Cloud seeding - Knowledge

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Beijing lasted for approximately three days and led to the closure of 12 main roads around Beijing. At the end of October 2009 Beijing claimed it had its earliest snowfall since 1987 due to cloud seeding. According to "research paper from Tsinghua University, the Chinese weather authorities used weather modification to ensure the sky was clear and lower air pollution" on July 1, 2021. The Chinese Communist party celebrated its centenary on July 1 with a major celebration. The celebration took place in Tiananmen Square. The paper was published on November 26, 2021 in a peer-review journal called Environment Science (via South China Morning Post). The research shows that the Chinese government used cloud-seeding techniques to force rainfall the evening before the celebration event. This rainfall lowered the amount of PM2.5 pollution by more than two-thirds. That helped improve the air quality at the time from "moderate" to "good".

1498: 650:(NOAA; Department of Commerce). Reclamation sponsored several cloud-seeding research projects under the umbrella of Project Skywater from 1964 to 1988, and NOAA conducted the Atmospheric Modification Program from 1979 to 1993. The sponsored projects were carried out in several states and two countries (Thailand and Morocco), studying both winter and summer cloud seeding. From 1962 to 1988 Reclamation developed cloud seeding applied research to augment water supplies in the western U.S. The research focused on winter orographic seeding to enhance snowfall in the Rocky Mountains and Sierra Nevada, and precipitation in coast ranges of southern California. In California Reclamation partnered with the California Department of Water Resources ( 475: 375: 891: 400: 386: 433: 411: 1310:

dispersing clouds and forcing them to rain before the time they naturally would – dropping the rain on other places and at other times, so they don’t affect specific events. In 2020, Russia used cloud seeding to help fight Siberian forest fires. The Russian government has also used cloud seeding technology in Crimea to alleviate drought which was caused as a result of Ukraine blocking the Crimean Canal. Russia published a review of the weather electromagnetic correction technology in 2015, which was developed in the 1980s in the USSR and shares technology with India.

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rights should not allow the landowner to claim artificially induced rain. California legislation binds water generated through seeding to existing surface water rights and groundwater regulations, considering the produced water "natural supply". Yet courts could decide that the induced rain should be designated as "additional precipitation", permitting the cloud-seeding entity to claim a portion of this generated water. This approach would also face challenges, given the difficulty of determining the fraction of extra water procured by cloud seeding.

366:, among other species, as well as recent high-level algal blooms in once pristine glacial lakes. Research 50 years ago and analysis by the former Snowy Mountains Authority led to the cessation of the cloud seeding program in the 1950s with non-definitive results. Formerly, cloud seeding was rejected in Australia on environmental grounds because of concerns about the pygmy possum. The claims of negative environmental impact are disputed by peer-reviewed research, as summarized by the International Weather Modification Association. 447: 28: 995: 120: 1286:) project consists of local agencies acting within a non-profit organization. A similar project in Spain is managed by the Consorcio por la Lucha Antigranizo de Aragon. The success of the French program was supported by analysis made by Jean Dessens based on insurance data; that of the Spanish program in studies conducted by the Spanish Agricultural Ministry. However, Jean Dessens's results were heavily criticized and doubt was cast on the effectiveness of ground generator seeding. ( 1391: 461: 1245: 20: 286:(NRC) released a report stating, "science is unable to say with assurance which, if any, seeding techniques produce positive effects. In the 55 years following the first cloud-seeding demonstrations, substantial progress has been made in understanding the natural processes that account for our daily weather. Yet scientifically acceptable proof for significant seeding effects has not been achieved". 1267:. Each site protects an area of 10 sq. km, the density of the site clusters is such that at least 2 sites will be able to target a single hail cloud, initial detection of hail cloud formation to firing of the rockets is typically 7–10 minutes in its entire process with a view to seed the formation of much smaller hailstones, high in the atmosphere that will melt before reaching ground level. 279:

to reliably increase precipitation." Data similar to that of the NAS study was acquired in a separate study conducted by the Wyoming Weather Modification Pilot Project, but whereas the NAS study concluded that "it is difficult to show clearly that cloud seeding has a very large effect", the WWMPP study concluded that "seeding could augment the snowpack by a maximum of 3% over an entire season."

3117: 1681:, the convention's scope of application solely encompasses military or any other hostile uses of weather modification technologies. Indeed, the use of weather modification programs for peaceful purposes is not prohibited by the treaty. ENMOD has been criticised for its many weaknesses, notably regarding the vagueness and ambiguity of notions leaving room for various interpretations. 639:. Only a few hurricanes were tested with cloud seeding because of the strict rules the project's scientists set. It was unclear whether the project was successful. Hurricanes appeared to change slightly in structure, but only temporarily. The fear that cloud seeding could change the course or power of hurricanes and adversely affect people in the storm's path stopped the project. 678:

Mines and Technology, North Dakota, Texas A&M, Texas Tech, and Oklahoma. Cooperative efforts with state water resources agencies in California, Colorado, Montana, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, and Arizona assured that the applied research met state water management needs. HIPLEX also partnered with NASA, Environment Canada, and the National Center for Atmospheric Research (

1513: 3145: 4513: 811:, cloud seeding operations were conducted during the years 1983, 1984–87, and 1993–94 by the Tamil Nadu Government due to severe drought. In the years 2003 and 2004 Karnataka government initiated cloud seeding. Cloud seeding operations were also conducted in the same year through US-based Weather Modification Inc. in the state of 1698:

short moment of the cloud being above somebody's land. Quilleré-Majzoub dismisses the concept of ownership of clouds altogether, given their specific nature, rendering the idea of a cloud ever belonging to somebody unsubstantiated. Indeed, clouds are beyond occupancy – similar to air, running water, the sea and animals

536:, was credited with discovering another method for "seeding" super-cooled cloud water. Vonnegut accomplished his discovery at the desk, looking up information in a basic chemistry text and then tinkering with silver and iodide chemicals to produce silver iodide. Together with Professor Henry Chessin, of 589:

seeding for enhancement of rainfall in warm clouds is enjoying a revival, based on positive indications from research in South Africa, Mexico, and elsewhere. The hygroscopic material most commonly used is table salt. It is postulated that hygroscopic seeding causes the droplet size spectrum in clouds

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just to lower the temperature of his experimental chamber. To his astonishment, as soon as he breathed into the deep freezer, he noted a bluish haze, followed by an eye-popping display of millions of microscopic ice crystals, reflecting the strong light rays from the lamp illuminating a cross-section

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can cause temporary incapacitation or possible residual injury to humans and other mammals with intense or chronic exposure. But several detailed ecological studies have shown negligible environmental and health impacts. The toxicity of silver and silver compounds (from silver iodide) was shown to be

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failed to find statistically significant support for cloud seeding's effectiveness. Based on its findings, Stanford University ecologist Jerry Bradley said: "I think you can squeeze out a little more snow or rain in some places under some conditions, but that's quite different from a program claiming

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The various implications of such a widespread trial were discussed, drawing on the combined knowledge of several worldwide experts, including representatives from the Tasmanian Hydro Cloud Seeding Project however does not make reference to former cloud seeding experiments by the then-Snowy Mountains

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In Oregon, Portland General Electric used Hood River seeding to produce snow for hydro power in 1974-1975. The results were substantial, but caused an undue burden on the locals, who experienced overpowering rainfall, causing street collapses and mudslides. PGE discontinued its seeding practices the

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In 1946, the Iranian government tried to fertilize Iran's clouds with the help of Americans, but it was unsuccessful. Then in 1947, in Article 19 of the Law on Water and its Nationalization, the then Ministry of Water and Electricity was obliged to provide the water needed by the country in various

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augmentation, and event planning. Legal frameworks primarily focus on prohibiting the military or hostile use of weather modification techniques, leaving the ownership and regulation of cloud-seeding activities to national discretion. Despite skepticism and debate over its efficacy and environmental

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region to use cloud seeding technology. UAE scientists use cloud seeding technology to supplement the country's water insecurity, which stems from the extremely hot climate. They use weather radars to continuously monitor the atmosphere of the country. Forecasters and scientists have estimated that

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of 1978, in the years 1989 to 1995, cloud fertilization was carried out in a scattered manner using ground generators in the heights of Shirkuh, Yazd. Then, with the announcement of the Minister of Energy in February 1996, the National Center for Cloud Fertility Research and Studies was established

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in the early 1960s in order to determine if their electricity-producing dams could be kept at high water levels through cloud seeding. Tasmania proved to be one place where cloud seeding was highly effective. Various trials were undertaken between 1964 and 2005, and again between 2009 and 2016, but

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Reclamation sponsored research at several universities, including Colorado State University, the Universities of Wyoming, Washington, UCLA, Utah, Chicago, NYU, Montana, and Colorado, and research teams at Stanford, Meteorology Research Inc., and Penn State University, and the South Dakota School of

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and frozen carbon dioxide, seems to have little if any impact on the amount of precipitation. A 2011 study suggested that airplanes may produce ice particles by freezing cloud droplets that cool as they flow around the tips of propellers, over wings or over jet aircraft, and thereby unintentionally

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pulses aimed at inducing particle formation. Despite decades of research and application, cloud seeding's effectiveness remains a subject of debate among scientists, with studies offering mixed results on its impact on precipitation enhancement. Some studies suggest it is "difficult to show clearly

1236:, and Stan McLeod, all ex-members of the RCAF's 403 Squadron, attending the University of Alberta, spent their summers flying hail suppression. The Alberta Hail Suppression Project is continuing with C$ 3 million a year in funding from insurance companies to reduce hail damage in southern Alberta. 831:

Pakistan has undergone its first-ever artificial rain experiment using cloud seeding, in a move carried out with the help of the United Arab Emirates Punjab Chief Minister Mohsin Naqvi said there was drizzle in 'at least 10 areas' of Lahore, consistently ranked the most polluted city in the world.

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just before the 2008 Olympic Games in order to have a dry Olympic season. In February 2009, China also blasted iodide sticks over Beijing to artificially induce snowfall after four months of drought, and blasted iodide sticks over other areas of northern China to increase snowfall. The snowfall in

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Environmental and health impacts are considered minimal due to the low concentrations of substances used. But concerns persist over the potential accumulation of seeding agents in sensitive ecosystems. The practice has a long history, with initial experiments dating back to the 1940s, and has been

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Bureau of Reclamation, 1977: Project Skywater, A program of Research in Precipitation Management. However, some research indicates that silver toxicity is bio-accumulative in aquatic environments, causing respiratory distress to some species of fish (Aquatic Toxicology Volume 49, Issues 1–2, May

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technologies as the rainwater can now be occupied. Typically, regarding naturally occurring precipitation, the first to reduce it to possession, normally the landowner, will gain rights in it as long as no existing rights are violated. Given that this benefit is accorded by nature, these natural

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stated that attributing a "legal title to a cloud would be ridiculous" due to the distinct nature of clouds, their perpetual change of form and location, their emergence, disappearance and renewal. Similarly, Brooks considers private ownership of clouds as "nonsense" as control is limited to the

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participate in a program to prevent the formation of hailstones. Reports from a local insurance agency suggest that the cloud seeding activities in the Stuttgart area have prevented about 5 million euro in damages in 2015 while the project's annual upkeep is priced at only 325.000 euro. Another

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Israel conducted experimental cloud seeding for seven years from 2014 to 2021. The practice involved emitting silver iodide from airplanes and ground stations and took place only in the northern parts of the country. Israel stopped the rain enhancement project in 2021 due to the experiment data

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confirmed the theory. Schaefer discovered the principle of cloud seeding in July 1946 through a series of serendipitous events. Following ideas he and Langmuir generated while climbing Mt. Washington in New Hampshire, Schaefer, Langmuir's research associate, created a way of experimenting with

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aircraft for its cloud seeding operations. On the ground at the radar facility the Meteorologist assigns the pilots the cloud that has a high concentration of super cooled liquid water.The aircraft will find the altitude where the temperatures are about -5 °C. This is the altitude at which the

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authorized research into using cloud seeding this way on March 16, just before the outbreak of the battle, and a test commenced the following month. Results were disappointing; while it did not take long for the rain clouds to form and release precipitation, they often drifted away from Route

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in the cargo area plus external pods containing meteorological cartridges that could be fired into clouds. Russian government spends millions on 'cloud seeding' technology to ensure it doesn't rain on May Day public holiday. A single contractor was hired to employ a technique which involves

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of silver were released into the US environment. This led the US Health Services and EPA to conduct studies regarding the potential for environmental and human health hazards related to silver. These agencies and other state agencies applied the Clean Water Act of 1977 and 1987 to establish

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In 2016, Jeff Tilley, director of weather modification at the Desert Research Institute in Reno, claimed that new technology and research has produced reliable results that make cloud seeding a dependable and affordable water supply practice for many regions. Moreover, in 1998 the American

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is lower over ice than over water. The formation of ice particles in supercooled clouds allows those particles to grow at the expense of liquid droplets. If sufficient growth takes place, the particles become heavy enough to fall as precipitation from clouds that otherwise would produce no

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cloud seeding operations can enhance rainfall by as much as 30-35% percent in a clear atmosphere, and up to 10-15% in a more humid atmosphere. This practice has caused concerns regarding the impact on the environment because it is difficult to predict its long-term global implications.

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Note: Chapter Six "The War Ends as I Discover Cloud Seeding" Schaefer discusses the conversations with Langmuir while climbing Mount Washington (pp. 118–119) and then describes the event "My Discovery of Dry Ice Seeding" on pp. 128–129. References by his son, James M Schaefer,

362: – a biosphere reserve – is problematic in that several rapid changes of environmental legislation were made to enable the trial. Environmentalists are concerned about the uptake of elemental silver in a highly sensitive environment affecting the 31:

This image explaining cloud seeding shows a substance – either silver iodide or dry ice – being dumped onto the cloud, which then becomes a rain shower. The process shown in the upper-right is what is happening in the cloud and the process of condensation upon the introduced

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is equipped with external aggregates and flares for flying. Three crew members work in the operation. Two are the pilots in the plane and the third is the radar operator on the ground. The purpose of the defense is to prevent damage to farmland and cities in the areas of

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Data collated since the 1960s suggests huge agricultural sector losses are avoided yearly with the protection system, unseeded the hail will flatten entire regions, with seeding this can be reduced to minor leaf damage from the smaller hailstones that failed to melt.

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In the United States, cloud seeding is used to increase precipitation in areas experiencing drought, to reduce the size of hailstones that form in thunderstorms, and to reduce the amount of fog in and around airports. In the summer of 1948, the usually humid city of

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none have taken place since then. Hydro Tasmania also undertook soil and water survey samples and found negligible trace elements of the materials used for cloud seeding (such as silver iodine), and determined it did not have a detrimental effect on the environment.

1558:(NSW) Natural Resources Commission, responsible for supervising the cloud seeding operations, believes that the trial may have difficulty establishing statistically whether cloud seeding operations are increasing snowfall. This project was discussed at a summit in 339:

of low order in some studies. These findings likely result from the minute amounts of silver generated by cloud seeding, which are about one percent of industry emissions into the atmosphere in many parts of the world, or individual exposure from tooth fillings.

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of the chamber. He instantly realized that he had discovered a way to change super-cooled water into ice crystals. The experiment was easily replicated, and he explored the temperature gradient to establish the −40 °C (−40 °F) limit for liquid water.

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have been using drones equipped with a payload of electric-charge emission instruments and customized sensors that fly at low altitudes and deliver an electric charge to air molecules. This method produced a significant rainstorm in July 2021. For instance, in

1724:, but cloud moisture does currently not have a clearly defined status. It is thus suggested that international law should elaborate a jurisdictional regime that takes into account both the particular nature of clouds and the implications of new technologies. 517:

supercooled clouds using a deep freeze unit of potential agents to stimulate ice crystal growth, i.e., table salt, talcum powder, soils, dust, and various chemical agents with minor effect. Then, on July 14, 1946, he wanted to try a few experiments at GE's

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sparked claims that widespread weather modification was being confirmed. The department followed up with a clarification that it was only describing cloud seeding, used as an anti-drought measure intermittently for more than half a century in Los Angeles.

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provided cloud physics, physical chemistry, and other field support. The High Plains Cooperative Pilot Project (HIPLEX) focused on convective cloud seeding to increase rainfall during the growing season in Montana, Kansas, and Texas from 1974 to 1979.

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Dry ice and silver iodide agents are effective in changing super-cooled clouds' physical chemistry, and thus useful in augmenting winter snowfall over mountains and, under certain conditions, in lightning and hail suppression. While not a new technique,

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is a weather modification technique used by the government to address water challenges in the country. Cloud seeding is also referred to as man made precipitation and artificial rain making. The United Arab Emirates is one of the first countries in the

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ways, including cloud fertilization. Accordingly, the Ministry of Energy between 1953 and 1957, in cooperation with a Canadian company and using aircraft and silver iodide compound fertilized the clouds that were over the Karaj and Jajrud dam area.

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catchment area on the Central Plateau achieved rainfall increases as high as 30 percent in autumn. The Tasmanian experiments were so successful that the Commission has regularly undertaken seeding ever since in mountainous parts of the State.

2764:"Agreement on the Precipitation Enhancement Project (PEP) between the World Meteorological Organization, the Government of Spain and other Member States of the World Meteorological Organization participating in the Experiment ATS 14 of 1979 " 1566:

Authority, which rejected weather modification. The trial required changes to NSW environmental legislation in order to facilitate placement of the cloud seeding apparatus. The modern experiment is not supported for the Australian Alps.

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ceremonies. Whether this attempt was successful is a matter of dispute, with Roelof Bruintjes, who leads the National Center for Atmospheric Research's weather-modification group, remarking, "we cannot make clouds or chase clouds away".

1046:. Its first efforts scattered sea salt in the air to catch the humidity and dry ice to condense the humidity to form clouds. The project took about ten years of experiments and refinement. The first field operations began in 1969 above 1151:

described it as a "failed attempt" that had "fallen short" and highlighted various climate experts who recommended that the government conduct more research into the project's potential environmental effects before proceeding further.

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released by freezing. This strategy of "dynamic" seeding assumes that the additional latent heat adds buoyancy, strengthens updrafts, ensures more low-level convergence, and ultimately causes rapid growth of properly selected clouds.

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Whether cloud seeding is effective in producing a statistically significant increase in precipitation is a matter of academic debate, with contrasting results depending on the study in question and contrasting opinion among experts.

2217:(Paper ed.). Committee on the Status and Future Directions in U.S Weather Modification Research and Operations; Board on Atmospheric Sciences and Climate; Division on Earth and Life Studies; National Research Council. 2003. 685:

In the U.S., funding for research has declined in the last two decades. But the Bureau of Reclamation sponsored a six-state research program from 2002 to 2006 called the "Weather Damage Modification Program". A 2003 study by the

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And the rainmaking scramble became so intense in 2004 that five Henan province villages reportedly squabbled over "cloud theft" after they all seeded the clouds simultaneously but only one district received the lion's share of

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have not been large enough to measure above natural background. A 1995 environmental assessment in the Sierra Nevada of California and a 2004 independent panel of experts in Australia confirmed these earlier findings.

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occasionally use cloud seeding to induce snowfall. Eleven western states and one Canadian province (Alberta) had ongoing weather modification operational programs in 2012. In 2006, an $ 8.8 million project began in

4119: 1050:. Since then the Thai government claims that rainmaking has been successfully applied throughout Thailand and neighboring countries. The king received recognition for the Royal Rainmaking Project from the 4846: 4899:"HAARPing On; The government didn't quietly admit to modifying weather in California; cloud seeding is a well-documented effort to counteract the effects of drought (and isn't related to chemtrails)" 2434:

Harris, Edward R., 1981: Sierra Cooperative Pilot Project – Environmental Assessment and Finding of No Significant Impact. US Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation, Denver, CO, 208 pp.

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1947–1952: CSIRO scientists dropped dry ice into the tops of cumulus clouds. The method worked reliably with clouds that were very cold, producing rain that would not have otherwise fallen.

4965: 4447: 4085: 1216:, which began employing the technique in 1969 to increase the water supply to its hydroelectric power plants, and reported that it results in "an average of 3 to 10% increase in snowpack". 3829: 794:

into the sky where rain is desired. There is even political strife caused by neighboring regions that accuse each other of "stealing rain" using cloud seeding. China used cloud seeding in

1673:(ENMOD) is the only international framework related to the regulation of weather and climate modification technologies. Developed after cloud-seeding operations were conducted during the 968:

In Malaysia, cloud seeding was first used in 1988 for three purposes: filling up dams, lessening the effects of haze, and fighting forest fires. In 2015, cloud seeding was done daily in

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One private organization that offered, during the 1970s, to conduct weather modification (cloud seeding from the ground using silver iodide flares) was Irving P. Krick and Associates of

602:. The operation extended the monsoon period an average of 30 to 45 days in the targeted areas. The 54th Weather Reconnaissance Squadron carried out the operation to "make mud, not war". 4868: 3431: 2452:

Steinhoff, Harold W., and Jack D. Ives, Eds., 1976: Ecological Impacts of Snowpack Augmentation in the San Juan Mountains, Colorado. Final Report to the Bureau of Reclamation, 489 pp.

3768:"Convention on the Prohibition of Military or Any Other Hostile Use of Environmental Modification Techniques – A/RES/31/72 Annex – UN Documents: Gathering a body of global agreements" 1042:, or cloud seeding. The program is run by the Department of Royal Rainmaking and Agricultural Aviation. Thailand started a rain-making project in the late-1950s, known today as the 2443:

Howell, Wallace E., 1977: Environmental Impacts of Precipitation Management: Results and Inferences from Project Skywater. Bull. American Meteorological Society, 58, 488–501

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are ignited and dispersed as an aircraft flies through the inflow of a cloud. When released by devices on the ground, the fine particles are carried downwind and upward by

4797: 3684: 1232:. This utilized both aircraft and ground-based generators that pumped silver iodide into the atmosphere in an attempt to reduce the threat of hail damage. Ralph Langeman, 698: 2095: 4115: 682:). From 2002 to 2006, in cooperation with six western states, Reclamation sponsored a small cooperative research program called the Weather Damage Modification Program. 47:, mitigate hail or disperse fog. The usual objective is to increase rain or snow, either for its own sake or to prevent precipitation from occurring in days afterward. 1636:, cloud seeding is also used on a national scale. In 1985 the Moroccan Government started with a Cloud seeding program called 'Al-Ghait'. The system was first used in 73:

materials like table salt gaining popularity due to their ability to attract moisture. Techniques vary from static seeding, which encourages ice particle formation in

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societies organize cloud seeding on a region level. A registered society maintains aircraft for cloud seeding to protect agricultural areas from hail in the district

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in western Massachusetts after he dumped six pounds (2.5 kg) of dry ice into the target cloud from a plane after a 60-mile (100 km) easterly chase from the

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Meteorological Society held that "precipitation from supercooled orographic clouds (clouds that develop over mountains) has been seasonally increased by about 10%."

1132: 844:, cloud seeding was used to minimize flood risk in anticipation of heavy floods in 2013, according to the Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology. 524:

He was dismayed to find that the deep freezer was not cold enough to produce a "cloud" using breath air. He decided to move the process along by adding a chunk of

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Parsons Engineering Science, Inc., 1995: Environmental Assessment for the Pacific Gas and Electric Company and the US Forest Service, Stanislaus National Forest.

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into the air. These then evaporate leaving behind very small salt crystals, which water vapour clings to, creating clouds that reflect the sun more effectively.

2864: 2236: 2160: 1038:. Thai farmers repeatedly suffered the effects of drought. The king resolved to do something about it and proposed a solution to the dearth of rain: artificial 1143:

at 8000 feet, dispersing cloud seeding chemicals. Rain arrived the next day on March 23, though project members had expected it to appear earlier on the 22nd.

4838: 1458:. The activity is financed by local communities and the Ministry of Agriculture, it has great support among people and farmers from all over the countryside. 4416: 956:

have disrupted daily activities in the neighboring countries. On 25 June 2013, hailstones were reported to have fallen over some parts of Singapore. Despite

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Cloud seeding has been the focus of many theories based on the belief that governments manipulate the weather in order to control various conditions during

147:, which expands into a gas, has also been used. It can produce ice crystals at higher temperatures than silver iodide. After promising research, the use of 4166: 1054:

in 2001 for an invention that is beneficial to the world. In 2009, Jordan received permission from Thailand to use the technique. On 12 October 2005 the

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Given the growing attractiveness of weather modification programs, the legal framework offered by ENMOD is arguably insufficient, as the question of "

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Any meteorologist with a rudimentary knowledge of cloud seeding could explain why it is preposterous to blame the Lynmouth flood on such experiments.

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Freud, Eyal; Koussevitzky, Hagai; Goren, Tom; Rosenfeld, Daniel (2015). "Cloud microphysical background for the Israel-4 cloud seeding experiment".

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Schaefer's method altered a cloud's heat budget; Vonnegut's altered formative crystal structure, an ingenious property related to a good match in

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showing that the practice was largely ineffective and expensive, and because there had been some recent years of unrelated significant rainfall.

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flow of supplies through Route Provinciale 41, a dirt road leading into Điện Biên Phủ that would become more difficult to navigate during the

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is embarking on its own cloud seeding program, with the local Environment Public Authority conducting a study to gauge its viability locally.

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to become more maritime (bigger drops) and less continental, stimulating rainfall through coalescence. From 1967 to 1972, the U.S. military's

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Bulgaria operates a national network of hail protection, silver iodide rocket sites, strategically located in agricultural areas such as the

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An Austrian study to use silver iodide seeding for hail prevention ran during 1981–2000, and the technique is still actively deployed there.

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and received a patent in 1975. Both methods were adopted for use in cloud seeding during 1946 while working for GE in the state of New York.

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Donald A. Klein, 1978: Environmental Impacts of Artificial Ice Nucleating Agents, Dowden, Hutchinson & Ross, Inc., Stroudsburg, 256 pp.

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theorized that supercooled water droplets present, while ice crystals are released into rain clouds, would cause rain. While researching

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pollutes the regional environment. Cloud seeding has been used to improve the air quality by encouraging rainfall. On 20 June 2013,

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conducted a Precipitation Enhancement Project (PEP) in Spain, with inconclusive results due probably to location selection issues.

3859: 1980: 1849: 1586: 1280: 2721: 2500: 2314: 1562:, NSW on 1 December 2006. The summit met with the intention of outlining a proposal for a 5-year trial, focusing on Northern NSW. 757:(at the time still known as the Hydro Electric Commission) began experimenting with cloud-seeding over lake catchments in central 751:

Only the trial conducted in the Snowy Mountains produced statistically significant rainfall increases over the entire experiment.

2988: 2542: 1716:, belonging to nobody with states serving themselves as they please, is more suitable. Although water is generally considered as 976:

began in early-August. Johor Water Regulatory Body is focus to produce rain over dams with critically low water levels. They use

1454:- aircraft hail suppression. They have been carrying out defense since 1983. Silver iodide is used as a reagent. The base is at 192:

Cloud seeding chemicals may be dispersed by aircraft or by dispersion devices on the ground (generators or canisters fired from

3528: 2630: 2091: 569:). The first attempt to modify natural clouds in the field through "cloud seeding" began during a flight that began in upstate 4378: 2543:"Weather Modification Association (WMA) Position on the Environmental Impact of using Silver Iodide as a Cloud Seeding Agent" 77:

clouds to increase precipitation, to dynamic seeding, designed to enhance convective cloud development through the release of

4704:"Convention on the Prohibition of Military or Any Other Hostile Use of Environmental Modification Techniques (ENMOD) – UNODA" 4618: 4220: 2230: 1670: 1407:

has two hail defense organizations: Steirische Hagel Abwehr, with four aircraft: Cessna 182 and Südflug with three aircraft:

1213: 1206: 318: 314: 3409: 3382: 3052: 1087: 4469: 2068: 3571: 2882: 2485: 1497: 1091: 643: 1174:, seeded a cloud with dry ice at the municipal airport during a drought; quickly 0.85 inches (22 mm) of rain fell. 642:

Two federal agencies have supported various weather modification research projects, which began in the early 1960s: The

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When cloud seeding, increased snowfall takes place when temperatures within the clouds are between −20 and −7 °C.

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During the sixties, Irving P. Krick & Associates operated a successful cloud seeding operation in the area around

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urges a national research program to clear up remaining questions about weather modification's efficacy and practice.

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Hill, S A.; Ming, Yi (2012). "Nonlinear climate response to regional brightening of tropical marine stratocumulus".

1704:– and should thus be considered as common property. Based on this assumption, it follows that a distinction between 1212:

As of 2022, seven agencies in California are conducting cloud seeding operations using silver iodide, including the

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impact, cloud seeding continues to be explored and applied in regions worldwide as a tool for weather modification.

4188: 3775: 1131:, and meteorology and irrigation departments were sent to Thailand to study rainmaking projects carried out by the 4707: 4408: 4141: 4062: 4301: 2929: 1786: 4564:"À qui appartiennent les nuages ? Essai de définition d'un statut des nuages en droit international public" 2698:"Freezing Nucleant", Bernard Vonnegut, Henry Chessin, and Richard E. Passarelli, Jr., #3,877,642, April 15, 1975 2001:

Vonnegut, B.; Chessin, Henry (1971-11-26). "Ice Nucleation by Coprecipitated Silver Iodide and Silver Bromide".

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in Beijing to coax rain showers out of clouds before they reached the city in order to prevent rain during the

3256:"Effect of cloud seeding on aerosol properties and particulate matter variability in the United Arab Emirates" 4983: 1455: 779: 3305:"Three-Dimensional Modelling of Precipitation Enhancement by Cloud Seeding in Three Different Climate Zones" 1671:

Convention on the Prohibition of Military or Any Other Hostile Use of Environmental Modification Techniques

1191: 1120: 275: 4960: 4496: 4267: 3943:"Russia spends millions on 'cloud seeding' technology to ensure it doesn't rain on May Day public holiday" 3593: 2784: 1869: 1796: 1741: 957: 474: 4769: 2962: 3543: 3229:

cloud-seeding-kuwait-soon Translated from Arabic and reported originally by Al-Qabas Newspaper, Kuwait.

2648:

Vonnegut, B.; Chessin, H. (1971). "Ice Nucleation by Coprecipitated Silver Iodide and Silver Bromide".

2182: 578: 537: 403: 389: 3656: 3173: 2785:"The Precipitation Enhancement Project of the World Meteorological Organization, Program and Progress" 4898: 2612: 2395: 1776: 1597: 1279:

Cloud seeding began in France during the 1950s with the intent of reducing hail damage to crops. The

973: 659: 610: 54: 3728: 2773:. Australasian Legal Information Institute, Australian Treaties Library. Retrieved on 15 April 2017. 2745: 1554:

in Australia. The test period, originally scheduled to end in 2009, was later extended to 2014. The

1489:

has given several reasons why "it is preposterous to blame the Lynmouth flood on such experiments".

293:

study claimed that the common practice of cloud seeding to improve rainfall, with materials such as

84:

Methods of dispersion include aircraft and ground-based generators, with newer approaches involving

3706: 3009: 2839: 1812: 1601: 1581:

7.6 million in funding for "warm cloud" seeding research to be conducted jointly by the Australian

1128: 1043: 1009: 989: 606: 436: 359: 172:

In mid-altitude clouds, the usual seeding strategy has been based on the fact that the equilibrium

4002: 2364: 374: 3484: 3228: 2763: 2288: 2259: 1550:

began a trial of cloud seeding to assess the feasibility of increasing snow precipitation in the

1438: 1035: 732: 85: 2575: 890: 3798:"A plane was 'cloud seeding' in the Sierra this week to make it rain. Does that actually work?" 3637:"SLAF Embarks on Cloud Seeding Project with Ministry of Power, Energy and Business Development" 1516: 1379: 1362: 1354: 1187: 1123:

signed an agreement for a cloud seeding project, created in response to lower water levels for

1055: 1047: 399: 4563: 4210: 432: 385: 3885: 2520: 1590: 1582: 1264: 1167: 1051: 518: 493: 4955: 4818:

Brown, M (2011). "Present and Future Regulation of Cloud Seeding Activities in California".

4236: 2899: 4347: 3316: 3203: 2657: 2010: 1937: 1502: 1358: 914: 621: 414: 310: 251: 217: 40: 3118:"سابقه بارورسازی ابرها در ایران/ بین سال‌های ١٣۵٣ تا ١٣۵٧ ابرها در یک منطقه بارور می‌شدند" 1903: 1727:

The picture changes once the moisture in the clouds is made accessible through artificial

1346: 8: 1781: 1694: 1547: 1374: 1124: 1116: 960:

denials, some believe that the hailstones are the result of cloud seeding in Indonesia.

895: 728: 671: 614: 378: 290: 4351: 3851: 3351: 3320: 3303:Ćurić, Mladjen; Lompar, Miloš; Romanic, Djordje; Zou, Linda; Liang, Haoran (June 2019). 3207: 2661: 2014: 1941: 1846: 1473:, in particular through cloud seeding experiments, operational between 1949 and 1952. A 4789: 4750: 4671: 4535: 4386: 3285: 2725: 2681: 2593: 2311: 2042: 1972: 1953: 1758: 1605: 1589:. Outcomes of the study are hoped to ease continuing drought conditions in the states 1538:

between the 1960s and the present day appear to have been successful. Seeding over the

1412: 1059: 998: 857: 655: 410: 119: 2985: 2549: 1757:

A 2016 classified ad placed by Los Angeles County's Department of Public Works in the

4933: 4869:"Chemtrails: Real conspiracy, or wild theory? Each perspective has fervent believers" 4675: 4663: 4624: 4614: 4539: 4216: 4160: 4038: 3982: 3950: 3921: 3334: 3289: 3277: 2673: 2597: 2226: 2034: 2026: 1957: 1804:– a pseudoscientific device claimed to create clouds and rain via energy manipulation 1578: 1474: 1447: 1107:

Provinciale 41 in the process, reducing their ability to hinder Việt Minh logistics.

658:, to conduct seeding experiments in the central Sierra. The University of Nevada and 636: 599: 193: 2685: 2634: 2260:"Cloud seeding' not effective at producing rain as once thought, new research shows" 2046: 424: 4781: 4742: 4655: 4575: 4525: 4355: 3324: 3267: 3215: 3211: 2665: 2583: 2218: 2018: 1945: 1818: 1791: 1747: 1319: 1195: 591: 570: 548: 533: 509: 505: 464: 418: 259: 165:

is induced by the introduction of substances similar to silver iodide, which has a

136: 66: 4659: 4334:

Morrison, Anthony E.; Siems, Steven T.; Manton, Michael J.; Nazarov, Alex (2009).

3563: 3078: 1127:

due to dry weather. In February of that year, a group of officials from the SLAF,

4500: 4382: 3550: 3452:"Malaysia is using Cloud Seeding to Beat the Haze ... But How Much does it Cost?" 3435: 3413: 3406: 3235: 3016: 2992: 2969: 2886: 2868: 2846: 2827: 2770: 2752: 2669: 2489: 2318: 2295: 2022: 1853: 1613: 1609: 1596:

In March 2020, scientists from the Sydney Institute of Marine Science Centre and

1555: 1551: 1482: 1470: 1466: 1416: 1366: 1248: 736: 724: 709: 565: 556: 513: 446: 89: 4932:

2013 Compiled and Edited by Don Rittner. Square Circle Press, Voorheesville, NY

4643: 3056: 1066:. The budget of the Department of Royal Rainmaking and Agricultural Aviation in 4473: 3272: 3255: 2060: 1807: 1751: 1539: 1531: 1478: 1306: 1305:

aerial survey aircraft, the An-30M Sky Cleaner, with eight containers of solid

933: 754: 632: 617: 574: 501: 489: 343: 255: 173: 144: 2879: 2479: 1710:, belonging to everybody and thus necessitating international regulation, and 782:. They believe that it increases the amount of rain over several increasingly 4977: 4667: 4628: 3636: 3338: 3281: 2343: 2155: 2030: 1700: 1616:. Using two high-pressure turbines, the team sprayed microscopic droplets of 1302: 1233: 1171: 1140: 1103: 1095: 1013: 717: 595: 560: 335: 309:

Despite the mixed scientific results, cloud seeding was attempted during the

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seed clouds. This could have potentially serious consequences for particular

294: 132: 62: 44: 27: 3375: 3247: 2588: 613:

in 1972 to conduct a seeding project to increase warm cloud rainfall in the

4579: 4360: 4335: 3240: 3037: 2677: 2038: 1706: 1641: 1617: 1420: 1298: 994: 919: 363: 181: 102: 4610:

Fixing the sky : the checkered history of weather and climate control

4608: 4530: 3329: 3304: 2312:"Cloud seeding, no longer magical thinking, is poised for use this winter" 1973:"Cloud seeding, no longer magical thinking, is poised for use this winter" 1481:

of 1952 was caused by secret cloud seeding experiments carried out by the

1390: 980:

with tubes of ioidise salt their operation base is at Senai Airport WMKJ.

818:

The company Srishti Aviation is actively involved in air defense with two

460: 53:

seeding is undertaken by dispersing substances into the air that serve as

4297: 2817: 1949: 1801: 1771: 1712: 1674: 1486: 1435: 1350: 1136: 1067: 812: 586: 205: 185: 166: 78: 74: 70: 58: 4703: 4440:"Artificial Clouds Could Save Vulnerable Coral Reef from Climate Change" 4180: 3767: 3726: 3673:"Cloud seeding project brings rain". Colombo: News First. 22 March 2019. 254:. The experimenters posited that the pulses would encourage atmospheric 4903: 4793: 4754: 4058: 3354:, National Center of Meteorology & Seismology, United Arab Emirates 2257: 1728: 1570: 1505: 1442: 1408: 1394: 1331: 1178: 1144: 1039: 977: 819: 740: 713: 450: 299: 162: 152: 148: 1754:, populations, military weapons testing, public health, and flooding. 1720:

in international law, there is strong pressure to acknowledging it as

1441:

carries air defense against hail as a specialized EASA operation. The

1147:

proclaimed that the pilot project had "proven to be a success", while

620:. That lake was, at that time (1972–73), the primary water supply for 1690: 1574: 1451: 1370: 1323: 1071: 945: 941: 694: 478: 393: 4785: 4746: 3508:"Cloud seeding to aid Sungai Layang and Sungai Lebam dams commences" 1244: 3825: 3365:"UAE's Rain Enhancement Program Addresses Key Technical Challenges" 2222: 1678: 1653: 1649: 1559: 1535: 1520: 1431: 1327: 1209:, which bans the use of weather modification for hostile purposes. 1148: 1002: 969: 949: 944:

said it will begin cloud-seeding operations following reports from

758: 625: 331: 240: 159: 124: 1648:. Cloud seeding experiments and operations were also conducted in 1027: 716:

and other states. Experiments used both ground-based and airborne

654:) to sponsor the Serra Cooperative Pilot Project (SCPP), based in 573:

on 13 November 1946. Schaefer was able to cause snow to fall near

532:

Within the month, Schaefer's colleague, the atmospheric scientist

4116:"Cloud seeding aircraft is ready for service (article in German)" 4059:"Homepage of the Society for cloud seeding Rosenheim (in German)" 3886:"Mitigation of Hail Damages by Cloud Seeding in France and Spain" 3822:"Alberta's cloud-seeding pilots see 2nd busiest year in 20 years" 2709:

Acts of God: The Unnatural History of Natural Disaster in America

2425:

2000, pp 111–129). Final Environmental Statement (INT FES 77-39).

1645: 1637: 1519:

used to conduct cloud-seeding flights in the Australian state of

1404: 1398: 1339: 1335: 1252: 1229: 1225: 1183: 1099: 1083: 953: 841: 795: 787: 701:(CSIRO) conducted major trials between 1947 and the early-1960s: 552: 525: 482: 454: 428:

Curtiss P-40N N1232N Weather Modification Company - cloud seeding

140: 2092:"Dubai Creates Fake Rain Using Drones to Battle 122 Degree Heat" 1604:

off the coast of Queensland, Australia, with the aim to protect

878:

To counter drought and a growing population in a desert region,

19: 4644:"Governing water augmentation under the Watercourse Convention" 4493: 3197: 2631:"Storms Above the Desert – Chap. 3: Tampering with the Weather" 879: 791: 744: 468: 440: 247: 222: 197: 4930:

Serendipity in Science: My Twenty Years at Langmuir University

4514:"Effect of cloud-seeding on water-stress of maize in Zimbabwe" 2576:"Future Clouds: Diatoms, Speculation and Weather Modification" 1186:

to examine cloud seeding's effects on snowfall over Wyoming's

496:

into rain clouds to cause them to rain. During the 1930s, the

4470:"West African Monsoon And Rainfall Enhancement Studies –Mali" 3598:. Bangkok: Bureau of the Budget. September 2018. p. 85. 3260:

International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology

1633: 1527: 1094:

looked into the possibility of using cloud seeding to impede

808: 594:

cloud-seeded silver iodide to extend the monsoon season over

351: 243: 201: 93: 50: 3727:

National Center for Atmospheric Research (26 January 2006).

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Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation

631:

An attempt by the U.S. military to modify hurricanes in the

101:

used for various purposes, including agricultural benefits,

3100:

bppt-to-use-cloud-seeding-to-minimize-flood-risk-in-jakarta

2258:

American Friends of Tel Aviv University (1 November 2010).

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precipitation. This process is known as "static" seeding.

4336:"On the Analysis of a Cloud Seeding Dataset over Tasmania" 4333: 3971:"Russia seeds clouds in Siberia to douse raging wildfires" 381:

used dry ice for cloud seeding in the early postwar era US

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The most common chemicals used for cloud seeding include

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in 1999; it has also been used between 1999 and 2002 in

1512: 1133:

Department of Royal Rainmaking and Agricultural Aviation

679: 23:

Cloud seeding can be done by ground generators or planes

2963:

China rolls out the big guns, aiming for a dry Olympics

4302:""The day they made it rain" Lynmouth Flood man-made?" 3639:(Press release). Sri Lanka Air Force. 23 January 2019. 3055:. Department of Science and Technology. Archived from 2746:

www.willthomas.net/Chemtrails/Articles/Weather_Warfare

1378:

society for cloud seeding operates in the district of

540:, a crystallographer, he co-authored a publication in 4839:"'Chemtrails' and other aviation conspiracy theories" 4086:"The cloud seeders are ready for takeoff (in German)" 3918:

The Osprey Encyclopedia of Russian Aircraft 1875–1995

3564:"Weather modification by royal rainmaking technology" 3407:

Singapore haze hits record highs from Indonesia fires

3383:"Is the UAE Really Making It Rain by Seeding Clouds?" 3302: 1664: 708:

1953–1956: CSIRO carried out similar trials in

3729:"Wyoming cloud seeding experiment begins this month" 3533:

Bureau of Royal Rainmaking and Agricultural Aviation

2061:"UAE to test cloud-busting drones to boost rainfall" 1659: 4968:

Weather modification by royal rainmaking technology

3010:

Nature gets a helping hand as snow blankets Beijing

1064:

Weather modification by royal rainmaking technology

325: 2930:"Melinda Liu: Can China Control Olympics Weather?" 1121:Ministry of Power, Energy and Business Development 646:(Reclamation; Department of the Interior) and the 4511: 3625:(in French). Paris: Flammarion. pp. 410–411. 3253: 1086:, during the leadup to and initial stages of the 723:Late 1950s and early 1960s: Cloud seeding in the 559:of ice later played a role in Vonnegut's brother 239:An electronic mechanism was tested in 2010, when 4975: 4561: 4266:Vidal, John; Weinstein, Helen (30 August 2001). 4165:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 2902:[The hail pilots introduce themselves]. 2889:, Zentralanstalt für Meteorologie und Geodynamik 2859:Critical Issues in Weather Modification Research 2214:Critical Issues in Weather Modification Research 861:in Yazd and officially started working in 1997. 262:to form particles that would then act as seeds. 3429:"Hail" reported in the Western end of Singapore 2647: 2000: 1338:) and the district Kufstein (located in Tyrol, 1301:created a specifically designed version of the 648:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 4340:Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 4265: 4202: 3880: 3878: 3876: 3174:"Stopping rain Enhancement project, in Hebrew" 2336:"Planned and Inadvertent Weather Modification" 1845:Infographic: Naomi E Tesla; Source for image: 1469:was a UK government initiative to investigate 16:Method that condenses clouds to cause rainfall 4860: 3699:"North American Weather Modification Council" 2722:"Welcome to the Air Combat Information Group" 1349:, a federal state particularly known for its 952:that smog caused by forest and bush fires in 97:that cloud seeding has a very large effect". 4896: 4830: 4733:"Rainmaking part one: Who owns the clouds". 3891:. 5th European Conference on Severe Storms. 3668: 3666: 3146:"بارورسازی ابرها روش جدید مقابله با خشکسالی" 635:using cloud seeding in the 1960s was called 3873: 3654: 3650: 3648: 3646: 3595:Thailand's Budget in Brief Fiscal Year 2019 778:The largest cloud seeding system is in the 342:Accumulations in the soil, vegetation, and 4512:McNaughton, D.L.; Allison, J.C.S. (1982). 4148:. Archived from the original on 2023-06-22 3795: 3657:"Cloud seeding bears no rain in Sri Lanka" 3254:Farahat, A.; Abuelgasim, A. (2022-02-01). 2711:, (Oxford University Press, 2000), p. 128. 688:United States National Academy of Sciences 200:). For release by aircraft, silver iodide 43:that aims to change the amount or type of 4529: 4359: 3909: 3663: 3328: 3271: 3168: 3166: 2840:"The Weather Damage Modification Program" 2604: 2587: 1693:" is not answered. A 1948 article in the 908:Cloud seeding in the United Arab Emirates 392:cloud seeding from Wagga Airport in 1958 225:it rained 6.9 millimeters on 20–21 July. 184:(convective) clouds seeks to exploit the 4568:Annuaire Français de Droit International 4494:Cloud seeding: taking off in West Africa 4181:"Demonstration of aircraft hail defense" 4083: 3655:Handunnetti, Dilrukshi (12 April 2019). 3643: 2205: 1927: 1863: 1861: 1587:National Center for Atmospheric Research 1511: 1496: 1389: 1243: 993: 889: 473: 459: 445: 431: 423: 409: 398: 384: 373: 355:regulations on this type of pollution." 228: 118: 26: 18: 4866: 4613:. New York: Columbia University Press. 4606: 4096:from the original on September 13, 2018 3940: 3915: 3620: 2393: 2180: 2089: 885: 274:A study conducted by the United States 123:Ground Based Silver Iodide Generator – 4976: 4767: 4728: 4726: 4724: 4698: 4696: 4641: 4602: 4600: 4557: 4555: 4553: 4551: 4549: 4373: 4371: 3163: 2613:"Let's Do Something About the Weather" 2573: 2305: 1867: 1735: 1684: 246:pulses were directed to the air above 4836: 4817: 4437: 4003:"Crimean Canal Key to its Liberation" 3739:from the original on 22 November 2009 3602:from the original on 12 December 2019 3140: 3138: 3112: 3110: 3050: 2940:from the original on 29 February 2020 2193:from the original on 10 February 2021 2145: 2143: 1884:from the original on 10 November 2016 1858: 1214:Sacramento Municipal Utility District 1207:Environmental Modification Convention 898:used for cloud seeding operations in 786:regions, including its capital city, 4419:from the original on 13 October 2009 4406: 4290: 4268:"RAF rainmakers 'caused 1952 flood'" 4215:. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 249. 3574:from the original on 19 October 2017 3505: 3449: 3008:Branigan, Tania. (2 November 2009) " 2838:Hunter, Steven M. (12 January 2005) 2782: 2406:from the original on 23 October 2016 2270:from the original on 23 October 2016 2239:from the original on 23 October 2016 2181:Moseman, Andrew (19 February 2009). 1970: 1034:) was initiated in November 1955 by 4820:The Journal of Weather Modification 4721: 4693: 4597: 4562:Quilleré-Majzoub, Fabienne (2004). 4546: 4518:The Journal of Weather Modification 4368: 4274:. Guardian News and Media Limited. 4241:Greatest Conspiracy Theories (4/10) 4237:"Weather Weapons to Attack Mankind" 4209:Hilary Bradt; Janice Booth (2010). 3941:Griffin, Andrew (5 February 2016). 3832:from the original on 26 August 2014 2927: 2900:"Die Hagelflieger stellen sich vor" 2789:The Journal of Weather Modification 2610: 2151:"Laser creates clouds over Germany" 1526:In Australia, summer activities of 1443:Cessna TU206G Turbo Stationair 6 II 1274: 1092:French Far East Expeditionary Corps 670:and other member-states led by the 644:United States Bureau of Reclamation 211: 180:Seeding of warm-season or tropical 92:to stimulate rainfall, or infrared 13: 4961:Nevada State Cloud Seeding Program 4450:from the original on 24 April 2020 4247:from the original on 23 March 2016 3796:Cabanatuan, Michael (2022-03-16). 3135: 3107: 2140: 2090:Doliner, Anabelle (21 July 2021). 1964: 1665:Existing international legislation 1334:(all located in southern Bavaria, 14: 4995: 4949: 4770:"The legal aspects of rainmaking" 4385:, Australia. 2010. Archived from 4312:from the original on 19 July 2017 4243:. British Pathé. 21 August 1952. 4084:Weingand, Phillip (May 4, 2017). 4065:from the original on 5 April 2013 2986:China Lets it Snow to End Drought 2799:from the original on 28 July 2020 2480:executive summary of the research 2375:from the original on 9 March 2017 2289:Big Hole Filled in Cloud Research 2128:from the original on 25 July 2021 2098:from the original on 24 July 2021 2071:from the original on 24 July 2021 1870:"Does cloud seeding really work?" 1660:Legal frameworks and implications 1461: 927: 668:World Meteorological Organization 235:Laser-assisted water condensation 4890: 4811: 4761: 4635: 4505: 4487: 4462: 4431: 4400: 4296: 4278:from the original on 20 May 2015 3051:Sibal, Shri Kapil (2005-08-04). 2505:Weather Modification Association 2396:"Scientist's aim: Alter weather" 2365:"The rocket that stops the rain" 1160: 1155: 906:This section is an excerpt from 326:Impact on environment and health 265: 4897:Kim LaCapria (March 17, 2016). 4849:from the original on 2013-12-06 4800:from the original on 2022-08-17 4710:from the original on 2021-05-29 4682:from the original on 2022-08-17 4642:Larson, Rhett B. (2016-09-18). 4586:from the original on 2021-06-03 4327: 4259: 4229: 4191:from the original on 2021-09-16 4173: 4134: 4122:from the original on 2013-05-18 4108: 4077: 4051: 4019: 3995: 3963: 3934: 3898:from the original on 2010-12-09 3862:from the original on 2018-04-24 3844: 3814: 3789: 3778:from the original on 2022-04-21 3760: 3751: 3720: 3709:from the original on 2012-11-01 3691: 3677: 3629: 3614: 3586: 3556: 3537: 3522: 3499: 3469: 3443: 3422: 3400: 3357: 3345: 3296: 3222: 3191: 3180:from the original on 2021-04-14 3093: 3071: 3044: 3026: 3002: 2979: 2956: 2921: 2910:from the original on 2016-10-23 2892: 2880:Hagelabwehr in Niederösterreich 2873: 2852: 2832: 2811: 2783:List, Roland (1 January 1981). 2776: 2757: 2739: 2714: 2701: 2692: 2641: 2623: 2567: 2535: 2509: 2494: 2473: 2464: 2455: 2446: 2437: 2428: 2418: 2387: 2357: 2328: 2282: 2251: 2174: 2163:from the original on 2010-12-05 1983:from the original on 2020-03-05 1910:from the original on 2022-01-26 1787:Atmospheric moisture extraction 4607:Fleming, James Rodger (2010). 4438:Frost, Rosie (20 April 2020). 3553:, Royal Thai Embassy Stockholm 3216:10.1016/j.atmosres.2015.02.007 3081:. Srishti Aviation. 2004-03-07 2110: 2083: 2053: 1994: 1921: 1896: 1839: 1345:Cloud seeding is also used in 823:seeding agent is most active. 1: 4966:European patent EP 1 491 088 4660:10.1080/02508060.2016.1214893 2928:Liu, Melinda (June 1, 2006). 2394:Lipsher, Steve (7 May 2016). 1874:Chemical and Engineering News 1868:Pelley, Janet (30 May 2016). 1828: 1456:Maribor Edvard Rusjan Airport 1205:In 1978, the U.S. signed the 350:"In 1978, an estimated 3,000 4867:Mehlhaf, Nina (2013-04-25). 4837:Smith, Oliver (2013-09-24). 3023:. Retrieved 26 November 2009 2849:. Retrieved 27 November 2009 2670:10.1126/science.174.4012.945 2611:Ley, Willy (February 1961). 2023:10.1126/science.174.4012.945 1930:Geophysical Research Letters 1540:Hydro-Electricity Commission 1492: 1110: 835: 284:US National Research Council 276:National Academy of Sciences 155:, is becoming more popular. 7: 3103:jakartaglobe.beritasatu.com 2118:"Al Ain Historical Weather" 1797:Chemtrail conspiracy theory 1765: 1742:Chemtrail conspiracy theory 1501:Cloud seeding at Corryong, 1426: 1258: 1028: 983: 963: 826: 417:rain maker 1964 US, now at 334:health hazard rating of 2, 10: 5000: 4043:: CS1 maint: url-status ( 3987:: CS1 maint: url-status ( 3955:: CS1 maint: url-status ( 3685:Alexandria Daily Town Talk 3506:Said, Halim (2015-10-12). 3477:"Cloud seeding done daily" 3450:Badd (17 September 2019). 3273:10.1007/s13762-020-03057-5 2751:February 23, 2007, at the 2302:, accessed 30 January 2021 2183:"Does cloud seeding work?" 1739: 1385: 1353:culture. The districts of 1313: 1077: 987: 905: 790:, by firing silver iodide 780:People's Republic of China 609:. They were contracted by 579:Schenectady County Airport 498:Bergeron–Findeisen process 369: 232: 109: 4499:October 19, 2009, at the 4027:"O Rabotach OV Martynova" 3244:. Retrieved 16 April 2016 2867:October 23, 2016, at the 2574:Hodges, Benjamin (2023). 1971:Hill, Matt (2013-11-11). 1777:2015 Southeast Asian haze 1656:) between 1968 and 1980. 1623: 1598:Southern Cross University 1534:over central and western 1485:. However, meteorologist 1292: 1239: 1219: 1170:, Louisiana, under Mayor 1017: 873: 864: 660:Desert Research Institute 611:Oklahoma State University 551:between the two types of 3621:Rocolle, Pierre (1968). 3152:(in Persian). 2024-04-19 3124:(in Persian). 2024-01-13 2826:August 11, 2006, at the 2615:. For Your Information. 1813:Marine cloud brightening 1477:has circulated that the 1369:, as well as the cities 1129:Ceylon Electricity Board 1062:the patent EP 1 491 088 1044:Royal Rainmaking Project 1010:Royal Rainmaking Project 990:Royal Rainmaking Project 802: 773: 607:Palm Springs, California 360:Kosciuszko National Park 250:by researchers from the 143:(solid carbon dioxide). 114: 61:. Common agents include 4090:stuttgarter-nachrichten 3852:"Masters of hailstorms" 3802:San Francisco Chronicle 3623:Pourquoi Dien Bien Phu? 2885:March 27, 2009, at the 2589:10.1344/co202334112-120 1439:Letalski center Maribor 1088:Battle of Điện Biên Phủ 1036:King Bhumibol Adulyadej 847: 768: 743:catchment area west of 4580:10.3406/afdi.2004.3813 4361:10.1175/2008JAMC2068.1 3916:Gunston, Bill (1995). 3529:"The Rainmaking Story" 2617:Galaxy Science Fiction 2488:July 22, 2008, at the 1585:and the United States 1569:In December 2006, the 1523: 1517:Cessna 441 Conquest II 1509: 1401: 1380:Villingen-Schwenningen 1255: 1056:European Patent Office 1048:Khao Yai National Park 1005: 902: 731:in Queensland, in the 485: 471: 457: 443: 429: 421: 407: 396: 382: 128: 33: 24: 4928:Schaefer, Vincent J. 4774:California Law Review 4531:10.54782/jwm.v14i1.64 4212:Slow Devon and Exmoor 3920:. Osprey. p. 1. 3330:10.3390/atmos10060294 3040:on November 23, 2011. 2976:6/29/2006 9:04 pm ET. 2523:on September 12, 2009 2483:www.snowyhydro.com.au 1583:Bureau of Meteorology 1515: 1500: 1393: 1247: 1115:In January 2019, the 997: 913:Cloud seeding in the 893: 494:liquid carbon dioxide 477: 463: 449: 435: 427: 413: 402: 388: 377: 233:Further information: 229:Infrared laser pulses 122: 30: 22: 4984:Weather modification 3772:www.un-documents.net 3439:www.straitstimes.com 3202:. 158–159: 122–138. 3200:Atmospheric Research 3150:روزنامه دنیای اقتصاد 2300:www.sciencedaily.com 1950:10.1029/2012GL052064 1602:marine cloud seeding 1471:weather manipulation 915:United Arab Emirates 886:United Arab Emirates 311:2008 Summer Olympics 252:University of Geneva 218:United Arab Emirates 169:structure like ice. 69:, and dry ice, with 41:weather modification 4956:Rainmaking in China 4735:Stanford Law Review 4648:Water International 4352:2009JApMC..48.1267M 3510:. New Straits Times 3321:2019Atmos..10..294C 3208:2015AtmRe.158..122F 3176:. 28 January 2021. 3122:www.khabaronline.ir 2904:www.hagelabwehr.com 2662:1971Sci...174..945V 2187:Scientific American 2015:1971Sci...174..945V 1942:2012GeoRL..3915707H 1782:Anthropogenic cloud 1736:Conspiracy theories 1695:Stanford Law Review 1685:Ownership of clouds 1548:Snowy Hydro Limited 1141:Maskeliya Reservoir 1125:hydroelectric power 1117:Sri Lanka Air Force 1052:Eureka organization 1030:khrongkan fon luang 729:Cape York Peninsula 672:Government of Spain 615:Lake Carl Blackwell 598:, specifically the 492:suggested shooting 358:Cloud seeding over 291:Tel Aviv University 151:materials, such as 4768:Brooks, S (1949). 4741:(1): 43–63. 1948. 4146:www.hagelabwehr.at 3828:. 22 August 2014. 3549:2012-11-15 at the 3487:on October 7, 2015 3434:2013-09-24 at the 3412:2018-12-03 at the 3234:2016-04-14 at the 3015:2017-01-18 at the 2991:2009-02-21 at the 2968:2017-01-24 at the 2845:2005-01-07 at the 2769:2017-04-15 at the 2501:"AGI_toxicity.pdf" 2371:. 12 August 2008. 2317:2016-09-21 at the 2294:2018-07-30 at the 1852:2016-03-03 at the 1759:Pasadena Star News 1612:and dieoff during 1606:Great Barrier Reef 1524: 1510: 1402: 1256: 1070:was 2,224 million 1060:Bhumibol Adulyadej 1006: 999:CASA C-212 Aviocar 903: 486: 472: 458: 444: 439:hail defence 1964 430: 422: 408: 406:rain maker 1960 US 397: 383: 194:anti-aircraft guns 129: 55:cloud condensation 34: 25: 4620:978-0-231-51306-7 4407:Griffith, Chris. 4222:978-1-84162-322-1 3570:. 17 March 2005. 3544:"Modern Monarchy" 2999:19 February 2009. 2656:(4012): 945–946. 2619:. pp. 72–84. 2232:978-0-309-09053-7 2067:. 17 March 2021. 2009:(4012): 945–946. 1644:and from 2005 in 1475:conspiracy theory 1347:Baden-Württemberg 1198:mountain ranges. 1135:. On March 22, a 1026: 637:Project Stormfury 600:Ho Chi Minh Trail 4991: 4917: 4916: 4914: 4912: 4894: 4888: 4887: 4885: 4884: 4875:. Archived from 4864: 4858: 4857: 4855: 4854: 4834: 4828: 4827: 4815: 4809: 4808: 4806: 4805: 4765: 4759: 4758: 4730: 4719: 4718: 4716: 4715: 4700: 4691: 4690: 4688: 4687: 4639: 4633: 4632: 4604: 4595: 4594: 4592: 4591: 4559: 4544: 4543: 4533: 4509: 4503: 4491: 4485: 4484: 4482: 4481: 4472:. Archived from 4466: 4460: 4459: 4457: 4455: 4435: 4429: 4428: 4426: 4424: 4404: 4398: 4397: 4395: 4394: 4381:. Government of 4375: 4366: 4365: 4363: 4346:(6): 1267–1280. 4331: 4325: 4324: 4319: 4317: 4294: 4288: 4287: 4285: 4283: 4263: 4257: 4256: 4254: 4252: 4233: 4227: 4226: 4206: 4200: 4199: 4197: 4196: 4177: 4171: 4170: 4164: 4156: 4154: 4153: 4138: 4132: 4131: 4129: 4127: 4112: 4106: 4105: 4103: 4101: 4081: 4075: 4074: 4072: 4070: 4055: 4049: 4048: 4042: 4034: 4023: 4017: 4016: 4014: 4013: 3999: 3993: 3992: 3986: 3978: 3967: 3961: 3960: 3954: 3946: 3938: 3932: 3931: 3913: 3907: 3906: 3904: 3903: 3897: 3890: 3882: 3871: 3870: 3868: 3867: 3848: 3842: 3841: 3839: 3837: 3818: 3812: 3811: 3809: 3808: 3793: 3787: 3786: 3784: 3783: 3764: 3758: 3755: 3749: 3748: 3746: 3744: 3724: 3718: 3717: 3715: 3714: 3695: 3689: 3681: 3675: 3674: 3670: 3661: 3660: 3652: 3641: 3640: 3633: 3627: 3626: 3618: 3612: 3611: 3609: 3607: 3590: 3584: 3583: 3581: 3579: 3560: 3554: 3541: 3535: 3526: 3520: 3519: 3517: 3515: 3503: 3497: 3496: 3494: 3492: 3483:. Archived from 3481:news.asiaone.com 3473: 3467: 3466: 3464: 3462: 3447: 3441: 3426: 3420: 3404: 3398: 3397: 3395: 3394: 3379: 3373: 3372: 3371:. 22 April 2015. 3361: 3355: 3349: 3343: 3342: 3332: 3300: 3294: 3293: 3275: 3251: 3245: 3226: 3220: 3219: 3195: 3189: 3188: 3186: 3185: 3170: 3161: 3160: 3158: 3157: 3142: 3133: 3132: 3130: 3129: 3114: 3105: 3097: 3091: 3090: 3088: 3086: 3075: 3069: 3068: 3066: 3064: 3059:on July 11, 2009 3048: 3042: 3041: 3036:. Archived from 3030: 3024: 3006: 3000: 2983: 2977: 2960: 2954: 2953: 2947: 2945: 2925: 2919: 2918: 2916: 2915: 2896: 2890: 2877: 2871: 2856: 2850: 2836: 2830: 2818:Home --> WDMP 2815: 2809: 2808: 2806: 2804: 2780: 2774: 2761: 2755: 2743: 2737: 2736: 2734: 2733: 2724:. Archived from 2718: 2712: 2705: 2699: 2696: 2690: 2689: 2645: 2639: 2638: 2633:. Archived from 2627: 2621: 2620: 2608: 2602: 2601: 2591: 2571: 2565: 2564: 2562: 2560: 2555:on April 1, 2010 2554: 2548:. Archived from 2547: 2539: 2533: 2532: 2530: 2528: 2519:. 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4786:10.2307/3477822 4766: 4762: 4747:10.2307/1226157 4732: 4731: 4722: 4713: 4711: 4702: 4701: 4694: 4685: 4683: 4640: 4636: 4621: 4605: 4598: 4589: 4587: 4560: 4547: 4510: 4506: 4501:Wayback Machine 4492: 4488: 4479: 4477: 4468: 4467: 4463: 4453: 4451: 4436: 4432: 4422: 4420: 4409:"Cloud Seeding" 4405: 4401: 4392: 4390: 4383:New South Wales 4379:"Cloud seeding" 4377: 4376: 4369: 4332: 4328: 4315: 4313: 4295: 4291: 4281: 4279: 4264: 4260: 4250: 4248: 4235: 4234: 4230: 4223: 4207: 4203: 4194: 4192: 4179: 4178: 4174: 4158: 4157: 4151: 4149: 4140: 4139: 4135: 4125: 4123: 4114: 4113: 4109: 4099: 4097: 4082: 4078: 4068: 4066: 4057: 4056: 4052: 4036: 4035: 4025: 4024: 4020: 4011: 4009: 4001: 4000: 3996: 3980: 3979: 3969: 3968: 3964: 3948: 3947: 3939: 3935: 3928: 3914: 3910: 3901: 3899: 3895: 3888: 3884: 3883: 3874: 3865: 3863: 3850: 3849: 3845: 3835: 3833: 3820: 3819: 3815: 3806: 3804: 3794: 3790: 3781: 3779: 3766: 3765: 3761: 3756: 3752: 3742: 3740: 3725: 3721: 3712: 3710: 3697: 3696: 3692: 3688:, June 29, 1948 3682: 3678: 3672: 3671: 3664: 3653: 3644: 3635: 3634: 3630: 3619: 3615: 3605: 3603: 3592: 3591: 3587: 3577: 3575: 3562: 3561: 3557: 3551:Wayback Machine 3542: 3538: 3527: 3523: 3513: 3511: 3504: 3500: 3490: 3488: 3475: 3474: 3470: 3460: 3458: 3448: 3444: 3436:Wayback Machine 3427: 3423: 3414:Wayback Machine 3405: 3401: 3392: 3390: 3381: 3380: 3376: 3363: 3362: 3358: 3350: 3346: 3301: 3297: 3252: 3248: 3236:Wayback Machine 3227: 3223: 3196: 3192: 3183: 3181: 3172: 3171: 3164: 3155: 3153: 3144: 3143: 3136: 3127: 3125: 3116: 3115: 3108: 3098: 3094: 3084: 3082: 3079:"Cloud Seeding" 3077: 3076: 3072: 3062: 3060: 3053:"Cloud Seeding" 3049: 3045: 3032: 3031: 3027: 3017:Wayback Machine 3007: 3003: 2993:Wayback Machine 2984: 2980: 2970:Wayback Machine 2961: 2957: 2943: 2941: 2926: 2922: 2913: 2911: 2898: 2897: 2893: 2887:Wayback Machine 2878: 2874: 2869:Wayback Machine 2857: 2853: 2847:Wayback Machine 2837: 2833: 2828:Wayback Machine 2816: 2812: 2802: 2800: 2781: 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Avengers – 1768: 1744: 1738: 1687: 1667: 1662: 1626: 1610:coral bleaching 1556:New South Wales 1552:Snowy Mountains 1495: 1483:Royal Air Force 1467:Project Cumulus 1464: 1429: 1417:Partenavia P.68 1388: 1330:, the district 1326:, the district 1316: 1295: 1277: 1261: 1251:Hagelflieger - 1249:Partenavia P.68 1242: 1222: 1163: 1158: 1113: 1080: 992: 986: 966: 936:, open-burning 930: 925: 924: 911: 888: 876: 867: 850: 838: 829: 805: 776: 771: 737:New South Wales 725:Snowy Mountains 710:South Australia 557:crystallography 514:Irving Langmuir 372: 328: 268: 237: 231: 214: 208:after release. 117: 112: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4997: 4987: 4986: 4972: 4971: 4963: 4958: 4951: 4950:External links 4948: 4947: 4946: 4945: 4944: 4938:978-0985692636 4919: 4918: 4889: 4859: 4829: 4810: 4780:(1): 114–121. 4760: 4720: 4692: 4654:(6): 866–882. 4634: 4619: 4596: 4574:(1): 653–667. 4545: 4504: 4486: 4461: 4430: 4399: 4367: 4326: 4289: 4258: 4228: 4221: 4201: 4172: 4133: 4118:. 2010-05-03. 4107: 4076: 4050: 4018: 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1622: 1573:government of 1532:Hydro Tasmania 1494: 1491: 1479:Lynmouth flood 1463: 1462:United Kingdom 1460: 1428: 1425: 1387: 1384: 1315: 1312: 1307:carbon dioxide 1294: 1291: 1276: 1273: 1260: 1257: 1241: 1238: 1221: 1218: 1162: 1159: 1157: 1154: 1139:flew over the 1112: 1109: 1079: 1076: 988:Main article: 985: 982: 965: 962: 934:Southeast Asia 929: 928:Southeast Asia 926: 912: 904: 887: 884: 875: 872: 866: 863: 849: 846: 837: 834: 828: 825: 804: 801: 775: 772: 770: 767: 755:Hydro Tasmania 749: 748: 721: 706: 633:Atlantic basin 575:Mount Greylock 521:Research Lab. 502:aircraft icing 490:Louis Gathmann 371: 368: 344:surface runoff 327: 324: 267: 264: 256:sulfur dioxide 230: 227: 213: 210: 174:vapor pressure 145:Liquid propane 116: 113: 111: 108: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4996: 4985: 4982: 4981: 4979: 4970: 4969: 4964: 4962: 4959: 4957: 4954: 4953: 4941: 4940: 4939: 4935: 4931: 4927: 4926: 4925: 4924: 4906: 4905: 4900: 4893: 4879:on 2013-12-14 4878: 4874: 4870: 4863: 4848: 4844: 4843:The Telegraph 4840: 4833: 4825: 4821: 4814: 4799: 4795: 4791: 4787: 4783: 4779: 4775: 4771: 4764: 4756: 4752: 4748: 4744: 4740: 4736: 4729: 4727: 4725: 4709: 4705: 4699: 4697: 4681: 4677: 4673: 4669: 4665: 4661: 4657: 4653: 4649: 4645: 4638: 4630: 4626: 4622: 4616: 4612: 4611: 4603: 4601: 4585: 4581: 4577: 4573: 4569: 4565: 4558: 4556: 4554: 4552: 4550: 4541: 4537: 4532: 4527: 4523: 4519: 4515: 4508: 4502: 4498: 4495: 4490: 4476:on 2016-05-04 4475: 4471: 4465: 4449: 4445: 4441: 4434: 4418: 4414: 4410: 4403: 4389:on 2011-02-17 4388: 4384: 4380: 4374: 4372: 4362: 4357: 4353: 4349: 4345: 4341: 4337: 4330: 4323: 4311: 4307: 4306:WeatherOnline 4303: 4299: 4293: 4277: 4273: 4269: 4262: 4246: 4242: 4238: 4232: 4224: 4218: 4214: 4213: 4205: 4190: 4186: 4182: 4176: 4168: 4162: 4147: 4143: 4137: 4121: 4117: 4111: 4100:September 12, 4095: 4091: 4087: 4080: 4064: 4060: 4054: 4046: 4040: 4032: 4028: 4022: 4008: 4004: 3998: 3990: 3984: 3976: 3972: 3966: 3958: 3952: 3944: 3937: 3929: 3923: 3919: 3912: 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