94:
710:
557:
101:
73:
66:
805:) were living in Berenike, at least in the early Roman period”; evidence that the Tamil population implied the probable presence of Buddhist worshippers; evidence of Indians at another Roman port 300 km north of Berenike; Indian-made ceramics on the Nile road; a rock inscription mentioning an Indian passing through en route; “abundant evidence for the use of ships built and rigged in India”; and proof “that teak wood (endemic to South India), found in buildings in Berenike, had clearly been reused” (from dismantled ships)."
837:“Extensive and intensive research initiated by Iwona Zych in the area of the southern harbor bay has uncovered workshop buildings, remains of ship boards, ropes, mooring lines, as well as a so-called harbor temenos with two structures probably of sacral character – the Lotus Temple and the Square Feature. Berenike in the early Roman period was a vibrant town in the desert where the greatest fortunes of the time were made. The archaeological excavations have uncovered remains of luxury goods, precious glass, bronze figurines,
810:
793:"Among the unexpected discoveries at Berenike were a range of ancient Indian goods, including the largest single concentration (7.55 kg) of black peppercorns ever recovered in the classical Mediterranean world (“imported from Southern India” and found inside a large vessel made of Nile silt in a temple courtyard); substantial quantities of Indian-made fine ware and kitchen cooking ware and Indian style pottery; Indian-made sail cloth, basketry, matting, etc. from trash dumps; a large quantity of
45:
833:), one weighting about 190 g and the other about 339 g, recovered from 1st century CE contexts in one of the harbor trenches. Produced in areas of greater Syria and Asia Minor, this resin and its oil derivative were used in mummification, as an antiseptic, a diuretic, to treat wrinkles, extract worms and promote hair growth."
1471:
Archaeozoologist Marta
Osypinska and her colleagues at the Polish Academy of Sciences discovered the graveyard just outside the city walls , beneath a Roman trash dump, in 2011. The cemetery appears to have been used between the first and second centuries CE, when Berenice was a bustling Roman
750:, made of sandstone and a soft calcareous stone. It is 102 feet (31 m) long, and 43 feet (13 m) wide. A portion of its walls are sculptured with well-executed basso relieves, of Greek workmanship; occasionally the walls are decorated with
680:
Despite its favorable location, after the 6th century the port was abandoned and the bay has since nearly filled with sediment; it has a sand-bar at its entrance that can only be crossed by shallow-draft boats. The gemsites on
705:
wrote that the city measured 1,600 feet (490 m) from north to south, and 2,000 feet (610 m) from east to west. He estimated the ancient population at 10,000. Since then, several excavations have been undertaken.
770:, Poland, in the winter of 2007–2008 and is still continuing. Apart from the excavations, non-invasive magnetic prospecting was carried out. Tomasz Herbich from the Institute of Archeology and Ethnology of the
885:
In
Berenike in March 2022 an American-Polish archaeological mission excavating the main early Roman period temple dedicated to the Goddess Isis uncovered in the forecourt of the temple a marble statue of a
2068:
766:
led by Prof. Steven E. Sidebotham, with partners from several other institutions and continued until 2001. Work was resumed by teams from the
University of Delaware and the
1543:"Garum Masala;Dramatic archaeological discoveries have led scholars to radically reassess the size and importance of the trade between ancient Rome and India"
93:
2053:
1444:
2032:
1968:
1452:
882:
In 2020–2021, 2,000 year-old remains of monkeys, cats, and dogs were discovered at
Berenike to be considered the oldest pet cemetery in the world.
863:
and the Polish
Academy of Sciences. The structure, built near the southern frontier, had thicker walls to the west, and served as a hub to transport
658:
states that "on the right-hand coast next below
Berenice is the country of the Berbers", thereby placing Berenice Troglodytica just north of ancient
2088:
1797:
1524:
1983:
1670:
1635:"The Berenike Project: Hellenistic fort, Roman harbor and late Roman temple. Archaeological fieldwork and studies in the 2012 and 2013 seasons"
1105:
With an index of
English words, king list and geological list with indexes, list of hieroglyphic characters, coptic and semitic alphabets, etc.
1054:
929:
584:
1634:
1923:
588:
1978:
1918:
1858:
615:
From the 1st century BCE until the 2nd century CE, Berenice was one of the critical way-stations for trade between the
158:
1903:
1328:
2063:
1963:
1898:
1883:
1787:
767:
2078:
1740:
801:
graffito mentioning Korra, a South Indian chieftain”; evidence that “inhabitants from Tamil South India (which then included most of
1700:
1273:
1933:
411:
1542:
2073:
1180:
405:
400:
397:
403:
394:
65:
409:
408:
354:" or "cave dwellers". Although the name is attested by several ancient writers, the more ancient Ptolemaic inscriptions read
1582:
324:, and to the south by a chain of small islands scattered across the mouth of the bay. One of them was called the Island of
1561:
1190:
1594:"Beads and pendants from the Hellenistic to early Byzantine Red Sea port of Berenike, Egypt. Season 2014 and 2015."
1401:"New evidence for the emergence of a human–pet relation in early Roman Berenike (1st–2nd centuries AD)"
458:
Berenice was prosperous and quite famous in antiquity. The city is noted by most ancient geographers, including
1624:"New evidence for the emergence of a human–pet relation in early Roman Berenike (1st–2nd century AD)"
1096:
852:, which has been excavated by Marta and Piotr Osypiński from the Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology of the
653:
644:
1485:
747:
2058:
1733:
1128:
1486:"This 2,300 year-old Egyptian fortress had an unusual task: Guarding a port that sent elephants to war"
1124:
2083:
1374:
1275:
The
Periplus of the Erythraean Sea: Travel and trade in the Indian ocean by a merchant of the first century
719:
The most important ruin is a temple; the remnants of its sculptures and inscriptions preserve the name of
1802:
1343:
853:
786:
771:
600:
1357:
1238:
735:. Excavations have also produced small figures of many deities, some obscure, including a (goddess?)
732:
702:
694:
571:
24:
936:
1726:
1100:
578:
1623:
1613:
1603:
1593:
1587:
Stories of
Globalisation: The Red Sea and the Persian Gulf from late prehistory to early modernity
1400:
290:
1322:
935:(Report). Tiruvananthapuram, India: Kerala Council for Historical Research. 2011. Archived from
1164:
763:
562:
467:
1256:
1445:"Graves of nearly 600 cats and dogs in ancient Egypt may be world's oldest pet cemetery"
859:
In 2019, a 2,300 year-old fortress was discovered by a team of archaeologists from the
797:, black pepper, coconuts, beads made of precious and semi-precious stones, cameo blanks; “a
777:
A large number of significant finds have been made providing evidence of the cargo from the
2027:
2022:
1688:
1614:"The harbor of early Roman “Imperial” Berenike: overview of excavations from 2009 to 2015."
860:
751:
544:
427:
1583:"Exotic cults in Roman Berenike? An investigation into two temples in the harbour temenos"
992:
Michael
Peppard (2009). "A letter concerning boats in Berenike and trade on the Red Sea."
709:
556:
8:
1833:
1677:
S. Sidebotham and W. Wendrich, (2001). "Roms Tor am Roten Meer nach Arabien und Indien".
1279:
1090:
616:
294:
132:
1684:
1664:
1652:
1472:
port that traded ivory, fabrics, and other luxury goods from India, Arabia, and Europe.
1422:
1225:
1048:
1036:
910:
548:
359:
1604:"Shaping a city and its defenses: fortifications of Hellenistic Berenike Trogodytika."
1426:
1186:
475:
438:
232:
1075:
1807:
1713:
1456:
1412:
1152:
1148:
968:
762:
Excavations were launched at Berenike in 1994 by a team of archaeologists from the
659:
434:
236:
366:. It is possible that later copyists confused this name with the more common term
2012:
1782:
1759:
1750:
1212:
1140:
905:
892:
815:
728:
682:
669:, Berenice itself formed an entire district with its own prefect, who was called
596:
592:
463:
325:
1589:, Selected Papers of Red Sea Project VII, Brill nv, Leiden, NL. pp. 225–245
2017:
2007:
1828:
829:
252:
1417:
308:; Berenice was sited upon a narrow rim of shore between the mountains and the
2047:
1878:
1718:
1317:
887:
864:
785:
from South India being at this last outpost of the Roman Empire (see ancient
778:
363:
338:
local to Berenice. The harbour is marginal, but was improved by engineering.
173:
160:
1460:
1332:. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 769–770.
1071:
Dictionnaire des Noms Géographiques Contenus dans les Textes Hiéroglyphiques
809:
665:
In the 4th century Berenice had again become an active port. Under the
318:, a south-facing bay sheltered on the north by a high peninsula then called
1823:
1069:
824:
798:
782:
698:
666:
632:
470:. Its prosperity after the third century was mostly due to three reasons:
1767:
1655:(1980). "The ethnology and history of the area covered by the Periplus".
1039:(1980). "The ethnology and history of the area covered by the Periplus".
624:
505:
485:
351:
301:
282:
146:
1973:
1943:
1928:
1888:
1868:
1853:
1321:
876:
724:
649:
628:
540:
529:
521:
517:
286:
206:
1953:
1948:
1913:
1633:
S. E. Sidebotham, I. Zych, J. K. Rądkowska, & M. Woźniak (2015).
794:
525:
509:
319:
300:
A high mountain range runs along the African coast and separates the
1562:"Archaeologists Unearth Buddha Statue in Ancient Egyptian Port City"
528:) on the other. The road across the desert from Coptos was 258
1958:
1893:
1873:
1863:
1792:
1525:"Monkeys found buried in 2,000 year-old Egyptian pet cemetery"
1020:
720:
335:
313:
872:
583:
Berenice was able to generate some commerce locally: The mines of
1998:
1988:
1844:
1772:
845:
The expedition also discovered a cemetery of small animals dated
838:
639:
604:
309:
305:
270:
50:
871:
temple and there, there were found fragments of a statue of the
827:
was reported and "two blocks of resin from the Syrian fir tree (
768:
Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology, University of Warsaw
1908:
1116:
1008:
802:
620:
493:
459:
642:
coast is described in the 1st century CE travelogue
543:) were built along the road; the wells and resting places for
1777:
1585:. A. Manzo, C. Zazzaro, & D. Joyce de Falco (eds),
513:
329:
278:
266:
256:
136:
20:
868:
501:
497:
274:
1258:
Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography: Abacaenum-Hytanis
44:
532:
long, or 11 days' journey. Watering stations (Greek
362:(1980) speculated could be derived from the same root as
2069:
Buildings and structures completed in the 3rd century BC
1438:
1436:
774:
made a magnetic map of the western part of the site.
1644:
David Meredith (Dec 1957). "Berenice Troglodytica".
1509:
Geisburch, Jan (Autumn 2019). "Digging Diary 2019".
1433:
484:
being at the eastern terminus of the main road from
1687:run by Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology,
1453:
American Association for the Advancement of Science
1261:. London, UK: Walton and Maberly. pp. 391–392.
293:(285–246 BCE), who named it after his mother,
1398:
1031:
1029:
693:In 1818, the ruins of Berenice were identified by
574:found traces of several of the watering stations.
963:
961:
959:
957:
930:Final Report for 5th season - Pattanam Excavation
49:Satellite image of Berenice Troglodytica, on the
2045:
1312:
1310:
867:from Eritrea. In the same year was excavated an
508:the two main shipping centers for trade between
350:refers to the native people of the region, the "
16:Ancient human settlement, also known as Berenike
1278:. London, Bombay & Calcutta. Archived from
1185:. Univ. of California Press. pp. 237–238.
1026:
1748:
954:
819:, discovered in Berenice Troglodytica in 2022.
607:?) at that time called “topaz” and “emerald”.
1734:
1307:
1182:Berenike and the Ancient Maritime Spice Route
591:in the adjacent mountains, and the island of
108:Berenice Troglodytica (West and Central Asia)
100:
72:
1560:Magazine, Smithsonian; Parker, Christopher.
1088:
1004:
1002:
273:. It is situated about 825 km south of
2054:Ancient Greek archaeological sites in Egypt
1651:
1035:
688:
216:First half of the 3rd century BCE
1741:
1727:
1669:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1559:
1178:
1053:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
994:Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik
599:) in the mouth of Berenice's harbor, were
43:
1508:
1416:
999:
1622:M. Osypińska & P. Osypiński (2017).
1316:
1067:
808:
708:
555:
124:Berenice Troglodytica, Baranis, Berenike
1639:Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean
1628:Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean
1617:Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean
1607:Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean
1597:Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean
1405:Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean
1345:Luminous gemstones § Island of Ophiodes
723:and the head magistrate of the Jews in
648:, written by a Greek merchant based in
623:, and Upper Egypt. It was connected to
2089:3rd-century BC establishments in Egypt
2046:
1451:. Archaeology, Plants, & Animals.
1271:
1265:
1722:
1483:
1442:
1399:Osypińska, M.; Osypiński, P. (2017).
1254:
757:
610:
289:. It was founded in 275 BCE by
1646:The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology
1092:An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary
714:Ruins of a temple – Wellsted (1838)
697:, confirming an earlier opinion of
492:The other terminus of that road is
13:
638:The trade from Berenice along the
334:) and was one of a few sources of
224:After the 6th century CE
14:
2100:
2064:Ptolemaic colonies in the Red Sea
1694:
1581:I. Zych, J. K. Rądkowska (2019).
111:Show map of West and Central Asia
2079:Former populated places in Egypt
1641:, 24 (1), pp. 297–322.
1630:, 26 (2), pp. 167–192.
547:are listed by Pliny, and in the
378:
99:
92:
71:
64:
1619:, 26 (2), pp. 93–132.
1599:, 27 (1), pp. 203–234
1553:
1535:
1517:
1502:
1477:
1392:
1375:"South Indians in Roman Egypt?"
1367:
1351:
1336:
1294:
1272:Schoff, Wilfred Harvey (1912).
1248:
1232:
1218:
1206:
1172:
1158:
1134:
512:and Egypt on the one hand, and
1703:Periplus of the Erythraean Sea
1657:Periplus of the Erythraean Sea
1648:, vol. 43, pp. 56–70
1609:, 26 (2), pp. 43–60.
1484:Jarus, Owen (3 January 2019).
1179:Sidebotham, Steven E. (2019).
1110:
1082:
1061:
1041:Periplus of the Erythraean Sea
1014:
986:
922:
850: 1st–2nd century CE
645:Periplus of the Erythraean Sea
1:
2074:Archaeological sites in Egypt
1681:32 (3), p. 251-263.
1575:
846:
916:
341:
269:on the western shore of the
7:
1513:. Vol. 55. S. 27.
1443:Grimm, David (2021-02-26).
1089:Wallis Budge, E.A. (1920).
899:
500:), an Egyptian city on the
265:, is an ancient seaport of
10:
2105:
1803:Ras Muhammad National Park
854:Polish Academy of Sciences
823:In 2009 the first find of
787:Indo-Roman trade relations
772:Polish Academy of Sciences
576:
504:, which made Berenice and
386:
373:
330:
257:
23:town. For other uses, see
19:This article is about the
18:
1997:
1842:
1816:
1757:
1418:10.5604/01.3001.0012.1825
1358:Giovanni Battista Belzoni
1239:Giovanni Battista Belzoni
695:Giovanni Battista Belzoni
601:rich sources of gemstones
570:In the 19th century
285:and 140 km south of
228:
220:
212:
202:
197:
189:
152:
142:
128:
120:
58:
42:
35:
25:Berenice (disambiguation)
1592:J. Then-Obłuska (2018).
1068:Gauthier, Henri (1928).
689:19th century archaeology
579:Mining industry of Egypt
1461:10.1126/science.abh2835
1329:Encyclopædia Britannica
1255:Smith, William (1854).
1074:. Vol. 5. p.
291:Ptolemy II Philadelphus
1817:Sinai's nearby islands
1364:, vol. ii. p. 73.
1245:, vol. ii. p. 35
1165:Stephanus of Byzantium
843:
820:
764:University of Delaware
716:
671:Praefectus Berenicidis
631:in Lower Egypt by the
567:
563:James Raymond Wellsted
561:A visit to Berenice –
468:Stephanus of Byzantium
277:, 260 km east of
1939:Berenice Troglodytica
835:
812:
712:
675:P. montis Berenicidis
559:
312:, at the head of the
245:Berenice Troglodytica
174:23.90861°N 35.47250°E
121:Alternative name
2059:Roman sites in Egypt
1714:The Berenike Project
1689:University of Warsaw
1566:Smithsonian Magazine
1529:Smithsonian Magazine
1511:Egyptian Archaeology
861:University of Warsaw
781:and the presence of
667:Roman administration
2084:Red Sea Governorate
1653:Huntingford, G.W.B.
1602:M. Woźniak (2017).
1037:Huntingford, G.W.B.
617:Indian subcontinent
295:Berenice I of Egypt
170: /
133:Red Sea Governorate
32:
1708:Schoff translation
1282:on 4 February 2017
1226:Antonine Itinerary
996:, Bd. 171, p. 196.
911:Berenice Epideires
821:
758:Recent archaeology
717:
611:Imperial Roman era
568:
179:23.90861; 35.47250
80:Shown within Egypt
30:
2041:
2040:
2033:Abu Minqar Island
1531:. 27 August 2020.
1011:xvi. p. 770;
474:patronage by the
456:
455:
444:
439:Ptolemaic dynasty
419:
418:
415:
414:
242:
241:
233:Ptolemaic Kingdom
83:Show map of Egypt
2096:
2013:St.John's Island
1834:Pharaoh's Island
1808:Straits of Tiran
1743:
1736:
1729:
1720:
1719:
1685:Berenike Project
1674:
1668:
1660:
1612:I. Zych (2017).
1570:
1569:
1557:
1551:
1550:
1549:. 20 April 2023.
1539:
1533:
1532:
1521:
1515:
1514:
1506:
1500:
1499:
1497:
1496:
1481:
1475:
1474:
1468:
1467:
1449:Science Magazine
1440:
1431:
1430:
1420:
1396:
1390:
1389:
1387:
1386:
1379:www.frontline.in
1371:
1365:
1355:
1349:
1340:
1334:
1333:
1325:
1323:"Berenice"
1314:
1305:
1298:
1292:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1269:
1263:
1262:
1252:
1246:
1236:
1230:
1229:p. 172, f.
1222:
1216:
1210:
1204:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1176:
1170:
1162:
1156:
1138:
1132:
1114:
1108:
1107:
1095:. Vol. II.
1086:
1080:
1079:
1065:
1059:
1058:
1052:
1044:
1033:
1024:
1018:
1012:
1006:
997:
990:
984:
983:
981:
980:
965:
952:
951:
949:
947:
942:on 7 August 2015
941:
934:
926:
851:
848:
635:in 137 CE.
443:(305–30 BC)
442:
391:
390:
387:
383:
382:
333:
332:
260:
259:
237:Byzantine Empire
185:
184:
182:
181:
180:
175:
171:
168:
167:
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163:
112:
103:
102:
96:
84:
75:
74:
68:
47:
33:
29:
2104:
2103:
2099:
2098:
2097:
2095:
2094:
2093:
2044:
2043:
2042:
2037:
1993:
1843:On the Western
1838:
1812:
1783:Sharm El Sheikh
1760:Sinai Peninsula
1753:
1751:Red Sea Riviera
1747:
1697:
1662:
1661:
1578:
1573:
1558:
1554:
1547:New York Review
1541:
1540:
1536:
1523:
1522:
1518:
1507:
1503:
1494:
1492:
1482:
1478:
1465:
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1441:
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1397:
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1384:
1382:
1373:
1372:
1368:
1356:
1352:
1341:
1337:
1315:
1308:
1299:
1295:
1285:
1283:
1270:
1266:
1253:
1249:
1237:
1233:
1223:
1219:
1213:Pliny the Elder
1211:
1207:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1177:
1173:
1163:
1159:
1145:Natural History
1141:Pliny the Elder
1139:
1135:
1115:
1111:
1087:
1083:
1066:
1062:
1046:
1045:
1034:
1027:
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1007:
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991:
987:
978:
976:
967:
966:
955:
945:
943:
939:
932:
928:
927:
923:
919:
906:Red Sea Riviera
902:
893:Berenike Buddha
849:
816:Berenike Buddha
760:
715:
691:
683:Zabargad Island
613:
597:Zabargad Island
581:
566:
464:Pliny the Elder
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425:
410:
404:
381:
376:
344:
178:
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87:
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85:
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78:
77:
76:
54:
38:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2102:
2092:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2039:
2038:
2036:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2018:Mukawwa Island
2015:
2010:
2008:Shadwan Island
2004:
2002:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1850:
1848:
1840:
1839:
1837:
1836:
1831:
1829:Sanafir Island
1826:
1820:
1818:
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2023:Rocky Island
1984:Gubal Strait
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1824:Tiran Island
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1493:. Retrieved
1490:Live Science
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1394:
1383:. Retrieved
1381:. 2010-04-23
1378:
1369:
1361:
1353:
1344:
1342:See article
1338:
1327:
1304:no. 3880, f.
1301:
1296:
1284:. Retrieved
1280:the original
1274:
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1196:. Retrieved
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977:. Retrieved
975:. 2019-04-17
972:
946:13 September
944:. Retrieved
937:the original
924:
891:
884:
881:
858:
856:since 2011.
844:
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799:Tamil Brahmi
783:Tamil people
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633:Via Hadriana
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614:
585:Gebel Zabara
582:
569:
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491:
457:
367:
355:
348:Troglodytica
347:
345:
320:
314:
299:
262:
248:
244:
243:
1949:Alshalateen
1924:Port Ghalib
1749:Resorts in
1302:Inscr. Lat.
1153:vi.(33).168
1149:vi.(26).103
1097:John Murray
589:Wadi Sikait
550:Itineraries
530:Roman miles
506:Myos Hormos
486:Upper Egypt
428:hieroglyphs
368:Troglodytai
360:Huntingford
352:Troglodytai
302:Nile Valley
283:Upper Egypt
177: /
153:Coordinates
147:Upper Egypt
2048:Categories
1979:Wadi Gimal
1974:Gabal Elba
1929:Marsa Alam
1919:Coraya Bay
1889:Makadi Bay
1869:Ras Gharib
1859:Gamsha Bay
1854:Ain Sokhna
1576:References
1495:2021-03-16
1466:2021-03-16
1385:2018-02-26
1362:Researches
1099:. p.
979:2020-05-27
969:"Berenike"
877:Sebiumeker
841:, papyri.”
733:Roman rule
725:Alexandria
650:Alexandria
629:River Nile
541:Hadhramaut
534:hydreumata
522:Tamraparni
518:Tamilakkam
356:Trogodytai
287:Marsa Alam
207:Ptolemy II
193:Settlement
165:35°28′21″E
162:23°54′31″N
1954:Ras Banas
1904:Shoni Bay
1665:cite book
1427:189400184
1121:Geography
1049:cite book
917:Footnotes
795:teak wood
729:Ptolemaic
699:d'Anville
526:Sri Lanka
524:(ancient
510:Aethiopia
476:Ptolemaic
346:The name
342:Etymology
336:gemstones
304:from the
221:Abandoned
1964:Abu Shar
1959:Foul Bay
1899:Abu Soma
1894:Soma Bay
1884:Serrenia
1874:Hurghada
1864:El Gouna
1793:Ras Sedr
1788:Nabq Bay
1300:Orelli,
1129:xvii.815
900:See also
873:Meroitic
741:Arabarch
737:Alabarch
721:Tiberius
655:Periplus
593:Ophiodes
565:, (1838)
545:caravans
358:, which
326:Ophiodes
258:Βερενίκη
249:Berenike
129:Location
37:Βερενίκη
31:Berenice
21:Egyptian
2001:islands
1999:Red Sea
1989:Tarabin
1969:Abu Tig
1944:Hala'ib
1845:Red Sea
1773:Nuweiba
1758:On the
1243:Travels
1198:18 June
1125:xvi.770
1023:iii. 39
839:ostraca
703:Belzoni
660:Barbara
640:Red Sea
627:on the
605:peridot
572:Belzoni
424:šꜣs ḥrt
374:History
310:Red Sea
306:Red Sea
271:Red Sea
263:Baranis
229:Periods
213:Founded
203:Builder
198:History
51:Red Sea
1934:Hamata
1914:Quseir
1909:Safaga
1425:
1286:7 June
1189:
1117:Strabo
1009:Strabo
890:, the
888:Buddha
803:Kerala
727:under
652:. The
621:Arabia
520:, and
494:Coptos
466:, and
460:Strabo
364:Tuareg
143:Region
1847:shore
1778:Dahab
1423:S2CID
1168:s. v.
1021:Diod.
940:(PDF)
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673:, or
595:(now
514:Syria
496:(now
478:kings
279:Aswan
267:Egypt
261:) or
253:Greek
137:Egypt
53:coast
1768:Taba
1671:link
1288:2016
1200:2019
1187:ISBN
1101:1038
1055:link
948:2015
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869:Isis
813:The
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731:and
587:and
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190:Type
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