59:
52:
219:
in the second century AD to protect travellers and merchants as it lay at the junction of roads from Sinai, Palestine, and Egypt. This was done in conjunction with the construction of the
225:, a canal that linked the Nile and the Red Sea and had its outlet near Clysma. It has been suggested that the port was used for the exportation of textiles and grain produced in the
338:
in the late third century temporarily disrupted trade at the southern ports and led to an increase of trade at Clysma which reached its peak in the fourth and fifth centuries. A
969:
949:
412:. Jacob was bishop of Clysma before 347, Titus/Paul was bishop in 347, and Poimen was bishop from 458-459. Stephen, Bishop of Clysma, attended the
504:
959:
470:
964:
954:
95:
805:
269:
901:
772:
944:
413:
783:
382:
915:
51:
855:
729:
453:
344:, an official with responsibility for foreign trade, was active at Clysma during the reign of Emperor
389:
374:
221:
193:
36:
891:
292:
239:
149:
817:
Mayerson, Philip (1996). "The Port of Clysma (Suez) in
Transition from Roman to Arab Rule".
350:
345:
8:
366:
263:
161:
842:
834:
680:
498:
330:, who died there in 409 and 429, respectively. The destruction of the Nile emporium of
361:
had Clysma provide twenty vessels to the king of
Ethiopia in his war with the king of
318:
The nearby
Mountain of Antony, also known as the Mountain of Clysma, was inhabited by
897:
878:
846:
768:
369:
likely first entered the Roman Empire through the port of Clysma, and thus spread to
362:
334:, from where goods were transported overland to Berenice and Myos Hormos, by Emperor
278:
870:
826:
327:
82:
377:, a church of Saint Athanasius was constructed at Clysma on the orders of Emperor
762:
433:
184:
167:
649:
203:) was an ancient city and bishopric in Egypt. It was located at the head of the
893:
Rome's
Eastern Trade: International Commerce and Imperial Policy 31 BC - AD 305
417:
323:
140:
874:
938:
393:
340:
304:
110:
97:
882:
856:"The Red Sea and the Port of Clysma. A Possible Gate of Justinian's Plague"
230:
204:
764:
The
Hellenistic Settlements in Syria, the Red Sea Basin, and North Africa
409:
378:
243:
911:
335:
319:
838:
385:, who noted eighteen or more tombs of hermits at the city's basilica.
312:
277:
were stationed at the city. Clysma is also described in the works of
854:
Tsiamis, Costas; Poulakou-Rebelakou, Effie; Petridou, Eleni (2009).
830:
370:
358:
296:
853:
797:
Auxillae: A Compendium of Non-Legionary Units of the Roman Empire
655:
439:
Joannes
Antonius Eduardus van Dodewaard (1958.07.01 – 1960.06.27)
397:
258:
416:
in 553. The Roman
Catholic Church nominally revived Clysma as a
283:
250:
226:
216:
916:"A Checklist of Bishops in Byzantine Egypt (A.D. 325- C. 750)"
28:
408:
The diocese of Clysma was a suffragan of the
Archdiocese of
373:, where it was first reported in mid-July 541. According to
331:
78:
661:
639:
637:
612:
610:
608:
606:
523:
267:
in the mid-2nd century, in which he described Clysma as a
734:
552:
550:
710:
634:
603:
491:
Die
Toponyme vorarabischen Ursprungs im modernen Ägypte
430:
Albert-Pierre Falière, M.E.P. (1930.06.25 – 1955.01.01)
591:
569:
567:
565:
547:
511:
234:
as they were better adapted to transportation via the
357:
In response to an appeal for aid, in c. 525, Emperor
579:
427:
Paul-Jules-Narcisse Rémond (1921.04.09 – 1930.05.20)
198:
178:
698:
622:
562:
154:
535:
656:Tsiamis, Poulakou-Rebelakou & Petridou (2009)
400:was known as the Baḥr al-Ḳulzum (sea of Clysma).
238:to Clysma than overland to the southern ports of
936:
970:Populated places established in the 2nd century
825:(2). The University of Chicago Press: 119–126.
803:
782:Coquin, René-Georges; Martin, Maurice (1991).
667:
315:is said to have studied as a monk at Clysma.
442:Wladyslaw Jedruszuk (1962.11.19 – 1991.06.05)
781:
616:
923:Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik
503:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
424:Pio Gallizia, B. (1741.01.25 – 1745.03.23)
471:List of ancient Egyptian towns and cities
403:
215:Clysma was founded or rebuilt by Emperor
950:Populated places of the Byzantine Empire
816:
716:
643:
597:
556:
529:
517:
420:, and has had the following incumbents:
381:. In c. 570, Clysma was visited by the
937:
810:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
794:
585:
451:Clysma appears in the 2017 video game
889:
788:Claremont Coptic Encyclopedia, vol. 2
760:
628:
573:
541:
488:
295:. As well as this, church historians
910:
804:Honigmann, E.; Ebied, R. Y. (2012).
704:
257:in the early 2nd century AD, and by
188:
13:
767:. University of California Press.
446:
311:make reference to the city. Saint
166:'surf, waves that break';
14:
981:
960:Defunct Eastern Orthodox dioceses
414:Second Council of Constantinople
392:, Clysma was known in Arabic as
57:
50:
965:Catholic titular sees in Africa
955:Roman towns and cities in Egypt
819:Journal of Near Eastern Studies
753:
722:
673:
482:
58:
1:
476:
383:anonymous pilgrim of Piacenza
668:Honigmann & Ebied (2012)
348:. Clysma is recorded on the
249:Clysma is first recorded in
179:
7:
795:DuBois, Michael S. (2015).
464:
199:
155:
10:
986:
617:Coquin & Martin (1991)
273:. In 179, soldiers of the
210:
171:
29:
875:10.1163/22977953-06602002
761:Cohen, Getzel M. (2006).
436:(1955.03.23 – 1958.06.10)
287:, and is recorded in the
144:
126:
89:
74:
45:
26:
493:. Göttingen. p. 75.
454:Assassin's Creed Origins
390:Muslim conquest of Egypt
945:Cities in ancient Egypt
890:Young, Gary K. (2003).
730:"The Land of Turquoise"
489:Peust, Carsten (2010).
434:Teofilo Camomot Bastida
375:Eutychius of Alexandria
111:29.954611°N 32.573972°E
681:"Clysma (Titular See)"
404:Ecclesiastical history
309:Historia Ecclesiastica
255:Alexander Pseudomantis
293:Epiphanius of Salamis
240:Berenice Troglodytica
16:Ancient city in Egypt
351:Tabula Peutingeriana
346:Anastasius I Dicorus
275:Ala Veterana Gallica
116:29.954611; 32.573972
532:, pp. 120–121.
367:Plague of Justinian
107: /
23:
738:. 27 February 2018
685:Catholic-Hierarchy
313:Eugenios of Clysma
66:Shown within Egypt
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328:Sisoes the Great
322:, such as Saint
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176:romanized:
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83:Suez Governorate
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978:
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598:Mayerson (1996)
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530:Mayerson (1996)
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518:Mayerson (1996)
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459:The Hidden Ones
449:
447:Popular culture
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869:(2): 209–217.
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831:10.1086/373802
814:
801:
792:
779:
773:
757:
755:
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750:
749:
721:
719:, p. 124.
709:
707:, p. 300.
697:
672:
660:
658:, p. 215.
648:
646:, p. 123.
633:
621:
602:
600:, p. 122.
590:
588:, p. 430.
578:
576:, p. 327.
561:
559:, p. 119.
546:
534:
522:
520:, p. 120.
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463:
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324:John the Dwarf
236:Amnis Traianus
222:Amnis Traianus
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903:9781134547937
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896:. Routledge.
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774:9780520931022
770:
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718:
713:
706:
701:
686:
682:
676:
669:
664:
657:
652:
645:
640:
638:
631:, p. 77.
630:
625:
618:
613:
611:
609:
607:
599:
594:
587:
586:DuBois (2015)
582:
575:
570:
568:
566:
558:
553:
551:
544:, p. 68.
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305:Philostorgius
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37:Ancient Greek
25:
19:
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862:
822:
818:
809:
796:
787:
763:
754:Bibliography
740:. Retrieved
733:
724:
712:
700:
688:. Retrieved
684:
675:
663:
651:
629:Young (2003)
624:
593:
581:
574:Cohen (2006)
542:Young (2003)
537:
525:
513:
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407:
387:
356:
349:
339:
326:, and Saint
317:
308:
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288:
282:
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254:
248:
235:
229:
220:
214:
205:Gulf of Suez
136:
135:
102:32°34′26.3″E
99:29°57′16.6″N
18:
806:"al-Ḳulzum"
705:Worp (1994)
418:titular see
410:Leontopolis
379:Justinian I
301:Onomastikon
244:Myos Hormos
114: /
90:Coordinates
939:Categories
929:: 283–318.
912:Worp, K.A.
477:References
457:expansion
396:, and the
388:After the
341:commercius
336:Diocletian
320:anchorites
264:Geographia
130:Settlement
847:163029985
690:1 January
499:cite book
394:al-Ḳulzum
291:of Saint
279:Hierocles
270:phrourion
227:Arsinoite
200:al-Qulzum
194:romanized
180:Peklousma
172:ⲡⲉⲕⲗⲟⲩⲥⲙⲁ
150:romanized
914:(1994).
883:20405770
863:Gesnerus
784:"Clysma"
465:See also
371:Pelusium
359:Justin I
297:Eusebius
289:Panarion
75:Location
742:26 June
398:Red Sea
284:kastron
259:Ptolemy
211:History
196::
164:
152::
85:, Egypt
900:
881:
845:
839:546035
837:
771:
365:. The
363:Himyar
332:Koptos
251:Lucian
217:Trajan
189:القلزم
185:Arabic
168:Coptic
156:Klŷsma
145:Κλῦσμα
137:Clysma
33:
30:Κλῦσμα
22:Clysma
919:(PDF)
859:(PDF)
843:S2CID
835:JSTOR
281:as a
141:Greek
898:ISBN
879:PMID
769:ISBN
744:2020
692:2021
505:link
303:and
242:and
231:nome
162:lit.
127:Type
79:Suez
927:100
871:doi
827:doi
735:IGN
307:in
299:in
261:in
253:'s
941::
925:.
921:.
877:.
867:66
865:.
861:.
841:.
833:.
823:55
821:.
808:.
786:.
732:.
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497:{{
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670:.
619:.
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139:(
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
