rock cut Fitzroy Dock or No 2 Dock; length 474ft maximum beam of vessel
449:
During this period the administration of the dockyard and prison split. The land above the escarpment remained in institutional use but, as the docks expanded, the foreshores became dedicated to dockyard use. During the latter part of the nineteenth century Sydney's population increased rapidly
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that he was forming an establishment on Cockatoo Island for Imperial prisoners withdrawn from Norfolk Island. Unlike contemporary New South Wales (NSW) penal establishments which were executed under contract, the work on Cockatoo Island was carried out by the prisoners. Expenses were met from
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Cockatoo Island is important for its association with the administration of Governor Gipps who was responsible for the establishment on the Island of an Imperially funded prison for convicts withdrawn from Norfolk Island in the 1840s; the establishment of maritime activities during the 1840s
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cladding. Extant buildings of this type include the estimating and drawing offices 1915-18 and the electrical shop 1915-16. Other buildings were constructed in the dockyards area; these appear to have been subsequently demolished with the exception of the Federation styled timber vernacular
720:
power house on the docks. Sutherland Dock, or No 1 Dock, completed 1882-90 has a length of 690ft, a breadth of 88ft and a depth over the sill of 32ft. At high water of ordinary spring tides, the maximum breadth at which a ship could be docked, was 85ft. The largest ship accommodated was the
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producing a poorly educated, dysfunctional, community. Punishment, reform and education became key concerns. Cockatoo Island is associated with this period through the training ship Vernon and the establishment of the Girls Institution and Reformatory from 1871-88. In 1871 the training ship
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Substantial built development took place during this period related to the expansion of the dockyards. Several larger scale industrial warehouse buildings were erected in the centre of the island on the site of the former Biloela Female Gaol. These buildings are primarily steel framed with
728:, 26,500 tons, 620ft x 84ft 10 inches. The heavy machine shop of 1896 abuts the engineers and blacksmith's shop of 1853. Other warehouse type structures which survive from this period include the boiler house of 1908, the engine house of 1909 and the coppersmith's shop.
367:. Assigned convicts were left under the control of landowners but convicts in government service and secondary offenders in penal settlements were housed in barracks as soon as these could be constructed. In time the settlements on Norfolk Island and in
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the first stone workshop buildings for metal working, foundry and general activities, drawing and administrative offices. In 1868 Fitzroy Dock was reported to be the third most important dry dock in the country after Mort's Woolwich dock and the
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was being built for its launching in 1915 and the floating crane Titan was assembled from British-made sections. Little further development occurred between the wars. As naval activity decreased, commercial shipbuilding grew until the
432:. Captain Mann was Engineer in Chief at Cockatoo Island from 1847 and later became Superintendent of Convicts. During this time additions were made to the gaol including an ornate mess hall and houses for prison officials including
338:
is the largest island in Sydney Harbour. It is not known who first called it Cockatoo Island, though it was known as such long before it was called Biloela. This name was given to the island in 1870 by the Reverend
580:. During the 1920s, in addition to industrial structures, three pairs of houses were erected on the island. In 1928 the Sutherland Dock was enlarged and a decision made to lease the dockyard to private enterprise.
1084:
Cockatoo Island, penal and institutional remains : an analysis of documentary and physical evidence and an assessment of the cultural significance of the penal and institutional remains above the escarpment
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roofs, clad in steel. Other demolished structures included ancillary and small industrial buildings. Several other structures are no longer extant including Fitzroy Wharf, Coal Wharf and a number of slipways.
711:
Less built development occurred during this period with new uses accommodated through adaptation and alteration. Additions were made to the dockyards and several new warehouses built. These include a
577:
645:
Cockatoo Island Industrial Conservation Area is about 18 hectares (44 acres) in Sydney Harbour, between Birchgrove Point and Woolwich Point, comprising the whole of the Island to low water.
424:, one of Australia's foremost nineteenth century engineers, was responsible for the design and construction of Fitzroy Dock, the first begun in the southern hemisphere and contemporary with
588:
In 1933 the island was leased to Cockatoo Dock and Engineering Company Ltd (later Pty Ltd). With the outbreak of World War Two the island became the major ship repair facility in the
1147:
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of mixed parentage (possibly 1870), electric travelling portal jib cranes and long jib cantilever cranes of the 1920s, electric travelling jib cranes of the 1940s, fixed
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style and the two storey military officers quarters 1845-57 and the free overseers quarters 1850-57 in a restrained Victorian Georgian style all in the local
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Cockatoo Island is important for its association with the administration of Governor Gipps in the 1840s, the construction of Fitzroy Dock from 1851–57 under
408:. In 1846 Governor Gipps reported to the British Government that convicts would be employed in clearing and preparing the island for the construction of a
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for the prison governors. This period was also one of brutality against any unrest from the prisoners leading to a Select Committee of Inquiry chaired by
152:
929:, Federation in 1901, the formation of the Royal Australian Navy in 1911 and the construction of the first steel warship built in Australia, HMAS Heron.
681:) c 1841 and the clerk of petty sessions residence c 1845-50 and a number of smaller structures characterised by their simple plans, stone walls and
1196:
771:
In addition to the standing buildings described above the island contains numerous items of remnant equipment. Significant items include two
560:
1186:
1191:
573:
563:, was handed over in February 1916 to become the first steel warship to be built in Australia. No 1 slipway was lengthened whilst the
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Fitzroy Dock, which could be docked 48ft maximum draft 18ft (at high water at ordinary spring tides). The dock retains its entrance
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340:
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administration buildings to the south. The powerhouse of 1918 in the Federation Warehouse style is constructed of load bearing
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when all activity declined. Under Navy control until 1921 it was then placed under a Board of Control responsible to the
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in the establishment of Cockatoo Island. The buildings were constructed to the design of the commanding Royal Engineer,
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in place. Associated with the construction of the Fitzroy Dock is the engineers and blacksmith's shop of c 1853 in the
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41:
364:
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268,000 and was completed in 1890. The tender was awarded to twenty-three year old Australian engineer
99:
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803:
662:
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596:. Major repairs and fitting out were undertaken at the docks including work on troop carriers, the
559:
each of 5,600 tonnes and 25,000 shaft horse power (18,650kw) and several destroyers. One of these,
460:
308:
818:. The only building which retains its equipment intact is the powerhouse; equipment includes the
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472:
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for a suitable name. The island has been subject to five major administrative/occupation phases.
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The new dock, approved in 1882, was longer than any existing in the world. This dock, the
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Construction generally occurred on the upper parts of the Island and included the
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forms a distinct group. Among the latter is the former weapons workshop of 1971.
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impressive in its architectural expression and features sunhoods, decorative
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677:. To the east residential buildings include the superintendent's quarters (
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343:, a student of an Aboriginal language, in response to a request from the
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467:. While this was being debated the male prisoners were transferred to
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primary building housed the Fitzroy Dock pumping station from 1853.
159:
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463:. By 1870 a new dock was recommended at Cockatoo Island by Captain
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In 1911 the Royal Australian Navy was established and in 1913 the
167:
Location of Cockatoo Island Industrial Conservation Area in Sydney
747:
497:
1042:
Balint, Emery (1991). "The inventive mind of Gother Kerr Mann".
986:"Cockatoo Island Industrial Conservation Area (Place ID 105262)"
484:, built by private contractors and free labour, eventually cost
1120:
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Cockatoo Island Industrial Conservation Area was listed on the
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culminating in the construction of Fitzroy Dock 1851-57 under
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513:. The female prison division was similarly closed in 1909;
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based administrators to exercise adequate control. In 1839
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led to the construction of places of confinement including
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is a heritage-listed protected area relating to the former
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Imperial, not Colonial, funds emphasising the role of the
872:
on 22 June 2004 having satisfied the following criteria.
842:. The dockyard areas include a steam-driven rail-mounted
583:
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were pressed into service for water storage. In 1869 the
509:
transferred to shore for the last time and relocated at
1111:
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officers quarters and quarters for the free overseer.
416:
between 1847-57 with convict labour. The first ship,
1182:
Commonwealth Heritage List places in New South Wales
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below a steeply pitched gabled roof. The powerhouse
1104:
Cockatoo Island : conservation management plan
624:and major vessels of the Royal Australian Navy and
471:gaol from the island in 1871. During the 1870s the
1081:
412:. Approved in 1847 the colonial government built
1173:
707:Inside the Heavy Machine Shop at Cockatoo Island
531:
371:were defeated by isolation and the inability of
271:
1150:This Knowledge article was originally based on
908:and the former pump building for Fitzroy Dock.
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980:
978:
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1152:Cockatoo Island Industrial Conservation Area
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305:Cockatoo Island Industrial Conservation Area
110:Cockatoo Island Industrial Conservation Area
24:Cockatoo Island Industrial Conservation Area
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716:Island was replaced in 1918 by the present
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18:Historic site in New South Wales, Australia
355:The expansion of settlement 1810-20 under
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29:
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1121:Parker, R. G. (Roger Grosvenor) (1977).
702:
445:NSW Department of Public Works 1864-1913
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1197:Industrial buildings in New South Wales
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1174:
1100:
1044:Heritage (Australian Heritage Society)
584:Cockatoo Docks and Engineering 1933-48
578:Australian Commonwealth Shipping Board
1086:. National Trust of Australia (NSW).
984:
870:Australian Commonwealth Heritage List
457:Australasian Steam Navigation Company
325:Australian Commonwealth Heritage List
257:
517:, the school ship, was given to the
243:
1107:. Australian Department of Defence.
863:
385:Secretary of State for the Colonies
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13:
1187:Protected areas of New South Wales
1169:, accessed on 17 September 2018.
1112:D.W. Muir; K.A.V. Wheeler (1974).
1067:. Angus and Robertson Publishers.
912:Criterion D: Characteristic values
14:
1208:
1192:Cockatoo Island (New South Wales)
323:, Australia. It was added to the
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1123:Cockatoo Island : a history
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921:Criterion H: Significant people
540:bought the island from NSW for
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1:
1154:, entry number 105262 in the
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532:Commonwealth Dockyard 1913-33
400:with the construction of the
1156:Australian Heritage Database
991:Australian Heritage Database
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762:
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7:
1082:Kerr, James Semple (1984).
894:Quarters and Biloela House
574:Prime Minister's Department
10:
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739:corrugated galvanised iron
718:Federation Warehouse style
632:Vickers Cockatoo 1948-1992
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100:Commonwealth Heritage List
1160:Commonwealth of Australia
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1114:Cockatoo Island (Thesis)
1065:Australia's ships of war
1017:Australia's Ships of War
418:HM Surveying Brig Herald
309:Cockatoo Island Dockyard
278:Underground Grain Stores
1116:. University of Sydney.
1101:Mackay, Godden (1997).
576:soon superseded by the
494:Federation of Australia
473:Underground Grain Silos
351:Prison Dockyard 1839-64
118:Listed place (Historic)
1063:Bastock, John (1975).
876:Criterion A: Processes
832:mercury rectifier bank
708:
1028:Godden Mackay 1997:43
996:Australian Government
706:
538:Australian Government
519:Royal Australian Navy
667:military guard house
78:33.8477°S 151.1721°E
889:Criterion B: Rarity
659:prisoner's barracks
521:in 1911 and became
390:Imperial Government
208:Military Guard Room
74: /
773:Belliss and Morcom
709:
692:Victorian Georgian
626:United States Navy
420:, docked in 1858.
357:Governor Macquarie
131:Reference no.
83:-33.8477; 151.1721
1158:published by the
1132:978-0-17-005208-5
1093:978-0-909723-39-2
1074:978-0-207-12927-8
816:cutting equipment
788:hydraulic presses
671:Colonial Georgian
594:loss of Singapore
477:Executive Council
365:Macquarie Harbour
327:on 22 June 2004.
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883:Gother Kerr Mann
864:Heritage listing
834:used to convert
725:Dominion Monarch
713:Federation style
665:1847-51 and the
592:, following the
465:Gother Kerr Mann
422:Gother Kerr Mann
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828:hydraulic pumps
824:air compressors
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669:of 1842 in the
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607:Queen Elizabeth
590:Western Pacific
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482:Sutherland Dock
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336:Cockatoo Island
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321:New South Wales
313:Cockatoo Island
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42:Cockatoo Island
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1050:(2): 12–17.
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1036:Bibliography
1024:
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999:. Retrieved
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469:Darlinghurst
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438:Henry Parkes
414:Fitzroy Dock
398:convict gaol
383:advised the
354:
334:
304:
303:
250:Fitzroy Dock
126:22 June 2004
15:
1162:2018 under
1141:Attribution
906: 1853
899: 1841
808:plate rolls
806:machinery,
794:machinery,
786:equipment,
757:balustrades
641:Description
515:NSS Sobraon
426:Mort's Dock
292:Power House
81: /
69:151°10′20″E
57:Coordinates
52:, Australia
1176:Categories
1125:. Nelson.
933:References
820:dewatering
798:machines,
621:Mauretania
600:Queen Mary
570:Depression
561:HMAS Heron
506:shipwright
502:blacksmith
123:Designated
66:33°50′52″S
1164:CC-BY 4.0
1056:0155-2716
1015:Bastock,
855:Condition
844:jib crane
804:threading
763:1948-1992
744:brickwork
732:1913-1947
699:1864-1913
675:sandstone
663:mess hall
661:1839-42,
653:1839-1864
614:Aquitania
459:works in
222:Mess Hall
830:and the
565:Brisbane
556:Adelaide
549:Brisbane
430:Woolwich
410:dry dock
402:barracks
369:Tasmania
345:Governor
38:Location
1167:licence
1019:, p. 64
784:planing
748:chimney
688:caisson
525:Tingira
498:foundry
461:Pyrmont
331:History
1129:
1090:
1071:
1054:
826:, the
796:boring
780:lathes
683:hipped
452:Vernon
377:Hobart
373:Sydney
134:105262
753:eaves
723:QSMV
554:HMAS
547:HMAS
523:HMAS
1127:ISBN
1088:ISBN
1069:ISBN
1052:ISSN
1003:2018
814:and
755:and
619:RMS
617:and
612:RMS
605:RMS
603:and
598:RMS
552:and
504:and
375:and
363:and
115:Type
838:to
428:at
311:at
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941:^
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896:c.
840:DC
836:AC
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500:,
319:,
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1135:.
1096:.
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1058:.
1005:.
542:£
486:£
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