114:, began to fund eradication efforts across the continent. Plan Colombia sent hundreds of millions of dollars in military aid, training and equipment to Central and South American countries, thereby militarizing the region and local and national governments' responses to coca production. Cocaleros who make their livings growing and selling coca were the most negatively affected by the policies, as their crops were burned, ripped up, or sprayed with herbicide.
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has been cultivated for 8,000 years by indigenous people in the Andes for medicinal and religious reasons. As a stimulant, it is helpful in overcoming altitude sickness in the high Andes, and can be chewed and made into tea. Other medicinal uses include pain relief, staunching blood flow, combating
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rose as a left-wing populist political organization to support the preservation of the coca plant and the cocalero economy. It grew out of and gained support from the indigenous grassroots organizations that began to coalesce following the closure of mines and the criminalization of the coca plant
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In the 1980s, the
Bolivian Mining Corporation closed many mines, which forced many former miners into coca production. Not only did coca farming provide a living for the ex-miners, but the turn from wage labor to farming allowed for more political organization. Many of the organizations formed
228:. Both of these conflicts centered on disputes between the indigenous population and the government over control of resources. Mesa hastily resigned, opening up the country for elections. The momentum of the MAS party led to the successful election of
162:, and Mojeños. White and mestizo Bolivians have traditionally held power in the country since the time of colonization. For hundreds of years indigenous people were employed by mines that exported the country's mineral wealth abroad, first to
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region. Coca crops in
Chapare were thus targeted for eradication. Because coca and cocaine were being trafficked up through South and Central America to the United States, coca production in South America came to the attention of the
186:, the Party of Evo Morales. Among major mobilizations since its inception, the Confederation of Indigenous Peoples of Bolivia has played a part in marches for land reform, indigenous autonomy, and for a plurinational state.
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Coca producers are left with few alternatives for subsistence, and therefore call for the legalization of coca. Also the anti-drug militancy has targeted left wing guerrilla groups like the
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is a multiethnic, majority indigenous country in South
America. Among over three dozen Amerindian nations, the most prominent are the
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and then to other parts of quickly industrializing countries such as the U.S. and
Western Europe following independence in 1809.
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malaria, ulcers, asthma and improving digestion. It is also configured in many religious ceremonies as offerings to
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region of
Bolivia, cocaleros joined with other grassroots indigenous organizations in the country, such as
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Chávez, Frank (2010-06-25). "69-Year-Old Native Leader Heads 1,500-Km March". IPS. Retrieved 2010-07-08
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in the 16th century, but it was not until the mid-19th century that it began to be refined into
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335:"The Andean Connection: Tracking the Drug War's Coca Leaves and Failed Policies"
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Movement for
Socialism - Political Instrument for the Sovereignty of the Peoples
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Movimiento al
Socialismo-Instrumento Político por la Soberanía de los Pueblos
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Confederación
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and led raids on coca fields and suppressed cocalero organizing.
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in 2006, was a leader of the cocalero movement in that country.
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321:"Plan Colombia, by Noam Chomsky (Excerpted from Rogue States)"
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46:-funded attempts to eradicate and fumigate coca crops in the
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Cocalero. Dir. Alejandro Landes. Perf. Evo
Morales. 2007.
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and gangs who are involved in the drug trade. In 1987,
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mine workers and peasants to contest the government.
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despite its affinity to the climate and land of the
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348:Hudson, Rex A.; Hanratty, Dennis M., eds. (1989).
180:Confederación Sindical de Colonizadores de Bolivia
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452:Will Washington Engage Morales? From ipsnews.net
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255:. The President and Fellows of Harvard College
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172:Confederation of Indigenous Peoples of Bolivia
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457:Coca Growers' Nancy Obregón Arrested in Peru
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252:An Indigenous Commodity and its Paradoxes
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442:Cocalero film Official Homepage
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350:"Country studies - Bolivia"
249:Rivera Cusicanqui, Silvia.
190:Cocaleros and the MAS Party
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66:Coca and the war on drugs
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226:Cochabamba Water Wars
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89:It was introduced to
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301:on November 16, 2011
60:president of Bolivia
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295:"About Coca leaf"
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305:December 7,
230:Evo Morales
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198:Evo Morales
156:Chiquitanos
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466:Categories
410:2011-12-07
236:References
137:See also:
82:, and the
279:ignored (
269:cite book
84:Pachamama
52:unionized
28:Cocaleros
23:Coca leaf
419:cite web
354:Archived
178:and the
160:Guaranís
148:Quechuas
30:are the
360:2 March
259:22 June
152:Aymaras
144:Bolivia
103:Chapare
95:cocaine
48:Chapare
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123:UMOPAR
99:Yungas
91:Europe
404:(PDF)
397:(PDF)
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164:Spain
472:Coca
425:link
362:2020
307:2011
281:help
261:2015
80:Inti
76:Apus
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